Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 $
<D
&<a F'OL
3
2009/2008 :
<<V<Ùæù]<àè†ÛjÖ]
: !
"# $%%
"&
'(
% (I
. R’ .5 "./ 0 1 23 44 2+4 C = 1 µF .- *$ +,
R' A R
8 R .5 "./ 0. (L , r ),. "# *$ 74
+
.9
E L,r
C uc K2. K1 ;. < = 7
:
. +!
:
1 $. !
5
(11
-
.7
>
B
K K
1 2 <% :(
- ?- @
A
B ( CD
A
E F
1 (21
. UC(t) 4
. 7
(II
"# .>
L A8 R # JK4 @&
D
?&. . 2 ms.div-1 . 2V .div −1 :
A5
F
1 G&
DH BI
: "
M.>&
. *$% :(
- .- @
A
B. :
>
G&N > 14N '& "
&
OL
G&P (-
(12
. H 5#
%
.5%
F N QR
S.
<+<%
BJ A4 A
:(
- (22
:
>
J>%
B (
1 <
:
>
4 A
(11
O
"# C#
4 F
1 <+< b+ N R ≈ 500Hz @54 %8 F
1(GBF)
BI (21
RLC 'O5
"<$ D< NR
$%
- :
>
1 >4 "
+
>H (121
2
( π = 10 JK ) ,
L [+
% 5 %8 Z<
. %
O R> NR 4 B1/ (221
A5
*
L% D< ( 2V %5
"# 2$
) U M
4
. :
>
"# :%
I
:>, Y8 @+
% (II
F
1 d+. 2V ?.D4 U A8 S/ >(K
> I = f (N)
9 $%%
F<+<%
BL A
5 . N
^JK "
. "
F<+<%
NRM 5
%5
>H (12
. 1 = 0,7 : JK . CD
!
F
1 ( β :@ ?
) ;1
$. 3dB
- :%%
5O<%
>H (22
2
NR
. 5 %8 B1/ Q = : :&
e (32
β
%
O f C#
4 ^ RT :
>
.5%
%8 >./ F<+<%
F
1
%1
(42
1 L
( 32 . @
&
%8 @54 ^ Q @DH >1/ = Q = S/ ^ (52
RT C
.Q94 F+<.
1 9
^ 3K4 g>
5%
D< >H . R %8 : .5%
1 B; 9 (62
NR
β h
. Q :&
<<<ð^éÛéÓÖ]
H S S/ % R &
. & Q(4. a RCOOH "
D(( [%H M
+ ?+4 :.8 F
1 L%
"# #
?/ [%+
a. (4 >>+4 >15
– I%+
:%
Ca 1. %
^ MXJ `5 .
1%& ./
. R &
F
1 e
2
<%%
&
:>
4 A/ (11<<<<<<<
.
%D%
.i
%D = :%
Q^ G&N
:%
1 %<%
%
'(/ (21
5%
X%D "0
M.>&
j!/ (31
Vb. Va. Cb.Ca
>. 8 >+%
1%
< k#
H e1 (41
.k#
k#
O5 3
>HN >H F<+<%
F
1
%1
(51
.(W8 5d /. !
F
1 %%
5a A%4/)
. Ca%8 Z<
A3
R-COOH [%+
F
1 e
(II
l%
f "
D(
[%+
14 (1) %
$%4
R-COOH ( l ) + H2O ( l ) = R-COO (aq) + H3O+(aq)
–
(1)
–
R-COOH (aq) / R-COO (aq) : .%
KA I%+
3 4 '(/ (12
: 8X
23/ KA 4 8XO
(22
RCOO − (aq )
éq
pH = pKA + log
[RCOOH (aq )]éq
Cb .VbE VbE
pH = pKA . xf =. SP# Vb = M D< "0
M.>&
<
+
8XO
(32
2 2
. W
X
4 2%4 ?
[%+
F
1 e4 "
M.>&
F
1
%1
(42
[%H/:>18 :.%
pKA
HCl2C-COOH / HCl2C-COO – 1,3
H2ClC-COOH / H2ClC-COO – 2,9
H-COOH / H-COO – 3,8
H3C-COOH / H3C-COO – 4,8
:%
+ +
ا
م
ا آ ت ا دة ل
(mol)
>
x=0
O
x
<
xf
3