S IN LI

I.TM

TT KIN THC

1. S in li - S in li l qu trnh phn li cc cht trong nc ra ion - Cht in li l cht tan trong nc phn lin ra ion. - Phn loi cht in li: + Cht in li mnh l cht khi tan trong nc, cc phn t ho tan u phn li ra ion. - Axit mnh: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4.... - Baz mnh: NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2... - Cc mui tan: NaCl, K2SO4, Ba(NO3)2,... + Cht in li yu: l cht khi tan trong nc ch c mt phn s phn t ho tan phn li ra ion, phn cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch. - Axit yu: CH3COOH, HClO, H2S, HNO2,HF, H2CO3, H2SO3... - Baz yu: Mg(OH)2, Bi(OH)3, Cu(OH)2... - H2O in li rt yu. + S phn li ca cht in li yu l qu trnh thun nghch. Cn bng in li tun theo nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng L Sa-t-li-. + in li ca cht in li l t s gia s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s phn t ho tan (no)

() Khi pha long dung dch, in li ca cc cht in li u tng. 2. Axit - Baz a, Theo thuyt A-r-ni-ut - Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+ VD: HCl H+ + Cl ; CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO - Baz l nhng cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra anion OH VD: NaOH Na+ + OH - Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va c th phn li nh baz: Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Pb(OH)2, Cr(OH)3, Be(OH)2,Sn(OH)2.... VD: Zn(OH)2 baz Zn(OH)2 axit b, Theo thuyt Bron-stt - Axit l cht nhng proton (H+). Baz l cht nhn proton Axit Baz + H+ H3O+ + CH3COO axit NH4+ + OH baz Zn2+ + 2OH Phn li kiu Phn li kiu

ZnO22- + 2H+

VD: CH3COOH + H2O axit NH3 + H2O baz

baz

axit

axit

baz

- Cht lng tnh l cht va c th nhng proton, va c th nhn proton. VD: HCO3 + H2O H3O+ + CO32H2O H2CO3 + OH axit z - Phn t H2O c th ng vai tr axit hay baz, vy H2O l cht lng tnh - Theo thuyt Bron-stt, axit v baz c th l phn t hoc ion.
3.Hng s phn li axit - hng s phn li baz

HCO3 + ba

Lu :

Hng s phn li axit Xt qu trnh in li ca axit yu: HA H+ + A

(Hng s phn li axit ch ph thuc vo bn cht axit v nhit )

Hng s phn li baz Xt qu trnh in li ca baz yu: BOH B+ + OH

(Hng s phn li baz ch ph thuc vo bn cht baz v nhit ) 4.Mui v phn ng thu phn ca mui a, nh ngha: Mui l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc NH4+) v anion gc axit b, Phn loi

 Mui trung ho l mui m anion gc axit khng cn hiro c kh nng phn li ra H+: Na2CO3, BaCl2, K2SO4, .... Mui axit l mui m anion gc axit vn cn hiro c kh nng phn li ra H+: NaHCO3, NaHSO4, KH2PO4....( lu : trong gc axit ca mt s mui nh Na2HPO3, NaH2PO2 vn cn hiro nhng l mui trung ho v cc hiro khng c kh nng phn li ra ion H+). c, Phn ng thu phn ca mui - Khi mui trung ho tp bi cation ca baz mnh v anion gc axit yu tan trong nc th gc axit yu b thu phn, mi trng ca dung dch l mi trng kim. VD: CH3COONa, K2S, Na2CO3... CH3COONa CH3COO + Na+ CH3COO + H2O CH3COOH + OH - Khi mui trung ho to bi cation ca baz yu v anion gc axit mnh, tan trong nc th cation ca baz yu b thu phn lm cho dung dch c tnh axit. VD: Fe(NO3)3, NH4Cl, ZnBr2... Fe(NO3)3 Fe3+ + 3NO3 Fe3+ + H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H+

- Khi mui trung ho to bi cation kim loi ca baz mnh v anion gc axit mnh tan trong nc cc ion khng b thu phn, mi trng ca dung dch l mi trng trung tnh. VD: NaCl, KNO3,... - Khi mui trung ho to bi cation ca baz yu v anion gc axit yu tan trong nc c cation v anion

u b thu phn. Mi trng ca dung dch ph thuc vo thu phn ca hai ion. 5. Tch s ion ca nc, pH v mi trng ca dung dch. -Tch s ion ca nc: [H+][OH] = 1,0.10-14 - nh gi axit v kim ca dung dch,ngi ta dng pH vi quy c: [H+] = 1,0.10-pH M pH = -lg[H+]

Mi trng Axit Trung tnh Baz

[H+] > 1,0.10-7 M = 1,0.10-7 M < 1,0.10-7 M

pH <7 =7 >7

6.Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li

- Phn ng xy ra trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc ion - Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ch xay ra khi cc ion kt hp c vi nhau to thanh t nht mt trong cc cht sau:

Cht kt ta Cht in li yu Cht kh

- Phng trinh ion rt gn cho bit bn cht ca phn ng trong dung dch cc cht in li. Trong phng trnh ion rt gn, cc cht kt ta, cht in li yu, cht kh c gi nguyn di dng phn t. Lu : Trong dung dch: -Tng s mol in tch dng ca cation bng tng s mol in tch m ca anion. - Khi lng mui bng tng khi lng cc ion to mui.