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Wray, H. J. (1999). Money and politics. In B. I. Newman (Ed.). Handbook of

.political marketing. 741-758. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
1

57

:
, , , -1
.1997 , 20 , ,
, , , -2
.2004 , ,

Newman, Bruce (ed.), 1999, Handbook of Political -3

Marketing, SAGE Publications, London
David,D.Quintric,J-H et Schrodeder Le Marketing - - 4
.politique,Editions Queidat pras, 1983
Smith, Tom W. (1982). House Effects and the -5
Reproducibility of Survey Measurements: A Comparison of
the 1980 GSS and the 1980 American National Election
.Study. Public Opinion Quarterly, 46, 54-68
6- Steinberg, Arnold (1976). The Political Campaign
Handbook. Lexington, MA: Heath.
7-Salmore, B and Salmore, S 1989, Candidates, Parties
and Campaigns: Electoral Politics in America, MacMillan
Press, New York.

Wray, H. J. (1999). Money and politics. In B. I. Newman -8

(Ed.). Handbook of political marketing. 741-758. Thousand
.Oaks, CA: Sage

58

West, Darrell M. 2001. Air Wars: Television Advertising -9

in Election Campaigns, 1952-2000. Washington DC: CQ
Press
Election Commission. 2001. Party Political -10
Broadcasting Review 2001-2: Discussion Paper. London:
The Election Commission
11-Lau, Richard R. and Gerald Pomper. 2002.
Effectiveness of negative campaigning in
US senate elections. American Journal of Political
.Science, 46 (1): 47-66
Blumler, Jay G. and Denis McQuail. 1968. Television -12
.in Politics: Its Uses and Influence. London: Faber & Faber
13-Kendall, Kathleen E. (2000) Communication in
the Presidential Primaries: Candidates and the Media,
1912-2000. (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers).
14-Emery, Michael, and Edwin Emery and Nancy L.
Roberts. (2000) The Press and America: An Interpretive
History of the Mass Media. Ninth Edition. (Boston:
.(Allyn and Bacon
15-Scammell, Margaret. 1995. Designer Politics: How
Elections are Won. London:
.
16-Seymour-Ure, Colin. 1996. The British Press and
Broadcasting Since 1945. Oxford:
.Blackwell
17-Thurber, James. (Ed). 2000. Crowded Airwaves:
Campaign Advertising in Elections.
.Washington DC: Brookings Institute
18-MORI (2001) Attitudes to Voting and the Political
Process (Phase 1, May 2001 and
.Phase 2, June 2001). London: Electoral Commission
59

19- Worcester, R.M. and Mortimore, R. (2001), Explaining

Labours Second Landslide, London: Politicos
Ries, A. and Trout, J. (2001), Positioning the -20
.Battle for your Mind, London: McGraw-Hill
.
21- Walsh, K. (1994), The Marketing of Public Sector
Services, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 28, No.
3, pp.63-71
22- Norris, Pippa and David Sanders. 2003. Message or
Medium? Campaign Learning
During the 2001 British General Election. Political
Communication. 20: 233-262.
Wray, H. J. (1999). Money and politics. In B. I. -23
Newman (Ed.). Handbook of political marketing. 741.758. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

60