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(in the public interest)

(access to public resources) (power to take
decisions or to make policy)





(Political Corruption) () ()
()

.

.. ..
(Patronag system spoils system)


Crdit mobilier scandal
.. New York Sun
(Union Pacific Railroad)
Crdit mobilier

(Anticorruption Project)

spoils system


( )

, :
, .

() embezzlement () graft on public contracts and

franchises () regulatory corruption and graft on crime () insider trading Rebecca Menes, Limiting
the Reach of the Grabbing Hand: Graft and Growth in American Cities, to , Edward L. Glaeser and
Claudia Goldin, Corruption and reform: lessons from Americas economic history, University of Chicago Press,
, .






(.)
(.) (.)
(.)

.


Political Corruption

(..)
(..)
..
() ()
(Political Corruption)
()


(.)

(the highest levels)


(.)

() (Accumulation or Extraction purposes) ()
() (Power preservation or strengthening purposes)
)

(government officials)
(government revenues)
Bribes
Grafts Kickbacks Extraction Embezzlement Rent-seeking Plunder Kleptocracy
Extraction
(procurement)
(privatization processes)

(Military procurement)



(illegal) (immoral) (bribes)
(embezzlement) (fraud)
(rent-seeking)



(
)

(natural resources)
)


(favoritism) (patronage politics)


(benefits advantages) (spoils)

(political loyalty) (political
support)
(rivals)
(opposition)










()




(Administrative or Bureaucratic corruption)

(the implementation end of politics)


(the formulation end of politics)
(the distribution of the nations wealth)



(the supply side


of corrupt transactions) (the
demand side of corrupt transactions)



(unethical behavior) (the norms)

(the formal rules)
(political authority)
(World Bank)

()


(.)

(politicians) (president) (vice presidents)
(government ministers) (senior civil servants)

(senior public office holders)

abuse of public power or political power for private benefit or private gain.


(.)

(motif)
(wealth) (status) (power)
(self-enrichment) (self-indulgence)
(power preservation)

(the rulers or ruling
elites) (misuse of resources)





(collective goods)
(pecuniary benefits or material favors)

(undue uses
of political influence) (Watergate
scandal)



(abuse of office)


..


..
() Teapot Dome () Lockheed bribery
() Teapot Dome
Teapot Dome
(White House administration) ..
Warren G. Harding
(Kickbacks)

(.)
Teapot Dome
(United States Naval Oil Reserve) Natrona
Wyoming
Elk Hills Buena Vista Hills Kern



(The Navy Department) Edwin C. Denby
(The United States Secretary of the Navy) Albert
B. Fall Republican Edwin C. Denby
(Department of
Interior) .. (Executive order)
Harding
.. Albert B. Fall
(the United States Secretary of the
Interior) Albert B. Fall

Albert B. Fall Teapot Dome


Harry F. Sinclair Elk Hills
Edward L. Doheny Pan American Petroleum
Albert B. Fall
Mineral Leasing Act of
Albert B. Fall
,
(.)
.. Wall Street Journal
Albert B. Fall
John B. Kendrick
Wyoming Democrat
Albert B. Fall

Robert M. La Follette, Sr. Wisconsin
Republican (the Senate Committee on Public
Lands) Thomas J. Walsh Montana
Democrat




Albert B. Fall

Albert B. Fall Thomas J. Walsh
Edward L. Doheny Albert B. Fall
.. ,
.. Albert B. Fall

Sinclair Oil Mammoth Oil

Robert M. La Follette, Sr.

Robert M. La Follette, Sr.



.. (The Supreme Court)

Elk Hills
Teapot Dome

.. Albert B. Fall
,
Albert B. Fall
Harry Sinclair
,
(contempt of the Senate) (jury tampering)
.. Edward Doheny
Albert B. Fall
() Lockheed bribery

Lockheed bribery
Lockheed

.. ..
(Deal of the Century)

(political controversy)

(.)
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
( Lockheed) .. Lockheed

(the Government Emergency Loan Guarantee Board)
Lockheed


Lockheed bribery
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of Jimmy
Carter

Logan Act

.. Alco Hydro-Aeroplane Company Allan Loughead
Malcolm Loughead Loughead Aircraft
Manufacturing Company ..
.. Lockheed Aircraft Company Hollywood
California Detroit Aircraft Corporation
..
.. Robert E. Gross
Courtland S. Gross Lockheed Aircraft Detroit Aircraft
Corporation
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

..
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
C- Hercules Lockheed U-
F- Starfighter
..
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation


.. ..
Frank Church
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation /

()

Logan Act .. ( .. )


..
Lockheed


(.)
)
Earnest Hauser Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
Franz Josef Strauss

F- Starfighter .. Franz Josef Strauss
Earnest Hauser

.. Bundestag

(Federal Ministry of Defense)
..
)
Lockheed bribery
Christian Democrat
(Italian Air Force) C- Hercules

LEspresso Luigi Gui
Mario Tanassi Mariano Rumor
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://en.wikipedia.org


)
Bernhard
. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
F- Starfighter Joop Den Uly

Bernhard
Bernhard ..
Bernhard
)
..
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
Tanaka Kakuei
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
Tanaka Kakuei Marubeni Corporation


Marubeni Corporation (
) All Nippon Airways (
) Kodama
Tanaka Kakuei
(Ministry of Transportation) All Nippon Airways
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation L- Tri-Stars McDonnellDouglas DC- All Nippon Airways
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation .
All Nippon Airways
Tanaka Kakuei All
Nippon Airways Yoshio Kodama
. .. Tanaka Kakuei
Foreign Exchange

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.bookrags.com/research/lockheed-scandal-ema-03/ http://encyclopedia.com


Control Law
Tanaka Kakuei ..
Miki Takeo

.. Tanaka Kakuei
(Tokyo District Court)
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

(Tokyo High Court) Tanaka Kakuei
(the Supreme Court)
..



)
.. .. Lockheed
Aircraft Corporation Adnan Khashoggi
Adnan
Khashoggi
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org


.








..
..
..
..




() (Information deficits)

(Lack of government
transparency)




(Freedom of
Information Act - FOIA)
(Freedom of speech) (Freedom of the Press)


() (Lacking control of government)




(Lacking civic society and non-governmental organizations)



(Weak rule of law)


(Lacking protection of whistleblowers)

() (Opportunities and incentives)


- (poorly-paid government
officials)
-

-


-

-


() (Social conditions)

(Lacking literacy and education)



..


(transparency) (conflict
of interests)




()
() ()
(Whistle Blower)
()




(Executive)



(United States Constitution of )


(Legislature) (Executive)
(Judiciary)

(
Check and Balance)




( )




(.)


( Congress) Article Section

(Senate) (House of
Representatives) (Article Section )

(sitting
members of the legislature)


(Commanderin-Chief of the armed forces)

(Treaties) (Article Section ())


(principal officer) (Executive Departments)
(Article Section ())

(Article Section ())


(Reprieves and pardons)
(Impeachment) (Article Section ())








(Impeachment)

Article Section

Article Section ()


(.)



(the Presidents closest confidants)

(the President's Cabinet)





(Secretary)




(at the pleasure of the President)


( (Cabinet committees)
(screening committee) )

,
(Cabinet Law), , .

Article Section
The Presidentmay require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of
Executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Officers,

,
(Cabinet Law), , .









(Sunshine Act of
)


(Whistleblower Act)

()


(.) (.)
(.)
(Whistle Blower)

(Article
Section )


(.)
..
(Federal Sunshine Act of )

)






(prohibition of ex parte communications)
)

.. Gerald Ford
.. ..
(United States CodeU.S.C.)

Government is and should be the servant of the people, and it should be fully accountable to them for
the actions which it supposedly takes on their behalf (U.S.C.C.A.N. , )

,
(The Sunshine Act)
, .

Title U.S.C. Section b (b)

(any agency)
(Freedom of Information Act-FOIA)
(a collegial body)

() (any subdivision)

(meeting)
(deliberations) (members)
(joint conduct or
disposition of official agency business)

Title U.S.C. Section b. Except as provided in subsection (c), every portion of every meeting of
an agency shall be open to public observation.

Title U.S.C. Section b (a) ()

Title U.S.C. Section b (e)

(Congress)
District of Columbia

Title U.S.C. Section b (a) ()



(public announcement)

(open) (closed)

(minutes)






)





(national defense) (foreign
policy)
(internal personnel rules
and practices)

(accusing a person of a crime)

Title U.S.C. Section b (c) () - () (General

Counsel) (chief legal officer)
Title U.S.C. Section
b (f) ()

Title U.S.C. Section b (e) ()

Title U.S.C. Section b (f) () ()

Title U.S.C. Section b (j)

Title U.S.C. Section b (c) () - ()


(trade secrets)
(commercial or financial information)
(information of a personnel nature)
(invasion of personal privacy)
(.)





(Conflict of interest) ..



(Ethics in Government Act of )
(Watergate scandal)
)
Ethics in Government Act of

(exploitation of positions of public trust)
(integrity)
(Financial disclosure for
public officials)

(Ethical conduct of government

employees) Title United States Code
(Ethics in Government Act of )

Title a U.S.C. Section

Frank Anechiarico and James B. Jacobs, The pursuit of absolute integrity: how corruption control makes
government ineffective, University of Chicago Press, , .


(Employment restrictions for former government
employees)

Comptroller General (. )
)

(.)
(.)
)
Ethics in Government Act of

(Executive branch)
(Director of the Office of Government Ethics) Congress
Congress (annual public financial
disclosure reports)

(stocks) (bonds) (property)

Title a U.S.C. Section (f)

Title a U.S.C. Section











(dependent children)

(. )
(
)
(the designated agency ethics official)

(trustee)




blind trust
blind trust Title a U.S.C. Section
(f) ()-()

(Title a U.S.C. Section (a) ())

Title a U.S.C. Section (a)









(the designated agency ethics official)

Title a U.S.C. Section (b)

Title a U.S.C. Section (d)

Title a U.S.C. Section

Title a U.S.C. Section (a) ()

Title a U.S.C. Section (b) ()

Title a U.S.C. Section (b) () (A)

Title a U.S.C. Section (b) () (B)

(b) ()
(divestiture) (restitution)
(the establishment of blind trust)
(request for an example) (voluntary request for transfer or
reassignment) (limitation of duties) (resignation)

Title a U.S.C. Section (b) ()

Title a U.S.C. Section

Title a U.S.C. Section (a) (d)

(Office of the Director of National Intelligence) (Central
Intelligence Agency) (Defense Intelligence Agency)

(compromise the national interest) (. (a) ())

Title a U.S.C. Section (b) ()

(unlawful purpose) (commercial purpose)
(credit rating)

(. (c) ())

(Attorney General)

(civil action)
(knowingly and willfully)
(United States
district court) (a civil penalty)
,

(filing fee)

Title a U.S.C. Section (b) () (A)

Title a U.S.C. Section

Title a U.S.C. Section (b)

Title a U.S.C. Section (a)

Title a U.S.C. Section (c)

Title a U.S.C. Section (d) ()


) (Employment
restrictions)

Ethics in Government
Act of
(Outside earned income limitation)
(Limitations on outside employment)
(compensation for affiliating with a firm or
partnership)
(a fiduciary relationship)

(compensation for teaching) (prior
notification and approval)

Ethics in Government Act of

(a noncareer officer or employee) GS- General Schedule
(basic pay)
GS- General Schedule

Title a U.S.C. Section

Title a U.S.C. Section


(.) (Whistle
Blower)

Ethics in Government Act of

(anticorruption project)


(blew the whistle)
Richard Nixon

Federal Civil Service Reform Act of -CSRA
Jimmy Carter

(problems of employees with poor job performance)
(accountability)

(protection of federal employees who blew the whistle on government misconduct and fraud)


.. Whistleblower Protection Act of
United States Code

.. Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of

Congress ..


)

(corruption of government officials)
(fraud regarding public funds)


Whistle Blower Act of

(retaliation or reprisal)










(impartiality of the civil service) (rule of law)
(freedom of expression)
(foundation of democratic accountability) (democratic
government)
)

(negative personnel actions)
(demotion) (termination) (transfer)
(negative personnel inactions) (failure to promote)


)

(illegal or improper or misconduct
government activities) (a federal agency)
(personnel actions or practices)







(covered employees)
(Executive branch of government) (Senior Executive
Service)
(Whistleblower)
(reasonably believe)

(good faith)


(violation of law, rule or regulation) (gross mismanagement)
(gross waste of funds) (abuse of
authority) (substantial and
specific danger to public health or safety)

(suspension) (transfer)

Title U.S.C. Section (Section .

Prohibited personnel practices)

Title U.S.C. Section (a) () (B)

(Title U.S.C.
Section (a) () (B) (i) (ii))





(inspectors general of Department of Investigation) (Office of Special
Counsel-OSC)


(internal disclosure)


(prohibited by law)
(Executive Order) (national
defense) (conduct of foreign affairs)

(back pay/
compensatory damages)




(contributing factor)





(an act of disloyalty)
(fulfillment of civic responsibility)

(predominant or motivating factor)




)


(Office of Personnel Management -OPM)

(Office of Special Counsel-OSC)

(investigating complaints)




(disciplinary actions)


(Merit Systems Protection Board-MSPB)



(personnel action)
(MSPB) (independent
right of action-IRA) (OSC)

(OSC)


(reasonable grounds to believe)

Title U.S.C. Section (a)




(OPM)


(corrective action)




(United States Court of
Appeals for the Federal Circuit)
..



(Purging Corruption from Public Contracting)
()
() (Paralysis of Procurement)
()
New York
,



New York ..
New York Tammany Hall

Title U.S.C. Section (b) () (C)

Frank Anechiarico and James B. Jacobs, The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How corruption control
makes government ineffective, (University of Chicago Press, ), .


Boss William Marcy Tweed
(County Board of Supervisors)
Manhattan (Manhattan courthouse)
Boss William Marcy Tweed
(kickbacks) Boss
William Marcy Tweed
Office of the Commissioner of Accounts
(OCA) (Department of Investigation DOI)
OCA

(competitive bidding)




(lowest responsible bidder)
.. New York City
Parking Violations Bureau (PVB)
Donald Manes
Stanley Friedman Democrat

Citisource
Geoffrey Lindenauer
(hand-held computers)
Citisource Stanley Friedman
(controlling shareholder) (shell company) Manes
Lindernauer Friedman

PVB
.. (New York City Charter Revision Commission)


(emergency)


(Procurement Policy Board-PPB)


(integrity standards) (comptroller)

(possible corruption)


(procurement code)
(integrity of procurement system)
(waste) (fraud) (abuse)


(financially, operationally and morally responsible)
(record of business activity)

(computerized data bank) Vendor Information Exchange System-VENDEX

-
- (ineligible)
- (felony charges)
- (misdemeanor charges)


VENDEX

(cautions)



(debarments)
(blacklisting)

VENDEX

() (Paralysis of Procurement)
..
New York (New York City Comptrollers Office)
(Special Contract Audit Unit)





(mayor)


.




(..)
(..)

..

()
()
()
New York

New York

New York

(investigate and prevent official
corruption)
(City Charter)
(Anticorruption Project) New York
(New York City Department of
Investigation-DOI) (Inspector general system)
(.) (Department of Investigation)
Office of the
Commission of Accounts-OCA ..

Office of the Commission of Accounts-OCA

.. Boss Tweed OCA
(Corruption detection and prevention)
.. OCA
OCA .. OCA


(organ intragovernmental anticorruption investigation and enforcement)



(Inspectors-general system) (Inspector
General Act)
(complaints)


(corrupt or criminal activity)
(conflict of interest) (unethical conduct) (misconduct)
(incompetence)

(functional equivalent of
spies)



(.) (Corruption
Prevention and Management Review Bureau)
.. Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration-LEAA




..

(Department of Investigation and Accounts)
(Department of Investigation)

..





(corruption hazards)

(Report on the City-Wide Anticorruption Program)
()

(Special State Prosecutor)



New York (Department of
Police)

New York (Commission to Investigate Allegations of Corruption-Knapp Commission) ..

-
(via intermediaries)
(indirect payments)

- (arcane)
(illicit
remuneration)
- (disincentives)

(cutting their funding)
(firing their personnel)
- (politically allied)
(political
support)

(underprosecuted)



(public hearings)
(recommendations)
(Special Anticorruption Prosecutor)


(an independent prosecutor) (district
attorneys) (close allies)

.. Nelson Rockefeller
New York
(Office of the Special Prosecutor of Corruption-OSPC)

(enforcement of law) (administration of criminal justice)
New York




(judgeship)
(bribery)


..
..


..
..
( )
(Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act of -FCPA)


(Office of the Special Prosecutor)
(questionable payments)

Lockheed bribery

() (Inter-American Convention against CorruptionIACC) () .. (United Nations
Convention against Corruption-UNCAC)

Title 15 U.S.C. Section 78dd-1 et seq. http://www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/index.html

..
..

..
..


()
(Inter-American Convention against Corruption-IACC)









-
-

-





(.)

-


-


-



(.)




(progressive development)
() .. (United
Nations Convention against Corruption-UNCAC)
..



..

..

.. .
.

- (mandatory requirements)
- (optional requirements)
- (optional measures)


(.)
( )

(B) () (C) () (a)
(B) () (C) () (b)
(United States Code)
(.)
( )

(foreign public official) Foreign Corruption Practices Act-FCPA
m


(.)
( )



(.)
( )
(laundering of
money instrument)

.




Freedom of Information Act of Ethics
in Government Act of Whistleblower Act of Sunshine Act of
.


(Special State Prosecutor)


(impeachment)

.


Code of conduct (Member of Parliaments - MPs)




(.)
(.)
(.) (.)

.
..






The Serious Fraud
Offices (SFO)

http://www.socialistworker.co.uk

The Serious Fraud Office ..

SFO
The Criminal Justice Act


(Political corruption)
(bribery)
(extortion) (embezzlement) (patronage) (fraud)

MPs


sleaze
.. ..
..

..
..
..


() The Matrix Churchill Affair (
) () BAE (
) () The United Kingdom
Parliament expenses scandal ()

http://in.wikipedia.org
F.F. Ridley and Alan Doig, Sleaze: Politicians Private Interests & Public Reaction, (Oxford University
Press ), p. -.




,
() The Matrix Churchill Affair of
Matrix Churchill Ltd.

..
(.)
Matrix Churchill Ltd.

Matrix Churchill Ltd.
John Major
(Persian Gulf War)

Matrix Churchill ltd.

(.)

Matrix Churchill Sir Frank Brian Smedley
Queens Bench Division .. Sir Frank Brian Smedley
Matrix Churchill Ltd.

John Major
Tony Blair
..

the Queens Division the Supreme Court of

Judicature Act


Sir Frank Brian Smedley Public Interest Immunity
John Major

(unquantifiable
damages)
Alan Clark
"economical with the actualit" defence counsel
(Geoffrey Robertson, Gilbert Gray and James Hunt)
Matrix Churchill


Sir Richard Scott
..


() BAE
BAE

(.)

the British Broadcasting Corporation BAE

Prince Bandar bin-Sultan
the al-Yamamah BAE Systems

Public Interest Immunity (PII) Common Law

http://www.wikipedia.org

BAE Systems British Aerospace

.. ..
BAE British Aerospace Marconi Electronic Systems ..



BAE
.. The Serious Fraud Office (SFO)
BAE Systems plc
Al Yamamah ..
Eurofighter
jets
(.)
BAE


(anti-bribery laws) al-Yamamah BAE

(The Economist, October
) BAE BAE
Bandar bin Sultan al-Yamamah
() The United Kingdom Parliament expenses



(.)
..




Freedom of
information Act The Daily

Fraud, Bribery

Corruption

http://www.corruptionisacrime.com/background


Telegraph

Freedom of information Act

(.)
..
Freedom of information Act Information Tribunal



, ( , )

) (Member of Parliament - MPs)

(House of Commons) (Lords) (House of Lords)

right to know
..


,



.. .. ,
.
, ..

.. (the green book: A guide to member allowance)

( )










..
-



-


Richard Thomas


- .


Ed Balls Yvette Cooper ,

..
-

Gordon Brown Tony Blair
Richard Thomas


-

-
Tony Blair
Gordon Brown ,

..
-

- Jacqui Smith

- Geoff Hoon
Whitehall Apartment




Mabey & Johnson
Ltd.

SFO .. ..

UN "oil-for-food" Maybey & Johnson
SFO ..
Jamaica Ghana
SFO Maybey & Johnson Jamaica Ghana
Bangladesh, Mozambique, Angola Madagascar
Maybey & Johnson Jamaica and Ghana UN
sanctions busting
SFO .. Crown Court (Lord Rivlin)
UN Jamaica and Ghana
.
.


..
self - regulation

self - regulation
self - regulation

Paul Heywood, Political Corruption, (Oxford, Malden, Mass: Blackwell, ), p. -.





Codes of practice

Members of Parliaments (MPs)

The
Prevention of Corruption Acts - Public body
MPs agents
Self - regulation


Self-regulation
Health and Safety
commissions

Self - regulation
Self - regulation





Self - regulation

OECD, OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform United Kingdom Challenges at the cutting edge ,
OECD, p..

The Health and Safety Commission (HSC)

the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act (HSWA) The Commission
Secretary of State



Self regulation



..


Self - regulation
Self -regulation

Self - regulation
..
Self - regulation
Self - regulation

self - regulation

.. .. (MPs)


The Matrix Churchill Affair of
Matrix Churchill Ltd.
John Major
(Persian Gulf
War)


(Nolan Principles)
self - regulation
Nolan
(Nolan Principles) the Public Appointments Order in
Council 1995 ..
the Committee on Standards in Public Life Lord Nolan ( the Nolan
Committee) Nolan


Nolan Nolan
an independent Public Appointments Commissioner
the public
appointments a Code of Practice public appointments
procedures
The Committee on Standards in Public Life
.. John Major
MPs


public life

European Parliament


..

The Committee on
Standards in Public Life

www.wikipedia.com


Nolan

. Selflessness ()



. Integrity ()


. Objective ( )

. Accountability ()


. Openness ( )

. Honesty ()

. Leadership ( )

(Virtues)

(Public Sector Ethics Act)

http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk








self - regulation Nolan


.


.

Greater London Croydon Council

Croydon greater London The London Borough of

Croydon Borough

Croydon Council ,
(Central Government)
(
)
Croydon Council .
. .
Council


.

.


.

.


..
(the Executive)

()

() () () (Departmental
Ministers) () (Minister of
State) () (Junior Minister)

(the Privy Council)

..

, , , ( : ..
, ), .


(Parliamentary Private Secretaries)


(.) (Collective Responsibility)









(.) (Individual ministerial
responsibility)




..

..

. , , , ( :
, ), -.

www.wikipedia.com




(personal misconduct)





(fusion of powers)

(Seperation of powers)

()

()

-

-

. , , , ( : ),
- .


(Cabinet Committees)
(Full Cabinet)

( )

(Official Secret Act)

(Non-Cabinet)
(Senior Cabinet Minister)



Inner Cabinet

()

()
()

.. , , , ( :
), -.

(.)
(Head of Executive)

Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger and Willian A.Joseph, Introduction to comparative politics: Political
Challenges and changing agendas, fifth edtion, (Wadsworth Cengage learning, ), p. -.

. , , , ( :
, ), -.



(Royal prerogative)

(powers of patronage)




(permanent secretaries)


(dissolution)





(control of the agenda)










(collective responsibility)

, , , ( :
, ), -.









(.)




junior
ministerial level secretary of state level

( )

Martin Burch and Ian Holliday, The British cabinet system, (Library of Congress ), p. -.



(Departments)

Junior ministerial level
; Departmental Official committee

; Departmental Official committee



()
() ()

()
cabinet papers






()











Ministerial cabinet committee


()


















( )

..




(Common Law)
(Statutes) (bribery)

Common Law UNCAC




() The Prevention of Corruption Act The Prevention of Corruption

Agent Principal
Agent
Principal
() Public Interest Disclosure Act (PIDA)

(Whistleblower)

(Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of )
Public Interest Disclosure Act (PIDA)
Richard Shepherd Lord Borrie QC

..
good governance
Confederation of
British Industry, the Institute of Directors
Public Concern at Work of a
spate of scandals and disasters .. ..


Dr. Tony Wright
.. Dr Tony Wright


Don Touhig
..
private members ballot

Tony Blair

.. Tony Blair

private members ballot Richard Shepherd

the Public Interest Disclosure Act
Ian McCartney
(Department of Trade and Industry)

The Public Interest Disclosure Act the Employment

Rights Act (whistleblowers)
whistleblowers

..
Herald of Free Enterprise .. ,
Clapham Junction rail crash .. , Bank of Credit and
Commerce International ..
(employee)


(
)



Industrial tribunal
Public Interest Disclosure Act






(Disclosure to
an employer) (Disclosure to a legal adviser) (Disclosure to a regulator)
(Disclosure to an employer)

(Disclosure to a legal adviser)

(Disclosure to a regulator) Stephen Byers
The Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
regulator


(External disclosures)

-

Industrial Tribunals the Industrial Training Act 1964

( ) employer association,
the Trades Union Congress (TUC) TUC-affiliated union.
Employment Rights
(Dispute Resolution) Act 1998, Employment Tribunals
.. Employment Tribunals the Industrial Tribunals


regulator ( regulator)
( )
regulator


Industrial tribunal


..

() (Serious Organised Crime Agency - SOCA)

(.) SOGA
SOCA (Executive
Non-Departmental Public Body (ENDPB)) Serious Organised Crime and Police
Act
SOCA Home Secretary
..
(suspicious activities reports sar)

SOCA
UNCAC

http://www.soca.gov.uk

Executive Non-Departmental Public Body (ENDPB)

Code of Practice of the Commissioner for Public
Appointments


(.) SOCA
The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act SOCA

.

.


SOCA The Serious
Organised Crime and Police Act
. Wales Ireland
.

.

.

() The Serious Fraud Offices (SFO)
(.) SFO
SFO Fraud,
Bribery Corruption SFO



(External relations)
Counsel

http://www.soc.go.uk


. (The City of London Police)
, Law enforcement agencies,
Serious and Organised Crime Agency (SOCA), Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC)
National Fraud Authority (NFA, whose objective is to co-ordinate public and private sector activity
against fraud)
. Regulatory bodies Financial Services Authority (FSA)
Insolvency Service, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, Office of Fair Trading,
Ministry of Justice, HM Treasury and the Home Office
. Lobby groups British Retail Consortium, the British Bankers Association,
the Association of British Insurers, the Council of Mortgage Lenders

. Institute of Business Ethics, CSFI (Centre for the Study of
Financial Innovation), CIFAS (a fraud prevention service), International Association of Prosecutors,
Proceeds of Crime Lawyers Association, Young Fraud Lawyers Association

.. ..

- - - -

SFO
SFO section the Criminal Justice Act









SFO

(.) SFO

SFO SFO
(
) SFO
The Data Protection Act

.
..
Criminal
Justice (International Co - Operation) Act



. (Confiscation Investigation)


.
(recoverable property)
(associated property)


.




. (production orders)





. (search and seize warrants)


SOCA
. (disclosure orders)

. (customer information orders)

Crown Court

. (account monitoring orders)

. Proceeds of Crime Act
The Assets Recovery
Agency (ARA)
. The Serious Crime Act



The Assets Recovery Agency (ARA)

,
..
().

www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts

ARA ..
. (criminal confiscation)
.
(civil recovery)
.




Common Law

..
Proceeds of Crime Act


Drug Trafficking Act
(DTA) Criminal Justice Act (CJA)
(Public
Body)



(recoverable amount)
(available
amount)
()

statement of information


(conclusive evidence)

(balance of probabilities)
(confiscation order)
(fixed amount)





Crown Court
(enforcement receiver)

Home Secretary







Crown Court




Crown Court
()


Crown Court
( )


()
(civil recovery the proceeds of unlawful conduct)
High Court
SOCA


SOCA



SOCA

() (cash seizure)

(property obtained unlawful conduct)

(cash seizure)


..
() Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act

The Prevention of Corruption Act

() The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act

.. The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act






Corruption Bill
Corruption Bill

p.-.

Alan Doig, Corruption and Misconduct in Contemporary British Politics, (The Chaucer Press, ),










..
() OECD
(Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in
International Business Transaction)
..
..



Part Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act
..

http://www.oecd.org


( ) Council of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption the
Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption
..
.. ..






() Council of Europe Civil Law Convention on Corruption






( ) European Union Convention on the fight against Corruption Involving
Officials of the European Communities or Officials of Member States of the EU



EU
EU
() (United Nations
Convention Against Corruption - UNCAC)
..

Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act (Enforcement of Overseas
Forfeiters Orders) Order ..

(Self - regulation)
(Nolan Principles)

Code of Conduct

() (SOCA)
(Executive Non - Departmental Public Body - ENDPB)
UNCAC



() The Serious Fraud Offices (SFO)

.




(chaebol)

..



(Korean disease)

(chaebol) -


..


..

..
..

http://www.onec.go.th/publication/4210024/1a.htm ..









(.)
(.) (.)
(.)

.
..
()
(Political Corruption)

(.)




(.)









(Administrative
corruption)

()
(Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights
Commission)
.


.

You Jong Sung, Explaining Corruption in South Korea, Relative to Taiwan and the Philippines,
Focusing on the Role of Land Reform and Industrial Policy, -

Article 2 (4) The term act of corruption means the act of wrongdoing that falls into any of the
following categories :
(a) The act of a public organization employee to seek illegitimate gains for himself/herself or for any
third party by abusing his/her position or authority, or violating Acts and subordinate statutes in connection whit
his/her duties;
(b) The act of causing financial damage to a public organization in violation of Acts and subordinate
statutes, when it is in the process of executing its budget, or acquiring, managing or disposing of its property, or
entering into and executing a contract to which it is a party: and
(c) The act of forcing, recommending, suggestion or encoring someone to engage in or conceal the acts
provided for by the above subparagraphs (a) and (b).


.
. .




(administrative corruption)

()






..






()
(South Korea's Food and Drug Administration
(KFDA)) ..
, .. ..






()
(Roh Moo - hyun)
) -

,
, .
..
.. - )

McManus Joanne, South Korea cracks down on medical corruption, British Medical Journal,1999 at
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-54342418/south-korea-cracks-down.html

.. -



.. ..

, , http://www.thairath.co.th

, . !!, http://www.pattayadailynews.com












( )







..


, (, ) ,
(, )

You Jong Sung, Explaining Corruption in South Korea, Relative to Taiwan and the Philippines,
Focusing on the Role of Land Reform and Industrial Policy, (http://irps.ucsd.edu/assets/003/5292.pdf)

.





..
() (Code of Conduct for Public Officials)
(.)

, ,
http://www.ryt9.com/s/iq03/319105/


(.)


. (entertainment)

.

.

..

.

.


.

.

.

.

()



()








(Populist policy)






(.)








()

Article

(The National Assembly)

( .. )

( (Speaker)
(Vice-Speaker)

(National Security Council)
(Advisory Council on Democratic and Peaceful Unification)
(Planning and Budget Commission) (Presidential Commission
on Womens Affairs) (Presidential Council on
Science and Technology) Presidential
Commission on Small and Medium Business) (Board


of Audit and Inspection) (National Intelligence Service)


(.)











(the State Council)

Article


.
.
.

.

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.



(Impeachment)






(Whistleblowers)




()






(Sunshine Act)
(The Act of Disclosure of Information)

() (Whistleblowers)
(Whistleblowers)

Article








..

(The Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption (KICAC))
..
(The Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission)
(ACRC)
(.)

ACRC call center

(.)




)


ACRC
ACRC
ACRC

Public Interest Disclosure Act
(U.K.), Whist blower Protection Enhancement Act (U.S.), Public Interest Informant Protection Act (Japan), Protected
Disclosures Act (New Zealand)


,
ACRC

)
ACRC


)

ACRC ACRC


ACRC
Whistleblowers

Hyundai Oil Bank
.
.
.
.

Whistleblowers


(.)


ACRC


() (The Political Fund Act)
(.)





(.)


)






-


) (Support Committee)


( , )

, , http://www.ru.ac.th
/korea/article.htm


..


(The Anti corruption Act)
(The Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption (KICAC))
..
() (KICAC)
(.)
.

.

.

.

.

(.)
. KICAC
(Clean Wave Campaign) ..
KICAC
Whistle - blowers


. KICAC
..
(Anti - Corruption Agency (ACA))

, - ,
http://www.ocsc.go.th/ocsccms/ frontweb/view.jsp?contentID=CNT0003438 ..


APEC .. KICAC


.. (United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC))
() (ACRC)
KICAC
the Ombudsman of Korea the Administrative Appeals Commission
(The Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission) (ACRC)
..
(Act on Anti-Corruption and the Establishment and Operation of
The Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission)
ACRC
(one stop service)

ACRC
)
KICAC )
The Ombudsman of Korea

(.)
ACRC





(.)
ACRC
KICAC (Whistleblowers)




..

(Korean Pact on Anti-Corruption and Transparency (K-Pact))

K-Pact


..

- ACRC
(The Office for
Government Policy Coordination (OPC))
-


-



-




() (PSPD) (People's
Solidarity for Participatory Democracy)


(.)

..
(Park Won Soon)
(PSPD) ..


,

(.)
(PSPD)




(..) ..
..


whistleblowers

..
..

() (CAGE) (Citizens Alliance for
the General Elections


(.)
..
(Citizens Alliance for the General Elections (CAGE)

(.)

:

http://www.rsunews.net/News/CorruptionBusterOfSouthKorea.htm



-




..





.



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Books
Alan Doig. Corruption and Misconduct in Contemporary British Politics. The Chaucer Press,

F.F. Ridley and Alan Doig. Sleaze: Politicians Private Interests & Public Reaction. Oxford
University Press,
Frank Anechiarico and James B. Jacobs. The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How corruption
control makes government ineffective. University of Chicago Press,
Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger and Willian A. Joseph. Introduction to comparative politics:
Political Challenges and changing agendas. Fifth edtion, Wadsworth Cengage learning,
,
Paul Heywood. Political Corruption. Oxford, Malden, Mass: Blackwell,
Martin Burch and Ian Holliday. The British cabinet system. Library of Congress,
OECD, OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform United Kingdom Challenges at the cutting edge
. OECD
You Jong Sung. Explaining Corruption in South Korea, Relative to Taiwan and the Philippines,
Focusing on the Role of Land Reform and Industrial Policy
Others
Asian Development Bank, Final Report of Inspection Panel on Samut Prakarn Wastewater
Management Project. December
McManus Joanne. South Korea cracks down on medical corruption. British Medical
Journal,
website
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-54342418/south-korea-cracks-down.html

http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk
http://www.bookrags.com/research/lockheed-scandal-ema-03/
http://www.corruptionisacrime.com/background
http://encyclopedia.com
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.gpoaccess.gov/uscode/index.html
www.krabi.ago.go.th/a9.doc
http://www.manager.co.th
http://www.oecd.org
http://www.ocsc.go.th/ocsccms/ frontweb/view.jsp?contentID=CNT0003438
http://www.onec.go.th/publication/4210024/1a.htm
www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts
http://www.pattayadailynews.com
http://www.rsunews.net/News/CorruptionBusterOfSouthKorea.htm
http://www.ru.ac.th/korea/article.htm
http://www.ryt9.com/s/iq03/319105
http://www.socialistworker.co.uk
http://www.soc.go.uk
http://www.soca.gov.uk
http://www.thairath.co.th
Steps taken by Korea to implement and enforce the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign
Public Officials in International Business Transactions, http://www.oecd.org

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