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INDICE
I.
II.
III.
LMITES ......................................................................................................................... 32
1. Teorema de lmites ..................................................................................................... 32
2. Continuidad................................................................................................................. 33
3. Lmites trigonomtricos .............................................................................................. 35
IV.
V.
TEMA 1
NMEROS COMPLEJOS
= 3,1415926535897932384626433832795
+ 2 = 5
= 3
2 = 5
= 2
+ 2 = 1
2 = 4
2 = 1
Nmeros Naturales
= 1
Nmeros Enteros
= 4
Nmeros Reales
= 2,71
Nmeros Racionales
2. Historia
El primero en usar los nmeros complejos fue el matemtico italiano Girolamo Cardano
(15011576) quien los us en la frmula para resolver las ecuaciones cbicas. El trmino
nmero complejo fue introducido por el gran matemtico alemn Carl Friedrich Gauss
(17771855) cuyo trabajo fue de importancia bsica en lgebra, teora de los nmeros,
ecuaciones diferenciales, geometra diferencial, geometra no eucldea, anlisis complejo,
Pgina 1 de 57
anlisis numrico y mecnica terica, tambin abri el camino para el uso general y
sistemtico de los nmeros complejos.
Unidad Imaginaria
Ejemplo 1
2 + 8 + 25 = 0
=
8 82 4(1)(25)
2(1)
2 4
2
8 36
2(1)
8 (+36)(1)
2
8 36 1
2
8 6
=
2
=
2 = 1 = 1
Reemplazando o verificando
2 + 8 + 25 = 0
8
1 = + 6
2
8
2 = 6
2
1 = 4 + 3
2 = 4 3
(4 3)2 + 8(4 3) + 25 = 0
16 + 2(4)(3) + (3)2 36 24 + 25 = 0
16 + 24 + 9 2 7 24 = 0
0=0
2 = 1
= () =
= () =
= {(, )/, }
Pgina 2 de 57
Si x = 0
Si y = 0
=
= 4 + 2
= 3 2
= 4 2
= 3 + 2
1 = 2 3
=
= 3 + 2
2 = 3 2
= 4 + 9
2 = 9 + 4
3 = 9 + 4
= 13
2 = 13
3 = 13
Multiplicacin
Resta
Divisin
Pgina 3 de 57
Suma
1 = +
1 + 2 = + + +
1 + 2 =( + ) + ( + )
Resta
1 = +
1 2 = + +
1 2 =( ) + ( + )
Multiplicacin
2 = +
2 = +
1 = +
1 2 = ( + ) ( + )
2 = +
1 2 = + + + 2
1 2 =( ) + ( + )
Divisin
1 ( + ) ( )
=
+
2 ( 2 + 2 ) ( 2 + 2 )
1 ( + ) ( )
=
2 ( + ) ( )
1 + + + 2
=
( 2 2 )
2
1 ( + ) + ( )
=
( 2 2 )
2
Ejemplo 1:
1 = 3 + 2
Suma:
1 + 2 = 3 + 5 + 2 7
1 + 2 = 8 5
Multiplicacin:
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
= (3 + 2) (5 7)
= 15 21 + 10 14 2
= 15 11 14 2 ; 2 = 1
= 29 11
2 = 5 7
Resta:
1 2 = (3 + 2) (5 7)
1 2 = 3 + 2 5 + 7
1 2 = 2 + 9
Divisin:
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
(3 + 2) (5 + 7)
(5 7) (5 + 7)
15 + 21 + 10 + 14 2
=
(52 7 2 )
15 31 14
=
25 + 49
1 31
=
+
74 74
=
Pgina 4 de 57
|1 2 | = |1 | |2 |
= +
|| = 2 + 2
| |
1 = |1 |
2 = 0
= +
= 3 + 4
= 32 + 42
= 32 + 42
= 5 =
= =
= sen
= 3 + 4
3
5
= 1
3
5
= + 1
7. Teorema Moiure
= 5(53,7 ) + 53,7
= 5
= 53,7
= 53,13
= +
=
1 = 1 (1 + 1 )
2 = 2 (2 + 2 )
1 2 = 1 2 {(1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 )}
1 1
= {(1 2 ) + (1 2 )}
2 2
Si 1 = 2 = 3 =
1 2 3 = = 1 2
{(1 + 2 )}
+ (1 + 2 )
= {() ()}
Pgina 5 de 57
1 = {( + )}1
+ 2
+ 2
1 = 1
+
Donde: = 0,1,2,3, . . ( 1)
=
= 3,1416
Por lo cual se deduce que hay n valores diferentes para 1 n diferentes de races si z
diferente a 0
= ( + )
=
= +
Ejemplo 1:
30
(12 )15
+ =
3 30 19
= 1
+ = ( + )
19 = 113 = ( 2 )4
19 = 1
=
3 + (2 + 1)
(2 1) (2 + 1)
Pgina 6 de 57
=
=
6 3 + 2 2 +
(2)2 (1)2
5 5
4 1
= 1 +
Ejemplo 2:
1 = 12(60 + 60)
= + 1
2 = 3(30 + 30)
= ( + )
= (1)2 + (1)2
= 2(45 + 45)
= 2 =
=
= 450
1
1
1 2 = 1 2 {(1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 )}
Teorema Moiure
1 2 = 36
Ejemplo: Suma,
1 = 600 + 300 =
2 =
3 1
2
2
1 3
+
2
2
1 3
1
3
1 + 2 = +
+
2
2
2
2
60o =
30o =
1
2
3
2
1 3
1
3
1 + 2 = + + = 0
2
2
2
2
1 + 2 =
1 + 3
3 2
+ = 0
2
2
2
1 + 2 = 1,36 + 0,16
1 = 0,5 + 0,86
Pgina 7 de 57
2 = 0,86 0,7
|1 + 2 | = (1,36)2 + (0,16)2
|1 + 2 | = 1,37
Mdulo
Multiplicacin:
1 3
3 2
1 2 = +
2
2
2
2
1 2 =
1 2 =
3 2
3 3 2
+
+
4
4
4
4
3 2
3 + 6
+
4
4
4
1 2 = 1,04 + 0,39
Divisin:
1 3
2 + 2
3 2
2 + 2
1
=
2
3 2
3 2
2 2 2 + 2
6 2
3 2 3
+
+
+
1
4
4
4
= 4
2
2
2
3
2
2 2
1 0,18 + 1,10
=
= 0,144 + 0,88
5
2
4
= 0,89 =
= 180
= 99o 17 35
= 1
= (0,144)2 + (0,88)2
= ( + )
= +
Frmula Polar
= 0,89(99o 17 35 )
= 99o 17 35
= ( + )
Pgina 8 de 57
o 17 35
= 0,89 99
Forma Exponencial
1 = 1 (1 + 1 )
2 = 2 (2 + 2 )
1 2 = 1 2 {(1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 )}
1 1
= {(1 2 ) + (1 2 )}
2 2
Calcular la raz cuarta
14 = 23 2
14
= (3,46 2)
+ 2
+ 2
1 = 1
+
= 23 + (2)2
2
= (3,46)2 + (2)2
= 11,9716 + 4
= 22 3 + 4
= 3,99 = 4
= 16 = 4
7
=
6
= 4 3 + 4
Si k=0
7
7
1 = 414 6
+
4
24
= 210o
180o
1 = 4{0,61 + 0,79}
1 = 0,86 + 1,12
Si k=1
7
7
+
2
+ 2
2 = 4 6
+ 6
4
4
4
2 = 1,12 + 0,86
Pgina 9 de 57
Si k=2
7
7
+ 4
+ 4
6
3 = 4
+ 6
4
4
4
4
3 = 4(0,61 0,79)
3 = 0,86 1,12
Si k=3
7
7
+ 6
+ 6
6
4 = 4
+ 6
4
4
4
4 = 1,12 0,86
Grfico
2 (1.12,0.86)
3 (0.86, 1.12)
1 (0.86,1.12)
4 (1.12, 0.86)
= 0,1 ( 1)
= 0,1,2,3,4
= 32
= 180o =
= +
Pgina 10 de 57
Ejemplo 2
Si k=0
1 = 3215 +
1 = 2{0,81 + 0,59}
1 = 1,62 + 1,18
2
2
+ +
5
5
Si k=1
2 = 2 +
2(1)
2(1)
+ +
5
5
2 = 0,62 + 1,91
Si k=2
2
+ 2(2)
3 = 2 + 2 +
5
5
3 = 2
Si k=3
4 = 2 +
2(3)
7
+
5
5
4 = 0,62 1,91
Si k=4
5 = 2 +
5 = 1,62 1,18
2(4)
9
+ +
5
5
Pgina 11 de 57
Grfico
3
5
| + | = 2
| + ( 1)| = 2
2 + ( 1)2 = 22
2 + ( 1)2 = 22
(2)
Circunferencia
(0,1) = 2
Prctico # 1
1 = 1 ;
2 = 2 + 4;
b) (22 31 )2
c) (3 3 )5
3 = 3 2
d) |3 + 2 |16
e) (1 )2 + 21 3
Contina
Pgina 12 de 57
| + 2| + |8 2| = 6
Ejemplo 1:
= +
[( + ) + 2] + [( + ) 2] = 6
[ + ( + 2)] + [ + ( 2)] = 6
[ + ( + 2)] = 6 [ + ( 2)]
2
2 + ( + 2)2 = 6 2 + ( 2)2
2 + 2 + 4 + 4 = 36 12 2 + ( 2)2 + 2 + 2 4 + 4
8 36 = 12 2 + ( 2)2
36 8 = 12 2 + ( 2)2
81 36 + 4 2 = 9 2 + 9( 2 4 + 4)
9 2 + 9 2 36 + 36 81 + 36 4 2 = 0
9 2 5 2 45
+
=
45
45
45
2 2
+
= 1
5
9
1 + 5
=
1
3 +
3
= 3 + (1)2
= 2
2 = 2
3
1
= tan1
3
= 360 30
= 50
3 = 12 + (1)2 = 2
= 45
Pgina 13 de 57
2 330
2 45
= 30
2
2 315
4
= 2 33030 2 45315
4
= 2 300 2 270
(150) + (150)
0,87 0,5
Continuacin de prctico # 1
f) | 3| | + 3| = 4
Resp.
g) | + 2 3| + | 2 + 3| = 10
2
4
2
6
=1
Hiperbola
Pgina 14 de 57
TEMA # 2
FUNCIONES DE VARIABLES COMPLEJAS
= () = (2 )
()
=1 +
b) () = 2 2
2 = 4 4 + 4 + (4 + 8) = 4 + 4
= 2 2 + 2 + (2 2)
1) = 1
a) () =
= +
b) (1) =
a) =
b) =
= 1
1++
1
1+1
11+
1+
1
1+
1
1+2+ 2
21
1
2
12
2 1
21
1
2
2
= 1 2
Pgina 15 de 57
( 5)(3 + 2) = 24 + 27
3 + 2 + 15 = 10 2
+ 24 + 27
3 + 10 + (2 + 15) = 24 + 27
de (2)
3 + 10 = 24 0
2 + 15 = 27 0
=
2 = 12
12
2
6
3 + 10 = 24
18 + 10 2 = 24
10 2 24 18 = 0
1 = 3
3
2 =
5
12 144 + 180
10
12 18
=
10
12 + 18
1 =
=3
10
12 18
3
=
2 =
10
5
6
3
6
1
=
3
5
= 2
= 3
= 10
= 35
Se requiere cuatro dimensiones para trazar una funcin compleja, dos funciones para
representar la variable compleja donde w es la independiente y es la variable independiente
existir una correspondiente en p y p que se denomina una aplicacin y una transformacin de
los puntos p.
Pgina 16 de 57
= () = +
= 2 3
= () = 3 + 5 + (2 3)
() = 2( + )2 + 3 + 3 2
= +
() = 2( 2 + 2 + 2 2 ) + 3 3
() = 2 2 + 4 + 2 2 2
+ 3 3
() =2 2 2 2 3 + (4 + 3)
= 2 2 2 2 3
= 4 + 3
= +
= ( + )3 ( + )2
= 3 + 3 2 2 + 3 2 2
+ 3 ( 2 + 2 + 2 2 )
Pgina 17 de 57
= 3 + 3 2 3 2 2
3 2 + 2 2
=
3 + 3 2 +
3 2 3 2
2 2
+ 3 2
= 3 3 2 2 + (3 2 2 2 3 )
= 3 3 2 2
= 3 2 2 2 3
3. Funciones representadas en forma polar
Otra de las formas de representar analticamente es en coordenadas polares, conociendo los
nmeros complejos llevados en su forma polar hallaremos la funcin buscada.
= ()
= +
= +
1
= =
= =
= ( + )
=
2 = 2 2
2 = 2 2
2 + 2 = 2 ( 2 + 2 )1
2 + 2 = 2 Circunferencia
(0,0) =
Pgina 18 de 57
() = ( + )
= ( + ) + 1
+ = + + 1
+ = + 1 +
= + 1
=
1 =
=
( 1)2 = 2 2
2 = 2 2
( 1)2 + 2 = 12 ( 2 + 2 )
(1,0)
= () = 1 +
= ( + ) 1 + 1
+ = 1 + ( + 1)
= 1
= + 1
( + 1)2 = 2 2
( 1)2 = 2 2
Pgina 19 de 57
( + 1)2 ( 1)2 = 2 ( 2 + 2 )1
( + 1)2 ( 1)2 = 2
(1,1)
4. Funciones trigonomtricas
A partir de la siguiente forma podemos reducir de la siguiente forma:
= +
= () + ()
= + (1)
= + (2)
+ = 2
=
+
2
+ = 2
=
Pgina 20 de 57
= 2
+
2
( + )
=
2
= 1
=
= ( + )2
= 2 + 2 + 2 2
= 2 2 + (2)
= 2 2
= 2
(0, 1) (1,0)
= 02 (1)2
= 1
= 2(0)(1)(0) = 0
=(1,0)
= (1,0)
= (9,0)
= (9,0)
Tramo
= 2 2 (1)
(2)
= 2
Pgina 21 de 57
2 + 2 =
2
= 1
= 1 2
1
=
2
2
= 2 1 2
= 1 2 2
= 1 2 2
2 = 4 1
= 1 2 2
2 + 2 = 1
2 2 = 1
2 =
1
2
1 1
2
2
Tramo BC
= 0
= 2 2
3 1
= 9
Si = 3
= 1
= 2
Si = 1
1 9
= 0
= 2
Tramo CD
= 3
= 2 ( 3)2
= 2 ( 2 + 6 + 9)
= 2 2 6 9
= 6 9
6 = 9
9
=
6
= 2 2
= 2
= +
= 1
= 3
( 9)
9
=
3
3
6
=
( + 9) + 9 18
3
6
= 18( + 9)( 9)
18 = 2 81
2 = 18 + 81
9
2 = 18
2
Parbola
9
= 2
( 3)
6
Pgina 22 de 57
Tramo
= 0
1 3
= 2 2
= 2
= 2
= (1)2 = 1
Si = 1
Si = 3
= 9
1 9
9
2 = 18
2
=
9
2
Prctico # 2
a) = 2
b) = ()2
Pgina 23 de 57
Ejemplo
=
Primer Paso
(1)
2
2
+
(2)
= 2
+ 2
=
Segundo Paso
1
(2,0)
2 , 0
(2,0)
2 , 0
(0,2)
(1, 1)
(1,0)
(1,0)
(1, 1)
= +
0, 2
1
1 1
2 , 2
(1,0)
(1,0)
1 1
2 , 2
Pgina 24 de 57
Tercer Paso
(3)
+ =
+
2 + 2 2 + 2
(4)
+
2 + 2
(5)
2 + 2 =
Cuarto Paso
+ =
2 + 2
2
2
2
+ = 2
+ 2
2 + 2
Transformar Tramo
1
+ 2
2 + 2 =
2 2
2 + 2
(2,0) (0,2)
1
1
=
2 1 2 1
2
=
2 02
= + 2
Ecuaciones
= 2
+ 2
= 2
+ 2
+ = 2
+ 2
+
2 + 2
2 + 2 =
1
2 + 2
+ = 2
2
3
4
Pgina 25 de 57
Transformar
+ = 2
= 2 1( 2 + 2 )
= 2(2 + 2 )
2 2 2 2
+
+ =0
2
2 2
2
2 + 2 + = 0
2
2
2
1
1
1
1 2
1 2
2
2
2
2
+ + +
= +
+
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
1 2
1 2
12
12
+ + = +
4
4
16
16
2
1
1
1
+ + =
4
4
8
1
1
;
4
4
1
=
8
Tramo
= +
= 2
=
2
= =1
2
= + 2
= 2
+ = 2(2 + 2 )
22 2 2 = + (1)
22 + 2 2 =
2 2 2 2
+
+ + =0
2
2
2 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
+ + + =
4
4
8
Pgina 26 de 57
1
1
;
4
4
1
=
8
Transformar Tramo
(2,0)
= 2 + 2
1 = ( 1 )
21
1
= = 1
1
= 1[ (2)]
=
= 2
+ = 2
=
2 1
2 + 2
+ = 22 + 2 2
22 + + 2 2 = 0
// (1)
1 2
1 2
1 2
+ + =
4
4
8
1
1
; +
4
4
1
=
8
Tramo
= 1
Usando Ecuacin 1
=
1
(1 + 2 )
1 0
(1 + 2 ) = 1
1 + 2 =
1
2 = 1
1
= 1
Pgina 27 de 57
=
=
1
1
1
1 + 1
1
1
1
1
()2 = 1
1
2 = 2 1
2 = 2
2 + + 2 = 0
1 2
1 2
2
+ + + =
2
2
2
1 2
1 2
2
+ + =
2
2
1
; 0
2
1
=
2
Tramo
= 0
0
= = 0
2 + 0
1 1
Si = 1 1
=
1
= = 1
1+0
= 1
Si = 1
= 1
1 1
Pgina 28 de 57
Tramo
= 1
=
1
1 + 2
2 =
1
1
1 + 2 =
1
= 1
1
1
1
1 + 1
1
2 = 1
1
2 = 1
1
2 = 2 1
2 = 2
1 2
1 2
2
+ 8 =
2
2
1
; 0
2
1
=
2
Tramo
2 + 2 = 0
1 = ( 1 )
1
= =1
1
+ 1 = 1( 1)
= 1 1
= = 2
(1)
Pgina 29 de 57
= 2
+ = 2(2 + 2 )
(1)
2 2 2 2
+ = 0
2
2 2
2
2 + 2 = 0
2
2
=
2
1
1
+
16 16
1
= = 0,35
8
1 2
1 2
1 2
+ =
4
4
8
1 1
: ;
4 4
1
=
8
1 1
1
;
; 0
4 4
2
1 1 2
1 2
= + 0
2 4
4
1 2
1 2
= +
4
4
Graficar:
Tramo A-B
Tramo C-D
1
1
;
4
4
1
= = 0,35
8
1 1
;
4 4
Tramo B-C
1
1
;
4
4
= 0,35
= 0,35
Tramo D-E
1
; 0
2
1
= = 0,5
2
Tramo E-F
1 < 1
Pgina 30 de 57
Plano w
Pgina 31 de 57
TEMA # 3
LMITES
Sea ()definida y nica reunida en funcin 0 decimos que el numero L es el numero
lim () =
Si para cualquier nmero + podemos encontrar un nmero positivo delta tal que
Teorema 1
Teorema 2
Si ,
lim ( + ) = 0 +
Si
Teorema 3
lim
lim = 0
Teorema 4
Pgina 32 de 57
Teorema 5
lim () () = lim () lim ()
Teorema 6
() ()
= lim ()
0 () ()
()
lim
2. Continuidad
Sea una funcin (0 ) definida univoca en una densidad (0 ) se dice que 0 si cumple las
siguientes funciones.
1) lim0 () =
debe existir
2) (0 ) =
debe existir
3) = (0 )
Ejemplo 1
lim 3 2 = 3()2
Teorema 1
= 3
Ejemplo 2
lim (2 2 ) = 2 1 + 2
1+
1 +
= 2(1 + 2 + 2 ) 1
= 2 + 4 2 1
Ejemplo 3
= 3 1
2 2 2
lim 2
=
+ 4
+ 4
+ 2
+ 2 2
=
=
= +
1 + 4
3
3 3
Ejemplo 4
2 + 1 2 + 1 0
= 4
=
4 1
1 0
lim
2 + 1
2 + 1
1
1
=
= 1
=
2
2
2
2
2
( ) 1
( + 1)( 1) 2 1
2
Pgina 33 de 57
a)
b)
0
0
c) 1 =
d) 0 =
e) 00 =
Ejemplo 1
2 + 1 0
=
1
0
lim
//1
2 + 1 ( + )( 1)
=
= 1 + = 2
( 1)
1
Ejemplo 2
2 + 3 2 0
=
0
1
lim
2 + 3 (2)2
2 + 3 + 4
2 + 3 2 2 + 3 + 2
=
=
1
2 + 3 + 2 ( 1) 2 + 3 + 2 ( 1) 2 + 3 + 2
=
2 1
( 1) 2 + 3 + 2
( 1)( + 1)
( 1) 2 + 3 + 2
2 1
=
4 2
Prctico # 5
Demostrar:
2 + 1
1
(1) lim
= 1
2
1+ 2 + 2
2
2 4 + 1
(2) lim 4
=
+ 1
(2 3)(4 )
(3) lim
=
( 1)2
2
(4) lim 4
=
4 + + 1
2 + 1
=
6 + 1
(5) lim
Pgina 34 de 57
3. Lmites trigonomtricos
Para calcular se utiliza cualquier lmite trigonomtrico hasta utilizar el sistema:
lim
=1
0
()
lim
=1
0 ()
Ejemplo 1
( 1) 0
=
0 3 3
0
lim
Cambio de variable
= 1
Cuando =
= 1
= 0
=3
0 3
lim
1
=3
0
lim
Ejemplo 2
0
=
0
0
lim
= 0
Ejemplo 3
= ()
= 0
0 ()
lim
lim 1
1
=
=
0
lim 1
0
lim
= ()
3
0 2
lim
33
3
lim 3 =
0 22
2
2
Pgina 35 de 57
TEMA # 4
DERIVADAS DE FUNCIONES COMPLEJAS
Sea en funcin = () una funcin compleja cuyo dominio contiene un contorno 0 , la
(0 +) (0 )
0
(0 ) = lim
= +
= +
( + )2 ()2
0
2 ()2
+
0 ()
()
lim
lim 2 + 0
() = 2
Ejemplo 1
() = 3 2 + 4 5 +
(+) ()
0
() = lim
3( + )2 + 4( + ) 5 + 3 2 4 5 +
0
() = lim
3{ 2 + 2 + 2 } + 4 + 4 5 + 3 2 4 + 5
0
() = lim
()
()
3 2 + 6 + 3 2 + 4 3 2
= lim
0
(6 + 4 + 3 0 )
= lim
0
() = lim 6 + 4
0
() = 3(2) + 4(2) 5 + = 6 + 4
Pgina 36 de 57
1. Mtodo Logaritmos
ln () = ln ( 2 + ) (+1)
( + 1)
( 2 + )
(ln ) =
ln
( 2 + )
= ( + 1) ( + 1) ln[( 2 + )] + ( + 1) +
( 2 + )2
( + 1)2 ( 2 + )
2
= ( + 1) ln[( + )] +
( 2 + )
= ( + 1) ln[( 2 + )] +
( + 1) 2( 2 + )
( 2 + )
= ( 2 + ) (+1) ( + 1) ln[( 2 + )] +
( + 1)2( 2 + )
( 2 + )
Ejemplo 1
= +
=
=
() = 2 + 5() + 3
() = ( + )2 + 5( + ) + 3
=( 2 2 5 + 3) + (2 + 5 1)
(, )
(, )
= 2
= (2 + 5) =
= (2 + 5)
= 2
= +
() = ( + ) (+ )
() = ( + )
Pgina 37 de 57
= ( + ) (cos sen )
= cos + sen
sen
= ( cos sen )
= cos + sen
= cos sen
= cos + ( cos )
= cos + ( cos + )
= cos cos
= cos + ( cos ) + ( )
= cos cos
3. Funciones Trigonomtricas
Se dice que una funcin es armnica si cumple las siguientes condiciones:
1)
2 2
+
=0
2 2
+ 2=0
2
Demostrar:
= 2 2
2
+
=0
2 2
Pgina 38 de 57
2 2 = 2 2 = 0
2 0 2 = 2 = 0
0+0=0
Paso 1
=
=
= 2 2 + ()
= 2 2 + ()
= 2 2 + ()
= 2 2 + ()
= 2 2 + ()
0+0+
()
()
= (2)
() = 2
() =
2
+
=0
2 2
2 2 + 2 = 0
2 2 + 2 = 0
0+0= 0
2 2
+
2
() = 2 +
2 = 2 2 + 2
2 = 0
2 = 0
Pgina 39 de 57
Ejemplo 2
Determine si es armnica y encuentre v
= 2 2 2 2 + 3
2
2
2 2 2 = 2
2
2
2
+
2 2
2 2 + 3 = 2
22=0
0=0
Es Armnica
Paso I
=
=
=
=
= 2 2 2 + ()
= 2 2 2 + ()
= 2 2 2 + ()
= 2 2 2 + ()
()
= 2 +
Pgina 40 de 57
()
= (2 2 + 3)
()
2 +
= 2 + 2 3
2 +
() = (2 3)
() = (2 3)
() = 2 3
() = 2 3
= 2 2 2 + 2 3
2
= 2 2 2 + 2 3 = 2
2
2
= 2 2 2 + 2 3 = 2
2
4. Regla de LHospital
(10 + 1) 0
=
( 6 + 1)
0
lim
(10 9 ) 10 95 10 4
=
(6 5 )
6
6
lim
10 4 10 4 10
=
=
6
6
6
( )
lim
0
2
lim
0 2
1
lim
0 2
1
1
lim
=
2 0
2
lim
Pgina 41 de 57
TEMA # 5
INTEGRALES COMPLEJAS
1. Integrales Indefinidas
Prctico #
1) cos
2) 3
3) cos 3 sin 3
4) cot(2 + 5)
(2)
3
=
3
3 3 =
3 =
3 1
3
3
3
3 3
+0
3
9
(3)
= sen 3
= 3 cos 3
Sustitucin
= cos 3
3
sin 38 cos 3 = 4
1
= 4
3
3
1 2
1
+ = sin2 (38) +
3 2
6
1 2
sin (3) +
6
Pgina 42 de 57
y =
= (1 )(1 ) + (2 )(2 1 ) + + ( )( 1 )
()
1 2 y llamamos = 0 y =
= +
I1 =
(||)2 = 2 + 2
( 2 + 2 )( + )
= 0 = 0
1
( 2 + 02 )( + 0)
1
3
13
03
= =
3 0
3
3
0
2
1 =
1
3
Pgina 43 de 57
I2 =
= 1 = 0
(1 +
2 )()
= (1 + 2 )
0
3
+ = +
3 0
2
1 13
03
3 + 0 + =
3 3
3
I3 =
= 1 = 0
4
2 =
3
( 2 + 12 ) ()
1
3
03
13
+ = 3 + 0 + 1
3
3
3
1
I4 =
= 0 = 0
3 =
4
3
3
03
13
= = =
3 1
3
3
1
2
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
1 4
4 1
14
41
+ =
+
3 3
3 3
3
3
1
4 =
3
= 1 +
Pgina 44 de 57
a) {( + )2 2}
2 + 2 + 2
2 2 ( + )
= +
= +
( 2 2 ) ( + )
Tramo I 1
0
= 1
(1
1
2)
= 0
3
= =
3 1
512
13
1 =
3
3
488 2
3
3
490
1 =
Tramo I 2
= 8
= 0
( 2 2 ) ( + )0
( 2
3
64) = 64 =
3
1
23
13
64(2) 64(1) =
3
3
Pgina 45 de 57
185
3
490
185
= 1 + 2 =
3
3
2 =
= { = 2 2 (1,2) (2,8)
( 2 2 ) ( + )
= 2 2
= 4
{ 2 (2 2 )2 } ( + 4)2
( 2
( 2 4 4 )(1 + 4)
4 4 16
5)
3
4 4 4 5 116 6
= +
3
4
5
6 1
23
4
826
13
4(1)5 18(1)3
+ 24 (2)5
+ (1)
3
5
3
3
5
3
=
Pgina 46 de 57
= (cos + sen )
=
= cos + sen
= (cos sen )
=
= 2
=
= 2( )1 10
= 4
= 2
= 4
2 2
4
() (0,0) 1
|| = 1
= (cos sen )
=
= ()
=
2
=
[0]2
0 =
0
= [2 0]
= 2
Pgina 47 de 57
Ejemplo
(2,5)
(0,1)
(3 + ) + (2 )
a) A lo largo de la curva = 2 + 1
x
0
1
2
-1
y
1
2
5
2
b)
= = = 2 +
=
4
2
= 2
= 1 ""
= 2 + 1
= 2
(3 + 2 + 1) + (4 + 2 )2
(5 + 1) + (6 + 4)
(5 + 1 + 6 + 4)
Pgina 48 de 57
11 2
4422
(11 + 5) =
+ 5 =
+ 10 = 32
2
21
0
0
3. Teorema Green
2
+ =
2
Verificar el teorema Green (Este teorema solo sirve para contorno cerrado)
( 2 2) + ( 2 3 )
Tramo 1
= 0 = 0
2
3
23 03 8
= =
=
3
0
3
3
0
2
Tramo II
= 2 = 0
( 2
3 8 2
23 8(2)3
40
8) =
=
[0] =
3
2 0
3
2
3
Pgina 49 de 57
Tramo III
2 = 0
( 2
3 4 2
8
4) =
= [0 0] 8
3
2 2
3
Tramo IV
= 0
= 0
0
3
23
= = [0]
3 2
3
2
2
Integral Total
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
=
8 40 16 8
3 3
3 3
Teorema de Green
+ =
Pgina 50 de 57
3 2 (2)
2
(3 2 + 2)
0
4. Teorema Gauchy-Gaursat
Se hace un contorno cerrado simple. Si () una funcin analtica sobre I el interior de c
entonces:
() = 0
= #
Pgina 51 de 57
= (cos + sen )
= cos + sen
=
= ()
=
+1 +
+1 ( +1)
( + 1)
+1
1( + 1) 0
=
+1
(+1)
cos ( + 1) + sen ( + 1)
2
0
()
= 2()
( )
Pgina 52 de 57
Ejemplo 1
(1) || = 3
(2) || = 1
() =
2 = 0
= 2
(2) = 2
= +
Ejemplo 2
sen
+ 2
= 2 2
( 2)
{||} = 5
Pgina 53 de 57
=0
2
() = sen
= sen = sen
2
2
2
Ejemplo 3
(9 2 )( + )
| + 2| = 4
| 2| = 4
| 2 + | = 4
( 2)2 + 2 = 4
( 2)2 + 2 = (4)2
( 2)2 + 2 = 42
(2,0)
= 4
Pgina 54 de 57
=
2
10
(9 2 ) ()
1
1
= 2
5
() = 0
= +()
9 2
=
=
=
2
9 ()
9 (1)
10
() =
()
(9
2 )
()
= 2
1
=
10
5
a) = | 2| + | + 2| = 6
()
2
=
+1
( )
! ()
3
( )3
b) | 1| = 4
Pgina 55 de 57
a) | + 2| + | + + 2| = 6
| 2 + | + | + 2 + | = 6
( 2)2 + 2 + ( + 2)2 + 2 = 6
2
( 2)2 + 2 = 6 ( + 2)2 + 2
2 4 + 4 36 = 12( + 2)2 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 4
8 36 12
( + 2)2 + 2
=
4
4 4
(2 + 9)2 = 3( + 2)2 + 2
4 2 + 36 + 81 = 9[( + 2)2 + 2 ]
// (4)
//( )2
4 2 + 36 + 81 = 9[ 2 + 4 + 4 + 2 ]
4 2 + 36 + 81 = 9 2 + 36 + 36 + 9 2
45 = 5 2 + 9 2
2 2
+
=1
32 5
3
( )3
3
2
=
()
( )3
2!
() =
() = (3) 3 = 3 3
() = 9 3
() = 9 3
() = 9 3
() = 9 3
() = 9(cos(3))1 + (sen(3))0
2 9 18
=
2
2
Pgina 56 de 57
Prctico
1)
2)
3)
sen(3)
+ 2
sen6 ()
3
6
e3z
( 2 + 1)2
= || = 3
= || = 3
= || = 3
Pgina 57 de 57