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8
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36LFO5-571BG149 c >?9AEHBG149AE3} @;9 c 1TBEG34FO91T9;:?BG>AFDE:01}/Q3J0FQ5(EG13XA369AE *8 TX2 r 47
L 14 L81gA@7- ?1454/21 c >A@;BG1@;B/O1mJ?/Q@;5/O1T9AE*61T93TFE1,1 c EG@1 @;9
EH>A@;B c >?LMJ?/21XE;
` t>?L8KAF2149R'1 3TFO5HEH1E - FQ/?:;19;>?L8K?BG1T51T9AEGFO1TB5FQ9?e(1T BF21@;B5C3
A@0F c >?9AEGF214909;1T9AE
10 000
3T@ML8>AFQ905}@;9;1eq>AFO5u/21 c IAF ,tBG1 7
`0 9e236K0BF2A@n1C@;9 c >? 9;1M3
J;3TBEGFQB2: - @;9LM>?B c 143T@M:01 c 36BEH>?9
c FOB c @0/Q3TFQBG1:01 10 c L :;1RB3X<?>?91T98/D@0F c >A@;J;3T9AE@;95*1 c EH1@;B `
N1 EG1TBGLFQ9;1TB/21?>A/D@;L81[:A@ c >? 9;1[>0KAEG1T9?@i149eq>?9 c EGFO>?9d:01
./ - 369;X/O1N3T@ c 1T9AEHBG1149B3":AFO3T905:A@8571 c EG14@;B `
9B36J0Jn1/M?@n1 >A/D@;L81
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k + (k + 1) + (k + 2) + + (k + n 1)
= nk + 1 + 2 + + n 1
= nk + 21 n(n 1) = 100 "
E(I?34EFQ5 2nk + n(n 1) = n(2k + n 1) = 200 0>?B

200 `
2k + n 1 =
IA@;5X n L@;5(E}K01N3:?F ?FQ5*>?Bu>Ae 200 ~FE(I n > 1 "nE(I?3EFO5X

n {2 4 5 8 10 20 25 40 50 100 200}.
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n
2
4
5
8
10
20
25
40
50
100
200
??@;3EGF2>?9eq>?B
k
2k + 1 = 100
2k + 3 = 50
2k + 4 = 40
2k + 7 = 25
2k + 9 = 20
2k + 19 = 10
2k + 24 = 8
2k + 39 = 5
2k + 49 = 4
2k + 99 = 2
2k + 199 = 1
9;>FQ9AEH1T41TkB5*>A/D@?EGF2>?9
9;>FQ9AEH1T41TB5*>A/D@?EGF2>?9
k = 18
k=9
k = 8
k = 17
k = 99
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c >?90571 c @?EGF ?1NFQ9AEH1T41TB5e2BG>?L
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13r + 13r + 10r = 60
13r + 5r = 60
18r = 60
`
r =
I01NB36:?FD@;5>AenE(I01CFO905 c BGFOK;1T: c FQB c /21CFO5 `
` F ?1 J;>?5'FEGF?1}FQ9AEH1T41TB5 a b c d 4369;: e BG1434EG1TBE(I?3T9N>?9;1 L3 1}E(I01}eq>A/Q/O>6~FO9;
c >?9;:AFDEGFO>?905}EHB@n10
a(b + c + d + e) = 128
b(a + c + d + e) = 155
c(a + b + d + e) = 203
d(a + b + c + e) = 243
`
e(a + b + c + d) = 275
FQ9;:E(I01A?1FQ9AEH1T41TB5 `
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A~I01TBG1 5 3T9;: 31 36BG1J0BGFQL81A?~1L@;5(EI?3?1
b(a + c369;+
d + e) = 155 = 5 31
:
;
'
5
Q
F
9 c 1 a + c + d + e 8 `g 9E(I01573TL81C~N3X<t
b=5
a + c + d + eXF=
31
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4
1
5
3T9;: + b + d + e = 29 ` AFE(I01TB>Ae;E(I01T571
c(a
c0~
=IA7F c IMFQLMa
BG1T5(@0+/DE5b<?+FO14d/O:0+5 ae)+=d 203
J?/QFO1T5E(I?34E a + b + c + d + e = 36 `
+ e = 24
I0149E(I011T?@;3EGF2>?9 a(b
K;1 c >?LM1T5 a(36 a) = 128 ->?B
+ c + d + e) =` 128
0
I

1
?
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a
+ 128
=
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32)(a 4) = 0
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3
4
1
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+ c ~=I01T16
369;:E(I0a1=1T?@;323EGF2>?9 e(aa++b b++c c++d)d=+275
1 c >?LM1T5 e(16 + ad)+=b 275
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2006 ` 2
2006
d + e = 36 a b c = 20
275 =
11 25
e = 11
d = 25 16 = 9
275 = 5 55
d = 39
b=5 c=7 d=9
e = 11
612
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369;:
d
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J;BG>0:A@ c Eu>Ae?E(I01C9;>?9; 0'1TBG>R:?FOXFDE5}>Ae0E(I01gJ;34/QFQ9;:0BG>?LM1mEG>K01 16 TE(I01CJ0BG>0:?@ c E>Ae0E(I01
9;>?9; 0'14BG>=:AF2XFEG5g36LM>?9;RFEG5mnB5HEm14FO4I"Eg:AF2XFEG5CL@;5(EmK01 ` E c 369P14365(FQ/ <K;15716149
E(I?34E-E(I01mnB5HE1F24I"E:?FOXFDE5}>Ae?E(I01gBG16A@0FOBG1T:J;34/QFQ9;:0BG>?LM1T5u4L@;5(EK01C3TBHB3T9;41TLM1T9AE5
14FE(I01TB>Ae:AF2XFEG5 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 >?B>Ae:?FOXFDE5 4 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0~FDE(I 0
'1 3 c /D@n:;1T:365}nB5HE}:AF2XFE ` I01eq>A/D/2>6~FQ9;g36BG1
5(@ c IJ03T/DFO9;:?BG>?L81454
16
1411100000011141
4111100000011114
1114001001004111
1141100000011411
1010410110140101
1100141001410011
1004111001114001
1100140110410011
4000111111110004
1041110000111401
2121110000111212
2211110000111122
2111210000121112
2112110000112112
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2111120000211112
I01gEH>"E3T/;9?@;L8K01TBu>Ae5'@ c IJ03T/DFO9;:?BG>?L8145T~FDE(I 0 '1 3 c /D@n:;1T:365unB5HE}:AF2XFE*AFQ5
>0KAE3TFQ9;16:3T5}eq>A/Q/O>6~N54
eTE(I01}nB5HE :?FOXFDE5>Ae4E(I01J03T/DFO9;:?BG>?L81 c >?9AEG34FO9mE~> 5Xeq>A@;B 5X369;:mE~> 05X
E(I01T9E(I01N9?@;LMK;148B>Ae36BGB369;414L8149AEG5>AenE(I0145*1 8 :AF2XFEG5}FO5 2 1
6(7!)
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= 315
2!2!4!
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E(I01T9E(I01N9?@;LMK;14B>Ae36BGB369;414L8149AEG5FO5
5(7!)
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= 175
4!3!
IA@;5XAE(I014BG1N36BG1 315 + 175 = 490 5(@ c I9?@;L8K01TB5 `
1 2
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( + )2 2
EH>E(I01
= 2 + 2 = 3 + 3 = ( + )(2 + 2 )

= ( + ) ( + )2 3
1EEGFQ9;
3T9;: = q 0~1>0K"EG34FO9
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5
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` >A/ ?FQ9;
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p (2 p) `
D =
3p 2
FO9 c 1C~1g~N369AE 3T9;: EG>MK01B3EGF2>?9034/9?@;L8K01TB5XA~1L@;5(E}I?3?1 D B3EGF2>?9034/ `
T1E D = p k 0~I01TBG1 k 369;: k = 2 p `N >A/AFO9;E(IAFO5C1T?@;3EGF2>?98eq>?B p
3p 2
<?FO14/O:05 p = 2(1 + k ) `
N149 c 1A0136+93kFO9?;9?FDEG1N5*1XE}>Ae57>A/Q@?EGFO>?905uEH>RE(I011T?@;3EGF2>?9 + = +
FO5 XF ?1T9MKT<E(I01N571E
q =
p2 (p 1)
3p 2
2 2
p pk p pk
,
:k
2
2

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369;: y = n tan x = n x " E(IA@;5nE(I01RE(IAFQBG:M?1TBEH41 38I?3T5 c >0>?BG:?FQ9034EG1T5
` >?B 1T3 c I8Jn>?5(FDEGF ?1FO9AEG16414B ;E(I01R9?@;L8K01TB FO5m9;>"E 3T9FQ9AEH1T41TB
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3
2
3
3
3
3
1
2
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(n1)/2
X
3i
i=1
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i=1
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E(I?34E
?<P5<0LL81XEHB{<tt~1M5*1T1E(I?34E OA = OB ` FO9 c 1 AOB = 60 t~1M57161

FQ5g16A@0FQ/Q34EG1TB34/ `m IA@;5 OB = AB = BC = s ` =1 c 3T99;>6~@;5*1
4AOB

E(I0143~>Ae>?5(FO9;145 >?9
r
2
r
s
OBC
2
EH>5(@ c(c 1T5'5'F ?14/ <>0KAE3TFQ9
= s + s 2s cos 150
= 2+
=
= s
2+ 3
!
3
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2
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4 X !"$# & '(
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9 @)07? '1
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% x # y "!q66" 3<A/21*<>?9AEG1T5HE
a 909;1g369;: nBG1T9;:?3CJ0/Q3<R3C36LM1 ~IAF c IRK;1TXFO905~FE(IR3gJ0FD/21g>Ae EH>0>"E(I?J?F c' 5 `
I01*<834/DEG1TBG9034EG1NEG@;BG905~FE(I a 909;14>AFQ9;nB5HE ` 9143 c IMJ?/O3X<?1TB - 5EG@;nBH9t;5*I01L@;5HE
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EH>0>"E(I?J?F c'1 ~3FO905-E(4I013TL81 ` >?B~IAF c IN>Ae"E(I01uA34/Q@n145>Ae n e2BG>?L 31 EG> 35 FQ9 c /Q@;5(F?1
:;>0145 nBG149;:03I?3?1N3g~FO909?FQ9;C5(EHB3EH1T*<;
FDE(IME(IAFO53TL81J0BG>0K?/O1TL365~FE(I3T9"<5'@ c IJ0BG>0K?/O1TLE(I01K;145(EE(IAFO9;EG>
:;>RFO9?FEGFO34/Q/ <RFO5EG>41Eu>A@?E3NJn149 c FQ/;369;:3NJ?F21 c 1>AeJ;3TJn14B >?BuK01EEG1TB<?1XE*?3J0FD/21>Ae
EH>0>"E(I?J?F c' 5H369;:MXF ?1FEu3CEHB{<t?5HEG3TBEGFQ9;~FDE(I57>?L815'LM34/Q/AA3T/D@n1T5}eq>?B n `
6?149K014eq>?BG1}~1g:0>CE(IAFQ54E(I0>A@n4ITFE - 5J;BG>0K?3"KA/<g~>?BE(INBG14L814L8K01TBFO9;}~I?3E
FDE-L81436905EG>I?3X?13 (~FO909?FQ9; 5(EHB3EH1T*< FO9N5'@ c IN3g3TL81 `ta J0/Q3<?14BI?3653~FQ909?FO9;
5(EHB3EH1T*<=FQeBG1T36BG:A/214575>Ae~I?3EmE(I018>"E(I014BgJ0/Q3<?14BC:;>0145tE(I01TBG1M3TBG1ML8>4?1T5CE(I?3E
5*I01 c 369L3 1NE(I?3E " ! E(I?3E 57I01~FQ/D/;~FO9 `m 98e23 c E*;FE - 5}~>?BE(I c I01 c' FO9;
>A@?EC5*>?LM18K03 c' FO5'5'@n145>Ae " & 3EmE(IAFO5NJn>AFQ9AE L<EHBG@;5HE< c >A/D/2143"X@n1A7 7>0I?9
B3T9AE c T>A@n4IA/QFQ9t4~NBG>"EH1g3 c >A@;J?/21C>Ae ] " !c >A/Q@;L905FO9 66" 3"K0>A@?E
LM3E(I01TL34EGF c 34/t3TL8145 66" ATX"A4 6 & A A`
T1E - 5EHB{<N5*>?LM15'LM34/Q/4A3T/D@n1T5>Ae EG>N57161FQe6~1 c 369R41XE3eq1T14/6eq>?BtE(IAFO53TL81 `
=1 - /Q/ 36K;K?BG1*?FQ34EG1=E(I01PJ0/Q3<?14B"5 -9036LM1Tn5 qc >?9"?1T9?FO1T9AEG/ <"N3T5 A 3T9;: B ` ~>A@0/2:
5'@n44145(EE(I?3Et<?>A@41XE>A@?E3mJn149 c FQ/A369;:3mJ0FO1 c 1g>Ae?J;3TJn14B369;:EHB{<CE(I01 c 36571T5 n = 1
EH> n = 6 K014eq>?BG1g~1N4>RE(I?BG>A@n4IRE(IAFO5uEH>041XE(I01TB `

e
~FQ905 KT<FOLL81T:?FQ34EG14/ <REG3 FQ9; /O1T3X?FQ9; `
e nn == 12 AA c 36909;>"EuE3 1 3 >?B 4 " E(IA@;5X A 1L@;5(EuE3 1 01 ;/O1T3X?FQ9; 1 ;369;: B
~FO905 KT<E3 FO9; 1 /2143AFO9; 0 `
e
>?B
~FO905 KT<FQLMLM16:AFO3EH1/<RE3 FO9; >?B 0BG1457J;1 c EGF ?14/ < `
I0n1=A3T/D3@n1 nn == 54 FQA5C~I01TBG1E(IAFO9;55(E36BEgEH>[41ELM>?3BG18FQ9A4EH14BG1T5HEGFO9; ` e A
BG1TLM>T?145 1 B BG1 c 1F?1453J0FD/218>Ae 4 3T9;:=~FQ905RKT<=E3 FO9; 4 /2143AFO9; 0 `[ > A
:;>0145729 - Eu~N3T9AEuEH>MBG14L8>4?1 `C e BG1TLM>T?145 BG1 c 14F ?1T53J?FQ/O1>Ae n369;:~FO905
KT<E3 FO9; 1 ` > A :;>01457129 - EN~NA3T9AEEG>BG1TLM4>T?1 B4 1FDE(I014B ` e A BG14L81 >4?1T5 3 B
BG1 c 14F ?1T53J0FD/21>Ae ` N14BG1? c 3T9S>?9?/<[BG1TLM>T?1 9;>"E >?B (369;: E(I01T9
BG1 c 14F ?1T53J?FQ/O1N>Ae 12?3T9;:5*>N~BFO905 KT<BG14L8>4?FQ9; 1 ` 1 3 4 A
=I?34E:;>0145E(IAFO5 c 36571uEH1/Q/T@;57=I0>I?3T5E(I01u~FQ909?FO9;}5HEHB34EG16*<0 e c I0>0>?5*145
>1 ?B 4 65*I01/O>?5*1456KA@?EFQe05*I01 c I0>0>?571T5 3 "57I01~FO905 `- IA@;5 A I?3T53 ~FO909?AFQ9;5(EHB3E(
16*<63T55*I01 c >?9AEHBG>A/Q5I014B>6~N9e23EH1KT< c I0>0>?5'FQ9;}nB5HE 3T9;:I0>?Jn1eO@0/Q/ < c I0>0>?5'FQ9; 3 `
=I01T9
- 5u~FO909?FQ9;5HEHB34EG16*<R~N3T5}EG>BG1TLM>T?1 ?/O1T3X?FQ9; ~FE(I `
=1C57I0>6~16:nKT<R=/2>05> AFO9;m3E-~I?34E B 3T9;: A c 369BG14L8>4?1mE(I?34E 3A L@;5HE~BFQ9 ` ;@?E2FQ5
E(I01TBG13C~N3<M>Aet/2>0> FO9;C34EE(IAFQ5}E(I?34E}LFO4I"EK;1R14365(F214BEH>M4149;1TB34/QF 0'16 IAFQ5 c >A@0/2:
K;1NBG143T/D/<@;5714eO@0/ ` IAFO9 3"K0>A@?EE(IAFQ5365~1 - BG1/O>0> FQ9;C3EE(I01 c 36571N>Ae n = 6 `
e
c 369CBG14L8>4?1 4>?B X/2143AFO9; ~FE(I 4>?B BG1T5'Jn1 c EGF?1/< `
e A BG1TLMn>T?=145 61 A/O1T3X?FQ9; B ~FE(I 15 3E(I0149 4B c >A@0/O:CK0B1 c /21*?14B5369;3:gBG14L82 >4?1 3 X/O1T3X?FQ9;
~FDE(I ` ;@?Et~15'3~3"K0>T?1E(I?34E /2>?571T5~I01T9 c I0>0>?5(FO9;}e2BG>?L3mJ?FQ/O1m>Ae05(F 0'1 `
A
IA@;5X0FDe 2A BG14L8>4?1T5 1 AE(I01T9 B c 369Aeq>?B c 1 A EH>/2>?571 ` e A BG1TLM>T?145 3 /2143AFO9; 2B
~FDE(I 3 ;E(I01T9 B c 369BG14L8>4?1 3 369;:~FO9 `g I?3E FQ5nFDe A BG1TLM>T?145 3 ;E(I01T9 B c 369
eq>?B c 1 A EG>N/2>?571 ` e A BG14L8>4?1T5 4 /2143AFO9; B ~FE(I 2 TE(I01T9 B ~FQ/D/A/2>?571m3T5E(I01nB5HE
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c 369BG16:A@ c 1E(I01
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K6=1EG1TBGLFQ9;1g~IAF c IJ0/Q3<?14B}I?3T5 3g~FO909?FQ9;C5(EHB3EH1T*<eq>?B N = 2004 `
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t3T903":AFO3T9 1T3TLT1T36:;14BtEG>gE(I01 G FO9 1436F c >eq>?B c >A/Q/O1 c EGFQ9;uE(I01TL$eq>?B>A@;Bt@;5*1 `
;* 77 * -3 @ -+ 5 = -- +6* -0/ 9/
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4
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43
50
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c 3TBG:05 >?9;19?@;L8K01TB>?9143 c I c 3TBG:" ` 9R>?9;1 5(EG1TJt6>?9;1L3<N5714/O1 c EE(I?BG161 c 36BG:?52005
3T9;:
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5(EG1TJ059;1 c 1T5'573TB{<NEG>R:01EG1TBGLFQ9;1 ~FE(I c 1TBEG34FO9AE{<~IAF c I9?@;LMK;14BFO5~NBFDEEG1T9R>?91T3 c I
c 3TBG: `
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C 369;: A BC
A
L81T1BENE(I01 c FOB Cc @;L c FOB c /O1P>Ae 4ABC eq>?BNE(I01=5*1 c >?9;A:BEGFQL8C1=3AB
E }369;:
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36BG1gE(I01CEG3T9;41T9AEuJn>AFQ9AEG5 >AenE(I01CFO9 c FQB c /21N>Ae 4ABC ~FDE(IFEG55(F2:01T5 `
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x :;+1
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f (1) > 0
|x a1 | + + |x a50 | = |x b1 | + + |x b50 |
f 2 (x + y) f 2 (x) + 2f (xy) + f 2 (y)
eq>?Bu34/Q/ x y $
` # ! # 3!% I01m16:041T5>Ae 12 BG1 c EG3T9;X@0/O3TBJ036B34/Q/O14/O1TJ?FOJ;16:?5 P P . . . P
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14/ ` T1E O K;1FEG5FQ9 c 149AEHBG1 `
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4ABC
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18 pqr
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2
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X
2
2
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7
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` F ?1T9
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FO9AEG1TB571 c E5m5'4ABC
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3E ` .;BG>4?1E(I?34EE(I01mFO9 c 1T9AEHBG1>Ae 4P BD c >AFO9 c FO:;145~FDE(IE(I01gFQ9 c 149AEHBG1
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(w, z)t1TJ;1T3EGFO9;E(S
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p>1
1
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i {0 . . . 4}
2
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1
<
n + 3i
n + 3i 1
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g
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e-~1R/21XE K01RE(I0136BG143M>Ae
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r(a + b + c) aR sin A
2F
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ah
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2

1
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2
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4
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IA@;5X m a A3T9;: { eq>A/Q/O>6~N5e2BG>?LE(I01>0KT?FO>A@;5FO9;1T?@;34/QFE< h
=
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1
2
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41 a2
1 2
a
4
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ma
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1
(a+b+c)r
2
1
4
(a + b + c)(a + b c)(a b + c)(a + b + c)
- 34@?EHBG1NJ;3TBE*0:- 3TJ;B1T 5}/O3/O>AF:;1455'FQ9?@;5?>?93

1T5HE}:;>?9 c 1T ?@0F A3T/O1T9AEG13
sin(A)
1
=
a
2R
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a4 (a + b + c)(a + b c)(a b + c)(a + b + c)
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/O3N5'@0FEH1A0:- 3TJ;B1T 5//A
- FQ916 34/QFE41
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`
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"Eu34FO905(F
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2
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+c
2
(a + b + c)(a + b c)(a b + c)(a + b + c)

= (a2 (b c)2 )((b + c)2 a2 ) a2 a2
c 1m?@0FAJ;BG>A@A?1m?@n1 1T5HE0B34F21 `" 9J;14@?E9;>"EG1TBA@7- FD/6<N316 34/QFE41 5(F?1E-5*1@0/214L8149AE

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EHBGFQ369;X/O1 ABC `? >AFE s /O1:01TaLbF2(J14 cBGFQL1X EHBG1N:A@EHBGFQ369;X/O1 ABCBC
/21CB3X<?>?9:;1C57>?9
c 14B c /21gFQ905 c BFDE* h /Q3NI?34@?EH1@;B36K034FO5'561T 1C:?@5*>?LL81XE A 5'@;B/21 c >" rE41 BC "3TFQ905'F;A@n1
1E /O1T5gB3<?>?905:01T5 c 14B c /214541 36FQ905 c BFDE5 c >?BHBG1457J;>?9;:03T9AEG5CBG1457J;1 c EGF ?1TLM1T9AE
r3T&
@ 3r5*>?LL8r1XEG5 A B 1XE C `
3 >?9AEHBG1TBmA@n1J;>A@;B x > 0 t>?9=3 h = 2s(s a)x 5'F1E5*1@0/214L8149AEm5(F
x + s(s a)
>A@ x = r `
x=r
K6 >?9AEHBG1TBmA@n1J;>A@;B x > 0 >?93 h = 2(s b)(s c)x 5'F1E5*1@0/21T
|x (s b)(s c)|
L8149AEu5'F x = r >A@ x = r `
g g `{ 3 ] " $ ! ! A`
>AFDE @;91T9AEGFO1TB3X?1 c
`? 95'@;J0Jn>?571?@n1CJn>A@;B k = 0 1 . . . n 2
>?93 n n 2
n2
`
(1) (k + 1) (mod n)
>?9AEHBG1TB}A@n1 n 1T5HE@;9k9;>?L8K?BG1NJ;BG14LFO1TB `
g {` 3 ] " $ ! ! A`
>AFDE @;91T9AEGFO1TBJ;>?5'FEGFQe c >?9;BG@n149AEg3 1 L8>0:A@0/2> 6 `; >?9AEHBG1TBA@n1 3/n J;14@?E
1 EHBG141 3"J0BGFQLn1 c >?LL81
3
2
+ +
Jn>A@;B c 1TBEG34FO905R149AEGF214B5RJ;>?5'FEGFQe2a5:?FQ5(EGaFQ9 c EG5 a a a . . . a 1XEgEHBG>A@A?1TBg/O3A34/21@;B

LFQ9?FOL3T/O1:01 k `
1
x 3
b

? ,
& " & ! ! ! "
! ! ! ! ! ! !" ! & !
g ` 66?
3 !/ !+! ! !
&? 6% ! & & " ! "& !`
F ?1T98Jn>?5(FDEGF ?1FQ9AEH1T41TB5 m 369;: n c >?905(F2:01TBuE(I01RBG143T/LM>?9?F c J;>A/<?9;>?LFQ3T/Q5
P
369;: Q(x) = P b x ~FDE(I=9;>?9;(9;163EGF?1 c >01 c FO1T9AE5 ` =1
P (x) =
ax
36BG1CFO9AEG1TBG145(EG16:FQ9R~I01E(I014B P 369;: Q 5'34EGFQ5'eD<E(I01 c >?9;:?FEGF2>?9
X
`
P (x)Q(x) =
x
3.;BG>T?1gE(I?3EFQe m 369;: n 3TBG1K0>"E(I>0:;:AE(I014BG1N3TBG1N9;>5(@ c IJ;>A/<?9;>?LFQ3T/Q5 `
K6=.;BG>T?1gE(I?3EFQe m = n "E(I014BG1N36BG19;>5'@ c IJ;>A/<?9;>?LFQ3T/Q5 `
qc I0>6~E(I?3Emeq>?BC143 c I m E(I01TBG1FO53T9=FO9?;9?FDEG1M571Eg>AeA34/Q@n145>Ae n eq>?B ~IAF c I
E(I01TBG1N:;>41 36FQ5(E5'@ c IJ;>A/<?9;>?LFQ3T/Q5 `
:6=.;BG>T?1E(I?3EuE(I01 c >01 c F2149AEG5 FQ91*?14B{<85(@ c IMJ03TFQB>Ae-J;>A/<?9;>?LFQ3T/Q53TBG1R14FE(I01TB
>?B 1 `
0
t>?LMJ036BG1NJ;BG>0KA/214L 66 FO9?:"~N3TBG: ` n3TB(K01T34@ @;BGB3< ;` /Q36L FQ9t03T9;:
FQ/D/QFQ36L ` ` >?571TB7 1" ! " * &
! ~I014BG1
`
m=n=5
!% ! ! 1" , " ! 0`
>?B s 3NJn>?5(FDEGF ?1CFO9AEG16414B*A/21XE R (x) = P x ` FQ9 c 1
(x 1)R (x) = x
1
FDEeq>A/D/2>6~N5E(I?34E-E(I01gBG>0>"E5}>Ae R 3TBG1gBG>0>"EG5u>Ae0@;9?FE< ù e s FQ5u>0:;:TE(I01T9 R I?365 2@;5HE
>?9;1BG1T34/tBG>0>"E*09036LM14/ < 1 " FQe s FO51*?1T9t?E(I0149834/Q/;E(I01BG>0>"E5m>Ae R 36BG1 c >?LJ0/O'1 3 `
e FQ53gBG143T/AL8>?9?F c J;>A/<?9;>?LFQ3T/6E(I?34E:?F ?FO:;145 4E(I01491T3 c IBG>0>"E>Ae FQ59;1 c 145*
573TPBGFD/<R3CBG>0>"E>Ae0@;9?FDE{< ù e e FO53 c >?LMJ?/241 3NBG>0>"RE>Ae P TE(I01T9RFDE5 c >?9 2@nP3EH1 e FQ5
3T/Q5*>g3BG>0>"E*43T9;: P (x) FO5:AFAFO5(F2KA/21 KT< xe xe = x 2(cos a)x+1 `
N149 c 1A
e23 c EH>?B5FO9AEG>M3RJ0BG>0:?@ c E >AeE(I01T571R?@;36:0B3EGF c Jn>A/ <09;>?LFO34/O5}EG>041E(I014B
~FDE(I?FDePFDE}(x)
I?365>0:0:8:016BG1T1?AE(I01/QFQ9;1T3TBe23 c EH>?B x + 1 ù FO9 c 134/Q/0E(I01T571e23 c EG>?B5 36BG1
5<0LL81XEHBGF c -57>FQ5 P `M 9P>"E(I01TB}~>?BG:05XtFQe P (x) = P a x E(I01T9 a = a
m
i=0
j=0
m+n
k=0
k=0
s+1
ai
ai
ai
ai
j=0
mj
6
eq>?B j = 0 . . . m ` e c >A@;B5*1AAE(I01573TL81N:?FQ5 c @;5'5'FO>?93TJ;J?/QFO1T5uEH>RE(I01>"E(I014B}XF ?1T9
Jn>A/ <09;>?LFO34/ Q(x) " FO9J036BEGF c @0/Q36B7?5'FQ9 c 1 P 369;: Q 3TBG1NLM>?9?F c
`
a = a
= 1 = b = b
=1N3TBG1N9;>6~BG143":6<eq>?BE(I01N3T905H~14B5 `
3X e 369;: 3TBG1K0>"E(I>0:;:;E(I01T9 369;: 57I0>A@0/2:I?3?1>?9;1RBG1T34/BG>0>"E
1T3 c I " KA@?E mm+ n FQ5gn1*?1T95*>E(I?3E}E(I014FQB 5(@;PJ;J;>?5*1T:QJ;BG>0:A@ c E R ~>A@0/O:I?3X?1
9;>BG1T34/BG>0>"E5A3 c >?9AEHB3":AF c EGFO>?9 `
K6 e m = n nE(I01T98E(I01 c >01 c F2149AEm>Ae x FO9ME(I01J0BG>0:?@ c E P Q = R
~>A@0/2:K;1
X
1 =
a b
a b +a b = 2
3 c >?9AEHB3":AF c EGFO>?9 `
qc 1E n = k(m + 1) ~I01TBG1 k FQ53T936BHK?FEHB36B{<Jn>?5(FDEGF ?1=FQ9AEH1T41TB ` e
P
369;: Q(x) = P x "E(I0149
P (x) =
x
0
m+n
m+n
m+n
j mj
0 m
m 0
j=0
j=0
j(m+1)
j=0
k(m+1)+m
P (x)Q(x) =
xj = Rm+n (x)
365 :;145'FQBG16: `
:6FE(I0>A@?ER/O>?575>Aem41T9;14B3T/DFDE{<t365'5'@;LM1E(I?34E m < n ` ?<5<0LL81XEHB{<t
P
P
E(I01 c >01 c F2149AEt>Ae x FQ9 P Q ` FQ9 c 1 a = b = 1
a b =
a
b =1
~1M41XE P a b = 0 " L8>?BG1T>T?14B*5'FQ9 c 1RE(I01 c >01 c FO1T9AE5N>Ae P 3T9;: Q 36BG19;>?9;
9;163EGF?1Neq>?B j = 1 . . . m ;34Eu/214365HE>?9;1L814L8K01TB>AetE(I01J;34FOB (a , b ) FO5 0 eq>?B
3T/D/ j 1 j m ` >6~$/21XE k K;1N3T9FO9AEG16414B* 1 k m 03T9;:5(@;J;J;>?5*1gE(I?34E
1T3 c I a 3T9;:M1T3 c I b ~FDE(I 0 i j < k FO5 1FDE(I014B 0 >?B 1 `

I0149E(I01 c >01 c F2149AE}>Ae x FO9 P Q FQ5
X
X
`
a b
1 =
a b
= a +b +
?A@;B3T575(@;LMJAEGF2>?9 (-143 c IJ0BG>0:?@ c E
FQ9E(I015(@;L FO51FDE(I014B >?B eq>?B
1T3 c I j 1 j k 1 ` e>?9;1>Ae-E(I014aL bFO5 1 FDE eq>A/D/2>6~N5 E(I?34E3T/D/>"E(1I01TBEG01TBGLM5
FO9ME(I015(@;L 36BG1 0 " FO9J;3TBEGF c @0/O3TB*0~1N~>A@0/O:I?3?1 a = b = 0 `N E(I014B~FQ5*1 FDe
1T3 c I a b FQ5 0H~1841XE a + b = 1 369;:5'FQ9 c 1 a b = 0 >?9;1>Ae a >?B
FQ5 3T9;:E(I01>"E(I014BuFQ5 1 ` IA@;5;KT<FQ9;:?@ c EGFO>?9~1N5*1T1CE(I?34E}1T3 c I c >01 c FO1T9AE}>Ae
b FQ510FDE(I014B
>?B ` uFAF2:AFO9;
KT< ;~15*1T1RE(I?3E L@;5(EmI?3X?1FO9AEG16414B
P
c >01 c FO1T9AE5 ` 1;@?Eu09;> b c 369M41 3 cR1T16: 1 FDEFOP5 K0>A@;9;:;1T:MKT<E(I0Q1 c >01 c FO1T9AE*?903TL81/<
0>Ae x FQ9 P Q " ~I0149 c 1A;143 c I b FQ5 14FE(I01TB 1 >?B 0 `
1
j=0
j j
mj j
j=0
j=0
j j
j=1
k1
j kj
j kj
j=1
j=0
j kj
j kj
m+n
k k

3
HCT *1!H:*1H-:#];(
@)$

0 )1,
J8O, = <#S@) @J8# ;1
@)0)A 8$G ;
1* IN!8;(;1G#HR '1
)(#BSJ8@)$7O
A MUGUIG-H TRLDR#*-, @ U)(X,
J8O,X= #;@ , J8@(@#B#U5RA@)0= .$
W$JN<W%
JL

"!#$&%')(*,+- ./-0/12%%&354687"9":<; (1=12%>:?6@;BAC%
D %;BAC%E :F93C'$/
G/HEI
HKLNM?OPLNQRHTSMUIWVXO KYM[Z5\ QFHEI
HK]^X_àM?]aIb`] K/]5YXQFHEI
HcIWVH
r
A
J
J

IPK/]5d"H/]aIQ?M?]5HeIP` KEI
HT_àM?]aIP\fàg `]h`__`\WM[IPHT\WMRYH/\iàg t J \ ZL V
G/HEI K/]5Y
A
B
IWVK"I
K/]5Y
gBÒbC\j`J k=H_`\WM[IPM lHt OPH/K"QC]Z5k H"O \
K/]5Y A G/HEI
AB = mr
AC = nr
m
n
J
f

p
HK]^_5àMF]aImàg YM[noH"OPH/]aIfgROP`k
MF\
V`SqIWVK"I
P
A
cot
AP
B
+
cot
AP
J

KrLN`]\WI K]aImgBÒmK/Q[Qs\WZL Vt_àM?]aIP\
K/]5YuY5H&INH"ONkMF]5HIWVaM?\LW`]\NIPK/]aIblaK"Q?ZHMF]IPH/COPk=\
P
àg
K/]5Y
m
n
{% |r- D w~%;~6o3aw</%& $Ww<'a9a'q'5%j:7x":[wR9"6=9 99"w<(6
v 0EwR1w[:R9/t$&/: x;Fw<3$y(*z.E$s}
% E3C%jExa%>:F9"9/3s'u;BAC%!sW"!#$E%&>
p HEI

K/]5Y
p MF]5LNH8IWVHK]5d&QFH
= CAP = AP B
= AP C
H&IShHH"]2KtL VÒPYK]5Y=IPK/]5d"H/]aIcH/Z5K"QF\ VK"Q?gIWVHrK]5d&QFHrK"IeIWVHLWH"]aINOPH\WZ IPH/]5YHY
J ^tIWVHXL VÒPY ShHh\HH IWVK"I
J m VH
kuÒPH/`/lH"O
Jp MF]5HtG"K&SK/_5_Q?MFHYXIN`
AP = 2r sin
ABP =
d&M lH/\
4AP B
ShVH/]5LNH
sin( )
sin
sin cos sin cos
=
=
mr
2r sin
2r sin
p MFkM?Q?KO QU^ \ M?]5LWH

^MFH"QFY\
2
= cot cot
m

p
ACP = 180
IWVH
~>
MF]5H8G"KESK__Q[MRH/Y2IP`
4AP C
sin
sin(180 )
sin( + )
sin cos + sin cos
=
=
=
nr
2r sin
2r sin
2r sin
ShVH/]5LNH
2
= cot + cot
n
~>
M?]K/Q[QU^ KY5Y ~> K]5Y ~> IN`` I K/M?]

2 ShVaMRL VM?\fKLW`]\NIPK/]aI
2
+
cot
+
cot
=
J
m
n
K\TLNQFK"MFk=HY
vv 0EwR1w[:R9/t$&/: x;Fw<3$(* 9a{ :R9ao3s%oP 3e/{* 6=5w?9&!w<'$ 6tR62o0&b 93C'
' a1zx/3s'0a*":F936fsw?9"6i/9;~&wF95
K\MF]\àQ?ZIPMF`]z K]5YuZ5\HYaMFOPH/LPINH/Y2YM?\WI K]5LNH/\
Hr\VK/Q[QsQRH&I
=
CAP

G/HEI 0 K]5Y 0 HIWVHygBHH&IàgIWVH_5H/OP_H"]5YMFLNZQFK/O \IN`
gROP`k
K/]5Y
B
C J
PA
B
C
#

OPH/\ _H/LPIPMUlHEQU^
VH"]

P A = 2r sin

P B 0 = P A + AB 0 = 2r sin + mr cos
P C 0 = P A AC 0 = 2r sin nr cos
BB 0 = mr sin
CC 0 = nr sin
"
IA@;5X
cot AP B + cot AP C
=
=
=
P B0
P C0
+
BB 0
CC 0
2r sin + mr cos
2r sin nr cos
+
mr sin
nr sin
m+n
2
mn
3
HCT *1!H:*1H-:#];(
@)$

0)1,
J8O, = <#S@) @J8# ;1
@)0)A 8$G ;
1* IN!8;(;1G#6HR '(
)1# SJ8@)$7O
A S1H-!$ 5 0 *%G-;(; !I H:5!EPR#OL *:LG(2 , , S1
J?J8@J8, # 9 @< @1 ,X#
5<W$@<, )A]$8M ::HDIX5<#[ , N 'J8, 51 '(= .$
J?)5(= @(=
U)(,X
J8O,X= # <W- , )1# R# U5RA!M%5-ID;(X5
/CLDE4G1X5<#P9 @JN@K
Q, , &.5(78.$1 #C= .0
)1O#"0JN

7?
AS1H-!$ 5 0 9%G-H " !H \ MUOI !\ #
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)0= #5@J8@O
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#*%N)1, @ @)0
JQ
Q&1(Q, )1@<A CG-;
5 $; :51*%G H"$# *$@O,X
Q#T #VU5RA E%!G-; I5Q #=?'(
)0= # IQ@, W%
Q,!C2+
J8, 7@) 5(78.$1 # IQ@, W%
Q, #
I@<, Y!@)(A MUGUIG-H TR
L DR# *-, @ 0)1,
J8O, = <#];@F , J8@(@# #]U5RA @)$ INI$ Z(90DH$#
$2]\@ )$
^ = , #%HR2@)(, @ L4I<.0
JN
PY!@4)$
, )$7OJ?JN
7O=0'(= , )<'1 2 , =8=X
$L
=
ua5" "!#$&%'8(*+- ./-0/12%%&3546o7"9":<; (1=12%>:?6e;BAs% D %;BA
%E :F93C'$/
G/HEI
HhIWVHrYM?Kk=HEIPH/OTàg#Kr\jH"ktMFLNMFOPLNQFH G/HEI
HrK/]^_5àMF]aI`]=IWVH
AB J
D J
K/]5YuQFHEI
IPK/]5d"H/]aIeIP` KEI
K/]5YuQ ^M?]5dX`]tIWVHX\K/kuHh\ MFY5HXàg
K\
HhIWVH
ktMF Y W_àM?]aIiàg B VH\HdEk=H/]aI \
K/]5Y
M?]aINH"AB
O \jH/LPI gBÒsIWVH\jH/LWC
`]5JY IPM?kuH
K"ITIWVH_àM?]aIP\ BDK]5Y OPH/\ _H/LPIPMUlAC
HEQU^ Bg ADK]5Y
K/OPHrIWVH_5OP`
~H/LPIPMR`]\`]aIP`
K
L
M
N

àg K]5Y
OPH"\_5HLPIPM lH"Q ^ \jV`SqIWVK"I
KL
A
B
M L = LK = KN
0/:x;Fw~38(*t%;<%&
o
- r6i5w</:F9zo3aw</%& $Ww;R*/6i/9wR 9'a9"
6 m6 #0>
G/HEI
HIWVH\jH/LW`]5Y_5àMF]aI=àg
MF]aIPH/O \HLPIPMF`P]zàJ goIWVHrQ?M?]5H
K]5YuIWVH
D
NB
M
LNMFOPLNQFH VH"]
BP L = BAL
K]5Y
\jÌWVKEIcIWVH
L
BP
K
=
BAK
INOPM?K]5d&QFH/\
K/]5Y
K/OPH\ M?
k
LP N
DAB

M?Q?KO
H/]5LNH
MF\2IWVH}kuH/YM?K] àg
K C
H/LNK"PZ5\jK
X
H
MF\cIWVHtk=HYaMFK/]
4LP
N J # VaZ5\ AC

àg
4DAB
LK = KN
N

G/HEI
H IWVHktMF Y W_àM?]aI#àg
XJ
LK
p MF]5LNH
IWVH"]
A
B
OL = OK
OX
LK
O
] IWVHÌWVH"O2VK]5Y
M?\2IWV
H}k
MRY
O
_àM?]aIfàg
K]5Y
M?\bKcINO K/_H
AB
` aMRYuSM[IWV8
O MRd"VIK]5ABN
d&QFH/\K"M
I
K]5Y
ShVH/]5LNH
MF\hK/Q?\j`2IWVH2kMRM
Y _5àMF]aINàg
RI XgBàQ?QF`S\IWVKEI

MVaN
P
Sh
MRL VtLW`kt_QFHEIPH/\mIWVH_5OPM
`àLg = KN
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Cruxv 34 N 1

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