ars 영문독해

CHAPTER ONE Essence to Advanced Reading
. (2006 9 21 / ) Our basic nature is to act, and not to be acted upon. Not only does this enable us to choose our response to particular circumstances, but this encourages us to create circumstances. Taking the initiative means recognizing our responsibility to make things happen. Over the years, I have frequently counseled people who wanted better jobs to show more initiative. The response is usually agreement. Most people can see how powerfully such an approach would affect their opportunities for employment or advancement. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . [ ]
* vocabulary TV has great influence on modern life. Your testimony will act upon his innocence. This medicine will work on you. You should do the work on principle. I swear on the Bible. It was some time before the door opened in response to his ring. There has been no response to his remarks from the government. We must take the initiative in the struggle to end the war. I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do, use your initiative. If you do something on your own initiative, you plan it and decide to do it without anyone telling you what to do.
ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -
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The firm has changed hands many times over the years. Over the years he sparred with his friend Jesse Jackson over political tactics for freedom of black people. She had a deep affection for her father. The divorce affected every aspect of her life. Both buildings were badly affected by the fire. To all his problems she affected indifference. / (n)affectation All she was interested in was the advancement of her career.
* grammatical vocabulary It enabled students to devote more time to their studies. This committee will enable decisions to be made democratically. The law would encourage companies to switch from coal to cleaner fuels. The idea is to encourage people to get to know their neighbors. As the first rule, I would counsel the ship's cook to avoid meat.
* grammar Our basic nature is to act, and not to be acted upon. Mr. Smith is to take up an appointment as a researcher with the Royal Society. They are to be found all over the world. To see is to believe. Their purpose is to build a fair society and strong economy system in that country.
* Sentence Pattern Not only does this enable us to choose our response to particular circumstances, but this encourages us to create circumstances. Scarcely had the baby looked at me when she burst into crying. No sooner had the baby looked at me than she burst into crying.
* Reading & Guess A teacher can encourage children to think analytically. It was only the time that she had ever discouraged him from dangerous activities and she regretted it thereafter. He persuaded Shelly to name the baby after him. Doctors have tried to dissuade patients from smoking. Not only could I finger Jason as his murderer, I could also link him with you.
* Imaging Most people can see how powerfully such an approach would affect their opportunities for employment or advancement.
* Synonyms act upon, choose our response, create circumstances, taking the initiative, make things happen
* Paragraph & Structure Our basic nature is to act, and not to be acted upon. /
* Background Knowledge Taking the initiative means recognizing our responsibility to make things happen. (interview skill / art of interview)
CHAPTER TWO Grammar & Sentence Pattern
1. ? Only after a serious automobile accident ended his hopes of becoming a soccer player did Julio find his true calling. While lying injured in a hospital, he learned to play the guitar and sing. Five years later, he won an international singing contest and went on to sell more record albums than any other vocalist on earth. He attributes his success to the lessons he learned while facing his crisis. He says, "As hard as it may be at the time you're going through it, try to bear in mind that a crisis also presents ________________." opportunities success improvement desperation failure
Words & Phrases serious injure go through , attribute A to B A B (n) injury crisis
2. . A few words of praise can help your relationship very much. Praise brings warmth and pleasure and turns the noisy rattle of the world into music. Nowhere is this more true than in marriage. Living side by side, year after year, you may be taking your spouse's virtues for granted. But keep in mind that we all need a lift from time to time. If there are some special things you like about your partner, be sure you mention them. Just be careful not to generalize. Be specific. Don't say, "This is a fine meal." Compliment your spouse on a particular dish.
1. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 2. This . This is more true in marriage than in any other case.
Words & Phrases rattle ( ) take A for granted A keep in mind generalize specific (v)specify (n) specification compliment A on B A B
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3. . Filipino physicians are underpaid and overworked. Worse, they have to compromise their ideals to survive in a hostile work place. They watch patients die many times not from the disease but due to the lack of resources to save them. As a young physician, I remembered crying when I first lost a patient due to an infection easily treatable, had we had the antibiotics and the money to buy them. 1. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 2. We .
Words & Phrases physician compromise due to - antibiotics
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CHAPTER THREE Reading & Guess
1. (A), (B), (C) ? (2006 20) On most subway trains, the doors open automatically at each station. But when you are on the Me tro, the subway in Paris, things are different. I watched a man on the Me tro (A)[try / tried] to get off the train and fail. When the train came to his station, he got up and stood patiently in front of the door, waiting for it (B)[opened / to open]. It never opened. The train simply started up again and went on to the next station. In the Me tro, you have to open the doors yourself by pushing a button, depressing a lever or (C)[slide / sliding] them.
(A) try try try tried tried
(B) opened opened to open to open opened
(C) sliding slide sliding slide sliding
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2. . (A) Tulips were so bright and beautiful that many people desired them. And so the price kept escalating. The most popular tulips of all had alternating broken stripes of two different colors. These so-called bizarre patterns, which were actually caused by a tulip virus, meant that every single tulip had a unique look. (B) So prized such tulips that in 1624 certain varieties of them were selling for $1,500 a bulb! A short time later that price had skyrocketed to $2,250.
1. (A) (B) . 2. , ? (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Words & Phrases escalate bizarre alternating bulb ()
skyrocket ( )
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3. . The French government has been so concerned over the possibility
that their own language and culture might succumb to the influence
and power exercised by American cultural intermediaries and the companies they work for that they have floated proposals in Brussels at the European Union that would ensure that 51 percent or more of the content shown on European television and in movie theaters is made in Europe.
1. . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Words & Phrases be concerned over , (cf) be concerned about succumb to float (propose) intermediaries ()
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4. . The role of property is changing radically. The implications for society are enormous and far-reaching. For the whole of the Modern Age, property and markets have been synonymous. Indeed, the capitalist economy is founded on the very idea of exchanging property in markets. The word market first appeared in the English language in the twelfth century and referred to the physical space set aside for sellers and buyers to exchange goods and livestock. By the late eighteenth century, the term had become separated from any geographic reference and was being used to describe the abstract process of selling and buying things. (A) So much of the world we know has been bound up in the process of selling and buying things in the marketplace that we can't imagine any other way of structuring human affairs. The marketplace is pervasive force in our lives. We all are deeply affected by its moods and swings. Its well-being becomes a measure of our own. If markets are healthy, we feel buoyed. If they weaken, we despair. The marketplace is our guide and counselor and sometimes the bane of our existence. 1. (A) . 2. .(4) (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. ?(2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Words & Phrases property radical implication synonymous (n)synonym (cf) antonym the capitalist economy set aside () separate reference abstract (cf) concrete bind up pervasive buoyed () bane existence
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CHAPTER FOUR imaging sentence
1. Reading & imaging ? Happy is the man that loves flowers. It is a matter of gratitude that this gift of Providence is the most profusely given. Flowers cannot be monopolized. The poor can have them as the rich. It does not require such an education to love and appreciate them as it would to admire a picture of Turners or a statue of Michelangelos. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Words & Phrases monopolize gratitude appreciate monopoly Providence , admire
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2. ? Every human being at every stage of history or pre-history is born into a society and from his earliest years is moulded by that society. The language which he speaks is not an individual inheritance, but a social acquisition from the group in which he grows up. Both language and environment help to determine the character of his thought; his earliest ideas come to him from others. As has been well said, the individual apart from society would be both speechless and mindless. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Words & Phrases mould () acquisition inheritance acquire apart from -
3. ? The arch is nothing else than a force originated by two weaknesses, for the arch in buildings is composed of two segments of a circle, each of which being very weak in itself tends to fall; but as each opposes this tendency in the other, the two weaknesses combine to form one strength. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Words & Phrases originate consists of segment combine be composed of , tendency
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4. ?
.
There are three motives for which we live: We live for the body, we live for the mind, we live for the soul. No one of these is better or holier than the other; all are alike desirable, and no one of the three - body, mind, or soul - can live fully if either of the others is cut short of full life and expression. It is not right or noble to live only for the soul and deny mind or body, and it is wrong to live for the intellect and deny body or soul. (1) (2) (), () () (3) (4) (5) Words & Phrases fully = completely alike =differently motive desirable , desirous
5. them(they) ? We see the most striking example of humility in the lamb which will submit to any animal; and when they are given for food to imprisoned lions they are as gentle to them as to their own mother, so that very often it has been seen that the lions forbear to kill them. Words & Phrases striking , submit forbear humility , (cf) humiliation , imprison
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6. . The line has in itself neither matter nor substance and may rather be called an imaginary idea than a real object; and this being its nature it occupies no space. Therefore an infinite number of lines may be conceived of as intersecting each other at a point, which has no dimensions and is only of the thickness - if thickness it may be called - of one single line. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) . . . . .
Words & Phrases matter imaginary infinite dimension substance imaginative intersect
7. It has long been a fashion to say that the East is "spiritual" and the West is "material." But like many things that are carelessly said, it is not true. The East is neither more nor less spiritual than the West, and the West is neither more nor less materialistic than the East. This may be said of men alike; they prefer to have food rather than to starve to have shelter rather than to be homeless, to be healthy rather than diseased, to live long rather than short lives, to be happy rather than sorrowful. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
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CHAPTER FIVE synonyms : to avoid repeating the same words [ / ] 1. . Good writers try to vary their use of language in a text. When they have to express the same idea more than once, they will often use synonyms ____________________. Being aware of this may help you, since ideas that are expressed in language that you do not understand in one place in the text might be found elsewhere in the text in words that you do understand. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) to to to to to avoid antonyms show more creativity avoid repeating themselves emphasize their idea make a good conclusion
Words & Phrases synonym antonym repeat (n) repetition
2. . Women sometimes delay marriage because they enjoy the benefits of their economic independence. At one time, a woman would have found it difficult to earn a secure living on her income alone. Women who depend on a husband for economic security often accept an unsatisfying marriage. Nowadays, although women as a group still earn less than men as a group, many hold jobs that do give financial stability. Women who once faced a choice between an unhappy marriage with financial stability and life alone with it now have an easier decision to make. In fact, many do choose to live alone or with one or more close or even casual friends until well into middle age. (1) . (2) . ? Nowadays women who delay marriage have been increasing because they have got out of ____________________ and have their own jobs for financial stability. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) the old patriarchal system economic dependency on men economic independence in society marriage by contract financial instability
Words & Phrases earn a living income stability independence outcome
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3. ? Never leave your dog unsupervised with small children - even if he appears to be of sound temperament. Keep your dog on the lead for at least the first week, and especially keep him under control in public. When you let him off the lead for the first time, do so in an enclosed space so that if he will not return when you call him, he cannot run away or be injured and must eventually return to you. Never punish your dog for running off and always reward him for coming to you, no matter how long he takes. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) to to to to to warn criticize advice recommend persuade
Words & Phrases supervise keep - under control injure supervisor enclosed , reward ,
4. (A) . (A) ______________ is under this same necessity for continuous increase. Every thought we think makes it necessary for us to think another thought; consciousness is continually expanding. Every fact we learn leads us to the learning of another fact; knowledge is continually increasing. Every talent we cultivate brings to the mind the desire to cultivate another talent; we are subject to the urge of life, seeking expression, which ever drives us on to know more, to do more, and to be more. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Experience Intelligence Imagination Creativity Integrity
Words & Phrases consciousness continuously increase continually expand cultivate
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5 ? New leaders will be required in the field of Journalism. Newspapers of the future, to be conducted successfully, must be divorced from "special privilege" and relieved from the subsidy of advertising. They must cease to be organs of propaganda for the interests which patronize their advertising columns. The type of newspaper which publishes scandal and lewd pictures will eventually go the way of all forces which debauch the human mind * debauch , (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
Words & Phrases require conduct propaganda lewd journalism cease patronize debauch
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CHAPTER SIX Paragraph & Structure 1. . Good time management should include finding the time to pursue work-related goals, the ones that you believe will bring you satisfaction and that involve activities you find stimulating. Productivity isnt merely a function of hard work and time--it involves a psychological commitment to your work as well. Were at our most productive when we enjoy what were doing, when we have confidence in our abilities to do the job well, when we can react spontaneously to unexpected opportunities, and (A)when were not distracted by the sneaking suspicion that we should be doing something else. 1. (A) . 2. () ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Words & Phrases spontaneously , productivity psychological confidence 2. ? At first glance, software piracy seems no different from that of any other copyrighted material. But software is not really like other intellectual property. Books and videotapes can be copied only by processes that are relatively time-consuming and expensive; and the product is never quite as good as the original. Software, on the other hand, is easily duplicated, and the result is not a scratchy second-generation copy but a perfect working program. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) stimulate involve commitment ,
Words & Phrases second-generation / copyright duplicate second-generation piracy () intellectual property scratchy
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3. . (A)The journalist who is often a writer of great brilliance writes pieces to be read tomorrow or next week, not a hundred or a thousand years from now. He might be worried at the thought of people reading them even a year or two later for he knows that there is nothing so dead as an old newspaper with its forgotten personalities and old-fashioned views of the world. The advertisement-writer, like the journalist, is concerned only with the people of his own time. It is they, not their great-grandchildren, who must be persuaded to eat Mr X's potato crisps or vote for Mr Y's Progressive Democratic Party. He would be unhappy to think of this work, which now seems so up to date, being read in future years, when the motor car or the movie-camera which is the subject of his present enthusiasm has become sadly, or even comically, out of date. The novelist, on the other hand, or the poet, hopes that his work will be permanent. (B)It is true that some modern writers and a number of modern painters and sculptors talk about disposable art-that is to say art or literature which is intended to be destroyed and forgotten. Most writers however still want their work to last for future generations. The most hopeful of them indeed aim at nothing less than immortality for themselves and those they write about. 1. (A) (B) . 2. .
Words & Phrases brilliance enthusiasm sculptors immortality , old-fashioned (=out of date) permanent disposable ( ) persuade
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4 . Some schools are better than others and for several good reasons. They have high expectations. Many educators believe that students rise to the level of performance expected of them. (A)A belief in student success, students' are beliefs the keys in to themselves, raising and sound and instructional methods expectations
performance. In good schools there is a sense of community. School spirit is encouraged and cultivated. Parents are involved. The school is the center of neighborhood activity. Size, too, may be a factor. The smaller the school the more likely it is that close relationships will develop among teachers and students, where teachers assume the role of mentors rather than authoritarians. 1. .
2. (A) .
3. , .
Words & Phrases encourage authoritarian cultivate assume ( )
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5. . The octopus's reputation as a human-killer isn't simply an exaggeration--it's a total myth. The octopus can indeed be a deadly human hunter, but it attacks only its natural prey. Clams, mussels, crabs, lobsters, and an occasional sick or unwary fish have reason to be frightened of this multi-armed predator, but (A)a human being is much too large to interest even the largest octopus. (B)Even a giant among octopuses is much smaller than most people imagine. Far from being large enough to engulf a submarine, as monster octopuses in movies have been known to do, the largest octopuses, which are found on the Pacific coast, weigh around 110 pounds and grow to a diameter of no more than 10 feet. It is difficult to understand why so many people consider octopuses to be dangerous creatures. The hard, parrotlike beak of an octopus is not used for attacking deep-sea divers but for cutting open crabs and lobsters. Indeed, the octopus possesses such a tiny throat that it cannot even swallow large pieces of meat. It feeds instead by pouring digestive juices into its victims and then sucking up the soupy remains. A calm, oyster, or scallop that finds itself in the grasp of an octopus has only a short time to live. But human beings are perfectly safe around octopuses. Still, people rarely care to venture close enough to these timid underwater creatures to get a good look at them. 1. (A) (B) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) 10 . (5) . Words & Phrases octopus an evil reputation Clams crabs engulf scallop ()
reputation exaggeration mussels lobsters digestive juices
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CHAPTER SEVEN Background Knowledge 1. ? Women are under a greater social pressure to conform than men are. If they do not conform to the expected social roles of wife and mother, they are more likely to be assigned extremely negative labels. It has also been suggested that women have fewer opportunities to get involved in criminal behavior. Compared to males, female are less likely to be selected and recruited into criminal groups, and have fewer opportunities to learn criminal skills. (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 2. . (A) Let me stress how important it is to understand that this vast neo-liberal experiment we are all being forced to live under has been created by people with a purpose. Once you grasp this, once you understand that neo-liberalism is (B)not a force like gravity but a totally artificial construct, (C)you can also understand that what some people have created, other people can change. But they cannot change it without recognizing the importance of ideas. I'm all for grassroots projects, but I also warn that these will collapse if the overall ideological climate is hostile to their goals. 1. (A) . 2. (C) . 3. (B) ? (1) a natural force which causes things to fall (2) only a dogma which we can turn down (3) a principle which lasts for ever. (4) a circumstance without any gravity (5) an artificial structure built by means of gravity 4. 40 .
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3. . In some of the Quechua [language] of Peru and Bolivia one speaks of the future as "behind oneself" and the past as "ahead". Such interpretations of time have given rise to remarks by foreigners that the Quechuas have "a perverted philosphical instinct." However, the Quechuas argue, "If you try to see the past and future with your mind's eye, which can you see?" The obvious answer is that we can "see" the past and not the future, to which the Quechua replies, "Then, if you can see the past, it must be ahead of you; and the future, does which cannot see, is behind you." Such an explanation not mean that the Quechuas worked out a
philosophical interpretation of the past and future before talking about it, but it does suggest that there may be equally valid but opposite ways of describing the same thing.
1. Quechua . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 3. .
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4. . (A)Knowledge is one thing, virtue is another; good sense is not conscience, refinement is not humility, (B)nor is largeness and justness of view faith. Philosophy, however enlightened, however profound, gives no command over passions, no influential motives, no vivifying principles. Liberal Education makes not the Christian, not the Catholic, but the gentleman. It is well to be a gentleman, it is well to have a cultivated intellect, a delicate taste, a candid, equitable, dispassionate mind, a noble and cautious bearing in the conduct of life - these are the connatural qualities of a large knowledge; they are objects of University; I am advocating, I shall illustrate and insist upon them; but still, I repeat, (C)they are no guarantee for sanctity or even for conscientiousness they may attach to the man of the world, to the profligate, to the heartless, pleasant, alas, and attractive as he shows when decked out in them. 1. (A) . . Knowledge is quite __________ ________ virtue. 2. (B) . 3. (C) ? (1) Look before you leap. (2) It is no use crying over spilt milk. (3) All is not gold that glitters. (4) All is fair in love and war. (5) It never rains but it pours. 4. .
[Sentence Pattern] 1. Knowledge is one thing, virtue is another. A is one thing, B is another. = A is quite different from B. A B Knowing is one thing, teaching is another. , one thing another . one thing, ' ' , ' ' (another) . 'A B ' .
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2. He is a doctor, and his son is another. another ' ' , Another cup of coffee? ' ?' another . 3. Nor is largeness and justness of view faith. And largeness and justness of view is not faith. . I don't like him, nor does she. He isn't a doctor, neither am I. Never did I see her again since she left home last year. never did I, little did I, well do I . ( ) , . ' ' , () if , no sooner-than, hardly(scarcely)-when (before) . (, ) . .
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Part two : Grammatical Reading Skill Focusing on Reading & Guess

Chapter One [Grammatical Reading Skill] 1. . (and, or, but, for ) . He is not a scholar, but a teacher. I cannot (choose) but accept his proposal.
2. not A but B, not only A but also B, either A or B, neither A nor B A B () . A B (guessing) . They have lost not only their jobs, but also their homes, their self-respect and even their reason for living.
3. A , , (imaging) B . A and(or/but) B . He was through with sports, not because he had to be but because he wanted it that way.
4 . ( ) .
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The population of Seoul is larger than that of Busan. I know better than to do such a thing.
5. A than(to) B . He is quite rich to what he used to be. The East is neither more nor less spiritual than the West, and the West is neither more nor less materialistic than the East. 6. , . , (Yes, No ), Be quiet! Oh my God! . . . ( ) . , . A B , A B . , () .
[Sentence Pattern] He is not a scholar, but a teacher. They have lost not only their jobs, but also their homes, their self-respect and even their reason for living. He was through with sports, not because he had to be but because he wanted it that way. Aircraft can avoid each other by going up and down, as well as by altering courses to left or right.
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I cannot (choose) but accept his proposal. I have no choice but(except) to accept his proposal. There is nothing for it but to accept his proposal. I know better than to do such a thing. I like her better than you (do).
The population of Seoul is larger than that of Busan. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a wolf. I think people who enjoy sports tend to be healthier and happier and live longer than those who do not.
His sister is as beautiful as Julia Roberts (is beautiful). His sister is not so beautiful as Julia Roberts.
He is taller than I (am tall). He is not taller than I. He is no taller than I.
He is less tall than I (am not tall). He is not less tall than I. He is no less tall than I.
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is (a fish).
He is quite rich to what he used to be. The East is neither more nor less spiritual than the West, and the West is neither more nor less materialistic than the East.
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1. . Issac Newton, the famous seventeenth-century natural scientist and mathematician, became fascinated one day when he saw an apple fall from an apple tree. (A)This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity that applies not only to an apple falling to the earth but to any two objects in the universe. Subsequent testing of Newton's theory has shown that it works well in many circumstances. Because the world. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note He not only wants to be taken seriously as a musician, but as a poet too. Find out ahead of time what regulations apply to your situation. This elevator would not work all day long. I'm not very good at singing. Newton's theory has been so successful at explaining observation, it is still taught today in college physics courses around
Words & Phrases mathematician observation motivate subsequent physics fascinate ~ cf. observance ( ) theory circumstance
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2. . A watch is a portable timepiece, most commonly carried in a pocket or strapped on the wrist. Pocket watches can be as large as three inches in diameter, while wristwatches are smaller, so that they do not interfere with the wearer's movement. Though they are usually worn for practical reasons, so that the wearer can keep track of the time, watches are also pieces of jewelry, which express the wearer's wealth, social status, and sense of style. (A)Watches have become not only treasured family heirlooms, passed from one generation to the next, but also gifts to mark special times in a person's life, such as graduation or retirement. * heirloom , 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Special Note This battery lasts twice as long as other batteries. Microfibre fabric is three times finer than cotton. He was nearly three times over the drink-driving limit.
Words & Phrases portable timepiece strap ~ diameter cf. radius practical cf. practicable jewelry , social status cf. walks of life retirement , microfiber ( )
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3. . Meditation makes us more stress resistant, and reverses the physiologic damage of stress. Meditation is a way to comprehensive self improvement in the realm of the mind and body, but it is also at the same time a spiritual journey, and can enhance our spirituality and our connection to the highest power, (A)whatever our religious affiliation or denomination may be. Proper breathing and practicing meditation go hand in hand and will potentiate each other. If we breathe with our abdominal muscles, and most of us do not breath with the abdominal muscles, but rather our chest, we deliver more oxygen to our bodies to the brain, the organs in our body and indirectly it also helps us relax more. Besides the benefits to the relaxation response, meditation results in improvement of hypertension, sleepdisorder, headaches, heartrhythm disturbances, chronic pain due to cancer, infertility and irritable bowel syndrome. * denomination , 1. (A) No . 2. ? (1) How to Meditate (2) Effects of Meditation (3) How to Breathe (4) Breathing in Meditation (5) Meditation for Clinic Special Note Whatever you may say, I will never believe you. = No matter what you may say, I will never believe you. = Say what you will(may), I'll never believe you.
Words & Phrases meditation reverse , comprehensive enhance affiliation ; potentiate , chronic ,
resistant physiologic realm ; ~ spirituality , denomination , hypertension bowel ()
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4. . It is curious phenomenon of nature that only two species practice the art of war - men and ants, both of which, significantly, maintain complex social organizations. This does not mean that only men and ants engage in the murder of their own kind. Many animals of the same species kill each other, but only men and ants have practiced the science of organized destruction, employing their massed numbers in violent combat and (A)____________ strategy and tactics to meet developing situations or (B)____________ the weaknesses in the strategy and tactics of the other side. 1. (A) (B) ? (A) (B) (1) to rely on to capitalize on (2) relying on to capitalize on (3) to rely on capitalizing on (4) relying on capitalizing on (5) to rely on to be capitalized on 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note It is no wonder(not surprising) that he has won the game. The rebels seem to be trying to capitalize on the public's discontent with the government.
Words & Phrases curious species () complex destruction strategy phenomenon maintain organization employ tactics ,
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5. . Observe the motion of the surface of the water which resembles (A)that of hair, and it has two motions, of which one goes on with the flow of the surface, the other forms the lines of the eddies; thus the water forms eddying whirlpools one part of which are due to the impetus of the principal current and (B)the other to the incidental motion and return flow. * whirlpool 1. (A) . 2. (B) . 3. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note His late arrival was due to traffic jam. Due to wet leaves on the line, the train will arrive an hour late. He is due to address a conference on human rights next week. * Our thanks are due to everyone.
Words & Phrases surface flow impetus be due to ~ resemble eddy , current , incidental
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6. . A mentor is someone who devotes himself or herself to developing the skills or competencies of another person, who is often called a protege. Mentoring resembles tutoring, or one-to-one teaching, but often includes broader concerns such as sharing relatively intimate feelings and offering emotional support. The relationship may unfold over a period of months, as in conventional teaching, or it may also last for years; unlike parenting, however, it rarely lasts a lifetime. All in all, (A)a mentor plays a role partly like that of a parent and partly like that of a teacher. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note Mother Theresa devoted herself to helping poor people all through her life. Yesterday saw hand-to-hand combat in the city. The population of Seoul is by far larger than that of Busan. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a wolf.
Words & Phrases competence protege devote oneself to ~ resemble intimate
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7. . About 80 percent of the American population aged over 25 is overweight. (A)Those who are fat have higher blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels than those of normal weight. As time passes, overweight persons are more prone to stokes or heart attacks than persons of normal weight. One gets fat by eating more than his bodily systems consume, so diet and exercise are keys to health. Prevention is better than treatment. In the United States, governments sometimes subsidizes exercise classes and gyms. The whole country is concerned about how to improve eating habits. Despite such frenetic efforts, obesity is on the increase, not declining. Why? Because it is very difficult to change ones' habits. Worse, long-ago instincts. * frenetic , 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) junk food Special Note I think people who enjoy sports tend to be healthier and happier and live longer than those who do not. It would go against your principle to do such a thing. Words & Phrases be prone to subsidize frenetic stokes despite ~ (=in spite of) inherit we have inherited and strong survival weight instincts goes from our those ancestors, reducing against
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8. . Friends are important in many ways. These relationships often take on a life of their own. Being a good friend is a skill we can learn and improve upon. Relationships among true friends take a steady dose of time and energy--two resources in limited supply for all of us. (A)The closeness of your connections is far more important than the length of your guest lists. Carve out some quality time for one another. If you want to improve your relationships, put your fear of rejection aside and start taking more risks. Invite your friends to lunch or over for dinner or organize a new playgroup. Just make the first phone call. Your friends are just as anxious to get together as you are. (B)Focus more on being interested than on being interesting. Avoid complaining, gossiping, and criticizing. Make your friends feel significant by remembering small kindnesses. Notice her new haircut or send flowers or a simple email when you know she needs it most. Good listeners are hard to find. Try not to finish your friend's sentences, focus on the speaker. Be careful with advice. Assume your friend wants to vent her frustrations, not ask you for a plan of action. We all need someone in our corner, so defend her against gossip or criticism and speak up for her. 1. (A) , . 2 (B) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
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Special Note * are->do He is by far the brightest student in our class. That's an interesting story! I'm really interested in that story.
Words & Phrases carve out ; complain n. complaint frustration () assume , .
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9. . Young children find problems to solve. We forget that simple things such as getting a rattle that is out of reach are tough problems for babies. Preschoolers tackle harder tasks, such as how to fit clothes on doll, paint stripes, or make a road. (A)Often children solve problems in universal ways, for they have few preconceived ideas about how things are supposed to be done. They will try anything. A 3-year-old may shake, bang, and turn a jar upside down rather than use a spoon to get some cocoa. Gradually, children learn to pause and plan ahead before plunging into action. They start to consider alternatives. (B)They choose between tape and glue rather than trying the first thing they see. Around their third birthday, children develop a bursting desire to recreate everything they have learned. They make replicas of things they are familiar with and pretend to be people they know. They will use any means-words, paint, blocks, or clay-to express things that are important to them. In the process of recreating their experiences and ideas, children can create something new, unique, and special. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) The right man in the right place (2) No smoke without fire. (3) Haste makes waste. (4) Out of sight, out of mind (5) Look before you leap. Special Note They are supposed to be here at about noon. He would rather shoot himself than compromise his principles. I would rather die than live without freedom. Words & Phrases rattle ; plunge into action . replica , ()
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10. . To me it seems that youth is like spring, an overpraised
season--delightful if it happen to be a favoured one, but in practice very rarely favoured and more remarkable, as a general rule, for biting east winds than genial breezes. Autumn is the mellower season, and (A)what we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits. Fontenelle at the age of ninety, being asked what was the happiest time of his life, said he did not know that he has ever been much happier than he then was but that perhaps his best years had been those when he was between fifty-five and seventy-five, and Dr. Johnson placed the pleasures of old age far higher than those of youth. True, in old age we live under the shadow of Death, which, like a sword of Damocles, may descend at any moment, but we have so long found life to be and affair of being rather frightened than hurt that we have become like the people who live under Vesuvius, and chance it without much misgiving. 1. (A) ? (1) . (2) 10 .() (3) . (4) . (5) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
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Special Note Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. what we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits. = We gain in fruits more than what we lose in flowers.
Words & Phrases Fontenelle Dr. Johnson Samuel Johnson Damocles Syracuse Dionysius cf. the sword of Damocles: Damocles descend , chance it Vesuvius () misgiving
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11. . The purest form of waiting is what we'll call the Watched-Pot Wait. This type of wait is without a doubt the most annoying of all. (A)There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes glued to the sink until it's full. So you stand there, your hands on the faucets, and wait. A temporary suspension of duties. During these waits it's common for your eyes to lapse out of focus. The brain disengages from the body and wanders around the imagination in search of distraction. It finds none and springs back into action only when the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. The phrase "a watched pot never boils" comes of this experience. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note There was nothing for her but to accept his proposal. She had no choice but to accept his proposal. She could (choose) but accept his proposal. * She could not help accepting his proposal.
Words & Phrases annoy temporary disengage counter faucet (, ) suspension distraction
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12. . It has been argued that illiteracy should be suppressed because there is some connection between it and criminality. (A)Greater nonsense was never talked. No criminal worth his salt can afford to be uneducated. Illiteracy is the privilege of the Chosen Few, even as learning should be. These people are never cads. They could not be cads if they tried; they have not had our chances. Restful folk, full of mother-wit. There are far too few of them. Moreover, they know their business; illiteracy makes a man observant. I have yet to meet an analphabetic who could be called a fool. Nor have I ever met a dishonest one; cheating is risky, if you can neither read nor write. * analphabetic 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note I have never been happier (than now/that at that time)! I have never been so drunk in my life! We should observe the traffic rule. He suggested that a UN observer should attend the conference.
Words & Phrases suppress mother-wit () cad ()
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13. . As we begin to fall asleep, we should remind ourselves that we want to remember our dreams. This reminder helps us to stay in charge. When we wake up, we should lie still while we try to remember our dream. Dream researchers say that by staying in the same sleeping position, we are more likely to recall the dream. We should also try to remember an important word or picture from the dream. (A)This image makes the rest of the dream easier to remember. Finally, if we have trouble remembering dreams, we can try sleeping later. (B)The longer we sleep, the longer and more complex our dreams will be. 1. (A) (B) .
2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note He is hard/easy to please. = It is hard/easy to please him. He is pleasant/unpleasant to work with. = It is pleasant/unpleasant to work with him. * He is easy/hard/difficult/impossible to do the work.(x) * He is able/unable to do the work.(o) * It is easy/hard/difficult/impossible for him to do the work.(o)
Words & Phrases remind () remember () stay in charge , ( )
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14. . Training in public speaking is not a matter of externals- -primarily; it is not a matter of imitation-fundamentally; it is not a matter of conformity to standards--at all. Public speaking is public utterance, public issuance, of the man himself; therefore the first thing both in time and in importance is that the man should be and think and feel things that are worthy of being given forth. (A)Unless there be something of value within, no tricks of training can ever make of the talker anything more than a machine--albeit a highly perfected machine--for the delivery of other men's goods. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note He is no better than a beggar. That's little short of a miracle! She had hoped to make a musician of her daughter. Don't make a fool of me please!
Words & Phrases external cf. internal fundamental () conformity , v. conform cf. confirm [] utterance v. utter issue imitation
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15. . The first lesson a crook has to learn, darling, is that nothing succeeds like lying. (A)Make any statement that is so true that it has been staring us in the face all our lives, and the whole world will rise up and passionately contradict you. If you dont withdraw But just tell a and apologize, it will be the worse for you.
thundering silly lie that everyone knows is a lie, and a murmur of pleased assent will hum up from every quarter of the globe. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) persuasive (2) cynical (3) analytical (4) angry (5) aggressive Special Note Spare the rod spoil the child. Spare the rod, and you will spoil your child. = If you spare the rod, you will spoil your child. Start at once, or you shall be caught by them. = If you don't start at once, you shall be caught by them.
Words & Phrases crook withdraw ; assent
contradict murmur ,
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Chapter Two :
1. . . They are enemy! They are not enemy! 2. + , ( ) ( ) . Any child can do it. Any child can not do it.(x) No child can do it.(o) 3. ( ) . Who are you? / Can you do it? Are you a doctor? Isn't she a nurse? Yes, she is. No she isn't. 4. if . Should he come, I will never attend the meeting. Were it not for water, nothing could be alive. 5. ( ) . ( ), , . Never did I see her again since she left home last year. Little did I dream that I should meet her at that party. Well do I remember her name!
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6. , , have be . do have be . No sooner had the baby looked at me than she burst into crying. Nowhere is this more true than in marriage. I have never seen them before, nor have I seen them since! She is (not) going to the movies. So(Neither) am I. 7. . , . Susie is so pretty a girl that everyone in our class likes her. This is too serious a problem for us to deal with. A projection booth is as good a place as any to take a nap. How long does it take for me to get it? How much money do you need? However rich he may be, he cannot buy off the witness. The more learned a man is, the more modest he becomes. The more a man is learned, the more he becomes modest.(x) 8. , . . Do you know who he is? / I don't know who he is. Who do you think he is? / I think he is her father. I don't think it will rain tonight. He is the last man / to tell a lie.
9. , . . it is - that, there is - who . It is difficult / for him to solve the problem. It is a widely accepted fact amongst scholars / that Sumerians were the first civilization on Earth.
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There is nothing worse / than a demotion for salaried workers including government employees. 10. , () , () , . The students look up to the teacher. We are looking forward to seeing you again. 11. end focus 'end weight' , () . , end . it-that , . Write it down, please! The light is so harsh, turn it off! I gave him the book, but he gave it to her. I gave him the book, but he gave her it.(x)
Never did I see her again since she left home last year. Little did I dream that I should meet her at that party. Well do I remember her name! Not only do the tides advance and repeat in their eternal rhythms, but the surface of the sea itself is never at rest. Not until Kentucky's Mammoth Cave had been completely explored in 1972 was its full extent realized. Only recently has it become possible to separate the components of fragrant substances and to determine their chemical composition. No sooner had the baby looked at me than she burst into crying. Scarcely had the baby looked at me when she burst into crying. Susie is so pretty a girl that everyone in our class likes her. This is too serious a problem for us to deal with. A projection booth is as good a place as any to take a nap. How long does it take for me to get it? How much money do you need?
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However rich he may be, he cannot buy off the witness. However he may be rich, he cannot buy off the witness.(x) The more learned a man is, the more modest he becomes. The more a man is learned, the more he becomes modest.(x) The more learned a man is, the more modest he becomes. Should he come, I will never attend the meeting. = If he should come, I will never attend the meeting. Were it not for water, nothing could be alive. = If it were not for water, nothing could be alive. Had it not been for your help, I could not have made it. = If it had not been for your help, I could not have made it. Children are playing soccer on the ground. He was blamed for damaging his father's car. I have taught English for twenty years. She has been practicing ballet for three hours without a rest. It is difficult / for him to solve the problem. It is a widely accepted fact amongst scholars / that Sumerians were the first civilization on Earth. There is nothing worse / than a demotion for salaried workers including government employees. Do you know who he is? / I don't know who he is. Who do you think he is? / I think he is her father. I don't think it will rain tonight. He is the last man / to tell a lie. The students look up to the teacher. We are looking forward to seeing you again. Write it down, please! The light is so harsh, turn it off! I gave him the book, but he gave it to her.
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1. . Have you ever stopped to really notice how you feel - body, mind and spirit - after you've thanked someone, acknowledged or encouraged someone, or given something away that was dear to you but you knew someone else needed more? How do you feel when you wave someone into traffic ahead of you? Sometimes they wave thanks back and sometimes they don't, but don't you feel good about the gesture anyway? These are small things, yes, but they mean so much in our day, in our outlook and the quality of our life. (A)"What goes around comes around." Never has it been truer than when we speak about (B)_________, because the more you hold on to what you have, the less you are able to receive the wonderful bounty of life. The more you give in life, the more you actually receive. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) humidity (2) generosity (3) courage (4) charity (5) creativity Special Note They entered into a new business. They threatened him into silence. He deceived the old lady into this belief. He talked(persuaded) her wife into buying a new car.
Words & Phrases acknowledge discourage ~ encourage ~ bounty ; ;
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2. . Have you noticed anything new about news broadcasts? Not long ago, all-news cable stations began to position a scrolling bar at the bottom of our TV screens. The goal: to provide concise headlines that go beyond what the on-screen news anchors and correspondents are covering. Programmers now even sometimes add a second headline bar to add a layer of text to the scrolling one. Why do they do this? Because the news now changes so rapidly and the volume of fresh information has become so great that it simply cant be presented any longer within the time constraints of a typical news broadcast. Moreover, many viewers dont have the time to wait for the news. They want it all at once, now. Programmers also realize that people have become increasingly able to (A)_________ several streams of information at once. So why not present it that way? 1. (A) ? (1) absorb (2) supply (3) believe (4) decide (5) criticise 2. TV ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
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Special Note The beautiful scenery was beyond description. The situation was beyond/under her control.
Words & Phrases concise , cover correspondent typical
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3. . "Chunking," in the world of information theory, has nothing to do with Chinese food. It has everything to do with managing information. Basically, chunking refers to the practice of breaking down information into smaller pieces, or chunks. We define problems, after all, by how much information we have about them. The more information we have, the more structured the problem is. And the more structured a problem is, the easier it is to solve. Thus, (A)the better we are at managing information, the better we should be at solving problems. Unfortunately, it's not always quite that simple. If we have trouble solving problems, we might assume we aren't creative, knowledgeable, or motivated enough. Frequently, however, the major difficulty is perceived information overload. The information itself then becomes another problem on top of (B)the original one. Information scientists suggest dividing information into smaller, more manageable chunks to avoid overload. Like a computer, the human mind can process only a limited number of information bits at one time (some say the mind can process an average of seven bits simultaneously). Given this limitation, it's no wonder we can't resolve large, complex problems without making some adjustments. One way to compensate for our techno-biological deficiencies is to list subproblems (or related problem components) and work on them in order of priority. The result is a series of related, yet smaller and more manageable, problems. Frequently, attacking a problem in this manner can lead to even more creative perspectives. 1. (A) . 2. (B) . 3. chunking ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
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Special Note Snow changed into rain. Translate this sentence into Korean. I suggested putting the matter to the committee.
Words & Phrases chunk , have nothing[something] to do with ~ [ ] simultaneously deficiency cf. sufficiency adjustment perspective ,
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4. . That is the idea -- that we should all be wicked if we did not hold to the Christian religion. It seems to me that the people who have held to it have been for the most part extremely wicked. You find this curious fact, that (A)the more intense has been the religion of any period and the more profound has been the dogmatic belief, the greater has been the cruelty and the worse has been the state of affairs. In the so-called ages of faith, when men really did believe the Christian religion in all its completeness, there was the Inquisition, with all its tortures; there were millions of unfortunate women burned as witches; and there was every kind of cruelty practiced upon all sorts of people in the name of religion. * the Inquisition 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) analytical (2) sarcastical (3) critical (4) radical (5) arbitrary Special Note They justify every villainy in the name of ideals. It's just consistent with his past practice on this issue.
Words & Phrases profound witch cruelty a. cruel in the name of ~ () dogmatic ;
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5. . It is a widely accepted fact amongst scholars that Sumerians were the first civilization on Earth. These ancient Middle Eastern people attributed their astounding knowledge, skill and creativity to the ancient gods of Nibiru. The Sumerian culture, the first civilization to invent writing as a complete written language, recorded stories that have been preserved through the modern day biblical passages found in the Old and New testament.
1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) Nibiru . (5) . Special Note They attributed their success to good luck. He attributed the party's lack of success to overemphasis on ideology and ideas. The house of his birth has been preserved as a museum since he died.
Words & Phrases civilization amongst ~ (=among) attribute[ascribe, assign] A to B A B [] astounding the Old[New] preserve testament [] culture
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6. . (A) Because a news writer must get a reader's attention quickly, it is not uncommon for exciting final events to be reported in the first paragraphs of the story. As a result, the natural order of events is frequently disrupted in a news narration. Another characteristic common in news narrative is the lack of descriptive details. Because space in a newspaper or magazine is extremely valuable, news writers must present their stories as concisely as possible. This demand for conciseness sometimes results in readings that seem like a listing of facts without much descriptive detail. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) - Special Note It is not uncommon for us to subscribe to scientific journals for 3,000$ a year. The video has become an invaluable teaching tool these days. When a priceless Rembrandt is stolen, suspicion falls on him.
Words & Phrases disrupt ; concise result in cf. result from ~
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7. . () There's a widely accepted theory that the human brain can be divided into two primary areas, or hemispheres. This left brain/right brain theory was developed in the early 1970s by Dr. Roger Sperry from the University of California. According to the left brain/right brain theory, the right side of the brain controls creativity. It's more active than the left side when a human is involved in such creative activities as listening to music, drawing, daydreaming, and absorbing color, graphics, movement, and rhythm. While the right brain is good for being creative, the left brain comes in handy when you're thinking logically, rationally, objectively, or analytically. The left brain is used more when you use language, write, read, solve math problems, or process information. Thus, human thought can be divided into two distinct modes. Right now, as you read this book, you're using your left brain more than your right brain, because you're reading the words and processing their meanings. * hemispheres (. ) () (A)In recent history there has been a popular myth that those involved in sporting activities are necessarily less involved in mental activities. The opposite is true, especially when it comes to championship-level performance. In other words the Latin belief, "Mens sana in corporo sana" (a healthy mind in a healthy body) turns out to be true in our modern age. Not only do we now know that championship-level performance requires the use of all cortical skills, we know that the great champions used their (B)_________ and their imaginations to give them that little bit extra which took them beyond the rest. * cortical ,
( ) The nineteenth century saw a change of attitude which led to a separation in peoples minds of the scientific and the artistic. From this period the roles of mathematicians and architects were seen as distinct in a way that did not happen in the seventeenth century. This is not to say that the connections between mathematics and architecture disappeared, just that the scientific and artistic aspects were seen as complementary skills not to be found in the same person. Of course there were still those who did excel in both mathematics and architecture; it was only the perceptions that changed.(2006 9 24 )
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1. () (A) . 2. () (B) () . 3. () () () ? (1) . (2) , . (3) . (4) . (5) . 4. . (), (), () . () ___________ () ____________ , () _________ . _________, _________, _________ ________ . knowledge, art, the right brain, the left brain, virtue, conscience, athletics, ethics, the heart, the head, attitude, nature, personality, individuality Special Note I'll ask some question of him. Don't expect too much of me!
Words & Phrases according to ~ distinct v. distinguish architect absorb attitude complementary v. complement analytically v. analyze n. analysis a. analytic
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chapter three
1. . , . An honest man would not do such a thing. An honest man will not do such a thing. Those two should have been thrown in jail. Those two must have been thrown in jail. 2. ( , be, have ) . . . . I would like to go for a walk with you. Would you mind opening the window? 3. . , . . I should have studied harder in order to pass the examination. She had intended to be a nurse when (she was) young. 4. . , . , . . . Were it not for water, nothing could be alive. I should think she is over thirty. It is strange that he should say so. Little did I dreamed that I should meet her at that party.
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An honest man would not do such a thing. An honest man will not do such a thing. I would like to go for a walk with you. Would you mind opening the window? I should think she is over thirty. You might tell me the truth! I should have studied harder in order to pass the examination. You should have attended the party. It was fantastic! She had intended to be a nurse when young. I wanted to have made my son of a soccer player. Were it not for water, nothing could be alive. It is strange that he should say so. Little did I dreamed that I should meet her at that party. Her father often said with a sigh if his family were not in such poverty he would not have left his daughter to London. Her father often said with a sigh if he had not left his daughter to London she would be alive. You should keep the traffic law. You must observe the traffic law. Those two should have been thrown in jail. Those two must have been thrown in jail. She must have been a beauty in her day. In order to take that job, you must have left another job. It's time for you to go to bed. It's time that you should go to bed. It's time that you went to bed.
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1. . When someone says that it is improbable that Jesus rose from the dead, he is speaking logically. The fact is that probability strongly works against Jesus rising from the dead. After all, how many people have risen from the dead in this century? If it had happened, would not the news have reported it? Would not the doctors have known about it? Anyone rising from the dead would be a noteworthy event. So, on one hand, it is true that it is improbable that Jesus rose from the dead. However, on the other hand is not. (A)If there were no God in the universe and if all things followed the natural laws that we know and universe then indeed it would be highly improbable that anyone would rise from the dead. But if there were a God who controls the natural laws and is in fact the author of those laws, then it would be easy for him to raise someone from the dead. The issue of improbability cannot be examined without examining the concept of whether or not God exists. After all, if he does exist the resurrection of Christ is certainly possible. So we see that someone's presuppositions about the existence of God will affect whether or not he or she can accept the idea that Jesus can rise from the dead. Even though statistically it is not normal that anyone would rise from the dead, the statistical improbability does not mean that it is impossible. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) mathematical probability (2) statistical data (3) belief in God (4) credible news (5) anthropological remains 3. .
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Special Note I would like to go for a walk with you. Would you mind opening the window? I should think she is over thirty. You might tell me the truth! An honest man would not do such a thing. =If he were an honest man, he would not do such a thing. * Were it not for water, nothing could be alive.
Words & Phrases probability a. probable resurrection noteworthy presupposition
statistical cf. statistics
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2. . Then there is another very curious form of moral argument, which is this: they say that the existence of God is required in order to bring justice into the world. In the part of this universe that we know (A)there is great injustice, and often the good suffer, and often the wicked prosper, and one hardly knows which of those is the more annoying; but if you are going to have justice in the universe as a whole you have to suppose a future life to redress the balance of life here on earth. So they say that there must be a God, and there must be Heaven and Hell in order that in the long run there may be justice. That is a very curious argument. If you looked at the matter from a scientific point of view, you would say, "After all, I only know this world. I do not know about the rest of the universe, but so far as one can argue at all on probabilities one would say that probably this world is a fair sample, and (B)if there is injustice here the odds are that there is injustice elsewhere also."
1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
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Special Note I don't know how such a thing come into existence(being). The odds are that you are going to fail. Something odd began to happen. There is an odd number of candidates. An even number can be divided exactly by the number two.
Words & Phrases curious ; annoying , argument v. argue
prosper redress ;
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3. . With more women freed from repeated childbearing each child can potentially have a more generous share of attention and resources. (A)If, for example, Hillary Clinton had six children instead of just Chelsea, she would not have had many moments to spare for volunteer work with the Children's Defense Fund. "It takes a village to raise a child," according to the African adage, and that ratio of resources to a child might be good for our village as well as our children. * adage , 1. (A) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
Special Note Were it not for water(=If it were not for water), nothing could be alive. If it didn't rain, forests would die out. If I were in your case, I would never have forgiven such an scoundrel. If I had studied a little bit harder last year, I would be enjoying the campus now.
Words & Phrases Childbearing potentially ; (=possibly) volunteer ratio
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4. . Familiar dangers lose most of their horror. (A)If we had a severe earthquake every year or two in San Francisco we should think as little of earthquakes as people in Kansas think of cyclones. But because this earthquake was unique, because it was a calamity of a kind which had not happened before in California, people think and talk (B)_______________ far more terrible than flood or pestilence, fire, wind or sun. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) as if it were (2) as if they were (3) as if it had been (4) as if they had been (5) as if they had not been Special Note I feel as if I should break into song. He acted as if he hadn't known anything about it. She looked as if the photographer had caught her by surprise. It sounds as if they might have made a dreadful mistake. It sounded as if he were trying to say something. If you think highly of someone or something, you think they are very good indeed. I don't think much of having to work on Saturdays.
Words & Phrases earthquake flood
cyclone [] pestilence
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5. . Then you saw a lifeboat full of children with a helicopter hovering over it. There was a middle-aged woman, who might have been a jewess, sitting up in the bow with a little boy about three years old in her arms. The little boy was screaming with fright and hiding his head between her breasts as if he was trying to burrow right into her. And the woman was putting her arms round him and comforting him although (A)she was blue with fright herself, all the time covering him up as much as possible as if she thought her arms could keep the bullets off him. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) confusing (2) mysterious (3) romantic (4) imminent (5) grotesque Special Note His face was white with fear / fury. Her mood was blacker than ever. If you says someone is green with envy, you mean that they are very envious indeed. There is no earthly reason for me to feel so blue. * the blue lion
Words & Phrases lifeboat comfort , scream ( ) imminent
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6. . The work of comprehending the events of 9/11 is not finished. It is vital to understand exactly what went wrong that day and to make sure it does not happen again. There were lapses and shortcomings on the part of government agencies in the months and years leading up to 9/11. (A)Every American wishes our government had been more alert and better prepared. And every American is entitled to ask hard questions. But there is a world of difference between believing that our government should have known what was coming and claiming that someone did know and deliberately did nothing--or, even worse, actively perpetrated attacks on its own citizens. By deliberately blurring (B)that line, conspiracy theorists exploit and misdirect the publics legitimate anger over the events of that day. 1. (A) . 2. (B) that line . 3. ? (1) 9/11 . (2) 9/11 . (3) 9/11 . (4) 9/11 . (5) 9/11 . Special Note I wish I could go there with you. I wish I could have gone there with you. I wished I could go there with you. I wished I could have gone there with you.
Words & Phrases comprehend n. comprehension shortcoming exploit lapse deliberate legitimate ,
perpetrate (, ) blur
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7. . Consumers have certain basic rights that guarantee them fair treatment in the marketplace. One of these rights is (A)_________. Consumers are free to make their own decisions about what to buy because of competitive pricing and the availability of products and services. Consumers also have a right to (B)_________. They should expect that when products are used as intended, they pose no hazards to life or health. (C)_________ is another consumer right. Consumers are entitled to protection from deceptive advertising and unfair sales tactics. Manufacturers and others must provide the facts that enable consumers to inform themselves about products and services. 1. (A) (B) (C) ? (A) (B) (C) (1) selection change Advertisement (2) negotiation consumption Commercials (3) exchange refund Knowledge (4) choice safety Information (5) delivery insurance Monitoring 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Special Note Those two should have been thrown in jail. Those two must have been thrown in jail. Every worker will be entitled to four week's paid holiday a year.
Words & Phrases guarantee [] treatment , hazard deceptive v. deceive n. deception a. deceptive
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8. . (A)When men first began to take notice of the world around them they must have been tremendously impressed by what they saw in the sky. It is no wonder that they made gods of the Sun and the Moon, and worshiped them. But soon they began asking what were the rules according to which the heavenly bodies move, and why they behave as they do. All down the ages men have tried to find answers to these questions. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note She must have been a beauty in her day. It was quiet an achievement that he kept smiling when his heart must have been aching. Everyone assumed that I was competent and capable, so I must have given off some semblance of that kind of an aura. In order to take that job, you must have left another job. I had wanted to make a professor of my son.
Words & Phrases impress [] cf. impressive impressionable tremendous ; behave ;
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9. . It is often believed that the function of school is to produce knowledgeable people. If schools only provide knowledge, however, they may destroy creativity, producing ordinary people. We often hear stories of ordinary people who, if education had focused on creativity, could have become great artists or scientists. (A)Those victims of education should have received training to develop creative talents while in school. It really is a pity that they did not. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note The developers should have had the courage of their convictions and stuck to what they did best. You should have accepted it. I'm disappointed in you. He must have taken the bribe. I really trusted in him.
Words & Phrases knowledgeable creativity focus on ~ victim ()
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Chapter Four :
[Grammatical Reading Skill] 1. 12 , . I live in Busan. I lived in Seoul last year. I will live in Jeju next year.
2. . , . The wounded soldier is thought to be alive. The wounded soldier is thought to have died. The wounded soldier is thought to return safely. "The computer is down" was an excuse that had not yet been invented.
3. . . . She must have been a beauty in her day. I should have studied harder last year. I wish I could go there with you. I wish I could have gone there with you. I wished I could go there with you. I wished I could have gone there with you.
4. () , .
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He nostrils were pinkish, as though she had a bad cold. He nostrils were pinkish, as though she had had a bad cold. It looked as though it might rain at any time. 5. () . , ( ) . Six soldiers are reported to have died from their wounds. Six soldiers were reported to have died from their wounds. Six soldiers will be reported to have died from their wounds. Her father often said with a sigh if his family were not in such poverty he would not have left his daughter to London. Her father often said with a sigh if he had not left his daughter to London she would be alive.
6. . , . Have you ever seen a tiger? / Have you seen a tiger before? Did you ever see a tiger? / Did you see a tiger before? When did you see the tiger? / I saw it yesterday in that park. I have supported the Democratic party in the last five campaigns. I supported Cleveland three times and Bryan twice. I intend to support the nominee of the party at St. Louis, whoever he may be". 7. . , , , .(/ )
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I forgot [to close/closing] the door. I remember [to post/posting] the letter. This machine is designed to save you efforts. We have turned our creative energy into designing a new model of car.
[Sentence Pattern] I live in Busan. I lived in Seoul last year. I will live in Jeju next year.
The earth moves around the sun. Honesty is the best policy to success. I get up at six in the morning.
The wounded soldier is thought to be alive. The wounded soldier is thought to have died. The wounded soldier is thought to return safely. "The computer is down" was an excuse that had not yet been invented.
She must have been a beauty in her day. I should have studied harder last year.
I wish I could go there with you. I wish I could have gone there with you. I wished I could go there with you. I wished I could have gone there with you.
Six soldiers are reported to have died from their wounds. Six soldiers were reported to have died from their wounds. Six soldiers will be reported to have died from their wounds.
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He nostrils were pinkish, as though she had a bad cold. He nostrils were pinkish, as though she had had a bad cold.
It looked as though it might rain at any time.
Her father often said with a sigh if his family were not in such poverty he would not have left his daughter to London. Her father often said with a sigh if he had not left his daughter to London she would be alive.
Have you ever seen a tiger? / Have you seen a tiger before? Did you ever see a tiger? / Did you see a tiger before?
When did you see the tiger? / I saw it yesterday in that park.
I have supported the Democratic party in the last five campaigns. I supported Cleveland three times and Bryan twice. I intend to support the nominee of the party at St. Louis, whoever he may be".
The danger is that you go back to smoking as many as you did before. There once lived a phoenix in the sky [long time/millions of years] ago. She had already left the town three days before he arrived.
The train left before I arrived. The train had left when I arrived.
Tell Mike I'm going to kill him when I get hold of him. Do you mind if I just start with the few formal questions? You should not throw away the directions until we have finished cooking. If the firm cannot sell its products, it will go bankrupt.
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I forgot [to close/closing] the door. I remember [to post/posting] the letter. This machine is designed to save you efforts. We have turned our creative energy into designing a new model of car.
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1. . The heated air above a fire rises in a pillar of smoke and burnt gases, pulling fresh air in from the sides to replace it. Firefighters use (A)this fact when they "fight fire with fire." They start a fire well in front of the one that they are fighting. Instead of traveling on in front of the inferno, the smaller fire is pulled back towards it by the updrafts of the larger blaze. As it travels back to meet the larger fire, the smaller backfire burns away the fuel that the forest fire needs to survive. * inferno 1. (A) this fact . 2. ? (1) Those who fight fire with fire usually end up with ashes. (2) 'Eye for eye' never settles down any conflicts. (3) There is no smoke without fire. (4) The enemy of the enemy is not always my friend. (5) Fight against an enemy taking advantage of another enemy. Special Note They sat around the fire in a circle. He is still in better shape than many young men. This food is rich in vitamin A. The train arrives at six. The train will arrive at six.
Words & Phrases pillar inferno ; survive replace updraft
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2. . () As we age, our brain cells, called neurons, lose the
tree-branch-like connections between them. These connections, or synapses, are essential to thought. Quite literally, over time, our brains lose their heft. Perhaps the most striking brain research today is the strong evidence we now have that exercise may forestall some kinds of mental decline, notes McDaniel. It may even restore memory. Myriad animal studies have shown that, among other brain benefits, aerobic exercise increases capillary development in the brain, meaning more blood supply, more nutrients and-a big requirement for brain health-more oxygen. * capillary () In our youth-obsessed culture, no ones suggesting a revision to the Constitution allowing 20-year-olds to run for President. The age requirement remains at 35. Youve heard about the wisdom and judgment of older people? Scientists are starting to understand how wisdom works on a neurological level. When you are older, explains Merzenich, you have recorded in your brain millions and millions of little social scenarios and facts that you can call upon at any time. Furthermore, he notes, you are a much better synthesizer and integrator of that information. Older people are better at solving problems, because they have more mental information to draw upon than younger people do. Thats why those in their 50s and 60s are sage. (A)Theyre the ones we turn to for the best advice, the ones we want to run our companies and our country. 1. (A) . 2. () () . . 3. () () ? (1) brain - wisdom (2) memory - information (3) health - experience (4) behavior - thought (5) activity - intelligence
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Special Note This medicine will work on you. The surgeon who operated on the King released new details of his injuries. He is always looking to his friends for money. He is always looking forward to seeing his son again.
Words & Phrases synapses striking incline ( ) revision integrate be essential to ~ forestall , nutrient synthesize
decline cf. increase
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3. . Egypt was ruled by pharaohs whose reign was known as a dynasty. The pharaohs were thought to be directly related to the gods. In fact, Egyptians believed that the pharaohs were gods. The pharaohs had ultimate power in Egypt and were the head of the religion and the government; any decision that they made was accepted without question. The society that they ruled over fully accepted the power of the pharaoh, and Egypt was long protected from foreign attack by the vast deserts that lay to the west and the Red Sea that lay to the east. For these reasons Egyptian society was very stable. (A)Pharaoh succeeded pharaoh for nearly three thousand years, and many elements of Egyptian culture stayed the same throughout this time. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note The city is well known for beer festival held in May every four years. A man is known by the company he keeps. Though he is known to only a few, his reputation among them is very great. He was once known as a champion of social reform.
Words & Phrases dynasty ultimate stable n. stability instability succeed
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4. . Some people say that the oldest children are smart and strong-willed. They are very likely to be successful. The reason for this is simple. Parents have a lot of times for their first child. They give him or her a lot of attention. So this child is very likely to do well. An only child will succeed for the same reason. What happens to the other children in a family? Middle children don't get to much attention. So they don't feel that important. If a family has many children, the middle ones sometimes get lost in the crowd. The youngest child, though, often gets special treatment. He or she is the (A)"baby." Often this child grows up to be funny and charming. (B)Do you believe these ideas about birth order? A recent study saw things quite differently. (C)This study found that first children believed in family rules. They didn't take many chances in their lives. They usually followed orders. Rules didn't mean so much to later children in a family. They went out and followed their own ideas. They took chances. And they often did better in life. 1. (B) (C) . 2. (A) "baby" ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note Whatever you may say, I'll never believe you. I believe in God. The politician must have taken the bribe; I really trusted in him He has failed. I'm greatly disappointed in him. Words & Phrases strong-willed take chances get lost
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5. . (A) Given the general knowledge of the health risks of smoking, it is no wonder that the majority of smokers have tried at some time in their lives to quit. But in most cases their attempts have been unsuccessful. People smoking, often when they are adolescents, for a variety of reasons, including the example of parents and pressure from peers. If others in ones group of friends are starting to smoke, it can be hard to resist going along with the crowd. Once people start smoking, they are likely to get hooked. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note It would have been so easy for him to get hooked and get on to the other much worse drugs. He took to drinking after his wife's death.
Words & Phrases adolescents hook ; resist
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6. . What was life like before computers? If you are a young college student, you probably do not know. (A)Everything that is now done by computer had to be done by hand, was less accurate, and took longer. Before computers, taking inventory was a lengthy process for store owners and employees. Today's electronic cash registers take inventory automatically, as soon as a cashier rings up an item. In the past, there were no automatic tellers, no word processors, no credit cards, no video games, no Internet. There was (B)a bright side though. When something went wrong, people had no one to blame but themselves. "The computer is down" was an excuse that had not yet been invented. * taking inventory 1. (A) . 2. (B) . Special Note What is done cannot be undone. = There is no use crying over spilt milk. It will not be long before he returns home. It was twenty years before he returned home. * It was twenty years ago that he returned home. = He returned home twenty years ago.
Words & Phrases inventory automatic teller
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7. . When did religion begin? Neanderthal burials provide the earliest archeological suggestion of religion. (A)The fact that Neanderthals buried their dead and put objects in graves has convinced many anthropologists that they conceived of an afterlife. However, we have no way of knowing the specifics of Neanderthal religion or determining whether religion predates Neanderthals. Any statement about when, where, why, and how religion arose or any description of its original nature is (B)pure speculation. Nevertheless, although such speculations are inconclusive, many of them have revealed important functions and effects of religious behavior. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note This report offered the most specific and accurate description of the problem. It's always hard to speculate about the future. He looked at me over the tops of his spectacles. It was a spectacle not to be missed forever.
Words & Phrases burials v. bury anthropologist convince conceive of speculation
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8. . (A)There are many commonly held beliefs about eyeglasses and eyesight that are not proven facts. For instance, some people believe that wearing glasses too soon weakens the eyes. But there is no evidence to show that the structure of eyes is changed by wearing glasses at a young age. Wearing the wrong glasses, however, can prove harmful. Studies show that for adults there is no danger, but children can develop loss of vision if they have glasses inappropriate for their eyes. We have all heard some of the common myths about how eyesight gets bad. Most people believed that reading in dim light causes poor sight, but that is untrue. Too little light makes the eyes work harder, so they get tired and strained. Eyestrain also results from reading a lot, reading in bed, and watching too much television. However, although eyestrain may cause some pain or headaches, it does not permanently damage eyesight. 1. (A) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note The speech has resulted in a firestorm of controversy. The problem simply resulted from a difference of opinion between them.
Words & Phrases vision (eyesight) permanently dim ,
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9. . The quake occurred at a point when Americans were still adjusting to the notion of arbitrary clock time. As historian Michael OMalley explains, prior to industrialization, time had originated with God and expressed itself in nature--the passing of seasons and the rising and setting of the sun. (A)Accurate time during this period was hard to come by; watches varied and even more finely crafted public clocks offered conflicting measures of the hour. (B)But with the advent of factories, with their time-keeping technology, and the imposition of standard time to accommodate railroad travel in 1883, the clock rose to dominance. By the 1880s, as OMalley writes, time was expressed not in nature and seasonal tasks, but in terms of legal, industrial, and political obligations, conditions whose binding authority comes not from God, but from the interdependencies of a commercial economy. 1. (A) (B) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note How did you come by that cheque? He eventually rose to the rank of captain of the ship. You have to adjust yourself to the new situation.
Words & Phrases occur (=take place, happen, come about) accurate inaccurate conflict ; advent , accommodate , dominance v. dominate obligation ; a. obedient v. obey commercial economy
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10. . (A)Demography, the science of population composition and change, can help us to predict what our world will be like. One prediction for the United States is based on the fact that working adults and the elderly will make up a larger part of the population and the young will be a smaller part. Some predict that this is likely to mean less crime and more employment opportunities because of fewer youth. It could also mean that, with more employed and elderly adults, society will be more conservative. A conservative society may encourage unsympathetic attitudes to criminals, to the poor, or to other disadvantaged groups in the community. *demography () 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note I can't imagine what he is. What do you guess he is? Can you guess what he is? I really want to know what he is like.
Words & Phrases composition v. compose conservative progressive sympathetic disadvantaged ;
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11. . Another aspect of science that is distinctive is that it always tries to ask questions that can be test find the answer. This does not mean that this is not a good question to ask, it just means that you cannot use science to discover the answer. Aed. (A)A scientist would not want to ask the question "Why does the universe exist?" because he would never be able to perform an experiment to more scientific question might be "When did the universe come into existence?" because you could design experiments to test the answer. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note We may have some rain tomorrow. Errors may have been made due to human fallibility. Smoking might be banned totally in office building. This crisis might last for a long period of time. You might have told me the truth before!
Words & Phrases aspect , come into existence[being] distinctive design ,
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12. . Everyone (yes, you too) has an imagination, as well as the ability to think and be creative. The problem is, as most of us have grown up from childhood (when playing "make-believe" was a readily accepted pastime), we've been encouraged to leave our creativity behind and to think analytically. (A)As adults, we overanalyze problems, learn to accept things as they are, follow the directions given by superiors, and become fearful of being criticized for having new and original thoughts that don't fit into the everyday norm. During a business meeting, for example, too many people are afraid to voice their new ideas and opinions, or even go through the effort of generating those thoughts, simply because they're afraid of being shot down, not fitting in, or not being looked upon favorably by coworkers or superiors. If you've grown up and forgotten how to use your imagination and think creatively, you're about to take a dip in the fountain of youth and relearn some valuable skills! Some adults, especially actors, artists, musicians, writers, inventors, and entrepreneurs, for example, have refused to totally abandon their creativity or stop using their minds to come up with new and innovative ideas. (B)While these people might have given away their crayons, finger paints, and dress-up costumes from childhood, they have discovered that using their minds and looking at things differently can lead to incredible success. To be a creative thinker or expert brainstormer, however, you don't need to be an "artsy" person. * artsy
1. (A) (B) ? (A) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) creativity conformity creativity conformity originality (B) originality originality conformity creativity creativity
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2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
Special Note Let's make believe we're pirates. The ideal of a perfectly fair society is just make-believe. He refused to name the members of staff involved in the bribe-scandal. Most parents can't resist saying "Don't do that dear," but with little effect.
Words & Phrases make-believe entrepreneur costume , fit in abandon ; brainstormer
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13. . The second qualification for answering these questions is that a man should not only have experience of historical thinking but should also have reflected that experience. (A)He must not only an historian but a philosopher, and in particular his philosophical thought must have included special attention to the problems of historical thought. Now it is possible to be a quite good historian(though not an historian of highest order) without thus reflecting upon one's own historical thinking. It is even easier to be a quite good teacher of history(though not the very best kind of teacher) without such reflection. At the same time, it is important to remember that experience comes first, and reflection on that experience second. Even the least reflective historians has the first qualification. He possesses the experience on which to reflect; and when he is asked to reflect on it his reflections have a good chance of being to the point. An historian who has never worked much at philosophy will probably answer our four questions in a more intelligent way than a philosopher who has never worked much at history. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) experience of historical thinking (2) reflection on historical thinking (3) quality of historical thought (4) knowledge about the history of philosophy (5) empirical method of research
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Special Note I paid ten dollars for that book. He is capable for the work. He was severely scolded for sleeping out. She looks mature for her age.
Words & Phrases qualification to the point , reflect
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Chapter Five : ,
[Grammatical Reading Skill] 1. , , . He stopped to smoke. He stopped[quitted/gave up] smoking.
I forgot [to close/closing] the door. I remember [to post/posting] the letter.
2. . personality . , , , ... . I expect him to return home safe and sound. I asked him to help you with the work.
She is to retire as from 1 October. He is to be blamed by his father for his rudeness.
3. , , . , , . . . I hope to go there with you. She plans to return to Dublin. I have not gone yet. I am (about) to leave. I would like to go for a walk with you. She intended to leave her husband because of his philandering.
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This machine is designed to save you effort. She had wanted to make a ballerina of her eldest daughter. Her father's death forced her to leave school. * encourage, motivate, design, urge, counsel, advise * I absolutely refuse to get married to such a man.
4. . , , , , . He made a face and finished dialing. The girl denied being there, and the man backed her up. Would you mind opening the window? Avoid starting your car until the engine has warmed up. The boy nearly escaped (from) being drowned.
5. . , .( ) moving, putting, opening , , . consider, suggest hope, expect, plan, urge , . how about -ing . She often considered moving to London. Mother had me practicing playing the piano for three hours without a rest. I suggested putting the matter to the committee. * Could you suggest someone to advice me how to do this? * They can suggest where to buy one. I tried to open the window, but I failed.
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I tried opening the window. How about trying to open the window? 6. . ( . to ) , . . , . I like[enjoy] swimming. I (would) like to swim in sultry weather like today.
7. . , , , , . . , . The virus seems to have attacked his throat. = It seems that the virus has attacked his throat. * It seems that the virus attacked his throat. The virus seemed to have (already) attacked his throat. = It seemed that the virus had (already) attacked his throat. * The virus seems to be attacking his throat. * The virus seemed to be attacking his throat. He denies having anything to do with the episode. = He denies that he has(had) anything to with the episode. He denied having anything to do with the episode. = He denied that he had (had) anything to do with the episode. He denies having had anything to do with the episode. = He denies that he had anything to with the episode.
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He denied having had anything to do with the episode. = He denied that he had had anything to do with the episode.
[Sentence Pattern] He stopped to smoke. He stopped[quitted/gave up] smoking. I forgot [to close/closing] the door. I remember [to post/posting] the letter. I expect him to return home safe and sound. I asked him to help you with the work. She is to retire as from 1 October. He is to be blamed by his father for his rudeness. I hope to go there with you. She plans to return to Dublin. I would like to go for a walk with you. She intended to leave her husband because of his philandering. This machine is designed to save you effort. She had wanted to make a ballerina of her eldest daughter. I absolutely refuse to get married to such a man. He made a face and finished dialing. The girl denied being there, and the man backed her up. Would you mind opening the window? Avoid starting your car until the engine has warmed up. The boy nearly escaped (from) being drowned. She often considered moving to London. Mother had me practicing playing the piano for three hours without a rest. I suggested putting the matter to the committee. * Could you suggest someone to advice me how to do this? * They can suggest where to buy one. I tried to open the window, but I failed. I tried opening the window. How about trying to open the window?
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I prefer going to the cinema to watching TV. Airlines would prefer to update rather than (to) retain crews. I like[enjoy] swimming. I (would) like to swim in sultry weather like today. The virus seems to have attacked his throat. = It seems that the virus has attacked his throat. * It seems that the virus attacked his throat. The virus seemed to have (already) attacked his throat. = It seemed that the virus had (already) attacked his throat. * The virus seems to be attacking his throat. * The virus seemed to be attacking his throat. He denies having anything to do with the episode. = He denies that he has(had) anything to with the episode. He denied having anything to do with the episode. = He denied that he had (had) anything to do with the episode. He denies having had anything to do with the episode. = He denies that he had anything to with the episode. He denied having had anything to do with the episode. = He denied that he had had anything to do with the episode.
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1. . People enjoy talking about "firsts". They like to remember their first love or their first car. But not all firsts are happy ones. Some involve accidents or other sad events. Few people enjoy recalling the firsts that are bad. One of history's bad but important firsts was the first car accident. (A)Autos were still young when it happened. The crash took place in New York City. The year was 1896. The month was May. A man from Massachusetts was visiting the city in a new car. At that time, bicycle riders still trying to get used to the new sets of wheels on the road. In the accident, no one is sure who was at fault. In any case, the bike and the car collided. The man on the bike was injured. The driver of the car had to stay in jail and wait for the hospital report on the bicycle rider. Luckily, the rider was not killed. Three years later, (B)another automobile first took place. the scene was again New York City. A real estate broker named Henry Bliss stepped off a streetcar. He was hit by a passing car. Once again, no one is sure just how it happened or whose fault it was. The driver of the car was put in jail. Poor Mr. Bliss become the first person to die in a car accident. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
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Special Note There used to be a pond here around. He is well used to doing without breakfast. You will soon get accustomed to his rude manners.
Words & Phrases recall collide (=run into) get used to ~ , streetcar
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2. . Sports have always been ruled by the weather. Rain, sleet, snow and cold called the plays. Baseball fans often sat in the rain without cover, waiting for the sun to come out and the game to begin. Football lovers sometimes took days to warm up after sitting through a freezing cold Sunday game. For both sports and fans and players, the domed stadium was like something out of a dream. A huge plastic bubble kept our rain snow. There was heat to keep things comfortable year around. Dome stadium have clearly changed the course of sports. Still, they did have their problems at first. Most of these problems were discovered and solved at the Huston Astrodome. This was the world's first stadium with a lid. For the fans, it was great. But there were some problems for the players. Baseball outfielders had the most difficult time. They had to learn to catch in a field with a roof. (A)At first this was almost as difficult as playing in the dark. The panes of the roof were light colored, to let sunlight in. Sunlight was needed to keep the grass on the field alive. But the light roof blended too well with the white baseball. (B)Fly balls seemed to drop out of nowhere. Even skilled fielders were making errors. Finally, the decision was made to paint the panes of the rook dark. The problem was solved. What about the grass? Well, the real grass was dug up and replaced with artificial turf!
1. (A) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 2. (B) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
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Special Note The wounded soldier is thought to be alive. The wounded soldier is thought to have died. The wounded soldier is thought to return safely.
The factory replaced most of its workers with robots. Tourism has replaced agriculture as the nation's main industry. You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe.
Words & Phrases bubble [] turf artificial , (natural)
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3. . Human life may be regarded as a process of successive
achievements, and every movement in this process is a step taken towards the actualization of the ideal which beckons one to itself. All beings, whatever be in the cosmos, are comprehended by this single law-the law of a striving for higher achievements. In this struggle to achieve the higher, one realizes pleasure. (A)It is well said that man never is; he is always to be. We do not entirely live in the present. There is an element of the future in what we do, and we never confine ourselves to the present merely. This means to say that we identify ourselves, though in a covert manner, with an ideal to be achieved in the future, which, we hope, will bring us a larger satisfaction. If the future is not ingrained in the present, how could there be such a thing as hope? That we cannot keep quiet, that we always feel a duty before us, is enough indication that we are wound up with a future. It is also not true that we wholly live in the future, because the future cannot be contained in the consciousness of the present. Time cannot take a jump beyond the present. We might hope for the future, but we cannot live in the future. Life is always a present. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
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Special Note People speak well of his family. = His family is well spoken of by people. The students look up to the teacher. = The teacher is looked up to by the students.
Words & Phrases successive beckon ; confine ingrain contain actualize strive for (~ ) covert , indication wind up ,
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4. . South Korea's top film directors and actors have defended
restrictions on the screening of Hollywood films. For 35 years, South Korea has operated a quota system under which theatres are required to screen Korean movies for at least 146 days each year. But the film stars said the government was giving in to US pressure to ease the quota to seal a key trade pact. It follows reports that Seoul is considering relaxing or dropping the system to speed up talks with the US on a bilateral investment treaty (BIT), which regulates the protective quota. Seoul is keen for the BIT to attract more US investment for the economy. In a statement, (A)the actors and directors said the decision on which films were shown in South Korea's cinemas "should not be judged only by market principles". They added that the screen quota system maintained Korea's cultural identity and diversity. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) BIT . (4) . (5) 146 . 3. . Special Note Officials say that they will not give in to the workers' demand. I simply gave in to him, and I've regretted ever since. Words & Phrases restriction , seal ; bilateral pact , relax diversity
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5. . (A)The question that must be asked is why we are, and have been, so willing to hurt our children in order to get them to behave; to treat them as criminals, slaves and animals. Of course, we are, in part, following the traditional ways of treating children for centuries of civilization. But there is more to it than just tradition. We have in the past century learned a great deal more than we knew before about children's emotional and social development and their mental health. This information is not kept secret from the public. Most of us even seem to recognize and accept that what happens to children in their early years has a great deal to do with the kind of persons they become. Yet, we continue to punish them. Do we not see the harm we do? Why do we not stop consciously hurting our children? 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) Reasons for children abusing (2) Effects of punishment (3) Why we hurt our children? (4) Traditional way of teaching children (5) Spare the rod and spoil the child Special Note That's none of your business, it has nothing to do with you. Excuse me, but I want to know what all this has to do with us.
Words & Phrases be willing to ~ emotional consciously [] traditional recognize
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6. . (A)For some parents, whose own punishment as children was accompanied by rage, hatred, and sadism, punishing their own children is an opportunity for them to legally inflict pain on another human being; a chance to get back at someone for the pain that they suffered. But for most parents, it is a matter of controlling behavior which they were made to control in their own childhood. It is a matter of ignorance, of passing on malevolent and inappropriate behavior toward children which they learned to accept as appropriate in their own childhoods. They are acting from an attitude that says it is just and right to hurt children in order to achieve certain ends. They will defend their belief that their own parents were right to punish them, that they are right to punish their children, and that their children will be right to punish their children. "After all," so many parents say, "how else can you get them to behave?" And many, even when they are told "how", still punish their children. On a deeper psychological and social level, parental punishers of their children do so because their children make them anxious by confronting them with behaviors and feelings which the parents themselves have learned to hide, suppress, repress, and disown. They must condition their children as they were conditioned. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 3. ? .
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Special Note He sang and Alice accompanied him on the piano. I asked her to accompany me at that party. Full payment must accompany registration. Children under 14 must be accompanied by an adult. The course books are accompanied by four cassettes.
Words & Phrases accompany , hatred v. hate malevolent , inappropriate confront , disown ( ) ,
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Chapter Six
[Grammatical Reading Skill] 1. . , . , . My mother ran a couple of drapery shops. Many of the shops are run by Asians.
The level of pollution in the river is falling. She has fallen madly in love with him.
2. . , , , . , , . , . , . We remained fascinated with the dolphins flying high over the water. There is something morbidly fascinating about his thought. I have taken it for granted that she will turn down his proposal. Being aware of this truth, he remained silent. Being aware of this truth, he will remain silent. Then, having done lamenting, the crocodile cruelly devours the prey. Then, having done lamenting, the crocodile cruelly devoured the prey.
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3. , , , , ( ) . . Severly Scolded for damaging his father's car, he left home for a few days. Frequently involving families, sitcoms conveyed an image of American domestic life. My mind was working frantically, running over the events of the evening. The judge, concluding his summing up, ruled that he shall be arrested.
4. with++ . . , , , . The girl was running all out with her hair flying behind. He was leaning against the wall with his eyes closed.
5. have++ with++ . with . You've had your hair cut, it looks great. The girl was crying with her hair cut down on the floor. My mother had me playing the piano two hours without a rest. My mother was enjoying rock music with me playing the piano two hours without a rest. 6. . , , ,
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, . I was so surprised at the news that I couldn't say anything. He was absolutely tired out.
Much of the industry was located alongside rivers. A full-sized double bed was centrally placed in the cabin. [Sentence Pattern] My mother ran a couple of drapery shops. / Many of the shops are run by Asians. The bank must be run in a cost-effective way.
The boy runs fast. Tears were running down her cheeks. I left the engine running.
They have run out of ideas. ()
I fell in love with him because of his kind nature. The level of pollution in the river is falling. She has fallen madly in love with him. () Fallen rock is impeding the progress of rescue workers. ()
We remained fascinated with the dolphins flying high over the water. There is something morbidly fascinating about his thought. I have taken it for granted that she will turn down his proposal. Being aware of this truth, he remained silent. Being aware of this truth, he will remain silent. Severly Scolded for damaging his father's car, he left home for a few days.
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Frequently
involving
families,
sitcoms
conveyed
an
image
of
American domestic life.
My mind was working frantically, running over the events of the evening. The judge, concluding his summing up, ruled that he shall be arrested.
He was leaning against the wall with his eyes closed. She was sitting on the chair with her legs crossed.
The girl was running all out with her hair flying behind. The mother, with a baby crying bitterly on her back, was standing absent-mindedly with tears running down her cheeks
You've had your hair cut, it looks great. The girl was crying with her hair cut down on the floor. My mother had me playing the piano two hours without a rest. My mother was enjoying rock music from the radio with me playing the piano two hours without a rest. He had his wife die last year. I can't make myself understood in English.
I was so surprised at the news that I couldn't say anything. He was absolutely tired out.
I was terribly shocked at the news of Twin Towers collapsed. I am sick and tired of all these people making the same mistakes. She was too exhausted and distressed to talk about the tragedy. Much of the industry was located alongside rivers. The hotel was situated to the north-west of the town, a short walk from the railway station. A full-sized double bed was centrally placed in the cabin. They were seated at a table outside a pub.
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1. . Have you ever wondered why you dream? Many theorists have searched for the reasons. Some believe that dreams help people process information necessary to their well-being and survival. Others, of whom Freud was one, believe that dreams function like windows into the unconscious, where Our wishes and secret fears are stored. If, as some psychologists have proposed, dreams reflect our current mental state, they may be attempts to work out problems. (A)When things are not going well for us, dreams set in the past may represent the desire to return to happier times. But it could be that dreams are simply the by-products of sleep and have no significance of their own, making attempts to interpret them fruitless. 1. (A) .
2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note Water is necessary to life. I have lost the key to the front door. A small crowd attempted to pull down the statue. He made no attempt to be sociable. Words & Phrases search for unconscious represent significance ; survival v. survive current ; by-products attempt ()
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2. . (A)Music has a calming effect on our emotions that can help us generate ideas. Research has shown that certain types of music can affect moods and productivity. Our brain centers associated with emotional responses are also linked to our ability to function creatively. Music has the potential to stimulate these brain centers and help us think of creative ideas. Both music and creativity involve similar processes and features such as intuition, abstract symbols, and holistic interpretations of data. Musical composition is a creative activity as well. Given this relationship between music and creativity, it makes sense that music can help stimulate new ideas. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note Heaven helps those who help themselves. Help yourself to the cake. I couldn't help laughing at his joke. It was cruel of you to abuse such a helpless animal.
Words & Phrases generate ; potential ; intuition holistic productivity stimulate n. stimuli abstract
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3. . Story telling is an ancient art dating back to when humans first communicated with words. It has provided most societies with an oral history long before written records were kept. (A)Stories help perpetuate the foundational myths people use to teach succeeding generations about their cultures. For instance, fables, nursery rhymes, and fairy tales have been used to transmit life's lessons to countless people in a number of different cultures. Although modern technology has diminished its importance, story telling still has the potential to help solve problems. Stories from the past can help suggest ideas for today's problems. Create a story and we create stimuli that can trigger new thoughts and concepts. The richer and more elaborate our stories, the richer and more elaborate the stimuli. * nursery rhymes , 1. (A) . 2. story telling ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note I suggested putting the matter to the committee. How about putting the matter to the committee? The more learned a man is, the more modest he becomes.
Words & Phrases perpetuate elaborate , nursery rhymes foundational myths fables fairy tales
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4. . This is a popular childrens game played at parties. Several chairs are distributed throughout a room. Then a couple of children are taken to the end of the room and blindfolded. They are told that they must walk from one side of the room to another without bumping into the chairs. Once the children are blindfolded, all the chairs are removed from the room and the floor is clear. The children then tentatively move slowly across the room. They move very slowly and are understandably cautious. On occasions the children will not move at all. Here the children have (A)a mental map of the room. They walk across the room using this map. However, the map is inaccurate. Similarly, many people make assumptions about the world that will inhibit their performance. These are not real obstacles. They are imaginary yet appear real to the people involved. (B)One of the challenges for us is to differentiate between imaginary and real obstacles. It is about to get a truer view of the real world. 1. (B) . 2. (A) . a truer view of the real world 3. ? (1) pre-school education (2) stereotyped view (3) research on children behavior (4) pseudo(imaginary) environment (5) children's imagination
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Special Note The story is set in an imaginary world. The architects have made imaginative use of glass and transparent plastic. The school offers courses in every subject imaginable.
Words & Phrases distribute bump into , assumption , imaginable between A and B A B blindfolded tentative , inhibit differentiate[distinguish] obstacle ()
imaginary cf. imaginative
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5. . (A)It's not surprising that nature would favor genes that promote an inclination to faith. Many recent studies suggest that religious people may live longer than the less religious. A study of nearly 4,000 people in North Carolina, for example, found that frequent churchgoers had a 46 percent lower risk of dying in a six-year period than those who attended less often. Another study involving nearly does 126,000 not for attend participants religious And suggested that a 20-year-old because strength the to churchgoer might live seven years longer than a similar person who services. faith may Partly give that's people religious seem to adopt healthier lifestyles - they are less likely to smoke, example. overcome illness. 1. (A) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note There was nobody left who would (= was willing to) do it. I asked him to move his car but he said he wouldn't (= he refused). The door would never yield to their blows.
Words & Phrases promote overcome (=get over) inclination (~ ) v. incline participant [] cf. participate in ~
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6. . Never laugh at a snow-covered mountain! Laughter and yelling during the avalanches season can trigger a deadly pile of snow. Huge snow sliders are most common in mountains where there are steep slopes that are well buried in snow and ice. The snow builds up slowly and lands very softly. This can create a very touchy, unstable situation. Tons of snow may be held up by only the friction between snowflakes. The deep snow is like a house of cards. The slightest movement can cause it to tumble. As soon as something slips, a great mass of snow will come crashing down the mountains. Slids may be started by sound vibration. They may also be started by the weight of wet, melting snow. Once an avalanche has been triggered, the cause no longer matters. Moving down a steep slope, it picks up great speed and added snow. Some avalanches travel as fast as 200 miles per hour. The force of an avalanche will mow down anything in its path. Whole houses have been swallowed up by these fast-paced piles of snow. The wind that is caused by an avalanche is almost as destructive as the snow itself.(A)Winds from an avalanche have been known to travel as fast as those of a tornado. So, when approaching a thickly-covered mountain, (B)_________________! *avalanche 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) Make haste! (2) Hurry away! (3) Speak softly! (4) Go at a crawl! (5) Keep the rule! Special Note Hundreds of thousands of people were gathering around the City Hall. She refused to marry a billionaire. Words & Phrases trigger ; crash touchy ; friction swallow mow
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7. . () Right is right. Right? Of course. But is left wrong? Well, the ancient Romans thought so. As far as they were concerned, left-handed people were (A) _________________. Latin, the language of the Romans, had many words that expressed this view. Some words we use today still have this meaning. The Latin word dexter means "right." The English word dexterous comes from this word. It means "handy." So, right is handy. But the Latin word for "left" is sinistra. The English word sinister was derived from this word. Sinister means "evil." Is it fair to call righties hand and lefties evil? Well, fair or not, many languages have words that express similar beliefs. In Old English, the word for left means "weak." That isn't much of an improvement over "evil." () Then why is the Chinese character for "left" associated with dullness and inferiority? There is nothing worse than a demotion for salaried workers including government employees. Once upon a time in ancient China, seating in a royal court started from right to left in the order of status of the participants. The word "moved to the left"(demotion) in Chinese originally meant that a high-ranked official is ordered to move down in rank: to the left. However, as time went by, things changed and the left was considered a higher position in the order of status in China, Korea and Japan. There are still prejudices against left-handers, and they have many complaints, even though there are now clubs for left-handers and some internet shopping malls sell household goods just for the left-handed. There are 2 million left-handed people in Korea; 5 percent of adults and 17 percent of children are left-handed. People in Japan chose Feb. 10 as "Left-Handers Day" and held various events during the week around that day to help the left-handed increase their self-esteem. In the United States, and association for left-handed people developed a slogan to express their love for the left-handed.
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1. () (A) ? brothers of Cain blessing of God mistakes of Nature angels from Above masterpieces of Heaven 2. () (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. () . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) 2 10 . (5) . Special Note He caught the ball with great dexterity. The ruined house had a sinister appearance. The team now almost certainly faces demotion. He deserves promotion, for he is always working hard.
Words & Phrases dexterous improvement demotion complaint v. complain sinister , inferiority cf. superiority prejudice ,
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Chapter Seven /
[Grammatical Reading Skill] 1. . , . , ( ), , by+ . My opinion is quite different from yours. He is a doctor; and his son is another. He kept silent, which made me more angry. This is (the reason) why he left without saying a word. This is just the way (that) he has made such a high profit.
I like him better than you do. You may go out if you will.
The English (people) are a practical people. It is often said (by people) that he is selfish.
2. , , . I hope to succeed. = I hope that I can(will) succeed. The child is too young to go to school. = The child is so young that he can't go to school. Not knowing what to say, I remained silent. = As I didn't know what to say, I remained silent.
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3. , . . , . , , , . He seems (to be) rich. The rumor turned out (to be) true. This is the book (which is) written by him. (Being) Surprised, I stopped to look where my friends were. This is the title of the book which is to be written by him. This is the title of the book which is written by him. He is to be blamed for damaging his father's car. He is blamed for damaging his father's car. 4. . . I'm sure of his success. = I am sure that he will succeed. The freezing cold prevented me from going out. = I could not go out because of the freezing cold. = I gave up the idea of going out because it was very cold. He is a man of wisdom. I suspect him of an enemy agent. The girl was running all out with her hair flying behind.
5. , . , , . .
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. . . It seems impossible (for us/for them) to settle down the matter. It is said (by people) that he is the richest in the world. I like her better than (I like) you. I like her better than you do(=like her). His sister is as beautiful as Julia Roberts (is beautiful). You have more money than is needed.(=than the money which is needed)
I gave him what(=all that) I had. Do you know (the time) when he will arrive. I don't know (the reason) why he left school.
He worked hard, only to fail.(=but he failed) I have tried hard to persuade him to no purpose.
Out of sight, out of mind. = When one is out of sight, he is out of mind. He died when (he was) young. Were it not for water(=If it were not for water), nothing could be alive. [Sentence Pattern] My opinion is quite different from yours. He is a doctor; and his son is another. He kept silent, which made me more angry. This is (the reason) why he left without saying a word. This is just the way (that) he has made such a high profit.
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I like him better than you do. You may go out if you will.
The English (people) are a practical people. It is often said (by people) that he is selfish.
I hope to succeed. = I hope that I can(will) succeed. The child is too young to go to school. = The child is so young that he can't go to school. Not knowing what to say, I remained silent. = As I didn't know what to say, I remained silent. He seems (to be) rich. The rumor turned out (to be) true. This is the book (which is) written by him. (Being) Surprised, I stopped to look where my friends were. This is the title of the book which is to be written by him. This is the title of the book which is written by him. He is to be blamed for damaging his father's car. He is blamed for damaging his father's car. I had to wait for my cyber account to be checked out for a long time due to the traffic trouble of the network. I had to wait for my cyber account (which had been) checked out for a long time due to the traffic trouble of the network. I'm sure of his success. = I am sure that he will succeed. The freezing cold prevented me from going out. = I could not go out because of the freezing cold. = I gave up the idea of going out because it was very cold. He is a man of wisdom. I suspect him of an enemy agent.
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The girl was running all out with her hair flying behind.
It seems impossible (for us/for them) to settle down the matter. It is said (by people) that he is the richest in the world. His sister is as beautiful as Julia Roberts (is beautiful). You have more money than is needed.(=than the money which is needed)
I gave him what(=all that) I had. Do you know (the time) when he will arrive. I don't know (the reason) why he left school.
He worked hard, only to fail.(=but he failed)
Out of sight, out of mind. = When one is out of sight, he is out of mind. He died when (he was) young. Were it not for water(=If it were not for water), nothing could be alive.
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1. . When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that (A)certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly make their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild. *Neolith , Paleolith
1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note He rose to his feet and took a couple of steps towards her. We need to take drastic steps to reduce pollution. You can make a good living (= earn a lot of money) in sales if you have the right attitude.
Words & Phrases harvest cultivate ; agriculture
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2. . But theres good news, too. (A)If our responsibilities have increased in proportion to the rate of technological progress, so in many ways has our freedom. The same tools that have made you into your own secretary have also provided you with ways of organizing data and creating communications that people only dreamed about 20 years ago. You can quickly e-mail a product photo to a prospective client, create a professional presentation during your lunch hour, and avoid a time-consuming business trip with a simple teleconference. The new technologies that have blessed us with instantaneous communication and limitless access to information, though, have also brought us the nightmares of even swifter deadlines and work overload. Were working longer hours to manage our increased volume of information and new responsibilities. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note A man will succeed in proportion to his own efforts. Someone who is talented has a natural ability to do something well. He was witty, amusing and gifted with a sharp business brain. You are endowed with wealth, good health and a lively intellect. The sisters are all blessed with uncommon beauty.
Words & Phrases in proportion to ~ prospective client
progress ( regress ) instantaneous
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3. . In the 1990s the U. S. Treasury Department began taking steps to safeguard American currency. Beginning with the $100 bill--the denomination appearance of most often counterfeited--they both altered to the make the bill and added several elements
counterfeiting it more difficult. The most conspicuous change was the new portrait;(A)not only was Ben Franklin's image changed and made larger, it was set off-center on the bill and printed with ink that would blur if photocopied. A watermark was also added. This image, which can be seen when a bill is help up to the right, is stamped into the currency paper as it is made and cannot be reproduced by scanner or copier. Security threads, also built into the paper, were a final safeguard. Filaments of yarn a few thousands of an inch wide, these threads have identifying figures printed on them. A different filaments is put into each denomination of money and set in a slightly different location. Will these improvements, also made on other bills, stop counterfeiting altogether? Most likely not. But they will make it easier for anyone checking to identify and root out counterfeits. 1. (A) . 2. . . How easy has it been to produce counterfeit American _________? Much easier than you might suspect. Whereas in earlier times a good _________ required craftsman skilled in photographic and fine printing techniques, in the _________ computer age a scanner, together with good ink, high-quality paper, and a laser printer can produce very adequate copies. So _________ had counterfeiting become, particularly in overseas countries desirous of dollars, that there were _________ that $2billion in counterfeit money would be in _________ by the year 2000. [] counterfeit estimates, circuit, circulation, profitable, money, current, currency, developing, common, appreciates
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Words & Phrases the U.S. Treasury Department currency denomination alter filament () counterfeit () off-center location
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4. . As the film opens, the dying Kane mutters the single word "Rosebud," a mysterious utterance that induces a curious reporter to unravel its meaning. By interviewing Kane's closest associations, all of whom convey their visions of his life in flashback form, (A)the reporter/narrator ultimately pieces together an unforgettable portrait of Kane's rapid rise and tragic decline. Flashbacks had been used in earlier films, but never in such an out-of-sequence style, and never strung together with newsreel footage that clarified the focus of each. Equally novel were many of the camera shots--the shadows they created, the background objects they highlighted. One famous scene shows multiple image of Kane reflected through parallel mirrors. Another, shot from floor level, highlights a character's staggering drunkenness. Orson Welles even planned the exact distance between characters in most scenes, always seeking the strongest effect. It is the combination of these techniques, along with a compelling story, that makes Citizen Kane great. * newsreel footage 1. (A) . 2. . (1) Citizen Kane . (2) Citizen Kane Flashback . (3) Citizen Kane . (4) Kane . (5) Kane . Special Note He always speaks ill of others. He is always speaking ill of others. He always works hard. He is always working hard.
Words & Phrases mutter induce , parallel cf. parallelism stagger
utterance , out of sequence novel compelling ,
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5. . Journalists are often faced with difficult decision about whether or not to print a story or a photograph. There are a number of ethical issues they need considering. Is the material too violent? Will it upset people because it tells about acts or events that are against their moral values? Does it represent an invasion of someone's privacy that should remain private? (A)Journalists must decide what responsibility, if any, they have to society and if that responsibility is fulfilled by publishing or not publishing. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note A great number of young people lost their life during the Vietnam War. The number of women who would remain single is rapidly
increasing. The population of Seoul is much larger than that of Busan. (population=the number of people)
Words & Phrases ethical invasion v. invade consider fulfill
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Chapter Eight
[Grammatical Reading Skill] 1. , . , , , () , , , , . Few of them know the truth. Little traffic was to be seen on the streets.
Scarcely(Hardly) had the baby looked at me when she burst into crying. They are too busy working to visit their parents Any child can do it. She intended to leave her husband because of his philandering. He made a face and finished dialing. He persuaded Shelly to name the baby after him. Doctors have tried to dissuade patients from smoking. TV has great influence on modern life. An informer supplied the police with the names of those involved in the crime. Please inform us of any change of address as soon as possible. I suspect that he is an enemy agent. I doubt that(if) he is an enemy agent. 2. , .
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, . ( ) , + + . He managed to persuade more than 100 people to support his idea. They both altered the appearance of the bill and added several elements to make counterfeiting it more difficult. The line has in itself neither matter nor substance and may rather be called an imaginary idea than a real object.
3. , .
[Sentence Pattern] Few of them know the truth. The last few weeks were hectic. There are few who have not suffered from the noise. Little traffic was to be seen on the streets. A little food has been provided to those people.
Scarcely(Hardly) had the baby looked at me when she burst into crying. Never did I dream that I should meet her at such a party.
They are too busy working to visit their parents = They are so busy working that they can't visit their parents. Any child can do it. No child can do it. This problem can not be solved by anybody. This problem can be solved by nobody.(x)
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She intended to leave her husband because of his philandering. I would like to go for a walk with you. This machine is designed to save you effort. I absolutely refuse to get married to such a man. He made a face and finished dialing. Would you mind opening the window? Avoid starting your car until the engine has warmed up. She often considered moving to London. He persuaded Shelly to name the baby after him. Doctors have tried to dissuade patients from smoking. The law would encourage companies to switch from coal to cleaner fuels. Many golf teachers strongly discourage students from using this grip. TV has great influence on modern life. She is married to a poor poet. She has great interest in music. An informer supplied the police with the names of those involved in the crime. Please inform us of any change of address as soon as possible. I suspect that he is an enemy agent. I doubt that(if) he is an enemy agent. The president suggested that a UN observer should attend the conference. He suggested that the civil war had been a divine punishment.
He managed to persuade more than 100 people to support his idea. They both altered the appearance of the bill and added several elements to make counterfeiting it more difficult. The line has in itself neither matter nor substance and may rather be called an imaginary idea than a real object.
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1. . In Japanese, karoshi means death by overwork, a syndrome that purportedly claims at least 75-100 lives a year in Japan. Studies indicate that of the 8,760 hours in a year, karoshi victims worked in excess of 3,000 hours during the year prior to their death. As a service to their employees, (A)one Japanese company even provided actors who would visit the aging parents of overworked adult children too busy working to visit their parents themselves. Though few of us should fear karoshi, we should be especially careful not to allow overwork to drain energy and meaning from our lives. * purportedly 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note She was too exhausted and distressed to talk about the tragedy. No one is allowed to smoke in this building. No, I'm sorry. We don't give refunds or allow exchanges on sale items. The country has suffered huge brain drain in recent years.
Words & Phrases syndrome () indicate , employee purportedly excess of employer
ex. communicator - communicatee, donor - donee, payer - payee, addressor [sender]-addressee [sendee]
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2. . We sometimes get so close to a problem that we lose ourselves in it-something like the old expression, "We can't see the forest for the trees." In one respect, becoming deeply involved with a problem automatically increases our understanding of it. This is good. We must understand problems to deal with them. (A)Too much understanding, however, can be harmful because it causes us to narrow our focus and lose a broader perspective. This is bad. Too much detailed problem awareness causes us to lose sight of the big picture. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note Then he caught sight of her small black velvet hat in the crowd. We seem to have lost sight of the fact that marketing is only a means to an end. How should we deal with the present situation. We should do away with our bad customs. You have no choice but to part with your house.
Words & Phrases involve cf. evolve catch [lose] sight of ~ [] perspective detailed awareness
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3. . A number of theorists have recently pointed out how we communicate even in our gift-giving. (A)One type of gift has been referred to as the Pygmalion gift, that is, the gift that seems to be designed to change the person into what the donor wants the person to become. The parent who repeatedly gives a child books or scientific equipment, such as a microscope, may be asking the child to be a scholar. The problem with some of these gifts is that the underlying motives - the underlying displeasure - may never be talked about and hence never be solved. (B)This is not to say that all gifts are motivated by negative aspects of our personalities, only to suggest that even in gift-giving there are messages communicated that are often overlooked and that often function below the level of conscious awareness. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note He always refers to the house as his "refuge". I think of him as someone who will always help me. We looked on her as a daughter. Words & Phrases point out ; repeatedly overlook refer to A as B A B [] donor function
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4. . (A)Cleaning teeth thoroughly is a great deal easier said than done. If your toddler would allow you to look carefully in his mouth under a good light, you'd probably be appalled at the number of bits of frosted flakes that had withstood your best after-breakfast efforts. If you can see them though, you can brush them off; do everything you can to persuade your child to co-operate so you don't have to brush blind. If copying you, or having a turn brushing on your teeth, no longer interests him, try a mirror. If he will look at his own teeth, so can you. If he will point at them with a finger -- to count, or perhaps name them -- he might let you point with that brush. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) advertisement (2) introduction (3) advice (4) analysis (5) research Special Note Easier said than done. We are greatly surprised at the news of his death. He always changes his mind at whim. He threw a stone at that dog. A drowning man will catch at a straw.
Words & Phrases toddler withstand persuade
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5. . Over the years scholars and historians tried to understand what the hieroglyphics meant. Different people offered different explanations, but no one could ever agree. Then in 1799 French soldiers stationed near the city of Rosetta, Egypt, made a great discovery. French lieutenant Pierre Fran is Xavier Bouchard found a large gray stone that contained three different kinds of writing: Egyptian hieroglyphics, demotic script (the everyday writing of the ancient Egyptians), and Greek. (A)Bouchard believed that the stone might hold the key to uncovering the mystery of the hieroglyphics and soon, others agreed. The stone, which became known as the Rosetta Stone, had the information needed to translate both of the lost Egyptian languages. Modern readers understood Greek and needed to make the connections between Greek, the demotic script, and the hieroglyphics, and the mystery would be solved. But it was not so easy. * hieroglyphic 1. (A) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note She is married to a poor poet. We all together danced to the music. You have the key to my success. Water is necessary to water. You mean everything to me.
Words & Phrases lieutenant ; gray stone demotic
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6. . Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are on the rise. Patients once
effectively treated for pneumonia, tuberculosis, or ear infections may now have to try three or more antibiotics before they find one that works. And (A)as more bacterial strains develop resistance, more people will die because effective antibiotics are not identified quickly enough or because the bacteria causing the disease are resistant to all available antibiotics. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note This is (not) to my taste. His parents objected to the marriage. I am opposed to your plan. I have great dislike to the musician.
Words & Phrases antibiotics tuberculosis resistance v. resist pneumonia strain ;
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7. . Much of what archaeologists know about past human life is uncertain and partial. For example, archaeologists argue about the dates that human life began and changed. New discoveries constantly force scientists to rethink the dating given to major developments in human prehistory. (A)Even the primary method of identifying the age of discoveries, known as radiocarbon dating, is subject to second-guessing. Often different sources have different dates. Another difficulty is that there are simply not many sources of evidence about early human life. Archaeologists must form their picture of early life based on small sets of discovered materials separated by both time and distance. Because of these difficulties, (B)much of what is known about prehistoric man is based on the best guesses of scientists who may have devoted their life's work to the subject. 1. (A) (B) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note Her father's death forced her to leave school. I felt morally compelled to help him. He felt pleasantly drowsy and had fight off the urge to sleep.
Words & Phrases archaeologist evidence radiocarbon dating devote oneself to ~
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8. . There are 20 blackbirds sitting in a tree. You shoot one with a slingshot. How many are left? A typical Western World--almost reflexive--response will be 19, of course. But ask, say, a traditional African tribesman the same question and his response--likely to be equally reflexive--would more probably be None. And, of course, hed be right. The remaining 19 are no longer sitting in the tree; theyve flown off. To this traditional African, the need for interaction and the instant communication of danger among the birds would be obvious. Much of what we term the Western World applies a kind of knee-jerk rationalist perspective to all problems--even those which would be better addressed by a more intuitive or interpersonal approach. The truth about any situation may be more (A)_________ and have more components than our own sometimes (B)_________ cultural reflexes would suggest. 1. . (A) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (B)
simple - consistent complex - narrow ambiguous - simple clear - various plain - definite
2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. ? (1) Stereo-Typed View (2) Cultural Perspectives (3) Relative World View (4) Research on Human Behavior (5) Natural and Artificial
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Special Note This does not apply to the beginners. According to today's paper, the cabinet will resign in a body. His remarks were just to the point. Books are often compared to friends. It stands to reason that he should say so.
Words & Phrases tribesman interaction apply to ~ approach () reflexive knee-jerk intuitive
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9. . (A)The problem of understanding the clothing of early humans is made even more difficult by the fragile and destructible nature of fur. While bones and stones may survive for thousands of years, fur decomposes and disappears. The same is true with human hair and skin. But these difficulties do not mean we know nothing of early clothing and decoration. In some cases, human remains have been embedded in ice or discovered in extremely dry caves, and clothing has been preserved. Another form of evidence comes from early rock paintings and etchings that have depicted human clothes, hair, and body decoration. Though our knowledge of early clothing is minimal, (B)we can get some picture of how our earliest ancestors protected themselves from the cold and, perhaps, made themselves beautiful or scary to their peers. 1. (A) (B) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note Keep the children away from the fire. We sheltered from the heavy rain under the rock. The law prohibits minors from smoking. She should abstain from speaking ill of others.
Words & Phrases fragile embed , depict descendant
decompose decoration ancestor peer ,
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10. () Religion is based, I think, primarily and mainly upon fear. It is partly the terror of the unknown and partly, as I have said, the wish to feel that you have a kind of elder brother who will stand by you in all your troubles and disputes. Fear is the basis of the whole thing -- fear of the mysterious, fear of defeat, fear of death. Fear is the parent of cruelty, and therefore it is no wonder if cruelty and religion have gone hand in hand. It is because fear is at the basis of those two things. In this world we can now begin a little to understand things, and a little to master them by help of science, which has forced its way step by step against the Christian religion, against the churches, and against the opposition of all the old precepts. Science can help us to get over this craven fear in which mankind has lived for so many generations. Science can teach us, and I think our own hearts can teach us, no longer to look around for imaginary supports, no longer to invent allies in the sky, but rather to look to our own efforts here below to make this world a better place to live in, instead of the sort of place that the churches in all these centuries have made it. () Religions have helped greatly in the development of humanity. They have laid down values and standards and have pointed out principles for the guidance of human life. But with all the good they have done, they have also tried to imprison truth in set forms and dogmas, and encouraged ceremonials and practices which soon lose all their original meaning and become mere routine. While impressing upon man the awe and mystery of the unknown that surrounds him on all sides, (A)they have discouraged him from trying to understand not only the unknown but what might come in the way of social effort. Instead of encouraging curiosity and thought, they have preached a philosophy of submission to nature, to the established church, to the prevailing social order, and to everything that is.
1. (A) .
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2. () () ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. . .
Special Note There are many apples on that tree. Price depends on supply and demand. He put a little pressure on the decision. The enemy fell on us last night. They laid the financial burden on him. They imposed silence on me.
Words & Phrases dispute imprison submission v. submit defeat preach prevailing ;
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11. . We live in a world of deadlines. Do it soon. Do it now. Do it yesterday. Just do it. It's an unrelenting pace with unrelenting deadlines. Tomorrows become todays, which become yesterdays-all too soon. If you don't do it now, you'll never do it. Deadlines are everywhere. You can't live with them; (A) you can't live without them. But you can use them to become more creative. Despite our lack of love for deadlines, they also have positive features. The most important of these is that deadlines provide motivation. And motivation can increase our idea productivity. The use of deadlines is a simple, yet often overlooked, approach. The process involved is similar to goal setting: it gives us something to strive for and provides motivation. If we know when we have to complete a task, most of us will pace ourselves to do it. Deadlines force us to organize our thinking and move ahead. Many of us have deadlines imposed on us. All it takes is for a boss to say, "Do such and such by tomorrow," and we'll perform. There are times, however, when we need to be creative on demand. 1. (A) ? (1) They are essential to your life. (2) It is impossible to escape from them. (3) They are our daily life. (4) You are hooked to them. (5) They are everything to you. 2. deadlines ? (1) increase of productivity (2) motivation providing (3) goal setting (4) creativity on demand (5) time management Words & Phrases deadline similar to ~ on demand unrelenting , impose on ~
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12. . Perhaps the most well-known historic example of a sudden insight involves Archimedes, who jumped out of his bathtub and ran naked through the streets, shouting, "Eureka! Eureka!" This rather odd behavior followed his discovery of the principle of displacement. While taking a bath, he noticed how his body weight displaced an equal amount of water. (A)This led him to an insight, or new perspective on how to determine whether a crown was solid gold. A more contemporary example is Art Fry, inventor of Post-it Notes. He combined his need for a piece of paper that would stay put when he marked his church hymns with a scrap of paper that used a "failed" glue developed by Spencer Silver, one of his colleagues at 3M. Both Archimedes and Art Fry produced a more (B)________________ when they combined two previously unconnected problem elements. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) vivid motivation (2) thoughtful conclusion (3) sudden invention (4) creative perspective (5) world-wide reputation Special Note I want to know why he committed suicide. I want to know how he committed suicide. This book teaches you how to analyse what is causing the stress in your life. This book teaches you why you feel stressed in your life. Words & Phrases historic cf. historical the principle of displacement perspective combine colleague displace contemporary hymn insight
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13. . In the last ten or fifteen years, a few major changes have come over Halloween in America. One of them is that the holiday has become dangerous in many places. People who are unpopular with youths in their neighborhood may find their houses smeared with eggs or soup or even paint on the morning of November first, or their trees may be festooned with strips of toilet paper. Even worse than this, some children have been poisoned or seriously injured by harmful chemicals or sharp objects like razor blades concealed in the candy and fruit they collect. Although these incidents of vandalism and tragedy are relatively rare, they have caused parents all over the country to look through their children's trick-or-treat bags at the end of the evening on Halloween for safety's sake and (A)no one today thinks of this holiday as a time of pure innocence and playfulness. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) Halloween . (2) Halloween . (3) Halloween . (4) . (5) Halloween . Special Note Don't keep company with such a mean fellow. I agree with you on that point. I get along with her family. I don't agree with you on that point. (disagree with) The couple always quarrel with each other over money.
Words & Phrases smear conceal innocence
festoon , vandalism
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14. . Many difficulties in a friendship, including marriage, can be put to the back by the simple act of resignation. Some ideas of one may never suit those of the other, and compromise cannot always be reached. By accepting certain situations or attitudes as permanent, they will somehow become more acceptable. (A)Eventually the conflicting ideas will not be an issue, thanks to resignation, and this leaves more room for mutual contentment and fondness. There are definitely special situations that can never be reconciled. As in all hopeless situations, there is the future to look forward to. 1. (A) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note Such a meanness does not become a man of his means. Part-time work would suit me down to the ground The jacket fits you perfectly. Does this shirt match these trousers? He is not equal to the task. His remarks are (not) to the point. All my efforts were to no purpose.
Words & Phrases resignation ; compromise contentment reconcile look forward to ;
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15. . By definition, copying someone else's idea is not a creative act. There's nothing original about an idea that is exactly the same as another. Although some people argue that a product is creative if it is new to the creator, this logic loses its appeal in the workplace. If another organization is already marketing an idea, you lose "creativity points" if you attempt to market the same idea. The true innovator is the organization that designed, developed, and brought to market the idea. Copy an idea and you're following the leader. Moreover, research has shown that companies that market an idea first are more likely to achieve competitive advantage and an overall greater market share. (The same general principles of innovation apply also to nonprofit and government organizations.) (A)Does the fact that copying an idea has negative consequences mean that copying is a bad business practice? The answer is yes and no. It's bad if you copy directly without permission; it's good if you use another idea only for stimulation. Copying can help if you use only a basic concept or principle from someone else's idea. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Special Note Show me another(the other) please. He is a doctor, and his son is another. knowledge is one thing, virtue is another. Words & Phrases by definition ; achieve permission v. permit innovator consequence
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Chapter Nine
[Grammatical Reading Skill] . . 1. . . , () , . The fact that Neanderthals buried their dead and put objects in graves has conceived many anthropologists that they conceived of an afterlife. With a little forethought many accidents could be avoided.
2. . , , . English is easy to learn. He is to blame. This book is worth reading. She is too busy doing her work to answer the phone. 3. () . . They wanted his help. They came to his help.
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He is a man of great experience. The heavy rain prevented from going out. Are you against the plan or for it? The building is under construction. 4. , . , . He is the last man / to tell a lie. So it is best / to allow / the child / to cope with the problem alone. The old man was standing / with a pipe in his mouth. They supplied / the explore team / with food and money. The working group will be looking for / practical solutions to the problems / faced by the researchers / (who have been) seeking to find out the cause and effect / between the two cases.
[Sentence Pattern] The fact that Neanderthals buried their dead and put objects in graves has conceived many anthropologists that they conceived of an afterlife. The way in which people use social space reflects their social relationships and their ethnic identity. With a little forethought many accidents could be avoided. Without ever leaving the couch, we can answer the phone, change the channel and send e-mails from our (B)[hand-held/hand-holding] devices. Common to monkeys, apes, and humans is the fact that behavior and social organization aren't rigidly programmed by the genes.
English is easy to learn. He is hard to please. He is to blame. This book is worth reading. My watch needs mending.
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She is too busy doing her work to answer the phone. They wanted his help. They came to his help. The result fell short of our expectations. He came back a millionaire. He is a man of great experience. The heavy rain prevented from going out. They robbed him of his money. The jury convicted me of the crime. They threatened him into silence. Are you against the plan or for it? The building is under construction. The cat is at the fish again. He is the last man / to tell a lie. So it is best to allow / the child / to cope with the problem alone. The old man was standing / with a pipe in his mouth. They supplied / the explore team / with food and money. They were enjoying skiing / with the sun / shining brightly over.
The working group will be looking for / practical solutions to the problems / faced by the researchers / (who have been) seeking to find out the cause and effect / between the two cases. But / with all the good they have done, religions have also tried to imprison truth / in set forms and dogmas, and encouraged ceremonials and practices / which soon lose all their original meaning and become mere routine.
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1. . Today, if one believes the pollsters, only about one-fifth of Americans derive such moral lessons from extremes of nature. What the remaining population thinks on the matter is unclear. Many no doubt see natural disasters as simple (A)acts of nature, (B)a view that reflects the increasing secularization of twentieth-century American society. (C)To most people these events probably lack any clear moral imperative or lesson. Natural calamity has become, if you will, demoralized, except of course in the sharply confined circles of the superfaithful. *secularization 1. (C) . 2. act of nature ? (1)acts of God (2)acts of faith (3)natural attitude (4)acts in nature (5)artificial gestures 3. (B) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note What I saw chilled me to the bone. What had bonded them instantly and so completely was their similar character. Words & Phrases pollsters imperative (), disaster calamity
demoralize act of God ,
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2. . (A)One of the most fascinating anecdotal examples of goal setting concerns Yale University and it is described in many personal development books. Robin Sieger provides one of the clearest descriptions of what happened. He tells us that in the 1950s a questionnaire was sent to 1,500 Yale students. It asked them a wide range of questions. The last two questions were: Do you have an ambition for your life? and Have you written it down? Then, 25 years later a postgraduate student decided to revisit this survey. He found that 75 per cent of students had an ambition for life. However, only 3.3 per cent had written it down. He found that this small group of 51 students had been extremely successful in their lives. Far more successful than the other 97 per cent. The key explanation of this difference was that the 3.3 per cent (B) __________________. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) had made great fortunes (2) had written goals (3) had revisited the survey (4) had got highest class (5) had got ambitions 3. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Words & Phrases anecdote ambition concern ~
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3. . Did you know that in some cultures theres no word for hour or minute? Presumably, your company isnt one of them. In response to a survey question, Do you feel that you have enough time in your daily life? 90% of respondents admitted to a sense of time poverty. (A)You arent alone. (B)One way to encourage your company-- particularly if its small-to adopt a more balanced view of time might be to suggest a monthly (or even weekly) down time hour. one hour when employees turn off their computers and congregate in a room without phones for coffee and pastry and chitchat; no work-related subjects permitted! 1. (B) . 2. (A) . (1) They are fond of you. (2) You aren't an individualist. (3) They want you to join. (4) You are among them. (5) They need your help. 3. ? (1) Slow and steady wins the race. (2) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. (3) Time is money. (4) Haste makes waste. (5) A good rest is half the work. Words & Phrases presumably v. presume survey congregate (=come together) down time ; [] chitchat
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4. . (A)One other way that anthropology is unique among the sciences that study humans is by its emphasis on 'fieldwork' You cannot get to know another culture just by reading about it or watching movies about it. At best, you could learn what other people have already discovered, but you could not learn anything new. So anthropology requires actually going to that society and living within their culture as much as possible. This is called participant observation. This depends crucially on finding (preferably friendly) informants within the society, who will teach you their culture's rules of social behaviour, and include you in their activities. Then, as much as possible, you will try to eat their food, speak their language, and live their lives, often actually residing with a family in that society. It is not easy work, and it is not always fun, but there is no better way to learn. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) Home Staying . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note The only way they can bring about political change is by putting pressure on that country. Doctors have decided the only way that he can live anything near a normal life is to give him an operation.
Words & Phrases anthropology emphasis v. emphasize a. emphatic observation cf. observance include
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5. . When you go to another culture, or even just interact with another culture, you cannot assume that other people understand things the same way you do. In fact, you should assume that they don't! Anthropology counsels against hasty judgement of a new culture:(A)aspects that a Western visitor may find strange or distasteful can be understood when situated within that culture's history and cosmology (understanding of the world). There will be a rationality for the phenomenon; it may be 'rational', however, according to a cultural logic that conflicts with Western understandings. Malinowski's primacy of seeking to understand "the native point of view" remains fundamental to socio-cultural anthropology today. The point is that, if we want to understand other people properly, we must see what their behaviors or words or concepts mean to them, not what they would mean to us. Meaning is relative to the culture that creates that meaning. (B)This is not to say that all things are true or even that all things are good - cultural relativism does not necessarily entail moral relativism. * cosmology 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. (B) .
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Special Note We mustn't assume suspect's guilt. We can't assume the suspects to be guilty simply because they've decided to remain silent. He assumed a look of indifference but I knew how he felt.(pretend) The terrorists assumed control of the plane and forced it to land in the desert.
Words & Phrases assume , rationality be relative to ~ ex. Price is relative to demand. cultural relativism distasteful
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6. . In Borneo tribesmen have learned that monkeys will not let go of a nut once they have one in their hand. With this in mind, the tribesmen hollow out coconut shells and leave a small hole in them. They place a nut inside the shell. A length of string is tied to the coconut and the hunters then hide. The monkeys come along, see the nut, put their hand in the shell and grasp the nut. When the monkeys take hold of the nut their hand becomes a fist. The hole in the coconut is large enough for a flat hand to get into. (A) However, the hole is too small for a fist to be removed from it. The monkey will not let go of the nut, so their fist remains stuck in the coconut. Gradually, the hunters pull the coconut towards themselves. The monkey does not let go and it gets caught. It is (B)_________________________ that leads to the capture of the monkey. Likewise, in life there is a tendency to hold on to fixed ways of thinking and behaving. This may be acceptable when you want a predictable outcome in a predictable environment. However, this option does not apply when the person themselves wishes to change or the environment changes. In these circumstances there is a need for the ability to create new ways of being. By definition, this will require us to break out of some familiar thinking patterns. (C)These patterns may have been established and applied when it was sensible to do so. As times change the patterns may need to change too.
1. (A) (C) .. 2. (B) ? (1) the ignorance of hunting skills (2) the greed to get more than others (3) the unwillingness to change behaviour (4) the reluctance to escape the environment (5) the wish for creating a new life
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2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note The boy is too young to go to school. = The boy is so young that he can't go to school. The boy is not too young to go to school. = The boy is not so young that he can't go to school. The boy is too bright not to know it. = The boy is so bright that he knows(can know) it I'm not surprised the offer wasn't genuine, it sounded too good to be true. It's not too late to fix the problem, although time is clearly getting short. Charles, you are too bright not to agree completely with all these points.
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7. . For most people, obsession has a meaning thats easy to identify and agree upon: its an excessive preoccupation with anything. Psychologists define it more precisely. To them, (A)obsessions are persistent and often irrational thoughts that creep into consciousness and are hard to chase out of the mind. Some mild but typical examples: a tune that keeps running through your head, the fear that you forgot to lock your front door, the worry that you left a confidential document on your desk at the office. When an obsession triggers actions, often strange and of little or no value, this is called a compulsion. A classic example from Shakespeare: Lady Macbeth compulsively washes her hands to rid herself symbolically of guilt. To psychologists, Shakespeares example is telling, for they theorize that obsessive-compulsive behavior is an indirect way of resolving an anxiety or a repressed wish. 1. (A) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . Special Note He is a man of great means. The matter is of great importance(account). This table smells of paint. They robbed him of his money. The medicine will cure him of his disease.
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Words & Phrases obsession precise confidential repress preoccupation chase . compulsion
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Part three : Advanced Reading & Drill with Background Knowledge Warming up for Advanced Reading (Wave 1) This was the domain of the farmer and was dominated by agricultural activities. This wave lasted almost six thousand years. The work activities and social bonds hardly changed at all. Many generations came and went. Each would easily recognize the lifestyles of those who came many years before or later. Here humans had all the time in the world to change. (Wave 2) The industrial revolutions and the industrial era saw the pace pick up considerably. There were new ways of working, living and socializing. Whole new industries and business sectors emerged. These industries did not stay still. Suddenly people were expected to make changes far more quickly. (Wave 3) The industrial age has been superseded by the information wave. This has been ushered in by the revolution in computer hardware and software. Once again, new industries have emerged. There is a greater emphasis on weightless products and intelligence workers. This wave has only been in existence for 25 years or so. We have seen old, established skills like printing give way to emerging information technology skills. The rate of change in the information age is staggering. Todays laptop on a school pupils desk carries more power than a laboratory full of machines from the early 1970s. For people living through Wave 3 and beyond there will be many changes, challenges and ructions within their individual lifetimes. * ruction ,
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(Wave 4 and beyond?) Dudley Lynch suggests that Wave 3 is already starting to make way for Wave 4. In this latest wave there is artificial intelligence, biotechnology, robotics and nanotechnology. If we do not change ourselves during these waves of change we are likely to suffer and be unfulfilled. There is an alternative. That is to adapt and to create our own ways of living! The emotionally intelligent individual will be well placed to manage these changes. One quality that will allow you to thrive is the ability to be creative and innovative. Words & Phrases dominate supersede [] alternative emerge usher in , thrive ,
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1. . () Unhealthy obsessions with body image and gender stereotypes in advertising of what men and women should look like, as well as images of racial discrimination and consumerism, all have a negative influence on teens. It is unfortunate that advertisers often resort to lifestyle advertising to sell their product, but what's more unfortunate is that today's youth are buying into it, and that it is having such an affect on them. (A)Something as simple as who your spokesperson is can seriously affect young men and women. That is why it is important for companies to rethink the little things and try to portray a more realistic and healthy image for all the youth of today. () Just recently the media has begun to pay attention to the average man or women, and has developed ads that they can relate to. Companies such as Dove have begun using self esteem boosting ads such as the 'campaign for real beauty' commercial in which "regular" or "normal" people stared in. There have also been an increase of advertisements telling teens to be media aware, and not to believe everything they are told. Stop smoking, drug prevention, and racial equality commercials have also begun appearing in television and other forms of advertising. Since these types of commercials have started airing, a more positive message has been sent to young women and girls, telling them that everyone comes in different shapes and sizes, and that (B) they don't need to be ashamed of who they are and what they look like. More information has also been given out to teens about the dangers of smoking and using drugs and buying into everything that they see in the media. * star in : Who stared in the film Friday? 1. (A) .
2. () ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
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3. () (B) .
4. () .
Words & Phrases obsession discrimination spokesperson prevention commercials negative stereotype consumerism portray cf. portrait racial positive be ashamed of ~
gender () cf. sex ()
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2. . () I'm sick and tired of people saying that what we watch can make us violent or misbehave. (A)What we watch is not who we are! When I get angry I watch martial arts on TV. It helps me calm down. If I don't have this TV show to help calm me down, I would probably end up walking around feeling really angry. I feel adults underestimate children's intelligence. If children become violent, I'm sure it has nothing to do with what's on TV. I think bad parents use this explanation as an excuse to ignore the real issues about their children and ignore their responsibilities. () Some kids who have problems at school or home may feel stressed out or frustrated because they can't find solutions to their problems. They don't think they can talk to their parents or teachers. They may feel they have no friends to talk with. Their frustration can turn to anger, and they want to get rid of it. So they may take it out on other people around them at school. However, this is not the only reason why school violence happens. Some kids watch violent TV shows or play violent video games. They may think that violence is the best way, or the only way, to solve problems. They tend to solve almost every problem with violence.
1. (A) .
2. () () . () . .
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Words & Phrases violent martial arts underestimate solution misbehave calm down [] frustrate violence
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3. . The bandwagon fallacy oversimplifies an issue by trying to convince you that everyone feels the same way about it. (A)Saying that everybody does something, believes something, or agrees with you doesn't make it right. You may have resorted to this fallacy when you were young. Perhaps you wanted to stay out until midnight, so you might have said, "All my friends' parents let them stay out until midnight, so why can't I?" If your parents were like most, they may have made this classic response: (B)"If all your friends jumped off a bridge, would you jump, too?" Parents who respond this way are pointing out their children's use of the bandwagon fallacy. 1. (A) . 2. (B) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. bandwagon effect . trend fashion snobbery effect . . Words & Phrases bandwagon effect convince fallacy
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4. . Most scientists agree that we should use technology more carefully and humanely. The use of huge tractors to plow fields in a poor rural village in India is often cited as an example of destructive technology. In such villages the most plentiful source is people--willing to work on farms. (A)The tractor deprives these people of their only means of survival and forces them to move to already overpopulated cities, looking for nonexistent jobs. Instead of a large tractor, a better technology would be a well designed plow, made and repaired by local blacksmiths and pulled by locally available animals. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 3. (New-Liberalism) . .
Words & Phrases humane destructive survival nonexistent plow ( ) available rural (urban ) deprive overpopulated instead of ; ~ blacksmith
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5. . (A) I urge that minimum grade standards be required in order for a student to play sports. Let some 11-year-old kids display some sort of athletic talent, and they begin to get carried away. By the time they have completed middle school, they are convinced they can beat the 12,000-to-1 odds. They dream of becoming rich in professional sports. By their junior year of high school, many are (B)only athletes. They are not student athletes. They lose the opportunity for a meaningful education because of the pressure to produce when competing in sports. In too many schools, athletes have become performers for their coach and fans. Getting a quality education is neglected. It is a real danger to their future. Only one in twelve thousand has the chance (C)of a future in professional sports. 1. (A) . 2. (B), (C) .
3. .
Words & Phrases minimum (maximum ) athlete display performer ;
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6. . () Although there are several theories as to why dinosaurs disappeared, only one seems truly sound. According to this theory, dinosaurs became extinct because a comet or asteroid crashed into the earth, producing huge quantities of dust. The dust blocked out sunlight, and plants dependent on photosynthesis for survival died out. Thus, dinosaurs, who lived mainly on vegetation, were left without much food. The absence of sunlight also caused temperatures to drop sharply, subjecting dinosaur to twin forces of destruction - (A)_________________ . *photosynthesis () We are actually very close to a solution to the petroleum problem. Tomorrow, President Bush could make the following speech: "We are all concerned that the industrialized world, and increasingly the developing world, draw too much of their energy from one product, petroleum, which comes disproportionately from one volatile region, the Middle East. This dependence has significant political and environmental dangers for all of us. But there is now a solution, one that the United States will pursue actively. "(B)It is now possible to build cars that are powered by a combination of electricity and alcohol-based fuels, with petroleum as only one element among many. My administration is going to put in place a series of policies that will ensure that in four years, the average new American car will get 300 miles per gallon of petroleum. And I fully expect in this period to see cars in the United States that get 500 miles per gallon. This revolution in energy use will reduce dramatically our dependence on foreign oil and achieve pathbreaking reductions in carbon-dioxide emissions, far below the targets mentioned in the Kyoto accords." *pathbreaking 1. (A) ? (1) earthquake and famine (2) wind and flood (3) freezing and starvation (4) cold and pollution (5) earthquake and tsunami
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2. (B) . 3. () () ? (1) natural disaster (2) world peace (3) development of new energy (4) environmental pollution (5) exhaustion of fossil fuels 4, () ? (1) political stability of the Middle East (2) development of hybrid energy (3) reduction of petroleum (4) environmental pollution (5) independence of energy Words & Phrases comet volatile ; pathbreaking , carbon dioxide * (Kyoto Protocol) , 1997 12 2005 2 16 . , . . 28% 2001 3 . , , . asteroid disproportionately ;
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7. . "But is this simply part of the order of nature? Is it because this land of ours is so poor that it cannot afford a decent life to those who dwell upon it? No, comrades, a thousand times no! The soil of England is fertile, its climate is good, (A)it is capable of affording food in abundance to an enormously greater number of animals than now inhabit it. This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of sheep-and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word-Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. (B)Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever." 1. (A) (B) .
2. ? (1) agitating (2) soothing (3) sophistic (4) offensive (5) oppressive * (Geroge Orwell) (Animal Farm) () . Words & Phrases can afford ~ in abundance miserable abolish (=do away with, get rid of) comrade enormous
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8. . The notion that the rich must be happy is complemented by the delusion that the poor must be miserable. (A)Our society is so constituted that most people remain all their lives in the condition in which they were born, and have to depend on their imagination for their notions of what it is like to be in the opposite condition. The upstarts and the downstarts, though we hear a great deal about them either as popular celebrities or criminals, are exceptional. The rich, it is said, do not know how the poor live; The rich are a minority; and they are
but nobody insists on the more mischievous fact that the poor do not know how the rich live. not consumed with envy of the poor. (B)But the poor are a huge majority and they are so demoralized by the notion that they would be happy if only they were rich, that they make themselves poorer, if hopefuller, by backing horses and buying sweepstake tickets on the chance of realizing their daydreams of unearned fortunes. Our penny newspapers now depend for their circulation, and consequently for their existence, on the sale of what are virtually lottery coupons. The real opposition to Socialism comes from the fear (well founded) that it would cut off the possibilities of becoming rich beyond those dreams of avarice which our capitalist system encourages.
1. (A) (B) .
2. .
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Words & Phrases complement elusion downstarts michief a. mischievous back horses sweepstake () circulation () unearned fortune avarice a. avaricious delusion ; cf. allusion upstarts
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9. . Even if people have committed no crime, the information contained in computer files many embarrass or inconvenience them. Personal medical records are a good example. The existence of a national medical database could one day save someone's life; but it could also contain information about an abortion, psychiatric treatment, substance abuse, or drug treatments. (A)Given access to such information, a prospective employer might decline to hire someone. Similarly, a financial institution might not approve a loan application, or an insurance company might refuse to issue a policy. Just as in a manual system, computerized data may not be correct, complete, or current. Once inaccurate information is shared, it is very difficult to track down and correct all records containing the error. Thus, computers greatly increase the potential for misuse of information. 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. .
Words & Phrases commit a crime psychiatric treatment misuse cf. abuse embarrass track down
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10. . There are a number of reasons for the shift from ownership to leasing. (A)With sticker prices of new automobiles rising, many prospective customers simply cannot afford the expensive down payments and financing charges. A decade ago, customers spent twenty-two weeks' worth of their wages on the purchase of a new car. By the mid-1990s, twenty-six weeks' worth of wages were required to buy a comparable new vehicle. Leasing generally requires only one month's security deposit. Because interest on car loans is no longer deductible, leasing has become even more attractive as a financing mechanism. Leasing also allows customers to "notch up" and drive a more expensive car that would be out of reach if they had to finance its purchase. Still more important, when customers lease, they pay only for the portion of a car's value they actually use. *down payments () 1. (A) . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 3. Entropy Jeremy Rifkin Age of Access( ) . (access) . .
Words & Phrases ownership lease down payment purchase comparable v. compare a. comparative [] vehicle deduct , notch up[down] []
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11. . And from a maternal way of thinking, our current numbers are indeed a stunning achievement. Over the millenniums, millions of women gave their lives to "overpopulate" the earth. They died in childbirth, as did three of my own great-grandmothers, each by the age of 31. Or they squandered their health on pregnancy after pregnancy, with as many as half ending in miscarriage or dead babies. Even within this century, medical wisdom held that "maternity is another word for eternity" and that women really were the weaker, sicker sex. One obvious bright side of overpopulation, then, is that no one--not even a Pontiff--can tell women that they must hew to their traditional role or risk letting the human race die out. This was the bottom-line argument against women's liberation in the 19th century. But in Cairo the priests and mullahs could hardly invoke biological necessity to silence the forces of feminism. It's not just that (A) women's empowerment is "the new population control weapon," as The New York Times proclaims. Empowerment is also women's overdue reward for filling the planet with humans. *mullah
1. (A) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 2. ? (1) Effects of Overpopulation (2) Women's Right for Childbirth (3) Bright Side of Overpopulation (4) Forces of Feminism (5) History of Marriage
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3. . . .
Words & Phrases squandered one's health pregnancy bottom-line ; miscarriage () invoke
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12. . () The rules of modesty are somewhat different for women than for men. Both are required to wear loose clothing that does not cling and reveal the shape of the body. However, while it is believed that Muhammad ordered women to cover all of their bodies except the face and hands, men were only commanded to cover the area between their navel and their knees. However, in most modern Islamic societies men are expected to cover their legs and arms, just as women are. (A)Men were also forbidden to wear silk and gold, while women were allowed to wear them. Since part of modesty is not showing off one's wealth, Islamic dress is not ornate or expensively decorated, but clothing is usually simple and little jewelry or makeup is worn. Modesty also means not displaying ride or vanity about one's lack of wealth, so ragged clothes are also frowned upon by the rules of Islamic dress. () Both men and women covered their upper bodies in ancient India with a garment called an uttariya. An uttariya was an unsewn cloth or scarf. Made commonly of cotton, the uttariya could also be made of animal skin, linen, or-for the wealthiest people-silk. Some writings from early India, written in the ancient Sanskrit language, refer to garments being made of the bark of the tree of paradise or the filaments of lotus flowers. The uttariya always accompanied other garments. Men wore them with a type of wrapped garment called a dhoti, and women wore them with a sari or an antariya, a wrap around the lower body.
1. () (A) . 2. () ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
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3. () () ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Words & Phrases modesty ornate ride frown lotus navel display , vanity garment ,
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13. . ()Sitcoms--or situation comedy--have been around since the beginning days of television. Frequently involving families, (A)these early programs conveyed an image of American domestic life that became the yardstick against which many 1950s families measured themselves. Premiering 1951, "I Love Lucy" was not only one of the earliest family sitcoms, it also in many ways changed the face of television. This show was the first to filmed and recorded before a live studio audience, thus providing a laugh track. It was also the first program to use three separate cameras, thereby allowing a much great diversity of shots. And finally, it introduced a dizzy but clever female lead character whose personality would be copied in many other sitcoms. ()"I Love Lucy" notwithstanding, other sitcoms presented more "typical" families. These generally included a wise father, always dressed in suit and tie, whose job was either unknown or nonexistent; a warm, supportive mother who always deferred to the father; and two or three children whose minor scrapes were always resolved by program's end. "The Donna Reed Show," "Father Knows Best," and "Love It to Beaver" were popular shows in this mold. The antecedent of the family sitcom as we know it today was in many ways "All in the Family." This program replaced the lovable but idealized sitcom dad with a bigoted, ill-tempered loudmouth who seemed like someone we actually knew. "All in the Family" ushered in the era of more preposterous but ultimately more realistic sitcoms that still are popular today.
1. (A) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) .
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2. () ? (1) (3) (3) (4) (5) 3. () , .
Words & Phrases premiere , defer to ~ antecedent , preposterous ; dizzy scrape bigoted usher in ;
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14. . Science and technology are getting a bad press these days. Increasingly scornful of the materialism of our culture, young people speak about returning to a simpler, preindustrial, pre-scientific day. They fail to realize that the "good old days" were really the horribly bad old days of ignorance, disease, slavery and death. They fancy themselves in Athens, talking to Socrates, listening to the latest play by Sophocles never as a slave brutalized in the Athenian silver mines. They imagine themselves as medieval knights on armoured chargers never as starving peasants. Yet, right down to modern times, the wealth and prosperity of a relative few have been built on the animal-like and wretched existence of many peasants, serfs and slaves. What's more, nothing could be done about it. Slavery and peonage were taken for granted. (A)Not until science became prominent did slavery come to be recognized as a dreadful wrong, to be abolished. It was the scientist, supposedly cold and concerned with things rather than ideals, who brought this about. His investigations made possible the harnessing of the energy of the inanimate world. With steam, electricity and radio beams to do our work for us, there was less need for the comparatively weak and fumbling human muscle and slavery began to vanish. It is also a fact that, before modern technology, the full flower of art and human intellect was reserved for the few. It was the technical advances of printing that scattered books widely, made universal literacy practical. It was the movies, radios, the record player and television that brought many of the marvels of mankind(along with much of the refuse) to even the poorest. (B)Yet, science has helped create problems, too serious ones. And we must labor to solve them in the only way history tells us problems have been solved; by science. (C)If we were to turn away now, if a noble young generation abandoned the materialism of an industry, what would happen? Without the machinery of that industry, we would inevitably drift back to slavery.
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1. (A) . 2. ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. (B) . . . 4. (C) .
Words & Phrases getting a bad press brutalize peasant , peonage () take ~ for granted ~ harness abandon wretched serf
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15. . Henry David Thoreau was a writer and naturalist who lived in the nineteenth century. (A)He believed in living close to nature and in the freedom of the individual. Although he was impressed with the power of and the beauty of the new steam trains, he worried about the possible effects of rapid transportation on people's lives. He was also afraid that modern machines would become the masters rather than the servants of people. In addition he opposed a strong government because it might interfere with people's freedom. Thoreau tried to live in accordance with his ideas. As a protest against slavery, he actually went to prison rather than pay taxes to government that allowed it. In his book Civil Disobedience he wrote about the principle of peacefully resisting what a person judges to be immoral acts of government. His most famous book, Walden, explains many of his ideas. It also tells about his daily life in a simple cabin that he himself had built near a pond in the woods. He had left the convenience and pleasures of his city home to live alone in natural surroundings. There he lived frugally, providing most of his needs from what he found around him. 1. (A) .
2. Thoreau .
3. Thoreau . .
Words & Phrases interfere with frugal disobedience v. disobey
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16. . A child grows up knowing her mother is her sister, her grandmother is her mother. Her father is her brother-in-law. Every time her mother looks at her she is seeing herself growing up. Unbearable emotional pressures apply on a teenager trying to establish his or her identity. What happens to a marriage when the father sees his wife's clone grow up into the exact replica (by appearance) of the beautiful 18 year old he fell in love with 35 years ago? 1. ? (1) logical (2) sarcastical (3) scientific (4) analytic (5) romantic 2. , .
Words & Phrases unbearable establish clone () emotional identity replica ()
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17. . Dr. Fukuyama who was known for his book, "The end of History and the Last man," urged that (A)history cannot end without an end to science, or at least to science that alters human nature. In a new book, "Our Post-human Future," he explored how biotechnology may change the human essence. He emphasized the importance of biotechnology in human history. But, as he thought scientists are only interested in conquering nature, he was afraid that scientists and bioethicists cannot warn people of negative side of biotechnology. In fact, genetic engineering can make permanent changes to the genes and pose the most direct threat to human nature. For instance, we may produce many Caesars or Napoleons, but we don't know what would be the result of producing such ones. It's because the result of destruction done by them would be horrible--it may leads to a complete disappearance of human being. (B)Among many dangers imaginable, the most serious threat to the stability of human societies is genetic engineering that can alter, by design or inadvertence, the human nature. (C)Messing with the human genome in order to enhance intelligence or physique or other desirable qualities, biotechnology may cause us "to lose our humanity, that is, some essential quality that has always underpinned our sense of who we are and where we are going," though human nature is fundamental to our notions of justice, morality and the good life. Of course we admit that science and technology gave history its forward direction for the last 500 years. But still we are not certain that biotechnology will be handled with the same wisdom as previous regard as immoral in itself. *inadvertence , 1. (B) . 2. (A) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . innovations. Therefore, I think something should be banned outright, like cloning people which we
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3. Dr. Fukuyama ? (C) . 4. .
Words & Phrases conquer by design cf. on purpose enhance , bioethicist inadvertence , underpin
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18. . Freedom of speech is best conceived, therefore, by having in mind the picture of place like the American Congress, an assembly where opposing views are represented, where ideas are not merely uttered but debated, or the British Parliament, where men are free to speak and also compelled to answer. (A)We may picture the true condition of freedom as existing in a place like a court of law, where witnesses testify and are cross-examined, where the lawyer argues against the opposing lawyer before the same judge and in the presence of one jury. We may picture freedom as existing in a forum where the speaker must respond to questions, in a gathering of scientists where the data, hypothesis, and the conclusion are submitted to men competent to judge them; in a reputable newspaper which not only will publish the opinion of those who disagree but will reexamine its own opinion in the light of what they say. (B)Thus the essence of freedom of opinion is not in mere toleration as such, but in the debate which toleration provides: it is not in the venting of opinion, but in the confrontation of opinion. That this is the practical substance can readily understood when we remember how different we feel and act about the censorship and regulation of opinion purveyed by different media of communication. We find then that, (C)in so far as the medium makes difficult the confrontation of opinion in debate, censorship and regulation. 1. (B) . we are driven towards
2. (C) ? (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) . (5) . 3. (A) , .
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Words & Phrases assembly reputable n. reputation purvey ,
hypothesis toleration , censorship
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19. . As Gandhi said, (A)the poor of the world cannot be helped by mass production, only by production by the masses. The system of mass production, based on sophisticated, highly capital-intensive, high energy-input dependent, and human labor-saving technology, presupposes that you are already rich, for a great deal of capital investment is needed to establish one single workplace. The system of production by the masses mobilizes (B)the priceless resources which are possessed by all human beings, their clever brains and skillful hands, and supports them with first-class tools. The technology of mass production is inherently violent, ecologically damaging, and stultifying for the human person. The technology of production by the masses, making use of the best modern knowledge and experience, is conducive to decentralization, compatible with the laws of ecology, gentle in its use of scarce resources, and designed to serve the human person instead of making him the servant of machines. I have named it intermediate technology to signify that it is vastly superior to the primitive technology of bygones ages but at the same time much simpler, cheaper, and freer than the super-technology of the rich. One can also call it self-help technology, or democratic or people's technology--a technology to which everybody can gain admittance and which is not reserved to those already rich and powerful.
1. (A) ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 2. (B) ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
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3. , .
Words & Phrases presuppose stultifying , decentralization inherently conducive to ~
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20. . (A)Frozen fertilized eggs provide as telling an example as one could find of how our ingenious technology, far from solving problems, keep creating them--problems we humans cannot even begin to unsnarl. Mary Sue and Junior Lewis Davis, in the course of their nine-year marriage, found themselves unable to have the babies that they had hoped for. Desperate, they resorted to the complicated, painful, costly procedures involved in in vitro fertilization. Nine embryos and two failed implantations later, the marriage fell apart. The seven remaining eggs continued in frozen limbo while lawyers and judges grappled with questions which have no clear or easy answers. One, of course, is when life begins. (B)But one can no more determine the precise instant life begins than the precise instant an infant becomes a toddler, a toddler a child, a child an adolescent, an adolescent an adult, and so on. There is no precise instant of transition from one stage of life to the next. Life is a continum--an ever-changing, ever-developing process of growth and development until eventual old age and death. (C)One might as well try to determine the precise instant a surge of sea water becomes a wave. However, on September 21, 1989, Tennessee Circuit Judge W. Dale Young ruled that life begins at conception and therefore the seven remaining eggs deserve consideration as potential children. He then awarded temporary custody of the eggs to Mary Sue Davis, ruling that she would be better service the interests of those children. This case is believed to be the first of its type in the United States. *unsnarl ( ) 1. (A) (B), (C) . 2. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4) Mary vs. Davis . (5) Mary David .
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3. () . . . , , . , . .
Words & Phrases frozen fertilized eggs resort to ~ embryo , ingenious ; in vitro fertilization implantation
limbo surge custody , conception ,
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CHAPTER ONE Essence to Advanced Reading

ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -

Masterpiece Grammar for Reading Edge

ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -

Masterpiece Grammar for Reading Edge

ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -

Masterpiece Grammar for Reading Edge

CHAPTER TWO Grammar & Sentence Pattern

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Words & Phrases physician compromise due to - antibiotics

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CHAPTER THREE Reading & Guess

(A) try try try tried tried

(B) opened opened to open to open opened

(C) sliding slide sliding slide sliding

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1. (A) (B) . 2. , ? (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Words & Phrases escalate bizarre alternating bulb ()

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3. . The French government has been so concerned over the possibility

1. . (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

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CHAPTER FOUR imaging sentence

Words & Phrases monopolize gratitude appreciate monopoly Providence , admire

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ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -

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Words & Phrases synonym antonym repeat (n) repetition

Words & Phrases earn a living income stability independence outcome

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Words & Phrases consciousness continuously increase continually expand cultivate

ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -

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ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -

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ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -

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ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -

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Words & Phrases encourage authoritarian cultivate assume ( )

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reputation exaggeration mussels lobsters digestive juices

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ENGLISH MECCA - UNTOUCHABLE -

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1. Quechua . 2. ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 3. .