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Asia Monitor Resource Center (Hong Kong)
Evangelisches Missionswerk (Germany)

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Asia Monitor Resource Center (Hong Kong) l U^d?A? dA dJ c d?AM
tLd WM XbR w Evangelisches Missionswerk (Hamburg)
* Handbook on Computer and Health (Arabic title: Al-Makhater Al-Sihhiya
Li-Istikhdam Al-Computer)
* First Arabic edition: 1994
* Published jointly by: Arab Resource Collective ARC (Nicosia), Asia Monitor
Resource Center AMRC (Hong Kong) & Evangelisches Missionswerk EMW
(Hamburg)
* This Arabic edition was supported by: Evangelisches Missionswerk in
Deutchland (EMW)
* Distributed by: ARC, Arab Resource Collective; P.O.Box. 7380
Tel. (3572) 452670 - Fax. (3572) 452539

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b?A be U? 5HJ oMF w> U ?K B W?d UM w> v 5H?J
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qLFU WDd* W?O+HM u?GC stress Qu nBM w> dJ

c 5? jdK r?U?? qO s U?M fO? Ub?? e Uu?? ? ?+? ? U?? O? ?R VF?? B
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qL?(U WIKF?? q^UA? 5 t?+H u?U( 5 j? bu b?R t 5 w>


U?NM WR+? u?U( vK q?LF s W?L?UM QuK WO?UF Uu??+* uJ bI?>
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u?> wzd* u?C dL?( X% W?F?_ =dA* d?O? UF? qL?A (ionising)
c?N =d? A* W?F?_ vL?+ W?ud d? Wd?G? B U?u* w?+? HM
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dO?BR qKF s WKu WK+K+? UN+?H s d=F u?GC Qu d?F


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b U? qLFK W?>ueu* WO?O?B U?bF UEM 5Q V? dF
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ZOC
U? w?) qLF liu? w) uu* b?F* bB c ZO?C c? V
oOF U? ZO?C X?A wJ U+uB? bF* c?N eO?N& bM
J UL

d(
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tO) 5KUF

UF
wODMGd?NJ nOD s wzd* e' UMU UU?F qj iH V
vK 5KU?F W? W?+ WU?L W?OU s d?jc o? Uu?? v
VOu(

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WuN Wd# qLF U$ s UMMJ1 U uKF*
sJ1 Wb WO UD tI d uU( ULF sJ
WdC UUO cK r u bK#* VOB
UNM lMB w u* s WOB UD_ c rM
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bK# s qJ `KB t WdO) UNM WOFL:
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.UNM
* Handbook on Computer and Health
* First Arabic edition, 1994
* Published by: Arab Resource Collective ARC (Nicosia), Asia Monitor
Resource Center AMRC (Honk Kong) and Evangelisches Missionswerk
EMW (Hamburg)
* Distributed by ARC, P.O.Box. 7380 Nicosia - Cyprus,
Tel. (3572) 452670 - Fax. (3572) 452539

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