- ______________________________________________

1.
1.1 .................................................................................................2
1.2 : .........................................................3
1.3 ...........................................................................7
1.4 ..........................................................................12
1.5 . .........................................................16
1.6 ..................................................................................20
1.7 ..........................................................................................24
2.
2.1 ..........................................................................................25
2.2 ..................................................27
2.3 .....................................................................27

- ______________________________________________

, ,
: a 1 ; a 2 ; a 3 ; ... ; a n1 ; a n ; a n1 ; ...

. N ,
R , NR
. ,
.
, ..

( )
.
{an} .
, :
, , .,
, ,
.
, : a 1 ; a 2 ; a 3 ; ... ; a n1 ; a n ; a n1 ; ... .

()
, ..
n N a na n 1 =a n1a n =d
.

- ______________________________________________

1.

(, , ) , .
, ,
, .
f : N > R .
,
1
1 1
1,
2 , 3 , 4 , ....
n
.
- N,
.
F (1), f (2), f (3), f (n),

1, 2, 3, ... , , ....
(1)
( ) , n N, ( ).
1, 2, 3, ... , , .... (1) 1 , 2 n
e n- .
, n

, .
1. , :
a) = n

1, 2, 3, 4,
3

- ______________________________________________
) = n

1, 4, 9, 16,

) = n2 -n

1 1 1 1
, , ,
2 4 8 16

) = n + 1
n

3 4 5
2, , , ,
2 3 4

) = 1+ (-1)

0, 2, 0, 2, ...

.
. . , .
:
.
1; 1,4 ; 1,41; 1,414; 1,4142;
2 .
:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,
.
.
2.

a) 3, 5, 7, 9,
1
2 3 4
) , , ,
2 3 4 5
) 2, 5, 10, 17,
.

- ______________________________________________
. ,
.
:
) = ___n __ ;
) = n2 + 1 ;
n+1
) ,
a) = 2n + 1

n.
N R, .
, , :
{(n, a_) n N }.
1
3. . 1 =
n

. 2

,
1
. . 2 = n N.
n
( ) , < + 1 n N, .
1 < 2 < 3 < < + 1 < ,
, < + 1 n N .
1 < 2 < 3 < < + 1 <
1 , ,
.
( ) > O n
N

< M. 1,
5

- ______________________________________________
2.
(0,1).
, , .
. ,
.
: N

> R, N k = {1,2,3, ...,k }

k- .
4. :
a) .
)
)
) {10,12, ..., 98 }
) = n2 1 n {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }: 0, 3, 8, 15, 24.
,
.
.

1. = (-1) n, n { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, },
.
2. :
(-1) n
a) = (-1) n - 1 ;
) = n n 2
) = ;
n+2
3. ,
:
4.
1 1 1
a) 1, , , , ;
3 5 7

3
5 7
9
) , - , , - ...
2
4 8 16,

5. :

- ______________________________________________
1 2 3 4
1
3 5
7
, , , ;
) , - , , - , ...
2 3 4 5
3
5 7
9
6. :
a)

3 4 5
5
7 9
11
a) 2 , , , , ;
) , - , , - ...
2 3 4
2
3 4
5,
:
1
a) ) = ___n __ ;
) an = 1+
) an = (-1) n n
n+1
n
7. :
a) 1 = 3 ,

n +1 = n +4 ; ) 1 = 24 ,

n +1 = n - 3.

2.
:
3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, ...,
24, 21, 18, 15, 12, 9, ...
7. .
, ,
. 4, -3.
.
1, 2, ., n, n+1, d
n N
n+1 - n = d
d () .
:
7 = 8 + d, 14 = 13 + d , 78 = 75 + d .
k- (k= 3)
1, 2, 3 ., -1 ,
(1) n= 1, 2, ..., k,
.
1 d :
1, 1 + d, 1 +2d , 1 +3d .
7

- ______________________________________________

:
1. 1, 2, 3, 4,

( 1 = 1, d=1) ;

2. 9, 5 , 1, -3,

( 1 = 9, d=-4) ;

3. 7, 7, 7, 7,

( 1 = 4, d=0) ;

d> 0, d <0,
d= 0. , n+1 - n = d, d>0 n+1 - n
> 0 . n < n+1 .
.
a b
+b
, . , 1, 2 +
2
....
1 + 2 + + 3
=
n
, ,
. :
k-1 + k+1 + + 3
k =
2

k-1,

k, ,

k+1

k= 2, 3, 4

(1) :
k,- k,-1 = k+1 - k,= d
:
2 k = k,-1 + k,+1
k,-1 + k,+1
2 k =
2
: (2), (2),
.

8

- ______________________________________________
.

1 d.

:
2= 1+ d
3 = 2 + d = ( 1 + d ) + d = 1 + 2d
4 = 3 + d = ( 1 + 2d ) + d = 1 + 3d
n N
= 1 + (n - 1 ) d

(3)

(3) .
:
2= 1+ d
3= 2+ d
4= 3+ d
..
n-1 = n-2 + d
n = n-1 + d
:
( 2 + 3 + + n-1 ) + n = 1 + ( 2 + 3 + + n-1 ) + (n-1) d
n = 1 + (n-1) d
(3) ,
1 d.
1.
3, -4, -11, -18, ...
1= 3

d= -7 , :
25 = 1 + 24d = 3+24 (-7) = - 165 ;
101 = 1 + 100d = 3+100 (-7) = - 697 , .

- ______________________________________________
2. 4,10, 16, 22, ... 124 ?
. :

1= 4

d= 6

n = 124

n = 1 + (n-1) d
.
124= 4 + (n-1) 6
n = 21. , 21-
3. 1988 14 000 .
500 2
000 ?
. 1 = 14 000 ,

d= 500,

n= 13, (3) :

13= 1 + 12 d = 14000 + 12 500 = 20 000

, 2 000- 20 000 .
4 . 1987
120, 1992 140. 2 000- ,
.
. 1 = 120

8 = 140

14 = ?

d:
6- 1
140-120
d= = = 4
6.1
5
2 000- :
14 = 1 + 13d = 120+ 13 4 = 172

1. :
1
a) 2 ,
) 2 b,

11

2,

2,

2 , ;

3 +2b,

2
4 +5b,

) 5 ,

7,

9,

11 , ;

5 +8b,

2. , :
10

- ______________________________________________
a) 1 = -2, d=3;

) 1 = 5, 2 =12

) 3 = 9, d= -4.

3. 15 9 = 19, d= 2.
4. 50,
65?
5. 40 000
2 000 . ?
6. 330 ,
180 , 195, 210 .
?
7.
:
380 , 500 .
?
8. , 18, .
23
, 30 ?
: O : -d, , +d
9. 27 ,
16
.
10. .
, 24 cm, 352
cm2 .
11. 1 , 2 , 3 , , :
a) 1 + c ,

2 + c

, 3 + c

) k 1 ,

k 2 ,

k 3 ,

. !
12. 1+2+3 + ....+99+100.
3.
11

- ______________________________________________

:
2, 4 , 8, 16,
1

1, 3 , 9, 27
5, -10, 20, -40
-3, -6, -12, -24,
, ,
. 2, 1
3 -2, 2. .
1 , 2 , ... , , +1 , ... , q (q0)
n N
+1 : , = q .
q .
, :
9 = 8 q ,

25 = 24q , 44 = 43 q , .

k- ( k= 3 )
1 , 2 , 3 ... , k ,
(1) n= 1,2, ..., k, .
1 q :
1 , 1q , 1q2 ,
E :
10 3, 6, 12, 24,

(1 = 3 , q= 2 )

1
2 -4, -2, -1, - ,
2
2
30 18, 6, 2, - ,
3

1
(1 = -4 , q= )
2
1
(1 = 18 , q= )
3

40 -1, -4, -16, -64,

(1 = -1 , q= 4 )
12

- ______________________________________________
50 2, -6, 18, -54,

(1 = 2 , q= -3 )

, 1 q.
q1 > 0, ( 50 ), 0<q<1,
1 < 0 , 1 > 0 ( 20 30 ) , q>1, 1 > 0 , 1 < 0
( 10 40 )

b b .
, , 1 , 1 , ... 1 1...
: ,
, , . :
1 = k - 1 1 k + 1 , k = 2,3,4,
, k - 1 , k , k + 1 ,
(1) :
k
k+1
= = q
k-1
k
:
k2 = k - 1 k + 1
..
k = k - 1 k + 1
: (2),
.
.
1. x, y, z , (x+y+z) (x-y+3) = x2
+ y2 + z2 . !
x, y, z , xz= y2 ,
:
(x+y+z) (x-y+3) = x2 xy+xz+xy-y2 + yz+xz-yz+z2 =
= x2 y2 + z2 + 2xz = x2 y 2 + z2 + 2y2 =
13

- ______________________________________________
= x2 + y2 + z2
.
:
2 = 1 q
3 = 2 q = 1 q2
4 = 3 q = 1 q3
. n N
= 1 q 1

(3)

2.
3
12, 6, 3 , , ...
2
1
1 = 12 , q = . , :
2
1
12
3
4
4
5 = 1 q = 12 ( ) , = = ,
2
24
4
1
12
3
11 = 1 q10 = 12 ( )10 , = = , .
2
210 356
3. , 1= 6, 8 = 768
. 8 = q17 , :
768 = 6q7 ,

q7 = 128 ,

q 7 = 27 ,

q= 2

: 6, 12 , 24 , 48, 96 , 192 , 384,

4. ,

3 + 5 = 5,

5 + 8 = 40.
. 1 q :
1 q2 + 1 q4 = 5

1 q5 + 1 q7 = 40

:
1 q2 (1+ q2 ) = 5

1 q2 (1+ q5 ) = 5

:
14

- ______________________________________________

1 q5 (1+ q2 )
40
=
1 q2 (1+ q2 ) 5
q3 = 8 , . q= 2.
5
5
5
1
1 = = = = .
q2 (1+ q2 )
4+(1+4)
45
4
5 . 20. 000. 00
4 % . ?
: 1 = 20 000,
P
q= 1+ = 1,04, n = 9, 9
100
, (3), :
9 = 1 q8 = 20000 1,04 8 = 27371, 40
27 371, 40 .

.
1.2.. ) { n } n =1+(-1)n
1 = 1+(-1)1= 1-1=0, 2 = 1+(-1)2= 1+1=2, 3 = 1+(-1)3= 1-1=0 .
={0,2}
1
) { n } n = 1+
3 4 5 k+1
n
M = {2, , , , , }
2

3 4

) { n } n = 2n M = {2,4,8,,2k,}

1
1.6. ) n =
n
15

- ______________________________________________
= 0 , >0 .
1
N N ,

. n0 , n> n0
1
n>

.. < n 0 < =
n

n
1

lim = 0
n2 + 1

) n = n 1 lim n n =
2n2

n2 + 1

, >0

. > n - = =
2n2

1
n2 >

2n2

n>
2

. , n0 = []+1 n > n0
2
n <
1
lim n n =
2

) R, 1< lim n n = = 0
n
1 = + x, x= 0<1 .
n 1 n = (1+ x)n 1 + nx> nx
1

1 < .a >0 . n0 = [] + 1
n nx

1
16

- ______________________________________________
n>n0 0- < < = lim n =
n

n nx

) lim n n n= 1
n>1 1 = 2 =n, 3= 4 = = n = 1

n + n + (n- 2)

2n + (n-2)

1< n n= n n n 1 1 < =
n
2

n
2

= 1+ - <1 + . 0 < n n 1 <

n

n
4

> 0 . n > [ + ] 1 . <

2

n> n0 n> n n 1 < <

2

lim n n= 1
2.
2.2 ) { n }
n = 1+ (-1) n 2
, n 1 e M = {-1,3 } , .
(-1)n
) { n } n = , n 1
n
1

( - 1)k

M = { -1, , , , , , }
2

.
) a { n } n = 2n , n 1 ,
M = { -2,4,-8, , -2k , }
17

- ______________________________________________
, ,
) { n } n = (2) n , n 1 n
M = { -2,4,-8, , -2k-1 , 22k }
, .
2.6
(n+1)2
) n = , n 1
2n2
1000n3 + 3n2
) n = , n 1
0,001 n4 100n3 +1
3

n2 +n

) n = , n 1
n+1
n
)

n = , n 1
n2 n+1
(n+2)! + (n+1)!

) n = , n 1
( n + 3 )!
n
) n = , n 1
( n + 1 )! n!
1

e) n = + + + , n 1
n2
1

n2

n2

) n = + + + ,
12

23

n 1

(n-1) n

) n = n2 +n n , n 1
:
a)
18

- ______________________________________________

(n+1)2

n2 +2n+1

n2 +2n+1

n2

n2

1+ n

1+0+0

lim n n = lim = lim = lim = lim = =

n

2n2

2n2

2 n2

n2
)
1000n3 + an2

1000

1000n3 + 3n3

n4

n2

lim n n = lim = lim = lim = = 0

n

0.001n4 100n3 +1

0.001n4 -100n3+1

0.001 100 1

0.001

n4

n4

)
2

n2 +n

n2 +n

n2 +n

1
3

n3

n2

lim n n = lim = lim = lim = lim =

n

n+1

n+1

1+

1+ 1

19

- ______________________________________________
n

0+0

= = 0
1+0

)
n

lim n n = lim = lim = lim = lim =

n

(n+1)! n!

2n2 - n+1

2n2 - n+1

2- +

n2

1 1

n n2

)
(n+2) (n+1)! + (n+1)!

(n+2+1) (n+1)!

lim n n = lim = lim = lim

n

(n+3) (n+2) (n+2)!

(n+3) (n+2) (n+2)!

n+2

20

- ______________________________________________

e
)

3.7..

=1 .

21

- ______________________________________________

, 0<

. ,

1>

4.
4.2..

.)

4.4..

22

- ______________________________________________

{
.

, {

, 5

.
4.5.. ,

., (1)

, 4.3
, ..

, .
23

- ______________________________________________
(1) ,

=1+

..

. ,

=4

.. (1) .
(1) , ..

.

. ,

24

- ______________________________________________

4.6 ..
a)

.
)

4.5 ,
25

- ______________________________________________
. ,

4.7. .

|a|
|a|<

. ,

|a|<n+1.

{|

. |

4.3.

{|

..

A=

26

- ______________________________________________
, , |

5. -
5.5. .
)

1 -1.

1,

-1..

6.4. . {

k >1,

27

- ______________________________________________

. 6.3
6.5..

,
,
.

,>

6,3 .

, .

: a 1 + a2 + a3 + ... + ai + = a i
i=1

, a1 ; a2 ;a3 ;... .
.
28

- ______________________________________________
:

a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + ai + = a i
i=1

(a 1 ; a2 ;a3 ;... ; an)

(S1; S2; S3; ; Sn).
Sn :
S1 = a 1
S2 = a 1 + a 2
S3 = a 1 + a 2 + a 3
--------------------------------------Sn-1 = a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an-1

Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an + = a i
i=1

() , .. S1; S2; S3; ; Sn.

,
,
.
,
=
S, . lim S n S. ,
.
29

- ______________________________________________
=
.. lim a n 0 n ,
. ,
(S1; S2; S3; ) S,

S.

. , ,

, +
, .
,
,
.
n ,

( n ) .

a n 0 n . , : Sn = a1
+ a2 + a3 + ... + an-1 + an Sn-1 = a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an-2 + an-1
, Sn
n

Sn-1

. Sn= Sn-1 + an , an= Sn

- Sn-1.. an= Sn - Sn-1., .. S n S n1 0, n

, a n 0 koga n .

30

- ______________________________________________
:
1
1

1
=0 ,
... , lim -n

e .

31

11: :
1

2n , n= 0;1;2;11
?
1

S12 =
20

21

1
= 1 0, 5 0, 25 0,000488 =1,999

22

211
1

lim S n= 2 lim a =lim = 0

n
2n

a n a n 0 za n

i=1

lim

a =k

k< 1 , k >1

k=1
( Couchy) .

,
, q, aq2 , .
:

-
______________________________________________
qn-

qn

Sn = + q+ + qn-1 = = -
q- 1

1- q

1- q

:
qn

S= lim

Sn = lim - lim

n n

1- q

1- q

, q 1 > limqn 0

S= q 1 >
1- q ,
.
1. S .
1

1+ + + ...+ +
3

3 n-1

9
1

=1,q =
3
1

S= =
1

1-
3

:
1. :
1

a) 1- + + ...
3

) 1+ + + ...
2

10

20

) 5+ + + ...
3

33

-
______________________________________________
16
) 16 + 12 + 9 + ...

64

) 4 - + + ...
5

x-y

25

x-y

) 1+ + ( ) 2 + x >0,y > 0
x+y

) 1 + tan + tan2 +

) 2+ 3x + 2x2 + 3x2 +

x+y

) 1 + 2x2 + 4x4 + 6x6

2.

, ,

.
.

3. cot sin .
2
.
4.
.
.
:
a)
)
5. ,
. :
a)
)
6. , .
:
a)
)
7. :
x
a) tan + sin x + sin x cos x + sin x + sin x cos2 x + + sin x cosn x+
2
34

-
______________________________________________
sin x

sin x

sin x

) + tan x + tan2 x +
sin 450

sin 450

sin 450

35