Professional Documents
Culture Documents
:. /.
:. /.
Peter M. Higgins
-
ISBN 978 977 6263 16 1
) (
+ :
+ :
kalimatarabia@kalimatarabia.com :
http://www.kalimatarabia.com :
.
/ . - . :
,,
:
-
-
.
Arabic Language Translation Copyright 2008 Kalimat Arabia
Mathematics for the Curious was originally published in English in 1998.
This translation is published by arrangement with Oxford University
Press.
.
Peter M. Higgins 1998.
All Rights Reserved.
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128 .
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. 128 2 = 64
64 64 2 = 32
. :
64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 127.
) (127 .
) (128
2 128 = 27 :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) (
. 26 +25 +24 +23 +22 +21 +1 = 27 1 :
10
2
n
2n + 2n1 + 2n2 + + 22 + 21 + 1 = 2n+1 1.
.
:
100
128 .
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50 25
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r = 121 r = 12 :
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10%
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10% 10%
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10%
90 . 10%
10% 90 90 + 9 = 99
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10% 110
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110 11 = 99
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10% 10%
101
.
99 .
19
) (.
. P
. :
10% P 1 + 0.1 = 1.1
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1%
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2
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:
(1 + n) + (2 + n 1) + (3 + n 2) +
.n + 1
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n
n 2
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) (n + 1) n2 .
:n = 10
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)+ (4 + 7) + (5 + 6
= 11 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 11
= 11 5 = 55.
n .
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27
n = 11
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recursion .an :
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1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, . . .
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Unit Fraction 15 201
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17 + 17 (.
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0 1
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42
.
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1
7
1
60 9 180
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20
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57 136
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.
mn m
.
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43
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13 = 0.33333 . . .
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2.364
2.36399999 . . .
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12 42
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ab a b
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1
= 0.666 . . . = 0.6,
= 0.142857142857 . . . = 0.14285
7,
3
7
1
1
= 0.041666 . . . = 0.0416,
= 0.058823529411764
7.
24
17
= 0.5
1
2
38 = 0.375 :
12 = 0.50 83 = 0.3750
.
45
:
)(
)(
)(
)(
1
6 1 16
56 :
5
= 0.8333 . . . = 0.83.
6
:
) 6 ( 5 ) .0 (
.5
) 6 ( 50 2 8
2
5 50 101 50 6
2
2
8
) 8 10( 2 10 10
1
20 100 .
6
)(
20
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2
56 = 0.83 + 100
6
.
.
46
2
:
5
= 0.83.
6
m
n
.
.
.1, 2, . . . , n 1 n 1
n .
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17
1 6 . 1
7 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, . . . :
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6 16
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1 = 0.0 2
9
:
131 = 0.07692
3
11
6 . r
. m m n r n
n
.m r
47
.
.n
1
2 = 0.5
51 = 0.2 2 5 10 .
.
r s
r + s
0.202 0.01744 = 0.00352288
1
1
r + s = 3 + 5 = 8 2 5
1
= 0.0625.
16
1
= 0.025,
40
16 = 24 ,
40 = 23 5,
407 = 0.175
)
.(0.25 2 = 0.5 :
2s 5s
10
:
255
51
=
.
1000
200
= 0.255
:
1000 = 10 10 10 = 2 5 2 5 2 5 = 23 53 .
48
.(200 = 23 52 ) 5 2
.
mn n
n = 2a 5b
) .5s 2s
2s
5s 161 .( 251
2 5 10
.
: ) 3
0.1 1
( 13
1 13 .1 101
.
.
0.63 r 2
a .102 = 100 0.63 = 0.6363
.100a = 63.63
.a 100a = 63 + a a
63
99a = 63 :
a = 99
7
.
11
3
=
0.6
.
7
= 1
) 0.18 = 112 , 0.03 .(1000
27
49
.a = 0.27
r = 1 10 10a = 2.7
.9a = 2.7 0.27
.9a = 2.7 0.2 = 2.5
10
5
.a = 25
90a = 25 90 = 18
: 0.583 = 127
)
(
.
b = 0.101001000100001000001 . . . ,
.
b .
b .
0.12345678910111213141516 . . .
2 = 1.414213 . . . .
2
. : .
50
. 2
. 2
: .
2
: 12 < 2 < 22
1 < 2 < 2 2 1 2
2 2
) .
(.
.
.
. 2
. 2
. .
.
a b c
.a2 + b2 = c 2 a = b = 1
.c 2 = 12 + 12 = 1 + 1 = 2
51
E
D
2
.c = 2
. 2
.
2 a
) (
.a
:
)
(.
A B
. B
C B AB BC
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A
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B B .D ABD .
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B .D E
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2 .
.
2 .
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a
2 b
2
a .b 2 = ab .2 = ab2
:
2b2 = a2 .
2
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a a2
(.
2c a c .
:
a2
53
2 .b2 = 2c 2 :
)(
b a .
b a .
2 = ab
a b .2
. 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
: x )
x = 2 (. ab
x + ab
dc :
c
a
)(bc ad
=
,
d
b
bd
=x
x .
x . ab a
dc
54
(:
a
c
b c
bc
= x
= = = x
.
b
d
a d
ad
2
3
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.
2 2 2
2 2 2 = 2 2 = 4
2 2 2 .2
a b ab .
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a b
.
:
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:
n m
a2 a3 = (a a) (a a a),
a 2 + 3 = 5 .
n
aam = anm :
:
a5
)(a a a a a
=
= a52 = a3 .
a2
)(a a
55
(an )m = anm :
:
(a2 )3 = (a a) (a a) (a a) = a23 = a6 .
)(
a1/2 = a:
a a = a = a1 ,
= a1/2 a1/2
:
a1/2 a1/2 = a1/2+1/2 = a1 = a,
.
a1
:
1
a
a
1
; =
a2
a
.1 2 = 1
2
a0 = 1 aa2 = 1
.2 2 = 0
a b ab .
.a = b = 2
2 2 .
. )
( a = 2 2 .b = 2
56
:
) ( 2 )2 ( 22
2
=
2
= ( 2)2 = 2.
= ab
.
.
.
.
.
x
: y = 10 x y
10 x = log10 y
10 .
10 x = log y
log
a b
.
.
57
x y
log b :
log a
:
log(x y ) = y log x :
1
1
log 10 = log(101/2 ) = log 10 = .
2
2
1 10
:
1 10
log 84 = log(10 8.4) = log 10 + log 8.4 = 1 + log 8.4 = 1.9243.
.
)( . )(
.
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.
.
.
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log 8.4
58
log 10,
)
(
.
pH
decibel
e = 2.7182 . . . e
.
.
) (John Napir
.
.
.
59
:log 3
.10
. log 3
a 3 = 10a/b b
b
b
a
.3 = 10
.
:
.
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60
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N } {1, 2, . . . E O
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61
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)(2
Z = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, . . .
:
a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . ,
b1 , b 2 , b 3 , . . . ,
a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 , a3 , b3 , . . . .
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k .k
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3
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3
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63
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.
Buzz Light Year Toy Story
.
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Q .
)
6x 3 + 5x 2 + 8x + 1 = 0 x
( . ab bx a = 0
. 2
x 2 2 = 0 21/3 2
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.
.
65
)
b
( .
Lindemann
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