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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
The maximum compressive stress will occur when the vessel is not under pressure D 7.4 C 61.1 D 68.5, well below the critical buckling stress. So design is satisfactory. Could reduce the plate thickness and recalculate.
Figure 13.22.
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Figure 13.23.
theoretical optimum position of the supports to give the least maximum bending moment will be the position at which the maxima at the supports and at mid-span are equal in magnitude. For a uniformly loaded beam the position will be at 21 per cent of the span, in from each end. The saddle supports for a vessel will usually be located nearer the ends than this value, to make use of the stiffening effect of the ends.
y ; ; y ;y y ; y ; y ;
(b) (a)
Figure 13.24.
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
longitudinal bending stress at the mid-span, second moment of area of the shell, shell diameter, shell thickness.
The resultant axial stress due to bending and pressure will be given by: z D PD 4ML1 4t D2 t 13.84
The magnitude of the longitudinal bending stress at the supports will depend on the local stiffness of the shell; if the shell does not remain circular under load a portion of the upper part of the cross-section is ineffective against longitudinal bending; see Figure 13.25. The stress is given by: 4ML2 b2 D 13.85 Ch D2 t where ML2 D longitudinal bending moment at the supports, Ch D an empirical constant; varying from 1.0 for a completely stiff shell to about 0.1 for a thin, unstiffened, shell.
Figure 13.25.
Saddle supports: shaded area is ineffective against longitudinal bending in an unstiffened shell
The ends of the vessels will stiffen the shell if the position of the saddles is less than D/4 from the ends. Ring stiffeners, located at the supports, are used to stiffen the shells of long thin vessels. The rings may be tted inside or outside the vessel. In addition to the longitudinal bending stress, a vessel supported on saddles will be subjected to tangential shear stresses, which transfer the load from the unsupported sections of the vessel to the supports; and to circumferential bending stresses. All these stresses need to be considered in the design of large, thin-walled, vessels, to ensure that the resultant stress does not exceed the maximum allowable design stress or the critical buckling stress for the material. A detailed stress analysis is beyond the scope of this
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book. A complete analysis of the stress induced in the shell by the supports is given by Zick (1951). Zicks method forms the basis of the design methods given in the national codes and standards. The method is also given by Brownell and Young (1959), Escoe (1994) and Megyesy (2001).
Design of saddles
The saddles must be designed to withstand the load imposed by the weight of the vessel and contents. They are constructed of bricks or concrete, or are fabricated from steel plate. The contact angle should not be less than 120 , and will not normally be greater than 150 . Wear plates are often welded to the shell wall to reinforce the wall over the area of contact with the saddle. The dimensions of typical standard saddle designs are given in Figure 13.26. To take up any thermal expansion of the vessel, such as that in heat exchangers, the anchor bolt holes in one saddle can be slotted. Procedures for the design of saddle supports are given by Brownell and Young (1959), Megyesy (2001), Escoe (1994) and Moss (2003).
Dimensions (m) Vessel diam. (m) 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 Maximum weight (kN) 35 50 65 90 180 V 0.48 0.58 0.63 0.68 0.78 Y 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.20 C 0.55 0.70 0.81 0.91 1.09 E 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.45 J 0.190 0.225 0.275 0.310 0.360 G 0.095 0.095 0.095 0.095 0.140
t2 6 8 10 11 12
t1 5 5 6 8 10
All contacting edges llet welded (a) Figure 13.26. Standard steel saddles (adapted from Bhattacharyya, 1976). (a) for vessels up to 1.2 m
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Dimensions (m) Vessel diam. (m) 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.6 Maximum weight (kN) 230 330 380 460 750 900 1000 1350 1750 2000 2500 V 0.88 0.98 1.08 1.18 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.58 1.68 1.78 1.98 Y 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.225 0.225 0.225 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 C 1.24 1.41 1.59 1.77 1.95 2.13 2.30 2.50 2.64 2.82 3.20 E 0.53 0.62 0.71 0.80 0.89 0.98 1.03 1.10 1.18 1.26 1.40 J 0.305 0.350 0.405 0.450 0.520 0.565 0.590 0.625 0.665 0.730 0.815 G 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.140 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 0.150 t2 12 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 t1 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
All contacting edges llet welded (b) Figure 13.26. (b) for vessels greater than 1.2 m
Skirt thickness
The skirt thickness must be sufcient to withstand the dead-weight loads and bending moments imposed on it by the vessel; it will not be under the vessel pressure.