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Mathematics for the Curious

Peter M. Higgins

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ISBN 978 977 6263 16 1

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kalimatarabia@kalimatarabia.com :
http://www.kalimatarabia.com :
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.
Arabic Language Translation Copyright 2008 Kalimat Arabia
Mathematics for the Curious was originally published in English in 1998.
This translation is published by arrangement with Oxford University
Press.

.
Peter M. Higgins 1998.
All Rights Reserved.

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135
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211
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128 .
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64 64 2 = 32
. :
64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 127.

) (127 .
) (128
2 128 = 27 :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

) (

. 26 +25 +24 +23 +22 +21 +1 = 27 1 :
10

2
n
2n + 2n1 + 2n2 + + 22 + 21 + 1 = 2n+1 1.

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100
128 .
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50 25
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100, 50, 25, 13, 7, 4, 2 :
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10% 10%
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1 + 3 = 4 = 22 ,

1 = 12 ,

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 42 , . . .

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= 11 5 = 55.

n .
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27

n = 11

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1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, . . .

32

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Unit Fraction 15 201
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2
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= 0.666 . . . = 0.6,
= 0.142857142857 . . . = 0.14285
7,
3
7
1
1

= 0.041666 . . . = 0.0416,
= 0.058823529411764
7.
24
17
= 0.5

1
2

38 = 0.375 :

12 = 0.50 83 = 0.3750
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1
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56 :
5

= 0.8333 . . . = 0.83.
6

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5 50 101 50 6
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7 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1, . . . :
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6 16
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1 = 0.0 2
9
:
131 = 0.07692
3
11
6 . r
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n
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47

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.n

1
2 = 0.5
51 = 0.2 2 5 10 .

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r s

r + s
0.202 0.01744 = 0.00352288
1
1
r + s = 3 + 5 = 8 2 5

1
= 0.0625.
16

1
= 0.025,
40

16 = 24 ,

40 = 23 5,

407 = 0.175
)
.(0.25 2 = 0.5 :

2s 5s
10
:
255
51
=
.
1000
200

= 0.255

:
1000 = 10 10 10 = 2 5 2 5 2 5 = 23 53 .

48

.(200 = 23 52 ) 5 2
.
mn n
n = 2a 5b
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2s
5s 161 .( 251
2 5 10
.

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0.1 1
( 13
1 13 .1 101

.

.
0.63 r 2
a .102 = 100 0.63 = 0.6363
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.a 100a = 63 + a a
63
99a = 63 :
a = 99
7
.
11

3
=
0.6

.
7
= 1
) 0.18 = 112 , 0.03 .(1000
27
49

.a = 0.27
r = 1 10 10a = 2.7
.9a = 2.7 0.27


.9a = 2.7 0.2 = 2.5
10
5
.a = 25
90a = 25 90 = 18
: 0.583 = 127
)
(
.

b = 0.101001000100001000001 . . . ,

.

b .
b .

0.12345678910111213141516 . . .

2 = 1.414213 . . . .

2

. : .
50

. 2

. 2

: .

2
: 12 < 2 < 22

1 < 2 < 2 2 1 2

2 = 1. . . . 1.42 = 1.96 < 2 < 2.25 = 1.52 :

.1.4 < 2 < 1.5 .

1.41 < 2 < 1.42 1.414 < 2 < 1.415.

2 2
) .
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.

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a b c
.a2 + b2 = c 2 a = b = 1
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51


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:
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a2

2b2 = (2c) (2c) = 4c 2 .

53

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2 = ab
a b .2

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x + ab

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=
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dc
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3

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n m
a2 a3 = (a a) (a a a),

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n
aam = anm :

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a5
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=
= a52 = a3 .
a2
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55

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a1/2 = a:

a a = a = a1 ,

= a1/2 a1/2

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:

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a

a
1
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a

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56

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2
=
2
= ( 2)2 = 2.

= ab

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x
: y = 10 x y
10 x = log10 y
10 .
10 x = log y

log 1000 = 3 log 0.1 = 1 103 = 1000

y = 10x
.101 = 101 = 0.1

:
) (
a
= log a log b.
b

;log ab = log a + log b

log

a b
.

.
57

x y
log b :

log a

a = 10x , b = 10y = ab = 10x 10y = 10x+y ,

log ab = x + y = log a + log b :

:
log(x y ) = y log x :

1
1
log 10 = log(101/2 ) = log 10 = .
2
2

1 10

:
1 10
log 84 = log(10 8.4) = log 10 + log 8.4 = 1 + log 8.4 = 1.9243.

.

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log 8.4

58

log 10,

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:log 3
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a 3 = 10a/b b
b
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Z = 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, . . .

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a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . ,

b1 , b 2 , b 3 , . . . ,

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6x 3 + 5x 2 + 8x + 1 = 0 x
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