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INDICATIONS
1. Any tooth which resists attempts at intra alveolar extraction when moderate force is applied 2. Retained roots which cannot be either grasped with forceps or delivered with an elevator, especially those in relationship to the maxillary antrum
INDICATIONS
Any heavily restored tooth, especially when root filled or pulpless Hyper cementosis or ankylosed tooth Geminated or dilacerated Radigraphically having complicated root pattern
INDICATIONS
INDICATIONS
History (past dental and medical) Clinical examination Radiographs Possible complications to be considered ( maxillary molar, mandibular premolar)
i. general medical condition of patient ii. Probable duration of operation iii. Type of anesthesia indicated
3. AT SURGERY
I. All instruments which may be needed are available and sterilized II. Arrange instrument in a regular order III. Other requirements good light, skilled assistance, pre op radiographs, preparedness for management of complications
4. POSTOPERATIVE
1.Prescription of analgesics selection of drugs 2. Post extraction instructions oral hygiene instructions Post extraction bleeding, pain, swelling Indications for emergency treatment and arrangements available for it 3. Follow up appointment
ENVELOPE FLAP
SEMILUNAR FLAP
MUCOPERIOSTEAL FLAP
Soft tissue flap used in oral surgical , periodontal and endodontic surgeries. The term local flap indicates a section of soft tissue that 1. is outlined by a surgical incision 2. carries its own blood supply 3. allows surgical access to underlying tissues 4. can be replaced in the original position 5.Can be maintained with sutures and is expected to heal
1.Base of the flap broader than free margin to preserve adequate blood supply
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Releasing incision used only when necessary not routinely
.
Flap must be of adequate size to provide necessary visualization and adequate access
Releasing incision is to be made, the incision should extend one tooth anterior and one tooth posterior to the area of surgery
Releasing incision not given on bony prominences not straight but oblique
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Incision must be made over intact bone. Pathology - 8mm away from it. Flap designed to avoid vital structures
COMPLICATIONS
1. Overextention of flap Stripping of buccinator muscle results in hematoma and post op swelling Delayed healing fibrosis and loss of vestibular depth 2. damage to nerve and vessels
3. Button hole
Flap elevation is complicated by fibrosis resulting from chronic inflammation or sinuses dur to periapical abcess Holing of flap during its elevation prejudices the blood supply of the tissue distal to the button hole
BUTTON HOLE
BONE REMOVAL
The surface of bone investing the tooth or roots to be extracted is removed to To expose tooth or tooth root To provide point of application of an elevator or engaging the forceps To create space into which the tooth or root may be displaced Alveolar bone must not be sacrificed unnecessarily After tooth removal , sharp bony margins trimmed
BONE REMOVAL
Bone removal done by 1. dental bur 2. Chisel and mallet
BUCCAL GUTTERING
EXPOSURE OF ROOT
ROOT REMOVAL
POSTAGE STAMP
TOOTH DIVISION
Line of withdrawal of tooth in multi rooted tooth unfavourable tooth division If bone is elastic removed without fracturing the alveolar process if it fails , then root division is done Before division , bone removal up to the level of bifurcation is done Separated root delivered using elevators or forceps If needed Purchase point is made. Round bur directed at an angle of 45 0 to vertical long axis of the root
TOOTH SECTION
SOCKET TOILET
Bony prominences trimmed Granulation tissue, calculus, bone/ tooth piece currette Irrigation
SUTURING
Placed to hold the incised edges of flap in place Removal of sutures 7 days post op
SUTURING
SUTURING
SUTURING
POST OP INSTRUCTIONS
Prescription of drugs Post extraction bleeding Patient instructed to avoid vigorous mouth wash , violent exercise, Patient shown how to use gauze in case of bleeding