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= nk + 1 + 2 + + n 1
= nk + 21 n(n 1) = 100 "
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2k + 1 = 100
2k + 3 = 50
2k + 4 = 40
2k + 7 = 25
2k + 9 = 20
2k + 19 = 10
2k + 24 = 8
2k + 39 = 5
2k + 49 = 4
2k + 99 = 2
2k + 199 = 1
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k=9
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k = 8
k = 17
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k = 99
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1411100000011141
4111100000011114
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c 369CBG14L8>4?1 4>?B X/2143AFO9; ~FE(I 4>?B BG1T5'Jn1 c EGF?1/< `
e A BG1TLMn>T?=145 61 A/O1T3X?FQ9; B ~FE(I 15 3E(I0149 4B c >A@0/O:CK0B1 c /21*?14B5369;3:gBG14L82 >4?1 3 X/O1T3X?FQ9;
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~FDE(I 3 ;E(I01T9 B c 369BG14L8>4?1 3 369;:~FO9 `g I?3E FQ5nFDe A BG1TLM>T?145 3 ;E(I01T9 B c 369
eq>?B c 1 A EG>N/2>?571 ` e A BG14L8>4?1T5 4 /2143AFO9; B ~FE(I 2 TE(I01T9 B ~FQ/D/A/2>?571m3T5E(I01nB5HE
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c 369BG16:A@ c 1E(I01
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/2>?571R5(E36BEGFO9;g~FDE(IM3J?FQ/O1>Ae ` a eQEG1TB I?365 c I0>?571T93T9;:J0365'5*1T:E(I01J?FQ/O1NEH>
E(I01T9 B ~FQ/D/K01gE(I01;B5(Eu>?9;1g2EH> c I0>0>?57A1 E(I01gEG36K?/O1T5I?3?1NK;1T1T9EG@;BG9;16:6 ` >RFQe BA
c I0>0>?5*145 4 "E(I0149 B ~FD/Q/0/2>?571 `
t3T9[~1P4149;1TB34/QF 0'18E(IAFO59;>6~ E36BEGFO9;~FE(IS3=J0FD/21=>Ae 5(F 0'1 uFDe c 369
c I0>0>?5*1FO9=5'@ c I=3R~N3<=3T5gEG>=BG1T:?@ c 1E(I01J?FQ/O1EH>=>?9;1R~I014BG1E(I01nB5HnEgJ?/O3XA<?1TB EG>
c I0>0>?5*1 9;>6~ m:;>0145R9;>"ENI?3X?13M~FQ909?FO9;M5(EHB3EH1T*<tE(I0149 ~FD/Q/~FQ9 ` e}3T/D/
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nB5HEJ0/Q3<?14BEG> c I0>0>?5*1 9;>6~ BI?3T53m~FO909?FQ9;C5HEHB34EG16*<6E(I01T9 A ~FQ/D/0/2>?571 365 B
c 3T9eq>A/D/2>6~$3g~FO909?FQ9;C5(EHB3EH1T*<9;>L34EEG1TBuI0>6~ A c I0>0>?5*145}FO9?FEGFO34/Q/ <" `
e
E(I01T9 c 3T9BG1TLM>T?1 }>?B /O1T3X?FQ9; ~FDE(I >?B
BG1T5'Jn1 c EGF?n1/=<t3T79;:3T/D/tE(I?ABG1T1>AeE(I0145*1J;>?1575(F23KAFQ/DFDEGFO1T45mI?3?13~BFQ909?FO9;R5H6EHB344EG16*<8eq>?3B
E(I01J0/Q3<?14B}~I0> c I0>0>?571T5;B5(E I014BG1? B ` N149 c 1A B c 3T9eq>?B c 1 A EG>8/O>?5*1A57> A
:;>0145 9;>"E}I?3X?1N3g~FO909?FQ9;C5(EHB3EH1T*<eq>?B n = 7 `
=1 - BG1m9;>6~bBG1T36:"<EG>g~NBGFEH1g:0>6~N93g57>A/Q@?EGFO>?9EH>CE(I01g>?BF2XFQ903T/AJ0BG>0K?/O1TL ` >A@
~FQ/D/057161 E(I?34E>A@;B57>A/Q@?EGFO>?9~FQ/D/0K;1C?@0FEH1g57I0>?BEK;1 c 34@;5*1C>Ae;3T/D/;>Ae?E(I01 ~>?B ~1 - ?1
:;>?9;1RFQ93":6A369 c 1 `O IAFO5FO5m3BG1434E}EH1 c I?9?F2A@n1 d:0>ME(I01R/O16*~>?B K014eq>?BG1TI?369;:5*>
E(I?34E}E(IAFO9;5g3TBG15'FQLMJ?/214B/Q34EG1TB >?9 ` et<?>A@P:0>?29 - E eq1T14/t/QF 1N<?>A7@ - ?14>"E3BGFQJ=>?9
E(I01MJ;BG>0KA/214L=E(I01T9EHB{<[:;>AFQ9;57>?L81/Q36BG414B c 3T5*145-5'@ c I=365 n = 8 EG> n = 12 `
I0149MBG143":M>?9 `
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AKA@?E:0>01T5
9;>"E}I?3?1N3g~FQ909?FO9;C5(EHB3AEH1T*<FDe n = 2 >?B n = 7 ` n = 1 3 4 5 6
EG3TBEGFQ9;~FDE(IC3 J0FD/21 >Ae?5(F 0'1 n A L@;5(EBG1T:?@ c 1E(I01 J?FQ/O1}EG>N>?9;1 >AeA5'F 0'1 n1
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3T9;:J;3T575}FEEH> `u e;E(I01CnB5HEuJ;1TB57>?9EG> c I0>0>?5*1 9;>6~ I?3653
~n FO909?3FQ9;5(EHnB3EH1T4*<5(E36BEGFO9;~FDE(IB3J?FQ/O1>Ae1T3 c IM>AenE(I0145*1N5(F 0'1456E(I01T9 A ~BFQ/D/;/2>?571 `
98>"E(I01TB~>?BG:?5AFQe A I?3T5 3C~FQ909?FO9;5HEHB34EG16*<5HEG3TBEGFQ9;m~FE(IJ?FQ/O1T5 >Aet5'F 0'1 n 1
?369;:
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n
FOLJ0/O31TLM1T9AE An -55H4EHB34EG16*<Aeq>?BtE(I01m5'LM34/Q/O1TBJ0FD/213T9;:C~FQ9t69;>NL34EEG1TBn~I?3E AB:;>0145 `
e>?9;1C>?BL8>?BG1C>Ae?E(I0145*1gJ?FQ/O1g5(F 0'14536BG1g5(@ c INE(I?3EE(I01m;B5(EJ;1TB57>?9:0>01T59;>"E
I?3?1g3 ~FO909?FQ9;5(EHB3EH1T*<tTE(I0149 A 5*I0>A@0/O:RBG1T:?@ c 1mEG>E(IAFQ5u5(F 0'1A~IAF c IJ0BG1*?1T9AE5 B
e2BG>?L K;1FO9;C36K?/O1CEG>~FQ9 ` IA@;5 A I014B5*1/Qe;~FD/Q/?~FQ9 `
BG>?L
c 3T9MBG1T:?@ c 1EG> 0>?B ` FO9 c 1CE(I01;B5(EuJ?/O3X<?1TB}:0>01T59;>"E
~FO9~I01T985(En36B=EGFO9;8g~AFE(I 7 0E(I0149 A ~7FO9055 eq>?B n4 = 8 KT<EG3 FQ9; 1 EG>0>"E(I?J0F c' 3T9;:
BG16:A@ c FO9;gE(I01J0FD/21gEH> 7 `
c 3T9BG1T:?@ c 1mE(I01gJ?FQ/O1EH> A>?B ` FQ9 c 1E(I01m;B5(EJ0/Q3<?14BI?365
>?B
3C~FQ909?FO9;Cn5(EH=B3EH91T*A<eq>?Bu1T3 c I>AenE(I0145*15'F 0'1T5XT8~61N57161g5E(I?3E A /2>?571T5~I01T9 n = 9 `
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3T9;:
c 3T9SBG1T:?@ c 18E(I01J0FD/21EH> KT<BG1TLM>TAFO9;
369;: 4 tBG1457nJ;1 =c EGF ?1014/ < `N FO9 nc 1R=E(I01R11;B5(AEJ?/O3X<?1TB:0>01T5g9;>"EI?3?13R7~FQ909?FO9;R5HEHB34EG16*3<
5(E36BEGFO9;~FE(I 7 "E(I0149 A ~FQ9055(E36BEGFO9;~FE(I n = 10 369;: n = 11 `
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3T9;:
c 3T9SBG1T:?@ c 18E(I01J0FD/21EH> KT<BG1TLM>TAFO9;
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5(E36BEGFO9;~FE(I 9 "E(I0149 A ~FQ9055(E36BEGFO9;~FE(I n = 12 369;: n = 13 `
>?9AEGFQ9?@0FO9;REH>P41 3T36LFO9;1 c 36571T5CFQ9E(IAFO5m~N3X<t~1 c 3T9=/QFQ5(E E(I01~FQ909?FO9;3T9;:
/2>?5(FO9;g5(E36BEGFO9;CJ;>?5'FEGF2>?905}eq>?B A
FO909?FQ9;A 15 17 18 19 20 22 24 25 26 27 29 31 32 33 34 . . .
T>?5(FO9;A 14 16 21 23 28 30 35 . . .
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5(EHB3EH1T*<R~I0149 n FQ5 31 32 33 ?369;: 34 ?369;::;>0145 9;>"E~I0149 n FO5 35 `
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1T5HEGFO9;E(IAFO9;5EH>E(IAFQ9 36K;>A@?E S~I?3E3~FQ909?FO9;R5HEHB34EG16*<LM1T3T905tI0>6~~FQ909?FO9;
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9E(I01NK?/Q3 c' K;>?3TBG:R~FQ905 `
31EG1TBGLFQ9;1g~IAF c IJ0/Q3<?14B}I?3T5 3g~FO909?FQ9;C5(EHB3EH1T*<eq>?B N = 2005 `
K6=1EG1TBGLFQ9;1g~IAF c IJ0/Q3<?14B}I?3T5 3g~FO909?FQ9;C5(EHB3EH1T*<eq>?B N = 2004 `
qc 1EG1TBGLFQ9;1eq>?BCI0>6~ LM3T9"<=FQ9AEH1T41TB5 N 1 N 2005 n3TB(K?36B38I?3653
~FO909?FQ9;C5(EHB3EH1T*< ` BG>?L G I0>?BEmFO5HE T" `
n
k=1
1600
1600
(2005)
6
1 TE*t~18XF ?1E(I01 c >?BHL>AeE(I01 FO9034/ t>A@;9;:>AeE(I01 @;575(FO3T9
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4
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eq>?Bu34/Q/ x y $
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14/ ` T1E O K;1FEG5FQ9 c 149AEHBG1 `
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=
=
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2 a2 + 2 b2 (a2 + b2 c2 )
2 a2 + (2 2 + 1)b2 + ( 1)(a2 + b2 c2 )
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2 4m2c (a2 + 3b2 c2 ) + b2
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8m2c
3T9;:
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~1I?3X?1
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a + 3b c
cos =
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cos
a(a + 3b c ) `
=
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?< 3T9;: { (6~1NI?3?1
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=
=
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b(3a + b c )
CE
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n
n
log an + 1 log an1 b + 2 log an2 b2 + + log bn
n1
= log (ab)n2
9e M
n
X
n
k=0
= log a
log(ank bk ) = log
P
P
(nk)(n
k (n
k)
k)
b
n
Y
n
k
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k=0
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; 5'FQ9;CE(I01N5(E369;:?36BG:~14/D/2 9;>6~N9L81XE(I0>0:t"~1R:AF ,1TBG149AEGFO3EH1E(I01K?FQ9;>?LFQ3T/
'1 36J;3T905'FO>?9
n
X
n
(1 + x)n =
EH>>0K"EG34FO9
k=0
n(1 + x)
n1
xk
n
X
n k1
=
k
x
k
k=1
n1
n
P
k=1
n k
x
k
n
n
X
X
n
n
k
=
k
= n2n1
k
k
k=0
k=1
N149 c 1A
n
X
n
(n k)
k
k=0
= n
n
X
n
k=0
n
`
`
n
X
n
k
k
k=0
m x
ni
!
a i bi
i=1
ni
S(k) =
N149 c 1A
FO9 c 1
k
X
i=1
S(k) <
~1:016:A@ c 1CE(I?3E
i=0 j=0
X
1
`
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{
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1T3 c I " KA@?E mm+ n FQ5gn1*?1T95*>E(I?3E}E(I014FQB 5(@;PJ;J;>?5*1T:QJ;BG>0:A@ c E R ~>A@0/O:I?3X?1
9;>BG1T34/BG>0>"E5A3 c >?9AEHB3":AF c EGFO>?9 `
K6 e m = n nE(I01T98E(I01 c >01 c F2149AEm>Ae x FO9ME(I01J0BG>0:?@ c E P Q = R
~>A@0/2:K;1
X
1 =
a b
a b +a b = 2
3 c >?9AEHB3":AF c EGFO>?9 `
qc 1E n = k(m + 1) ~I01TBG1 k FQ53T936BHK?FEHB36B{<Jn>?5(FDEGF ?1=FQ9AEH1T41TB ` e
P
369;: Q(x) = P x "E(I0149
P (x) =
x
0
m+n
m+n
m+n
j mj
0 m
m 0
j=0
j=0
j(m+1)
j=0
k(m+1)+m
P (x)Q(x) =
xj = Rm+n (x)
365 :;145'FQBG16: `
:6FE(I0>A@?ER/O>?575>Aem41T9;14B3T/DFDE{<t365'5'@;LM1E(I?34E m < n ` ?<5<0LL81XEHB{<t
P
P
E(I01 c >01 c F2149AEt>Ae x FQ9 P Q ` FQ9 c 1 a = b = 1
a b =
a
b =1
~1M41XE P a b = 0 " L8>?BG1T>T?14B*5'FQ9 c 1RE(I01 c >01 c FO1T9AE5N>Ae P 3T9;: Q 36BG19;>?9;
9;163EGF?1Neq>?B j = 1 . . . m ;34Eu/214365HE>?9;1L814L8K01TB>AetE(I01J;34FOB (a , b ) FO5 0 eq>?B
3T/D/ j 1 j m ` >6~$/21XE k K;1N3T9FO9AEG16414B* 1 k m 03T9;:5(@;J;J;>?5*1gE(I?34E
j j
mj j
j=0
j=0
j j
j=1
k1
j kj
j kj
j=1
j=0
j kj
j kj
m+n
k k
3
HCT *1!H:*1H-:#];(
@)$
0 )1,
J8O, = <#S@) @J8# ;1
@)0)A 8$G ;
1* IN!8;(;1G#HR '1
)(#BSJ8@)$7O
A MUGUIG-H TRLDR#*-, @ U)(X,
J8O,X= #;@ , J8@(@#B#U5RA@)0= .$
W$JN<W%
JL
"!#$&%')(*,+- ./-0/12%%&354687"9":<;
(1=12%>:?6@;BAC%
D %;BAC%E
:F93C'$/
G/HEI
HKLNM?OPLNQRHTSMUIWVXO
KYM[Z5\ QFHEI
HK]^X_`aM?]aIb`] K/]5YXQFHEI
HcIWVH
r
A
J
J
IPK/]5d"H/]aIQ?M?]5HeIP` KEI
HT_`aM?]aIP\f`ag `]h`__`\WM[IPHT\WMRYH/\i`ag t J \ ZL V
G/HEI K/]5Y
A
B
IWVK"I
K/]5Y
gB`ObC\j`J k=H_`\WM[IPM lHt OPH/K"QC]Z5k H"O
\
K/]5Y A G/HEI
AB = mr
AC = nr
m
n
J
f
p
HK]^_5`aMF]aIm`ag YM[noH"OPH/]aIfgROP`k
MF\
V`SqIWVK"I
P
A
cot
AP
B
+
cot
AP
J
KrLN`]\WI
K]aImgB`OmK/Q[Qs\WZL Vt_`aM?]aIP\
K/]5YuY5H&INH"ONkMF]5HIWVaM?\LW`]\NIPK/]aIblaK"Q?ZHMF]IPH/COPk=\
P
`ag
K/]5Y
m
n
{% |r- D w~%;~6o3aw</%&
$Ww<'a9a'q'5%j:7x":[wR9"6=9
99"w<(6
v 0EwR1w[:R9/t$&/:
x;Fw<3$y(*z.E$s}
% E3C%jExa%>:F9"9/3s'u;BAC%!sW"!#$E%&>
p HEI
K/]5Y
p MF]5LNH8IWVHK]5d&QFH
= CAP = AP B
= AP C
H&IShHH"]2KtL V`OPYK]5Y=IPK/]5d"H/]aIcH/Z5K"QF\ VK"Q?gIWVHrK]5d&QFHrK"IeIWVHLWH"]aINOPH\WZ IPH/]5YHY
J ^tIWVHXL V`OPY ShHh\HH IWVK"I
J m VH
ku`OPH/`/lH"O
Jp MF]5HtG"K&SK/_5_Q?MFHYXIN`
AP = 2r sin
ABP =
d&M lH/\
4AP B
ShVH/]5LNH
sin( )
sin
sin cos sin cos
=
=
mr
2r sin
2r sin
2
= cot cot
m
p
ACP = 180
IWVH
~>
MF]5H8G"KESK__Q[MRH/Y2IP`
4AP C
sin
sin(180 )
sin( + )
sin cos + sin cos
=
=
=
nr
2r sin
2r sin
2r sin
ShVH/]5LNH
2
= cot + cot
n
~>
+
cot
=
J
m
n
K\TLNQFK"MFk=HY
vv 0EwR1w[:R9/t$&/:
x;Fw<3$(* 9a{ :R9ao3s%oP 3e/{* 6=5w?9&!w<'$ 6tR62o0&b 93C'
' a1zx/3s'0a*":F936fsw?9"6i/9;~&wF95
K\MF]\`aQ?ZIPMF`]z K]5YuZ5\HYaMFOPH/LPINH/Y2YM?\WI
K]5LNH/\
Hr\VK/Q[QsQRH&I
=
CAP
G/HEI 0 K]5Y 0 HIWVHygBHH&I`agIWVH_5H/OP_H"]5YMFLNZQFK/O
\IN`
gROP`k
K/]5Y
B
C J
PA
B
C
#
OPH/\ _H/LPIPMUlHEQU^
VH"]
P A = 2r sin
P B 0 = P A + AB 0 = 2r sin + mr cos
P C 0 = P A AC 0 = 2r sin nr cos
BB 0 = mr sin
CC 0 = nr sin
"
IA@;5X
cot AP B + cot AP C
=
=
=
P B0
P C0
+
BB 0
CC 0
2r sin + mr cos
2r sin nr cos
+
mr sin
nr sin
m+n
2
mn
3
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D J
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IPK/]5d"H/]aIeIP` KEI
K/]5YuQ ^M?]5dX`]tIWVHX\K/kuHh\ MFY5HX`ag
K\
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ktMF Y W_`aM?]aIi`ag B VH\HdEk=H/]aI
\
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K
L
M
N
`ag K]5Y
OPH"\_5HLPIPM lH"Q ^ \jV`SqIWVK"I
KL
A
B
M L = LK = KN
0/:x;Fw~38(*t%;<%&
o
- r6i5w</:F9zo3aw</%&
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9'a9"
6 m6 #0>
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MF]aIPH/O
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K]5YuIWVH
D
NB
M
LNMFOPLNQFH VH"]
BP L = BAL
K]5Y
\j`IWVKEIcIWVH
L
BP
K
=
BAK
INOPM?K]5d&QFH/\
K/]5Y
K/OPH\ M?
k
LP N
DAB
M?Q?KO
H/]5LNH
MF\2IWVH}kuH/YM?K] `ag
K C
H/LNK"PZ5\jK
X
H
MF\cIWVHtk=HYaMFK/]
4LP
N J # VaZ5\ AC
`ag
4DAB
LK = KN
N
G/HEI
H IWVHktMF Y W_`aM?]aI#`ag
XJ
LK
p MF]5LNH
IWVH"]
A
B
OL = OK
OX
LK
O
] IWVH`IWVH"O2VK]5Y
M?\2IWV
H}k
MRY
O
_`aM?]aIf`ag
K]5Y
M?\bKcINO
K/_H
AB
` aMRYuSM[IWV8
O
MRd"VIK]5ABN
d&QFH/\K"M
I
K]5Y
ShVH/]5LNH
MF\hK/Q?\j`2IWVH2kMRM
Y _5`aMF]aIN`ag
RI XgB`aQ?QF`S\IWVKEI
MVaN
P
Sh
MRL VtLW`kt_QFHEIPH/\mIWVH_5OPM
``aLg = KN
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R #U5RA-!M%5-ID;(X5 /CL0E4G1X5<#9 @JN@K
Q, , &.[517.01 #$!= .$
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Mnn ( )
z
p
Y5H"]5`INH ^
H&I
IWV1H
K]5YzQFHEI
K/]5YzJgB`O
b
B = bJ
k = 1 2 ... n
Ak
J
k=KEINOPM ` IPK"MF]5H/YhgROP`k
^XOPH"_Q?KLNM?]5dH"KL VXH"QFH/k=H/]aI#M?]XOP`S
SM[IWVIWVH laK/Q[ZH
A
k
b
J
J
5OP`/lHIWVK"I
2
n
X
det Ak
k=1
!2
U = (b b . . . b) = B
det(A + B)
p MF]5LNHKh\WM H
i = 1 2 ... n
Y5H&INH"ONkMF]K/]aImMF\ K/]
det(A + B) = det A(1) , A(2) , . . . , A(n) + det U, A(2) , . . . , A(n)
+ det A(1) , U, . . . , A(n) + + det A(1) , A(2) , . . . , U
~]IWVH\K/kuHcSKE^ SMUIWV
MF]\NINH"KYt`ag
det Ak
n
X
det Ak
ShH` k=1
I
K/M?]
J
U
det(A B) = det(A)
VH"OPH"gB`OPH
n
X
k=1
n
X
k=1
det Ak
!2
^W$"$#*%('x$;1
`; U0T2n?uL$HY Ae!"X?U6@)
?/>RNU`71B6bTf,T2+l9$0T2n;R?8),"$#$E$AH14$"H.
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3 G * $ ! ! " !
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>AeE(I01RJ;>A/A<?4>?A9 ` >? BAk = 1 2 . . . n ;/O1E G K;1NE(I01 Pc 149AEHBG>AF2:>AetE(I01RJn>A/ <?4>?9
E(I01Jn>A/ <?4>?9>0K"EG34FO9;1T:iKT<iBG14L8>4?FQ9;?1TBEH143
A
e2BG>?LA A A A AA `u e B A FQ5uE(I01NBG1 1 c EGF2>?9M>Ae G E(I?BG>A@n4IRE(I01NJn>AFQ9AE P AJ;BG>4A?1
E(I?34EE(I01/DFO9;145 A B 3TBG1 c >?9 c @;BHBG149AEueq>?B i = 1 2 . . . n `
o ` ! ? $ ! ! !
>?B k = 1 2 . . . n "~1NI?3X?1
X
369;: 2
(n 1)G =
A
P = G +B "
1
k1
k+1
I01T9 c 1?
j6=k
(n 1)Bk +
Aj = 2(n 1) P
I014BG14eq>?BG1A
j6=k
n
X
(n 1)Bk Ak = 2(n 1) P
Aj
j=1
n 1
A1 U =
A1 B1
n2
` I01T9
(n 2) U = (n 1)B1 A1 = (n 1)Bk Ak
A = 2(n 1) P n G
(n 2) U = 2(n 1) P
k
i+1
i+1
6
a eQEH14BmBG1 1 c EGF2>?9E(I?BG>A@n4IE(I01J;>AFO9AE n~15'FQLFD/O3TBG/ <=I?3?1RE(I01Jn>A/ <?4>?903T/
J;3E(I Z = B B B c >?9;B@n1T9AE}EG> ZP~FE(I143 c IM5(F2:01 G G K014FQ9;J;3TB(
3T/D/21/0EH>RE(I015'FO:;1 B B eq>?Bu34/Q/ i 1 i n `
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`
369;:MI?3X?FQ9;g/2149;E(I
E(I?34E}>Ae;E(I01N5(F2:01
A A I014BG14eq>?BG1ATE(I014BG1mFQ53 c 1/(n
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J;3E(I?5 Z 3T9;: Z `
00
i+1
00
i+1
00
i+1
X
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7O
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J = ,X7?
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7?
)0= JN,X
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n
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