1

63
2012

()2009 -1996

:

:. 117
E mail: info@cihrs.org

63

.

1993


.



.

.




.

.

() .
. .2007

63

1971 :2012

17

27

41

53

85

111

141

173

( )

187

:

( )

193

63

197

:

( )

201

203

( )
: ..
207

( )

( )

209

: ..
( )

213

:

( )

217

( )

63

223

.


.


.


63

.





.


25 .

.

.

()1
.


.
.


.2012

.

( )1 :
.

63

1971 :2012
/ .
/ .
/

/ .

63

63

19712012

*

1971
2011 .
- -

.

()1
.
* .

63

10

19712012

( )


.
:
1971
( )141

( .)139



.


. 141 1971
( .)2 159
2012 .

139


.
139
.
133 1971

63

11

90 .
.

. 141

19

.
( )89
( )29 .


.

2012
.
147
143 .1971

.

.
84
52

.
63

12

19712012

(
)
.

.
(
)


()3
.

21 2012
()4
.

.1971 123 125

124 125 .

( )
.
126
.



.
63

13

:
2012 1971
. (
)
.

66
.


.



.


.
.


59
.


.

( )1971
63

14

19712012

1971
128
150 .
.

. 101

. ( 1971
)110

.
2008

.
:
1971 150
.



.
:

.1971 169
. 170
63

15

173 .

1971
.

175

!.

1971
. - -1980
.
.

19712012

.
2012



.


.

( )
.
63

16

19712012

1 .1 :

_http://www.hurryh.com/Our_news_Details.aspx?News
ID=15053

2 .2 5 6 2013
.

.147
3 .3

12 .
4 .4 227

. 1971



22 2012
.

63

17

.

.

.

.
*

63

18

.
2011
.

.



.

.

.

.

. 4
.



.
63

19

.

.
.

!


.

.






.

2011
.

63

20

.
.

.
.

. 219



.

.
:

.
.
.

!

63

21

.
.
()1


(.)2


.
.

43

.

33
.
1971
1971


.

.
( )

.

.
63

22

48
.

.

.

.
47
.
49

.

.
!

215
! .

. 216

.
.

.
63

23

50 .

. 51
.


. 53 :

.



.

.
12
.

198 :
.



.
(.)3

76 .
63

24

219

. ( )5
!


232 :
.
2011

.

.

81

.


.

.


25
.

63

25

.



.

63

26

1 .1


.
( )
. :
: 18

() 22 .2012
2 .2 : ..
24 .2012
3 .3 :

13 8 .2013

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5794

4 .4



.
5 .5 : 76
6 .2013

63

27

*
**

-11
:






64 :

* .

* * .

63

28

.

:




:

:

.
:
29

.
: 16
117

.
- 2 :




15
63

29

-3 :






.
-4
:
14 23
1971 :
() 14
:
.

- :

.
() 14 :
: 1971
:

.
:
71
63

30

.
: 71

14 :

:
:


:
.
:


..





.
63

31

5
:
14
138
158

.

( )158
80 71 :
.
:
:
23 71
.
:

.
6
:

18 . :


63

32

.
7 :
19










.
-8
:
20 :





63

33

-
:

.
-9 :
24
71 34


24 :
.
71









.

63

34

-10
:
26 71 :

27 :
.
71 %50
12

%50
12 6 %50
3


.
- 11 :
:
51


52

.
52

63

35

56 71
.




.


52




.1971
53

52





.
- 12 :
58

:
63

36

:


- %10

.








.



.
-13 :
62
:




63

37

.




- - %15

.
14
:
46
:
()
:

71
13
.
()

71 14




63

38

64

.
15 :

:
.





:

.
-16
:
68 :
. .

63

39

.
17 :
70



15
18

...
- 18 :
207




212

.
63

40

19
:
198 :
..






..




.
20
:
( )1 120




:


.
63

41

.1970
( )Conscientization .


.

.
*

63

42

-
-2012
25 .

.

.

2012 .

( )..
(.)1



.
(.)2


.
( )
.

.


.1971 1971
.

..
63

43

. :
.



.
:


.



.




.

.
63

44

1971 2012
.

.



.
.
1
11 :

71
:

60 .


.

11
.1971
1971 :

63

45

. .

.

)3(.




.

.

:
.

.



.
:
:
) .
63

46

) .
) .




.
-2

:
.
.
.

.



.
.
.



..
63

47

.

.


.

.
-3

.

.
.

63

48

.

.
.




.
.


.
:

.


.
.

.

.
:
63

49

%18
%25


.


.

59 : .

.




..
.
:
. :


.


.
63

50

:

.
.
.
.
.


.

.


25
.1971

.


- - .

63

51

11. Sherif Younis, The Constitutions Bad Education, Egypt Independent. 14 October 2012

http://www.egyptindependent.com/opinion/constitution-s-bad-education

2 .2 18
.2012
3 .3 2012

( )...
.

63

52

63

53

..
*
**

1
.

.

.
()1
.

* 2012 FRIDE
GREEN .
( ).

* * .

63

54

.





.

.


.


.
.
:






63

55

:
( )Islamism ( )Political Islam
)2(.

()3
.
.

()4

.

()Institutional Islamists


()5
.


2011 .2012


.
.

.

)6(.

()7

()8
.

63

56

. 1984

1984 1987
.
2000 2005
. 1989


.1989
.

.

.

)9(.
. 30 2012
()10
.2013

.

)11(.


.

)12(.

63

57

)13(.

.

.

.

()14
.

.



()15
.
:


.

.

.
63

58

:




.

.
()16
.



)17(.


.

.


)18(.

.

.
()19
.

63

59

()20

.
( )21

()22
.


()23
.


)24(.
( )

.
()25
.



.




.

.
63

60

.
.

.



.
.


.

.

.

)26(.

.
()27
.

.



63

61

.


.

.
)28(.
.

)29(.

)30(.

.
:


)31(.
)32(.
.


.


. .
63

62

.
.

)33(
)34(.
()35
.


.

)36(.

()38
( )37 .
:
2011


.
.
)39(.


.
)40(.

63

63

.
:
.


.

.
()42
( )41 .
.

.


.

.


.


.

)43(.

63

64

()44

.
( )45 2011
)46(.


.


)47(. 2011

.

()48
.
:


.
)49(.
.


.
)50(.

63

65

()51
.

)52(
.
.
:
.

.
)53(.

.
2004
(
) )54(.
)55(.


)56(.
)57(.

()58
.


63

66

-
.

()59
.

().


. 2007
.
.
( )60
)61(.

)62(.

)63(.

()64
.
:

.
.
()65
.

)66(.
63

67

.

)67(.


)68(.
.
.

.

.
.


)69(.
.

.

.

.
.


63

68

. .

()70

.
()71
.


.
.
:

/ /
.
.

.
.

.

( )72
.


()73
.
63

69

)74(
.
.

.
.

)75(.
.

.

. )76(

()77
.

.

.

.1971
.
.

2007
.2011
.
63

70

.

()78
.


.
.
.

.
.

.

.
.

.

.

)79(.

)80(.
()81
.


63

71

. 1990
.


.

()82
.

.

.
()83
.

.
.
)84(.
.
.
.
.

.

()85
.

.
. )86(.
63

72

.

)87(.


.

12 .
.

)88(. 2008

()89
18.

.
.
2011

)90(.
.

()91
.
.


. 2005
63

73

.

.

.
.
.
()92
.

.
.
.

.

.
.
2011 .
.

()93
.

.
.
.

63

74

.


.

.

.
:

.

.
.
.

. .

.
.
.
.

.

63

75

.
.

.
.

.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.

.

.

.

63

76

-1


. :


.

2. M. Monshipouri, Islamism, Secularism and Human Rights in the

Middle East (Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998), p.2
3. S. Ismail, Rethinking Islamist Politics: Culture, the State and
Islamism (New York: I.B Tauris, 2006), p.2.
4. M. Ayoob, The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan
Press, 2008), pp. 14-17.
5. B. Tibi, Islam and Islamism (New York: Yale University Press,
2010), p.10.
6. S. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of
World Order (London: Simon and Schuster UK Ltd, 2002), pp.192198; B.
Lewis, Freedom and Justice in the Modern Middle East, Foreign
Affairs, 36(2002), pp. 48-50; B. Tibi, Why They Cant Be Democratic, Journal of
Democracy, 19(3) (2008), pp. 43-48.
7. A.E. Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004) Fourth edition, pp. 36-46; P.
Marshall,
Introduction: The Rise of Extreme Sharia, in P. Marshall (ed.)
Radical Islams Rules: the Worldwide Spread of Extreme Sharia
Law (Lanham:
Roman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005), pp. 1-17.

63

77

K. Kausch, Plus Ca Change: Europes Engagement with Moderate

Islamists, FRIDEs Working Paper 75, 2009, available at www.fride.
org/publications/563/
europes-engagement-with-moderate-islamists (Accessed 15 February 2012); K. Roth, Time to Abandon the Autocrats and Embrace
Rights: the International
Response to the Arab Spring, in Human Rights Watch World Report 2012 (Washington: Human Rights Watch, 2012), pp. 1-21.

2102
:
.


.

:
http://www.dohainstitute.org/release/08e451ef-0f5c-4a4d-a8055eb7c792f8aa11.

: .2012 30

S. Ajmi, Reform Front Party: Tunisias First Salafist Party, Tunisia

Live,11 2012

http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/05/11/reform-front-party-tunisiasfirst-salafist-party/
10. J. Otto, Towards Comparative Conclusions, in J. Otto (ed.),
Sharia Incorporated. A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems
of Twelve Muslim
Countries in Past and Present (Leiden: Leiden University Press,
2010), pp. 618.

: .11

A. An-Naim, Towards an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights and International Law (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1996).
12. E.W. Shepard, Muhammad Said al-Ashmawi and the Application
of Sharia in Egypt, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 28
(1) (1996), p. 43.
13. A. An-Naim, The Compatibility Dialectic: Meditaing the Legitimate Coexistence of Islamic Law and State Law, The Modern Law
Review 73 (1) (2010).

: .14

A.E. Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004) Fourth edition

63

78

W. Hallaq, A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to

Sunni usul Al-Fiqh (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press,1997), pp. 207-254.
http://www.365p.info/ ) 2011) .15

3 livre/index.html
.28 )2011( .16
)2001(
-/http://www.ennahdha.tn
: )2011( .17

http://www.alnourparty.org/page/program_headers
18. G. Denoeux, (2011) The Forgotten Swamp: Navigating Political
Islam, in Volpi, F., (ed.) Political Islam: a Critical Reader. New York:
Routledge. pp. 59-60.

: ( : .19
J. Brown, Salafists and Sufis in )2010
Egypt. Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace (2011), available at: http://carnegieendowment.
org/files/salafis_sufis.pdf, p.5.

: ( .20
)2011
.31-30 .21
.45-44 .22
: : .23
http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=567760

: )2011( .24

http://www.alnourparty.org/page/program_headers

.25

.2012 2
http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/20827717?utm_source
=Transcript+of+Rached+Ghannouchi%27s+lecture+on+Secularism
++March+2%2C+2012&utm_campaign=Tunisia+Democracy+Rach
ed+Ghannouchi+
Transition+Center+for+the+Study+of+Islam+and+Democracy+%28
CSID%29&utm_medium=email. The full transcript is available in
English at http://
blog.sami-aldeeb.com/2012/03/09/full-transcript-of-rached-ghannouchis-lecture-on-secularism-march-2-2012/

63

79

.26

K. Fahim, Tunisia Says Constitution Will Not Cite Islamic Law, New
York Times, 28 March 2012, available at http://www.nytimes.
com/2012/03/27/world/
africa/tunisia-says-constitution-will-not-cite-islamic-law.html
27. Al-Assad Ben Ahmad, We Fought for Freedom, Not Sharia Law,
Al-Ahram Weekly, 5 April 2012, available at http://weekly.ahram.org.
eg/2012/1092/re4.htm

.28 7 2012
:
http://magmj.com/index.jsp?inc=5&id=9419&pid=2456&versi
on=137

.29 :
( : )2005
(:
)2011 320-315
()1997 CNI cimalsI :
(.)2011
.30

.
:
2011 :
http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=19911

23 .2012
.31 ( )2011.29
.32 ()2012
.8
.33 ( )2011 :
http://www.alnourparty.org/page/program_headers

.34 ( )2011

http://www.365p.info/livre/index.html.7

.35 .
.36 : 7 2012
:
http://magmj.com/index.jsp?inc=5&id=9419&pid=2456&versi
on=137

.37 ( :

63

80

)2011 :

http://www.alnourparty.org/page/program_headers

.38
( )2011.150-147
.39 : 11 2012 :
http://ikhwanonline.com/ramadan/Pageview.
aspx?ID=2333&SectionID=9

.40
( : )2011 .307

( )2011 113-11231
( )2011 :
http://www.alnourparty.org/page/program_social

( )2011.90
.41
( : )2000 98.104
.42
1979

( : )2003 115
.43
( : )2011 310
.44 2010
:
http://www.salafvoice.com/article.php?a=4821

.45 2011
:

http://www.salafvoice.com/article.php?a=5710

.46
( : )2000 115
.128 .47
27 2012 :
http://www.manaratweb.com/e-print.php?id=1608

.
12 2012

63

81

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lL3AhugZ_5E

.48 .
.49
18 2012 :

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ReJFzuKONk

.50
( )2011 .77-72
.51:
O. Halawa, Egyptian Religious Minorities Fear Rise of Islamists,
Egyptian Independent, 3 June 2011, available at http://www.
egyptindependent.com/node/462243

20 .2012
.52
( : )2004 .324
.53 ( )2011.154
.54:

R. Scott, The Challenge of Political Islam: Non-Muslims and the

Egyptian State (California: Stanford University Press, 2010); M.
Tadros, The Muslim Brotherhood in Contemporary Egypt (London:
)Routledge, 2012

.55 : ( )2011 :

http://www.alnourparty.org/page/program_headers

.56 ( :
)1993 .57-56
.57 .105
.58
2007 :
15 .2012

http://bit.ly/e2JXBE

M. Tadros, The Muslim Brotherhood in Contemporary Egypt (Lon)don: Routledge, 2012

.60 ( :
.)2006
.61
( )2011.241-235
.62 : 4 2012 :
http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=722750&.

63

82

.31 )2011( .63

.140 .64
.158-153 .65
.154 .66
.157 .67
: )2011( .68

http://www.alnourparty.org/page/program_headers.

: )2011( .69

http://www.365p.info/livre/index.html.

: .70

M. Ottoway, The Death of the Constitutent Assembly, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2012

http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/13/egypt-death-of-constituent-assembly/brzn

2011 6 .71
:
http://www.hurryh.com/ar_print.aspx?print_ID=2308.

: .72

M. El Fegiery, Crunch Time for Egypts Civil-Military Relations,

FRIDE Policy Brief, 14 August 2012

: .73

74.http://www.fride.org/publication/1054/crunch-time-for-egyptscivil-military-relations

2012 8 .75
:
http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/35934

:.76

Political Groups, Figures Concerned over Politicised Human Rights

Council, Ahram Online,

http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/52100/Egypt/Politics-/Political-groups,-figures-concerned-over-politicis.aspx

.2012 6
: .77
:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_3m10LZ4mU

.2012 6
16 : .78

63

83

: 2012

http://www.eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/07/16/1453

: .79

L. Hajji, The 18 October Coalition for Rights and F reedoms in Tunisia, Arab Reform Initiative

: 2007

http://www.arabreform.net/18-october-coalition-rights-andfreedoms-tunisia
80. Tunisia President Launches Attack against Ruling Islamists, AFP

http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5icOQzez62kG3rLP2EptGS3vbTT-Q?docId=CNG.6ecabf95f500747be87b57
255a70d2e9.7b1
81. N. Dalaa, Is the Ennahda Government Soft on Salafists?, AlMonitor 24

: 2012

http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/tunisian-mediaand-political-ana.html

13 : .82
2012

http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=ZXOG6c9WNkI.
83. A. Mohsen, Dark Comedy: Is Adel Imams Sentence the Start of
a Worrying Trend?, Egypt Independent
.www//:ptth : 2012 25
egyptindependent.com/news/dark-comedy-adel-imams-prison-sentence-start-worrying-trend.

2012 : .84
:

http://almarayanews.com/new/permalink/5501.html.

9 : .85
2012
The Muslim Brotherhood Following Mubaraks Footsteps

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3773&lang=en.

: .86

Amnesty International, Tunisian Journalist Faces Public Morals

Charge after Criticizing Government

2012 8

http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/tunisian-journalist-faces-public-

63

84

morals-charge-after-criticizing-government-2012-08-07 A. Guellali,
Tunisias Setback in
Freedom of Expression. Human Rights Watch, 2012

http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/24/tunisia-s-setback-freedom-expression.
87. H. Badran, The Arab Spring Represents a Leap Backward for
Women. The Daily Star

: 2012 27

http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2012/Aug27/185770-the-arab-spring-represents-a-leap-backward-for-women.
ashx#axzz24mOSmBKj

. .88
:.89
2008 2005
.2012 23 http://bit.ly/O99T9U
: .90
Human Rights Watch, Tunisia: Government Lifts Restrictions on
Womens Rights Treaty

: 2011 7

http://www.hrw.
org/news/2011/09/06/tunisia-government-lifts-restrictions-women-srights-treaty
91. H. Mcrobie, Will the Tunisian Constitution Erode the gains of
Women in the Arab Spring New Statesman

: 2012 15

http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/politics/2012/08/will-tunisianconstitution-erode-gains-women-arab-spring
Protesting for the Right to Divorce, Ahram Weekly

: .92

.2011 28
2012 16 : .93

http://www.alwafd.org/

-/ 471 --/ 210983 ------

: 2012 21
http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/725126.

63

85

..
*
. **

:
1 2011
. .
-
.
.

.
.

* (.)ARI

* * .

63

86

.
- -
. :

.
. :
.

:
(.)1

.
:
.
.
.

.
.

.
. -
.
.

.
.
63

87

:

.
.
.
.

.
.
: 1978

.

.
/
.
.

.
:
.
:
.
( . .)2010/12/19

%96

63

88

.

:


.
.
( 25/ .)2011
:
%97

( . ).

. ( ) :

:

( .)2012/3/2
- .
.
: .
- - :

. : .

63

89

!

.
.

( ) :


.
( . 2011/1/18
).

.

.
:


- :

:

:
( )
( .
63

90

) . 1989
: .

.


.
.

:
.
-
.
( .
.)2012/3/1

.


.

.
.

( .
2011/5/18 ).

.
63

91

.

.

.


.


. -

/ ( 2012 .)2012/3/1
-
.
:
!
. .
( )......
..
.. ( .
.)2012/2/23
.
:


.

63

92

. ( )
( .)2012/3/6
:

.
:

( .)2 :

.

. .
-

.

.
: ( ) .
- .
.

.
- -
.
.
63

93

.
.

.
. ()
:
( .)377

651 ()

.
. :


( .)60 :1981

.
.
.
/ .1964
-.

.
.
. :
:
63

94

-.

. ( .)19 :1973

.

.
- .

.
1965 .
.
:

.

1947
.
1922
() .

. .

.
63

95

1953
.

.
. -
. .
1955
.

.


.


.

. 10 11 1955
.

:
:1
:2 ()
:3 :

. 1967
1968
63

96

:
.
-
.

. :

.

( .
.)43-42

. :


.
.
1953 1958
.
- .
:

- - .
:





( . 259 : ).
63

97

.

.
.
.
.
.
25/ 1969
.
. 2/ 1969

.
.
. .
1972
.
.
:
.

( .)231
.
.
( .)165 :2002

: .
. .


63

98

:

( .)1964-1958
.
.
.
1973 ( :)8

1972
. ( )9 :
.
.
.

1983 .
.
.
.
.

1989
. 1986

.



( . .)89

63

99

1998
2005 .


. .
:


.
: .


. . (:)4

.
.
( )1
:
.
.
.
( )27

... :
.

63

100

( : )65

.
2005
2011 .

.
. .

.
( )1 :
.
( )3 :
. ( )4 :
:
)

)

)
.
( )7 :
.
2005 .
( )6 .

63

101

.
.
.
.
.
.
:
( )5

)1

)2


)3
( )1( 26)
:
)
:
)
.

. ( )156 :
:
)

)

63

102

)

)

.

.
. (:)153

)1
.

)2 .

. ( : )154

. ()155
:

.
( )156 :

:
)

)

63

103

)

)


)
.

. (: )157
)1
:
)
154 156
)
(.)158
:

.
()
. .

1996
.
63

104

.

.
1/7 8 21 24 1/7

8

: . 21


. 24


.


.
.

.

.

2009/9/1( . )

.
63

105

.

.
( ) .




( . : 24 .)2009
: 2009
16 .

.
.

.

.
( )
.


. .


6 .
.
.
63

106

1991 .


.
:

.
: .
.




.
3 ( . 2011/7/10
) .
.
.
-

.

.
.

63

107

/ .2000
12 /.2002
:



.
.

( . .)30 :2007
:

( ) .

.
.

.
.


.

.

.
63

108

.
.


.

.
.
- .
( ) ( ).
- .
.

. -
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
-.

.
.
63

109

- .

.
.

63

110

-1 : . :
: -
. 1968
-2 :

War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan.

Washington,Brookings Institution,1995

.1999

:
.2007
: 1989-1900
.1996
: .2002
: .
: .1981

63

111

..

(:)1

25


.

.


*

15 .2012

63

112

.
( )2
25 2011 30

.2012

( )3 25 2011 30 .2012
25( )4
25

2011 30 2012
.
( )5

.


.

.


.

.



63

113

.




.

.

.


- ( )6
.
.


( .)7



.

.


63

114

.

.



.
.


.


.
12


100.





!

.


.
.
63

115

. :
1 -1 .

.
2 -2
.
3 -3 .
4 -4
.
5 -5 .
6 -6 .
7 -7 .


( )8 .

63

116

()9

.
5

.



25

.




.








63

117

( .)10

( .)11



.

.


.

.


( .)12


.. !.
..


()13

63

118

(.)14

.
. 100
,
(.)15

.


11 .

( .)16

23



.
()17

85 2012
.


63

119

.
.


()

( )18


.

.


( .)19
(.)20

.

(.)21
- :

.
63

120

1 .1


( )22
.

2 .2 5 2012

7

( .)23

(.)24

3 .3 14




(.)25
63

121

4 .4
18 2012
(.)26

5 .5 27

(.)27
6 .6



(.)28
7 .7
31 2012

.



( .)29

2012

(.)30




63

122

.


.


(.)31
25



.

- :



.


.

.



.

63

123

-1 :

31


2012 .



.





( )32 .

.

31 2012



)33(.

.

( .)34

.

63

124

.



.
. :
34 2011

.


()35



.

63

125

.
-2 :





.

:
1 -1 2





(.)36
2 -2

63

126

(.)37
3 -3 28

2
2011/311 .
.

1
28
6 2012/2530 (.)38
4 -4 16



(.)39
-3 (:)40



.
25
.



.


.
63

127

.

.

25
.

:
1 -1

.
(.)41
2 -2 16 2012



(.)42
3 -3 17
(.)43
4 -4 2012



12928 2012
63

128

2
.)44(2012
-4 :

:
(
)
.


(.)45

28 .

.
(.)46
- :

.
63

129

-1 :


84 .2002






.


.

4


( )47
.




.
-2 :

.
39

32
()48
.
63

130

.

35 1976

.
- :

(.)49

.

12 2012
( .)50
(.)51
:
j






63

131

.
:
1 .1 .




.

.

.
2 .2
.
3 .3

.
4 .4
.
.
5 .5

63

132

.
:
1 .1

.
2 .2
.
3 .3
.
4 .4
.
5 .5


.
6 .6
.
7 .7

.
8 .8

.
63

133

:
1 .1 .
2 .2 25 1966
.
.

.
3 .3 56
.
4 .4 .
.
5 .5
.
6 .6

.
7 .7

.
8 .8

.
.


63

134

.
9 .9


.
1010


.
1111

25
.
1212



.

63

135

1 .1

1
2012 8 .2012
2 .2 4 2012 5 .2012
3 .3 10 2012
27 5 .2012
4 .4 89 2012
40 8 .2012
5 .5 85 2012 96
1996
34 23 .2012
6 .6
.1952

7 .7

.
8 .8 : :

http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1173346

9 .9 :
100 .
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3813

63

136

1010 : :

2007

.2007
1111 :
: :
:

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3398#

1212
17 2012
http://www.afteegypt.org/uploads/Report-001-17-09-2012.pdf

1313

http://www.anhri.net/?p=60153

1414 17 2012

http://elbadil.com/egypt-reports/2012/08/17/59963

1515 -
1616
122012
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3776#

1717 ( 34) 23 2012

85 2012 96
1996
1818
17 2012
http://www.afteegypt.org/uploads/Report-001-17-09-2012.pdf

1919
30
http://www.anhri.net/?p=59805
2020
26 2012
&http://www1.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=767232

2121 :

63

137

7 2012

http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/248351.aspx

22.

2 2012
http://www.afteegypt.org/pressrelease/2012/08/02/695-afteegypt.html

23. http://www.afteegypt.org/pressrelease/2012/10/07/720afteegypt.html

2424 : :
: :
.2007
2525
152012 .
http://www.afteegypt.org/pressrelease/2012/09/15/710-afteegypt.html

: 2626
18 2012
http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/09/18/1490

2727

30 2012
http://www.eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/09/30/1505

2828 9 2012

http://www.anhri.net/?p=60153

29.
7 :2012
http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/08/07/1461

3030 :
.
3131 :
3 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4421

3232
29
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3836#

63

138

3333 :
31 3002 2012
http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1083311

3434
4
http://elbadil.com/hot-issues-cases/2012/08/04/58036

26 3535 2012
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4206

3636
.. 12 2012
http://ecesr.com/?p=5321

3737

14 2012
http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/08/14/1466

3838 :

http://www.nomiltrials.com/2012/08/blog-post.html

3939
27 2012
http://www.eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/09/27/1501

4040

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3783

4141
19 .2012
4242

16
http://www.efitu.com/?p=1433

4343
18 2012
http://marsd.afteegypt.org/publications/2012/09/18/1178

4444 - - 2
2012

63

139

4545

http://on.fb.me/MZje4t
4646 :

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ur-MdymqRnU

4747
4
http://www2.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=805926

:

1
2012
http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/256821.aspx

4848
9
http://www.ctuws.com/?item=1242

4949
.7
5050
15
http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2012/07/15

5151
20 .2012

63

140

63

141

. .

. .

:


.2012

*

26 .2012

63

142

25 .

.

24-6 .2012







.

.


.

.

:



.


63

143

.


2012
.

2012

( )1 21 2012




( .)2

(.)3

2012



.



.

63

144

-
.
-

()4
.

( )5



.

63

145

.



.
()6

:

21 2012
.2012

.

( )7
19
28
400 .

.
2012

63

146

.


. 28


(.)8

.



. - -
.
17 22 5 2012
21

.
4 2012




.
5
)9(

.
63

147

:




()10
.

2012


:
.

.
.

.

:
[ ]
.
.
.

63

148

.
..


.
. :


()11
.
(
)

.

.
...
()12
!!

( .)
( )13 :


.

.

.

63

149

:

( .)14
:
(.)15
6 2012

.. ..
( .)16
( )17 ( )18

.
()19
.

.
(.) : [ ]
.
. [
]
.

()20

:
[] . [ ]

63

150

.

:

.
.
( ..)
.
:
.
.

()21
.

( )
.
( .) :


[ ] [
] .

. :

.

63

151

.

.



.
:


.

.
( )22




.

63

152

( )23

.

49 6 .
(
)

.

.

( )24
.

()25
.

:
.
()26
.
( )27

.
63

153

- -

.



( )

.
( . ). :
.
.





.

.

:
[ ]
4-3 .
.
63

154

.
.
:
:

. :

..
()28
.


.
(.)
:
.
7:30
()29
.
:

( )30

. :
.

63

155

()31

:
[ ] .
()32
. .
:
[ ]
.

.
:
.. .

()33
.

.




.



.
.
63

156

()34
.
:

.




.
. :
1.1 .
2.2 .

3.3 .
4.4 .

5.5 .

6.6 .
7.7 .
8.8 .
63

157

9.9 .
1010 ( :
)
.
1111 .





.


.

:

.

()35
.


.

[
.
63

158

:
.

. [ ]

()36
.

.





.
.
[ ]

:

:
. 6
()37
.

. :


.


63

159

.
:

.




.


6 2012 . 12
.
2012
:

1 .1 .
2 .2 .
3 .3 .
4 .4 .
5 .5 .
6 .6 .
63

160

()38
.
:
5
49
() .

.


()39
.

90
139

6 2012

. 20
.
15 18
.

.
63

161

( )40 6 2012

.


.


2002/15200

-
- .


7 .2012

.
135

- -
12 .2012


.

.
63

162

:
5

.


.

.


)41(.

.

: 9.30

.
(.)
:
.
6 2012

63

163

.
:



( )42



()43
.
( )
( ) .
5 2012 ( )
6

( )44
.

()45
.

5 2012

()46

: [] .

( 25
) :
63

164

.



. .

.

()47
.
6
:
.



()48
.
12

:

:
()49
.


)50(.
63

165

.
:

.


.


.


)51(.



25.


.

()52
.
63

166

.



.

:

: :
1 .1
:


.

.
( )
( )
.
2 .2
.
3 .3
.
4 .4
63

167

.
5 .5 .
6 .6 .
7 .7
.
8 .8
:




.
9.9
.
1010

.

1111
( )53






:

63

168

.

()54
.
:
:
:
1.1 .
2.2
.

63

169

1 .1 :
24

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5081.

:


http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5087.

2 .2 :
10 ..

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5246.

3 .3
: 15


http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4523.

4 .4 :
6:
http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/280323.aspx

5 .5 :
:72/02/CRH/A
http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/4036038.81597519.html

6 .6 : 6

:
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5183.

63

170

7 .7 :
-2011 :
http://bit.ly/U81fYN.

8 .8 19
.2012
9 .9 :
http://www.hurryh.com/Our_news_Details.aspx?News_ID=15022

1010 :

http://www.ikhwanonline.com/new/Article.aspx?ArtID=130889&SecID=0

1111 20
.2012
1212 5.2012
JI04A21/em.bf.no//:ptth

1313 .
1414

www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=FKEU0yjUSSY&feature=endscreen

1515 - -
6 .2012
1616 :
www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwgJKcwmVi8

1717 :

www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=VBAJZp3NIoY

1818 :

www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtjNz4FWzn8&feature=youtu.be&a

1919 :

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6doWU4DzU2U

2020

.
2121 19 .2012
2222 :

www.youtube.com/watch?v=px4VB_4ecTo&feature=player_embedded.

2323 :

http://on.fb.me/WEkfUC.

2424 :

http://bit.ly/UkDOiy.

2525 -

63

171

- 6 .2012
2626
19 .2012
2727 :
http://youtu.be/z-rybmVTduk

2828 19
.2012
29. (.) 20 2012
.
3030
:



http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5269

3131 11
:2012
http://on.fb.me/W2qxcL

3232 .
3333 :ontv

http://youtu.be/AXsjfrC0uLI

3434 23 .2012
3535 7 .2012
3636 24
.2012
3737
ontv 5 :2012
http://bit.ly/TgHd3g.

3838



http://bit.ly/UXRPzQ

3939 19
.2012
4040 6 :2012
http://youtu.be/jScbDgnZBxQ

63

172

4141

6 17 .2012
4242 :

http://www.ikhwanonline.com/new/Article.aspx?ArtID=131159&SecID=0

4343 :

http://www.ikhwanonline.com/new/Article.aspx?ArtID=131016&SecID=212

4444:

http://www.ikhwanonline.com/new/Article.aspx?ArtID=130991&SecID=230.

4545 :

www.ikhwanonline.com/new/Article.aspx?ArtID=130972&SecID=230.

4646 :

http://youtu.be/GfkvUWy1Pc8.

4747 25:

http://youtu.be/sYNtyC0ZXI0.

4848
:

https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Essam.Elerian/posts/458617907517114.

4949 :

_http://fjponline.com/article.php?id=1198&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm
medium=twitter

5050 :

http://youtu.be/6UId3f6_5q4

5151
100 :
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3266

5252


http://bit.ly/UXRPzQ .

5353
:
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4562

5454
:

http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G12/135/84/PDF/
G1213584.pdf?OpenElement

63

173

)1( 2009 2010
.2012
.

.




.

* .

63

174

.


.
.




.
:


.

.

)2(.
)3(.

()4
.

.


.

63

175

.


.
.



.
.


.

.


.
.

.
)5(.

.

63

176

.

.


()6
.
:

.
.

.

.


.
.



.

63

177

.




.
.


.
:


.


.
.
.


.


1925
.
63

178

.
.

.

.

.

.

.

.


.

.
:

.

63

179

.

.
.


.

()7
.


.
.

.


.

)8(.

.
.

.
.
:

63

180

( .)9
.

.

.



.


.
.

.
.


.
.
.
.

.

.

63

181

.


.
.

.
.

.


.

.


()10
.

.
.


.
.
.


63

182

.

.



.

.
:


.

.


.
.


. -
-
.


63

183

)11(.

.


.
.

.

.

.
.


.


.


.

63

184

1- Abdullahi Ahmed An-Naim, Islam and the Secular State, London:

Harvard University Press, 2009.

-2 .
: .1979
-3
7 1992

.
-4
:
: .2011
-5

2 2012
60
.
-6 .1986 :
.
20 2012
22
2011
http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=396736

63

185

2011 9 : :

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3055
7- Wael Hallaq, An Introduction to Islamic Law, London: Cambridge
University Press, 2009.

. -8
: -9
Ran Hirschl, Constitutional Theocracy, London: Harvard University
Press, 2010.

-10
:
Jeroen Temperman, State Religion Relationships and Human
Rights: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance, Brill
Academic, 2010.
11- Bassam Tibi, Islam Predicament with Modernity, London:
Routledge, 2009.

63

186

63

187

!
( )

3 2012

.

.
.

63

188

.

25 .



.
12


.



.
.



.
.





.
.


.

.
63

189

:

.
:



.





.


.
.

.


.




.
.
.

.
.
63

190

.


.
-


25 .
- -
.
.

. !
.


.
:

63

191

.



!

.

.
25.

!

!

.

.

.
63

192

63

193

( )

18 2012

25
.
25

25
.
63

194

.





.


.

220

.


25 .

.

.



63

195

.


.


.



.



.

.

2011





.

63

196

.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
.9 .
.10 .
.11 .. .
.12 .
.13 .
.14 .
.15 .
.16 .
.17 .
.18 .
.19 .
.20 .
.21 .
.22 .
.23 .
.24 .

63

197

31 2012

- -

.



.

63

198

().


.

.




.




:
..

.



.

63

199

.




.





:

:
.
( )68



.
( )71

.

.


63

200

63

15 : 1433 31 2012

201

..


( )

8 2013

.

.
4




2013/3

.
63

202

9 .

.
.

26


( )moc.sserpdrow.ianis4//:ptth .

198
.

.

1 .1 .
2 .2 .
3 .3 .
4 .4 .
5 .5 .
6 .6 -.
7 .7 .
8 .8 .
9 .9 .
1010 .
1111 .
1212 .
1313 .
63

203

( )
12 2012

.
.

.





63

204

.

.



.
.

2012/12/8

2012/2011 2012
20 .2011

.2012 2011
.

63

205

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21

63

206

63

207

: ..

( )

24 2012

15 2012
25
%50 .

63

208



.

.

.2005
:
.

.
.

.
() .

.
.
032 .

.
.

.
63

209

( )

24 2012

22
.

.
!

.

63

210

!





.
.



.

. ()

.

63

211

.


.

.


.
74 1971



.

.

!


.

( )
.
63

212

.

1 .1 .
2 .2 .
3 .3 .
4 .4 .
5 .5 .
6 .6 .
7 .7 .
8 .8 .
9 .9 .
1010 ..
1111 .
1212 .
1313 .
1414 .
1515 .
1616 .
1717 .
1818 .
1919 .
2020 .
2121 .
2222 .
2323 .
63

213

( )

24 2012

25

21
.

( ).





.
63

214

.



.

63

215

.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
.9 .
.10 .
.11 .
.12 .
.13 .
.14 .
.15 .
.16 .
.17 .
.18 .
.19 .
.20 .
.21 .
.22 .
.23 .
.24 .
.25 .

63

216

63

217

..

( )

14 2013

.



.


.
63

218

%40

.




.
.

.




!!






.

[]1
.
63

219

.

]2[1986 ]3[1987
4 5 33 1978

. 1990 1987
.
.

2012

.
1989

[]4
.

2000

. 24
73 1956
88
[]5

.


.
2007 88
.

. 1993
.
63

220

() 1995
.
15
40 1977
[ .]6 () 17
159 1981

[.]7

. 1994
6 2 73 1973

.
. 2000
153 1999 .

[]8
.
[ ]9
1993
.

!

[ .]10

[ .]11
.



.
63

221

[ ]1 :

: ( )

2003

( )
.

( )

.2008

: (
) - .1997

[ ]2 21 1986 56 6.
[ ]3 4 1987 49 6.

[ ]4 15 1989 14 8.
[ ]5 8 2000 11 13.
[ ]6 3 1995 25 16.
[ ]7 5 2001 25 22.

[ ]8 3 2000 153 21.

[ ]9 2 1993 3 19.

[ ]10 5 1997 82 17.

[ ]11 15 2002 201 23.

63

222

63

223

( )

6 2012

22

.






63

224

.




.

.

.

.



:
:
.
: 22.

:

.
:

.
63

225

.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
.9 .
.10 .
.11 .
.12 .
.13 .
.14 .
.15 .
.16 ()
.17 .
.18 .
.19 .
.20 .
.21 .

63

226

63