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Com muitas espiras, um campo magntico controlado por meio de um dispositivo de excitao com corrente contnua, montados em arranjo conveniente, fabrica-se os alternadores comerciais utilizados nos grupos geradores, bem como os grandes alternadores das usinas hidroeltricas. Nas figuras, detalhes dos alternadores produzidos pela WEG.

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

www.joseclaudio.eng.br

Pg. 60

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

www.joseclaudio.eng.br

Pg. 61

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Fase 1 Bobinas em srie = 440 Volts

Fase 1 Bobinas em paralelo = 220 Volts

www.joseclaudio.eng.br

13.4.2 POTNCIA DO ALTERNADOR


Vimos no captulo 4 que a potncia do alternador definida em KVA (potncia aparente) e que a potncia ativa definida em kW, sendo o fator de potncia (cosM) a relao entre as potncias ativa e aparente e que kW = cosM . KVA. Vimos ainda que existe a potncia reativa, que surge nos circuitos eltricos com cargas indutivas, especialmente motores eltricos. Na realidade, a potncia aparente (KVA) a soma vetorial das potncias ativa (kW) e reativa (KVAr). No tringulo de potncias abaixo, pode-se visualizar as relaes que existem entre as trs potncias: Das relaes geomtricas do tringulo retngulo, sabemos que:

(KVA) = (kW) + (KVAr) e que cosM = (kW) (KVA). fcil perceber que,
mantendo-se constante o valor de (kW), quanto maior for o valor de (KVAr), menor ser cosM e maior ser (KVA). Por isso o fator de potncia universalmente denominado cosM. Se estabelecssemos uma comparao com um copo de chope, teramos algo semelhante figura:

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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(QJ-RVp&ODXGLR3HUHLUDZZZMRVHFODXGLRHQJEU Pg. 91

GRUPOS GERADORES SISTEMAS DE CONTROLE


O mercado brasileiro no era receptivo aos controles eletrnicos para grupos geradores at o advento da tecnologia digital neste segmento. Havia um entendimento geral de que os controles para grupos geradores deveriam ser simples de operar e oferecer o mximo em termos de facilidades de manuteno. As inovaes eletrnicas introduzidas pelos fabricantes eram limitadas, j que a maior parcela do volume das suas vendas era gerada por encomendas sob especificao, as quais recusavam componentes desconhecidos. Os montadores, buscando competitividade, ofereciam muitas alternativas, resultando da que os clientes, usurios de muitos equipamentos, como as empresas de telecomunicaes e outros, no conseguiam um nvel de padronizao aceitvel para os seus equipamentos, como ainda ocorre atualmente. Na dcada de 70, comearam a surgir os primeiros controles eletrnicos montados no Brasil e como havia a proteo de mercado para a industria nacional, praticamente nenhuma tecnologia importada era acrescentada aos produtos vendidos na poca. Alm disso, as primeiras unidades lanadas no mercado apresentavam desempenho medocre e falhas constantes, acabando por cair no descrdito do consumidor. Existia ainda uma certa rejeio por parte das empresas de telecomunicaes que, como maiores usurios de grupos geradores, eram formadoras de opinio, tornando os controles eletrnicos aceitveis por outros clientes apenas em funo de preo, uma vez que eram mais baratos. A despeito disso, muitas unidades foram vendidas e ainda esto em operao at hoje. Somente em 1996 os controles eletrnicos para grupos geradores alcanaram o segmento de telecomunicaes, quando a Embratel adquiriu a sua primeira Unidade de Superviso de Corrente Alternada eletrnica, fabricada sob encomenda e com a superviso dos engenheiros do Departamento de Energia da Embratel, resultando da o equipamento padro Telebrs. As empresas de telecomunicaes, diante da diversidade de produtos existentes no mercado, e com o objetivo de padronizar os grupos geradores utilizados por elas, elaboraram normas tcnicas especficas para serem observadas pelos seus fornecedores, nascendo da algumas nomenclaturas hoje bastante difundidas entre os usurios de grupos geradores, tais como: USCA = Unidade de Superviso de Corrente alternada QTM = Quadro de Transferncia Manual QTA = Quadro de transferncia Automtica QGD = Quadro Geral de Distribuio QDCA = Quadro de Distribuio de Corrente Alternada e outras siglas aplicveis aos dispositivos de corrente contnua. Conceitualmente, h diferenas entre as prticas adotadas nos mercados americano e europeu. Ns, no Brasil, assimilamos os padres europeus com maior facilidade, provavelmente porque as nossas normas tcnicas derivam, em muitos casos, das normas europias e porque somos familiarizados com o sistema mtrico. Assim, definimos os nossos sistemas em KVA, enquanto nos Estados Unidos, o padro definir as potncias em kW, independentemente de fator de potncia. Para ns, o entendimento de que o QUADRO DE COMANDO do grupo gerador um componente parte, afeto parte eltrica do sistema. Entendemos que o quadro de comando deve ser separado, onde todos os dispositivos de superviso e controle so instalados, distncia do motor Diesel (Padro Telecomunicaes). Na maioria dos casos, no aceitvel o que se denomina de QUADRO

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

Pgina

92

DE COMANDO INTEGRADO ou INCORPORADO, conceito j h muito difundido nos Estados Unidos e Europa. Decorrente da prtica ao longo do tempo, para a maioria dos usurios, QUADRO COMANDO AUTOMTICO ou USCA, inclui a Chave de Transferncia Automtica Carga. Somente em casos excepcionais, em funo das distncias envolvidas instalao, visando a economia de cabos, admite-se a utilizao de QTA (Quadro Transferncia Automtica) distncia, em separado da USCA. DE de na de

A grande maioria das especificaes tcnicas elaboradas pelas empresas de engenharia para aquisio de grupos geradores, prev a utilizao de um nico quadro de comando auto-suportado, onde se encontram controles, instrumentos e chave de transferncia automtica. Somente a partir do advento dos controles digitais observa-se a tendncia de mudana destes conceitos. Por entender que esta tecnologia mais confivel, o consumidor tende aceitar mais facilmente o Quadro de Comando Integrado. H, ainda, a dificuldade de aceitao do fato de alguns dispositivos serem inerentes exclusivamente Chave de Transferncia (em armrio distncia), como os sensores de tenso e freqncia, por exemplo. Portanto, o conceito de montagem dos grupos geradores importados ainda encontra algumas resistncias no mercado brasileiro, resultantes de prticas enraizadas no passado. de ressaltar, tambm, que durante muitos anos, os grupos geradores, na sua maioria, eram fornecidos sob encomenda fazendo com que os montadores no pudessem manter um padro construtivo. Os produtos considerados de linha no correspondiam exatamente s exigncias dos clientes. Ainda hoje, freqentemente, vemos especificaes tcnicas que s podem ser atendidas com produtos fabricados especialmente, sob encomenda. So os que os fabricantes/montadores chamam de grupos geradores engenheirados, que alguns at declinam de fornecer, por inclurem dispositivos pouco usuais e documentao tcnica especfica e complicada. Outra caracterstica do mercado brasileiro, em relao a controles, est diretamente relacionada ao conhecimento tcnico do produto por parte do comprador/usurio. H uma parcela significativa de usurios, onde se concentra o maior volume de unidades vendidas (potncias inferior a 500 KVA), que adquire pelo menor preo sem diferenciar o produto. O comprador/usurio no distingue entre este ou aquele tipo de controle, marca ou modelo de motor Diesel e alternador. Para atender estes clientes, so fabricados os alternadores industriais, com excitao esttica e sem preocupaes tcnicas quanto distoro harmnica, forma de onda e outras caractersticas. Todos os componentes utilizados so os de menor custo possvel. No outro segmento esto os clientes que tem algum conhecimento tcnico ou se assessoram de consultores para fazer aquisio e instalao do seu grupo gerador, identificando suas reais necessidades e adquirindo a soluo para o seu problema de energia e no somente um grupo gerador. Nestes casos, h uma especificao tcnica com requisitos mnimos a serem atendidos pelo fornecedor do equipamento. Atualmente, podemos encontrar no mercado brasileiro diversos controles para os grupos geradores comercializados. Dentre os principais, destacamos os seguintes: NOTA:
As caractersticas esto sujeitas a alteraes sem aviso prvio pelo fabricante e, em funo de evoluo tecnolgica, podem estar desatualizadas. Durante a elaborao deste levantamento, certamente, novos produtos esto sendo desenvolvidos e em breve sero disponibilizados, trazendo inovaes de conceitos e de tecnologia. Eng Jos Claudio Pereira http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br Pgina 93

o o o o o o o o o o o

Detector e PowerCommand Cummins Power Generation; EMCP II e EMCP II+ - Caterpillar; DEC340 Decision Maker Kohler; ST2000 Stemac; SMART GEN Atos Automao Industrial LSM2001 Light Service; M50, M150, S2500, R3000, A400 e MICS Process II SDMO; RGAM LOVATO; USCAMAQ Maquigeral; H606, DPC-560 e DPC-750 Leon Heimer e Novos Produtos Woodward. CUMMINS POWER GENERATION Sistema de Controle Detector12
x x x x x x x x x x Partida Automtica Remota Componentes de controle projetados para suportar os nveis de vibrao tpicos de grupos geradores Controla Partida e Parada do Grupo Gerador Descrio do Controle Detector 12 Lmpadas (NFPA 110) Monitor do motor com 12 x Boto de Teste de Lmpadas lmpadas (Nvel NFPA 110) x Manmetro do leo Lubrificante Contato de Alarme Comum x Partida Remota, 12 V, 2 fios Termmetro da gua x Boto de Reset Controle do ciclo de partida x Chave Voltmetro CC Operando/Desligado/Automtico Disjuntor do Campo x Indicador de horas de operao Sinais Individuais de Rel 1/2 A x x x x x x x x x Caractersticas Opcionais Alarme Sonoro Parada de Emergncia Alarme de Baixa Tenso da Bateria Alarme ou Parada por Baixo Nvel do Lquido de Arrefecimento Conjunto de sinalizao Remota de Defeito Potencimetro de Ajuste de Rotao Temporizador de Partida/Parada Parada Por Baixo Nvel de Combustvel Alarme de Vazamento no Tanque de Combustvel

x x x x x x x x

Caractersticas Standard x Parada por Falha na Partida Potencimetro para Ajuste de at 5% (Lmpada Vermelha) da tenso x Parada por Sobrevelocidade Ampermetro (Escala dupla) (Lmpada Vermelha) Voltmetro CA (Escala dupla) x Pr-alarme de Alta Freqencmetro/Tacmetro em dupla Temperatura da gua escala (Lmpada Amarela) Instrumentos do motor x Pr-alarme de Baixa Presso Parada por Alta Temperatura do leo Lubrificante (Lmpada (Lmpada Vermelha) Amarela) Alarme de Baixa Temperatura x Indicador de Funcionamento (Lmpada Amarela) (Lmpada Verde) Parada por Baixa Presso do leo x Dois Contatos de Defeito Lubrificante (Lmpada Vermelha) Definidos pelo Cliente (Lmpada Vermelha) x Chave Seletora de Fases para ampermetro e Voltmetro

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

Pgina

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CUMMINS POWER GENERATION Controle PowerCommand com Proteo AmpSentry


x Regulador automtico de tenso e governador de rotao do motor integrados x A Proteo AmpSentry garante a integridade eltrica do alternador e do sistema de energia eltrica contra os efeitos resultantes de condies de excesso de corrente, pico/queda de voltagem, queda de freqncia e sobrecarga x Componentes de controle projetados para suportar os nveis de vibrao tpicos de grupos geradores Descrio do Controle Standard x Painel com iluminao traseira x % de Corrente (amps.) analgico x Partida remota, 12 ou 24 V, 2 cabos x Freqencmetro CA analgico x Tecla de reinicializao (Reset) x Voltmetro CA analgico x Chave do modo de Funcionamento x % de Carga (kW) Automtico/Manual/Desligado x Painel dianteiro vedado, porta com guarnio x Controle do ciclo de partida x Tela digital de Indicao x Autodiagnstico x Caixa para interconexes do cliente em x Boto de parada de emergncia separado x Controle de marcha lenta x Seletor de fase do Voltmetro/Ampermetro x Tecla de menu Funes Padro de Proteo Dados de Desempenho Padro Alertas Paradas Dados do Alternador CA x Parada de Emergncia x Corrente por Fase x Alta Temperatura da gua do Radiador x Falha na Partida x Quilowatts x Tenso CC Alta x Alta Tenso CA x Quilowatt/Hora x Baixa Temperatura da gua do x Temperatura Alta da gua x Fator de Potncia Radiador x Nvel Baixo do Radiador (alarme) x Voltagem entre Linhas x Tenso CC Baixa x Baixa Tenso CA x Voltagem entre a Linha e o Neutro x Baixa Presso de leo Lubrificante Dados do Motor x Baixa Presso de leo x Sobrecorrente Lubrificante x Voltagem da Bateria x Falha do Sensor de Presso de leo x Falha do Sensor Magntico x Temperatura do Refrigerante x Contato Seco para comando de x Horas de Funcionamento do Motor x Sobrevelocidade do motor de rejeio de Carga, em caso de partida x Contador de Partidas do Motor sobrecarga x Sobrecorrente x Presso de leo x Falha do Sensor de Temperatura x Sobrevelocidade x Temperatura do leo x At 4 Falhas Definidas pelo Cliente x RPM x Curto-circuito x Bateria Fraca x Queda de freqncia

CATERPILLAR EMCP II (Electronic Modular Control Panel)

Funes de controle automtico do motor com segurana programvel para baixa presso de leo lubrificante, alta temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento, sobre-velocidade, falha na partida e boto de parada de emergncia, acompanhados de indicao luminosa por LEDs intermitentes; x Ciclo de partida ajustvel de 1 a 60 segundos; x Chave de controle do motor (Automtico/Manual/Teste); x Boto de teste do display. x Tempo de resfriamento do motor ajustvel de 0 a 30 minutos; Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

x

x x

x x x x

Controle energizado para funcionamento ou corte de combustvel; Visor de Cristal Lquido (LCD) com leitura de presso de leo do motor, temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento, rotaes por minuto do motor, tenso DC do sistema, horas de operao do motor, cdigos de falhas para diagnstico do sistema, tenso AC, corrente e freqncia no alternador principal; Ampermetro e Voltmetro com chave seletora de fases; Boto de parada de emergncia (de soco, tipo cogumelo); Potencimetro de ajuste de tenso e Gabinete fechado NEMA 1, proteo IP 22

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

Pgina

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CATERPILLAR EMCP II + (Electronic Modular Control Panel)

Indicao Digital (LCD)


x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tenso AC 3 fases (L-L e L-N); Corrente AC (3 fases e total); KW (total e por fase); KVA (total); KVAR (total); KWh (total); KVARh (total); Fator de Potncia (mdio e por fase); % do nominal (total); Freqncia Tenso DC; Temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento; Presso do leo lubrificante; Rotao do motor (rpm); Horas de operao e x Diagnstico do sistema.

Controles
Partida e parada automtica; Parada de emergncia; Teste de lmpadas Ciclo de partida; Controle de tenso; Tempo de resfriamento; Chave seletora de fase; Rel de demanda de carga e x Rel programvel sobressalente. x x x x x x x x

Proteo
x NEMA 1, IP 22

x Porta/tampa protetora Rels de proteo


x Rels programveis: o Sobre e sub-tenso; o Rel de potncia inversa; o Sobre e sub-freqncia e o Sobre-corrente.

Indicao luminosa
Baixa presso do leo lubrificante; Alta temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento; Sobre-velocidade; Falha na partida; Parada de emergncia; Parada por defeito; Alarme de defeitos; x 3 lmpadas de reserva e 4 entradas programveis pelo cliente para parada ou alarmes. x x x x x x x

OPCIONAIS: Controles diversos


x x x x x x x x x x x

Protees
x x

Governador eletrnico; Controle de rotao Iscrono; Divisor de carga (fornecido avulso); Mdulos de alarme local (com buzina e boto silenciador); Controle de freqncia; Alarme comum (contato seco para qualquer tenso); Sinal de alternador gerando (contato seco); Auxiliar de partida a frio (ter); Mdulo anunciador de alarme a distncia; Link de comunicao digital para computador e Painel luminoso.

Baixo nvel do fluido de arrefecimento; Temperatura do leo lubrificante.

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

Pgina

96

USCAMAQ MAQUIGERAL

Disponvel nas verses standard e STR, para transferncia de carga em transio fechada em rampa. A verso standard oferece as funes de USCA microprocessada, certificada pela Anatel para aplicaes em telecomunicaes, dotada de interface serial RS-232 e RS-485, protocolo de comunicao aberto e gerenciamento remoto via Internet. A verso STR tem mdulo de comando microprosessado com as funes: o o o o o o o o Transferncia em rampa bidirecional sem interrupo das cargas; Tempo de transferncia entre as fontes menor que 15 segundos; Comunicao serial RS-232 e RS-485; Superviso remota atravs de PC com softwares comerciais; Protocolo de comunicao aberto (modbus opcional); Controle de demanda; Operao automtica em picos de demanda (peak shave); Freqncia 50/60 Hz e Transferncia em baixa ou mdia tenso.

KOHLER DEC340 DECISION MAKER

No tem configurao padronizada. O cliente escolhe o nvel de tecnologia que deseja adquirir. Oferece uma famlia de opes que permite configurar o controle conforme as necessidades da instalao. A partir de um sistema econmico bsico at as mais sofisticadas funes de monitoramento distncia, as opes incluem funes para: x x x x Monitorar as funes do motor e todas as sadas do alternador; Armazenar e mostrar o histrico do sistema do grupo gerador; Monitorar grupos geradores, chaves de transferncia automtica e quadros de distribuio remotamente, comunicando-se por meio de software de computador pessoal e Rede para at 128 grupos geradores a partir de um stio de monitoramento.

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

Pgina

97

Srie SMART GEN Atos Automao Industrial


SUPERVISIONA:
x x x x x x x x x Tenso Alta, Baixa e Falta de fase da rede e do GMG atravs da leitura do sinal analgico das trs fases; Freqncia Alta e Baixa do GMG atravs do sinal de rotao do alternador; Sobrecarga atravs do contato (NA ou NF) de trmico externo; Presso Baixa de leo lubrificante atravs de contato (NA ou NF) de pressostato externo; Temperatura alta da gua de arrefecimento do motor atravs de contato (NA ou NF) de termostato externo; Sobrevelocidade atravs do sinal de rotao do alternador; Falha na partida (motor no parte aps numero pr-programado de tentativas de partida); Falha na parada (motor no para depois de terminada temporizao correspondente); Nvel anormal de combustvel atravs de contato (NA ou NF) de dispositivo externo.

Modos de Operao
OPERAO AUTOMTICA Rede Normal: Se o grupo estiver desligado e com a tenso da rede normal, o mesmo permanece desligado sendo ativado o sinal para fechar o contator da rede. Rede Anormal: Se o grupo j estiver ligado e em carga, ao passar para automtico o mesmo permanecer ligado se a tenso de rede estiver anormal. Caso contrrio desativado o sinal de fechamento do contator do grupo e ativado o sinal de fechamento do contator da rede, o grupo entra na temporizao de arrefecimento. Caso a tenso da rede fique fora da faixa permitida, a rede retirada de carga imediatamente sendo ento iniciada uma temporizao de Confirmao de rede Anormal (TCRA). Finda esta temporizao, caracterizada a condio de REDE ANORMAL, sendo iniciada a seqncia de partida do grupo. So efetuadas 3 tentativas de partida com intervalo de 15 segundos entre cada tentativa. Caso o grupo no parta, sinalizado USCA ANORMAL. Aps o grupo partir iniciada uma temporizao de Espera de Estabilizao do grupo (TEG). Ao final desta temporizao, o grupo colocado em carga. Quando a tenso da rede retornar a condio normal, iniciada uma temporizao de Retorno de rede Normal (TRRN). Finda esta temporizao, transferida a carga do grupo para rede sendo iniciada uma temporizao de Arrefecimento do grupo gerador (TARR). Se durante a temporizao de arrefecimento a tenso da rede voltar a ficar anormal, a carga transferida da rede para o grupo sendo a temporizao de arrefecimento cancelada. Finda a temporizao de arrefecimento, o grupo desligado. O Smart Gen permite que o operador efetue o ajuste de algumas destas temporizaes. O valor default de cada temporizao mostrado abaixo : Tempo de Arrefecimento: 180 segundos; Tempo de Confirmao de Rede Anormal: 5 seg Tempo de Retorno de Rede Normal: 60 segundos; Tempo de Estabilizao: 30 segundos; Tempo de Espera de Parada do GMG: 30 segundos; OPERAO MANUAL: Ao se ativar o modo de operao manual atravs do teclado do painel frontal, o Smart Gen entra no processo de espera de comando do operador. Neste modo de operao o operador tem total controle sobre o sistema, podendo ligar ou desligar o grupo, colocar rede ou GMG em carga. Os sensores ficam ativos, retirando a rede de carga automaticamente caso esta fique anormal, e desligando o grupo caso este apresente algum defeito. Reposio de alarmes: Tanto em modo Manual ou Automtico, caso acontea alguma falha grave por ex. temperatura alta, o grupo ser desligado. Para que o grupo possa partir novamente preciso que a falha tenha sido eliminada, e que o operador pressione a tecla de Reposio de Alarmes, dando assim cincia do ocorrido . A partir deste momento o SmartGen aceitar comando de partida do grupo (modo Manual) ou partir o grupo automaticamente (modo automtico) .

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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STEMAC ST2000 Opo MANUAL

Sistema de controle microprocessado para grupos geradores de operao manual, com medies de tenso, corrente e freqncia; proteo contra sobrecorrente com atuao sobre a bobina de disparo do disjuntor principal.

STEMAC ST2000 Opo AUTOMTICO

Disponvel nas opes ST2000A, ST2000B, ST2000S, ST2000P e ST2000C. Para aplicaes em telecomunicaes, a STEMAC oferece a unidade Stelecom, para atender os requisitos das normas Telebrs. Na verso ST2000A, encontram-se: x x x Superviso de rede; Partida, parada e transferncia automtica; Indicao digital de tenso (L-L e L-N), freqncia, nmero de partidas, horas de operao, temperatura do fluido de arrefecimento do motor, horas para manuteno e tenso de bateria; Proteo contra alta temperatura, baixa presso de leo, tenso/freqncia anormais, falha na partida/parada; Controle do pr-aquecimento; Funcionamento manual/automtico/teste e Comunicao serial (opcional). A opo ST2000P tem a mesma configurao da opo ST2000S acrescida das funes de: x x x x x Operao automtica em horrio de ponta, paralelismo com outras unidades e/ou com a rede; Transferncia ininterrupta em rampa; Controle de demanda (rejeio/incluso de cargas); Operao automtica em picos de demanda (peak shave) e Regulagem eletrnica digital de velocidade

x x x x

A opo ST2000C destinada a sistemas de paralelismo e conta com: Funcionamento em manual/automtico/teste; Operao gerenciada atravs de PLC mestre para paralelismo com outras unidades, paralelismo com a rede e transferncia de carga em rampa (para uma ou mais chaves de transferncia e/ou entradas de rede); Comunicao serial; Controle automtico do pr-aquecimento; Regulagem eletrnica digital de velocidade e Possibilidade de controle de quantidade de grupos e demanda, bem como monitoramento remoto.

A opo ST2000B, alm das funes acima, inclui x indicao digital para potncia ativa e fator de potncia x e protees contra sobrevelocidade, sobrecorrente e sobrecarga. A opo ST2000S, alm das funes encontradas nas anteriores, acrescenta: x x x

x Indicao digital de potncia reativa e Watt-hora; x Proteo contra baixo nvel do combustvel x (opcional); x Seis entradas/sadas analgicas e digitais configurveis pelo cliente e comunicao serial opcional.

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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LSM 2001 LIGHT SERVICE

MDULO DIGITAL DE MEDIO DE GRANDEZAS MMG2001 Na frontal da USCA existe um mdulo de medio com as x Comando Teste de Leds e Display. seguintes funes e comandos: x Comando Manual de Seleo de Grandeza. x Tenso de Linha da Rede. x Barra mnima para a operao do x Tenso de Linha de Grupo. conjunto contendo: x Freqncia do Grupo. - Indicao de tenso presente do Grupo. x Corrente de Carga R.S.T. - Indicao de tenso presente da Rede. x Tenso de Bateria. - GMG alimentando. BOTOEIRAS: x Interruptor geral tipo cogumelo SINALIZAES E COMANDOS: O LSM2001 um modulo de comando e superviso frontal a USCA que tem como funo comandar e supervisionar o Grupo Gerador.

MDULO DE SUPERVISO LSM2001

MENSAGENS VIA TELA DE CRISTAL LQUIDO: a) Falha Partida. b) Tenso anormal do Grupo. c) Presso Baixa. d) Temperatura Alta. e) Sobrevelocidade. f) Falha na Parada. g) Fluxo de gua Industrial (opcional). h) Nvel de gua (opcional). i) Sobrecarga/Sobrecorrente de neutro. j) Freqncia Anormal do Grupo. k) Vago. l) Vago. m) Falha no Retificador. CARACTERSTICAS TCNICAS: xDimenses................................96 x 96mm x Alimentao...................... 12 Vcc ou 24 Vcc x Relgio de tempo real x Sada a transistor com protees. x Entradas OPTO-ACOPLADAS x Listagem de eventos e alarmes com data e horrio x Conexo externa por meio de conector e pinagem ajustvel x Teclado de contato por membrana x Frontal em policarbonato x Display em cristal lquido com: - Duas linhas com 16 caracteres cada - Display iluminado, verde. Eng Jos Claudio Pereira http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br n) Emergncia Acionada. o) GMG em Automtico. p) GMG em Manual. q) GMG Operando. r) GMG em Resfriamento. s) Relgio. t) Vago. u) Indicao de Grupo Parando. v) Indicao de Troca de leo Lubrificante e Filtros do Lubrificante e Combustvel (250 hs). w) Indicao de Troca ou Limpeza do Filtro de Ar (500 hs). x) Potncia Inversa. COMANDOS VIA MDULO LSM2001: x Partida Manual. x Parada Manual. x Reposio de defeitos. x Silencia Alarme

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RGAM - LOVATO

Controle microprocessado para grupos geradores, produzido pela LOVATO electric da Itlia e vendido no mercado brasileiro aos diversos montadores que no dispem de tecnologia prpria. totalmente programvel e disponvel em 12 ou 24 Volts e em trs verses: o o o RGAM Standard; RGAM 12RC ou 24RC Verso com porta serial RS-485, em 12 ou 24 VDC e RGAM SW Verso completa, com microcomputador e software para operao remota atravs de porta de comunicao RS-232/RS-485 ou modem (comum ou GSM).

Inclui as funes de superviso de funcionamento do grupo gerador e da rede e nas verses com recursos de comunicao inclui a funo Autocall, para servios de mensagens SMS (Short Message Service) e e-mail via Internet. Supervisiona as trs fases da rede e comanda a partida do grupo gerador e transferncia automtica de carga em caso de falha da rede. Leitura digital de tenso, freqncia e corrente da rede e do grupo gerador, tenso da bateria e horas de operao. Dimenses de 144 x 144 mm e peso aproximado de 1,1 kg. dotado de controles e alarmes para as seguintes funes: o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Baixa presso de leo lubrificante; Superaquecimento do motor; Baixo nvel de combustvel; Falha na partida; Tenso da bateria baixa; Tenso da bateria alta; Falha no alternador de carga da bateria; Falha de tenso do alternador; Freqncia do alternador alta; Freqncia do alternador baixa; Sobrecarga no alternador; Falha de parada do motor; Parada de emergncia; Parada inesperada; Manuteno requerida; Falha no contator/disjuntor principal do alternador e Quatro alarmes definidos pelo cliente. http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br Pgina 101

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

LEON HEIMER DPC-560

Mdulo de controle digital para instalao no quadro de comando. Comandos externos para: Controla partida, parada, transferncia e retransferncia. Como x Desligado, automtico, manual, padro, instalado na porta frontal do quadro de comando, onde partida e reposio (reset). tambm se encontra a chave de transferncia. Tem funes de proteo com sinalizao luminosa e alarme Caractersticas principais: contra: x Alimentao de 12 a 38 VDC; x Rede anormal; x Freqncia de operao em 50 ou x Falha de tenso do grupo gerador; 60 Hz; x Presso de leo baixa; x Consumo de corrente mximo de x Temperatura alta; 200 mA; x Falha de carga da bateria de 0 a 35 x Sobrecarga; Volts (ajustvel via software); x Rotao anormal; x Entrada de superviso de freqncia x Falha na partida; de 10 a 130 VAC; x Sadas: Coletor aberto de transistor Avisos luminosos para: NPN, 100 mA mximo; x Carga de bateria; x Temperatura de operao de 10 a x Proteo ativada; 60C; x Grupo gerador operando. x Dimenses: (A x L x P) 50 x 98 x 130 mm e x Peso de 0,30 kg.

LEON HEIMER H606 Quadro de Comando com monitorao distncia.

O mdulo de controle H606 tem comandos externos para as funes de PARADA/REPOSIO, PARTIDA, AUTOMTICO, TESTE, e SILENCIA ALARME. Informaes de status e defeitos so por meio de um visor de cristal lquido com duas linhas de 21 dgitos, em ingls. Tem indicao luminosa do status dos contatores de rede e grupo, do lado esquerdo, e indicao luminosa de defeitos, do lado direito. Junto ao LCD, abaixo, ficam as teclas de navegao do menu de opes.

Na parte posterior existem 6 (seis) conectores, com um total de 88 pinos para entradas e sadas de sinais. Suas dimenses so de (L x A x P) 298 x 216 x 105 mm. Tem duas entradas RS-232 (uma macho e uma fmea) para utilizao de software de telemetria em microcomputador remoto. Uma sada RS-485, atualmente no utilizvel, podendo ser implementada em desenvolvimentos futuros.

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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Est dotado das funes e controles abaixo: AVISOS (Condies de alarmes no crticas): x x x x x x x x x x Falha de carga da bateria; Baixa tenso da bateria; Tenso alta da bateria; Baixo nvel de combustvel; Nvel alto de combustvel; Circuito aberto do sensor de combustvel; Falha de carga do gerador (alternador); Falha de carga da rede; Interruptor de presso de leo; Entradas auxiliares; PARADA DO MOTOR: Falha na partida; Parada de emergncia; Baixa presso do leo; Alta temperatura da gua do motor; Sobrevelocidade; Subvelocidade; Alta freqncia do alternador; Baixa freqncia do Alternador; Circuito aberto do sensor de presso de leo; x Falta de aterramento do alternador e x Entradas auxiliares (configuradas pelo cliente). Para todas as condies de parada acima possvel configurar um pr-alarme, para aviso antes da parada do motor. x x x x x x x x x

DESARMES ELTRICOS x x x Sobre-corrente no alternador; Potncia reversa no alternador e Entradas auxiliares (configurveis pelo cliente)

O LCD configurado em pginas selecionveis por meio das teclas de navegao, podendo-se ter acesso : PGINA DE STATUS: x PGINA DE EVENTOS: Mostra os eventos registrados, permitindo visualizar o histrico de operao do sistema.

a pgina padro e indica, motor operando, controle em x automtico ou manual, etc.

PGINA DE ALARME: x

CONFIGURAO DAS PGINAS: Mostra a natureza de alguma condio de alarme na qual tenha ocorrido, como, por exemplo, parada por baixa presso x O LCD mostra as vrias configuraes de leo. de pginas usadas para ajustar o mdulo. As configuraes no podem PGINA DE INSTRUMENTAO: ser alteradas pelo operador. x Mostra os vrios parmetros mensurveis conforme configurado, permitindo ao operador a monitorao da performance do grupo gerador.

LEON HEIMER DPC-750

Mdulo de controle digital compatvel com a prtica TELEBRS. Dotado de um teclado alfanumrico de 24 teclas e um LCD de duas linhas de 40 dgitos. As mensagens so em portugus, ao contrrio do modelo anterior. Conecta-se ao sistema por meio de 7 conectores padronizados de 8 pinos e no inclui recursos de comunicao. Alm dos itens tradicionais, tais como presso de leo, temperatura do motor e parmetros eltricos de rede e grupo, supervisiona bomba de pr-lubrificao, ventilao da sala, ruptura de correias, fluxo de gua industrial, temperatura do alternador, fusveis principais e secundrios de rede e grupo, rel taquimtrico (controle do motor de partida) e bomba dgua do trocador de calor externo. Permite configurao e calibrao de medies pelo operador, via teclado.

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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SDMO MICS Process II

O controle MICS Process II standard na linha POWER 2000 e opcional para as outras linhas de produtos SDMO. O controle bsico inclui as teclas F1 a F6 (esquerda) programveis de acordo com as necessidades do cliente. O painel de controle constitudo pelas teclas 1 a 13 (centro) com as funes: 1 Modo Automtico 2 Modo Manual 3 Modo Fora de Servio 4 Partida do Motor 5 Parada do Motor 6 Carga de teste 7 Comando para fechamento do disjuntor principal 8 Comando para abertura do disjuntor principal 9 Teste com Carga 10 Silenciar alarme 11 Reposio (reset) 12 Teste dos LEDs 13 Mostrar eventos no display O teclado numrico seleciona os parmetros e as teclas ao lado so de visualizao (navegao) do display. O painel anunciador (direita) tem 12 indicadores luminosos (LEDs) programveis pelo cliente. O controle modular, permitindo a adio de duas placas com as funes conforme a seguir: Mdulo CARNAC (Opcional): Protees adicionais: x Corrente, tenso, freqncia, potncias ativa e reativa, controle de isolao e micro-interrupes (rels de mnima impedncia, variao de freqncia e vetor de pulso).

Comunicaes: x Barramento de comunicao serial (CAN Controller Area Network) padro ISO, protocolo ICs, desenvolvido pela ROBERT BOSCH.

Mdulo CARANTEC (Opcional): Medio x Freqncia, tenso, potncia ativa total e por fase, potncia reativa total e por fase, fator de potncia total e por fase, medio de energia ativa, medio de energia reativa, indicao das defasagens de fases, tenso e freqncia.

Regulao x x De tenso, nos alternadores Leroy-Somer, Stamford Newage, AVK, ABB, Siemens, Magnetek e KATO. De potncia, nos motores equipados com governadores dotados de atuadores MDEC, MDEC III, GAC, Woodward, Barber Colman, Heinzmann, American Bosch, Etc.. http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br Pgina 104

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

SDMO MICS TELYS

Para os grupos geradores de menor porte e potncias acima de 40 KVA, a SDMO est oferecendo o controle microprocessado MICS TELYS, com at 150 parmetros configurveis, tenso de 208 a 600 Volts, dotados das funes de superviso e controle do grupo gerador, porm de construo menos sofisticada e menor custo do que o MICS Process II. Para os grupos geradores das linhas PACIFIC, MONTANA, ATLANTIC e NEVADA a SDMO oferece os controles M50, M150, S2500, R3000 e A400, cujas figuras podem ser vistas a seguir. So controles opcionais, com funes de superviso e controle pr-definidas, aplicveis em funo de marca e modelo do motor, a escolha do cliente, conforme suas necessidades. Os modelos M50 e M150 so controles manuais. A partir do controle S2500, a SDMO emprega tecnologia digital e a partida automtica opcional no S2500 e standard nos demais modelos, que podem ser implementados com diversos opcionais, cobrindo todas as necessidades de monitoramento do grupo gerador.

M50

M150

S2500

R3000

A400

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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Alm dos controles vistos anteriormente, a WOODWARD, no decorrer do ano de 2001, disponibilizou para os montadores de grupos geradores a sua nova famlia de controles digitais que, de se esperar, ir contribuir para que alguns montadores optem por utilizar estes produtos em detrimento da fabricao prpria.

WOODWARD GCP-11

Controle digital para unidades isoladas, prov completo controle sobre o motor e alternador bem como controle lgico sobre um contactor principal. Supervisiona partida e parada do motor e protege contra sobrevelocidade, temperatura, presso, tenso, corrente, freqncia, sobrecarga e outras falhas. Inclui 12 entradas digitais, 2 entradas de sinal do motor, 1 entrada para pick-up magntico e 9 sadas de rel configurveis pelo cliente.

WOODWARD GCP-12

Controle digital para grupos geradores com as mesmas funes do GCP-11, para aplicaes em grupos geradores de emergncia. Acrescenta as funes de superviso da rede e controle automtico para dois contatores principais (rede e grupo). Alm das funes de proteo do GCP-11, monitora tenso e freqncia da rede e do grupo gerador. Inclui 12 entradas digitais, 2 entradas de sinal do motor e 8 sadas de rels configurveis pelo cliente.

WOODWARD GCP-20

Controle digital para grupos geradores de emergncia, mas com as funes de atuao sobre o governador de rotaes e o regulador de tenso para propiciar transferncia de carga sem interrupo entre grupo gerador e rede e vice-versa. Monitora rede e grupo gerador e protege contra falhas de tenso, corrente, freqncia, potncia ativa e reversa, desbalanceamento de carga e sobrecarga. Inclui 14 entradas digitais, 4 entradas de sinal do motor, 1 entrada de pick-up magntico e 4 sadas de rel configurveis pelo cliente. Como opcionais, oferece controle remoto analgico de tenso e freqncia (rotao do motor).

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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WOODWARD GCP-21

Controle digital para grupos geradores com as funes dos modelos anteriores, porm, adicionalmente, com a capacidade operao em paralelo com a concessionria, podendo ser utilizado em aplicaes de peak shaving. Inclui proteo de seqncia de fases, um total de 14 entradas digitais, 4 entradas de sinal do motor, 1 entrada de pick-up magntico e 4 sadas de rels configurveis pelo cliente. Como opcionais, oferece entradas e sadas adicionais, bem como ajuste remoto de tenso e freqncia.

WOODWARD GCP-22

Controle digital para grupos geradores, como o modelo GCP-21, porm dotado da capacidade adicional de controlar dois contatores principais, deteco de falha da concessionria e controle de chave de transferncia automtica. Inclui tambm a capacidade de transferncia com transio fechada em rampa.

WOODWARD GCP-31 e GCP-32

o controle eletrnico digital mais poderoso da famlia GCP Woodward. As unidades GCP-31 e GCP-32 so similares aos controles GCP-21 e GCP-22, porm com a adio das funes de divisor de carga, capacidade de alimentao de reativos e para operao de unidades mltiplas, em paralelo. Tambm adicionam um sincronoscpio no painel frontal. Como padro, disponibilizam 16 entradas digitais, 7 entradas de sinal do motor ou alternador, 1 entrada de pick-up magntico e 7 sadas de rels configurveis pelo cliente. Opcionalmente, pode incluir entradas e sadas adicionais, ajustes remotos, grupo gerador remoto e ajustes analgicos de tenso e freqncia remotos. Tambm disponvel relgio em tempo real e histrico de eventos.

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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WOODWARD Rels multifuno MFR-1

Uma famlia composta por 5 modelos de rels com as funes de proteo de rede e gerao distribuda. Cada um dos 5 modelos disponveis protege contra determinada falha, monitora e exibe os sinais de corrente alternada da rede ou do grupo gerador. Inclui um rel de alarme ANSI 74, 3 sadas de contatos secos e so facilmente configurveis via interface RS-232. O modelo MFR-13/GP protege o grupo gerador contra sub e sobre-tenso, sub e sobre-freqncia, potncia inversa, sobrecarga, desbalanceamento de carga, perda de excitao, fator de potncia e sobre-corrente independente de tempo. O modelo MFR-15/SYN oferece proteo similar ao modelo MFR-13/GP, mas adiciona controles de sincronizao para atuar um contactor nos casos de potncia ativa, fator de potncia e diviso de cargas ativa e reativa. Tem ponto de ajuste externo e 3 sadas analgicas configurveis. Modelo MFR-12/CP proteo para o alternador contra sobre-corrente independente de tempo, corrente de tempo inverso e falta de terra calculada. Modelo MFR-11/MP Proteo da rede contra sub e sobre-tenso, sub e sobre-freqncia falta assimtrica de fase. Modelo MFR-11/G59 inclui as protees do modelo MFR-11/MP e adiciona proteo de seqncia de fase.

WOODWARD SPM-D SINCRONIZADOR DIGITAL

O sincronizador incorpora controle lgico para um contator, exibio de dados de corrente alternada no painel frontal, um teclado do usurio, um sincronoscpio interno e configurao via interface RS-232. Tambm tem proteo da concessionria para sub e sobre-corrente, sub e sobre-freqncia e seqncia de fases. Proteo do alternador para sobre e sub-tenso, sobre e sub-freqncia, sobrecarga, potncia inversa e carga reduzida.

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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WOODWARD EGCP-2 e EGCP-3 (Engine Generator Control Package) CONTROLADOR DIGITAL PARA GRUPOS GERADORES

O EGCP-2 um controlador digital para grupos geradores feito para trabalhar com um regulador de tenso de ajuste remoto e um regulador de velocidade Woodward. Disponvel para geradores que operem com motores Diesel ou gs. Executa controle do motor, sincronizao do grupo, seqenciamento automtico, controle de carga ativa real (kW), controle de carga reativa (KVAr), proteo do gerador, proteo do motor e comunicao serial Modbus. Controle do Motor x x x x x x Controle de Potncia Reativa (KVAr) Controle para pr-aquecimento do motor; x Diviso de carga reativa emtre os gerradores para Controle da vlvula de combustvel; operao isolada; Controle de partida; x Controle de fator de potncia atravs da referncia interna e Controle de marcha lenta/nominal; x Controle de potncia reativa ajustvel atravs de Monitorao de presso de leo; sinal externo. Monitorao da temperatura da gua de refrigerao; Seqncia automtica de partida x Monitorao da tenso da bateria e x Partida automtica baseada na demanda de carga x Monitorao da proteo de sobre-velocidade. ou processo; Sincronismo x Configurao de partida e parada conforme x Processamento digital dos sinais imune necessidade de carga temporizada e interferncia de harmnicos, ajuste de fase de x Seqncia de prioridade de geradores configurvel tenso e de tempo de sincronismo; via painel do EGCP ou remotamente por x Identificao de barra desenergizada e computador PC. sincronismo automtico; x Sincronizao com outros geradores e com a Proteo do gerador concessionria; x Proteo de subtenso (27); x Programao de vrias tentativas de sincronismo x Proteo de sobretenso (59); com tempo ajustvel e x Proteo de sub e sobrefreqncia (81); x Operao manual com ajuste de tenso e x Proteo de potncia reversa (32P); velocidade para sincronismo. x Proteo de perda de excitao; x Proteo de sobrecorrente; Controle de Potncia Ativa (kW) x Proteo de perda da concessionria; x Clculo de potncia real (RMS); x Proteo de escorregamento de velocidade e x Rampa de tomada e retirada de carga freqncia e programvel; x Proteo de surto de potncia no gerador x Operao em iscrono ou base de carga com at Proteo do Motor 8 geradores em paralelo dividindo carga; x Controle em base de carga com mxima x Proteo de baixa e alta temperatura da gua de eficincia de controle de combustvel; refrigerao; x Controle em base de importao e exportao x Proteo de baixa e alta presso do leo; para operao em paralelo com a x Proteo de sobrevelocidade e concessionria; x Proteo de falha na partida. x Transferncia de carga suave e sem interrupo Comunicao com a concessionria; x Possibilidade de ajuste externo para operao x Protocolo aberto ModBus ou DDE comunicao em carga de base ou controle de processo com atravs de porta serial padro RS-422 e taxas de variao independentes e x Rede de comunicao remota de upload/download x Operao em droop disponvel para operao e via computador PC interface programvel. controle de carga manual.

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http://www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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109

CHAVES DE TRANSFERNCIA AUTOMTICA Sistemas de Baixa Tenso


Toda instalao onde se utiliza o grupo gerador como fonte alternativa de energia necessita, obrigatoriamente, de uma chave reversora ou comutadora de fonte. Somente nos casos onde o grupo gerador utilizado como fonte nica de energia, pode-se prescindir da utilizao deste dispositivo. Tem a finalidade de comutar as fontes de alimentao dos circuitos consumidores, separando-as sem a possibilidade de ligao simultnea. Para isso, as chaves comutadoras de fonte so construdas de diversas formas e dotadas de recursos que vo desde o tipo faca, manual, at as mais sofisticadas construes com controles eletrnicos digitais, comandos e sinalizaes locais e remotas, passando pelos tipos de estado slido, de ao ultra-rpida. A concepo mais simples de chave reversora seria o contato reversvel, conhecido como SPDT (Single Pole Double Trhrow) utilizado nos rels. Nos grupos geradores, a chave reversora, geralmente, de trs plos (nos grupos geradores trifsicos). A opo manual, tipo faca, aberta, fabricada para operao sem carga, ainda encontra aplicaes, seguindose os modelos para montagem em painel e as de acionamento eltrico, automticas, constitudas por pares de contatores ou disjuntores motorizados com comandos distncia para abertura e fechamento. As chaves reversoras com comandos eltricos, na sua extensa maioria, so constitudas por pares de contatores ou disjuntores motorizados. As chaves dedicadas, isto , construdas com a finalidade especfica de efetuar a comutao das fontes, no so muito conhecidas, especialmente no Brasil, onde no h fabricante que oferea esta opo aos montadores de grupos geradores. A no utilizao da chave reversora pode causar srios riscos s instalaes e s pessoas, da seguinte forma: a) Queima de equipamentos, no momento do retorno da energia fornecida pela concessionria, caso o grupo gerador esteja funcionando sem chave reversora e o disjuntor geral encontrar-se INDEVIDAMENTE ligado; b) Riscos para as pessoas e possibilidades de incndios provocados por descargas eltricas sobre materiais combustveis, como conseqncia do evento citado no item anterior; c) Energizao indevida da rede eltrica da concessionria, podendo vitimar eletricistas que estejam trabalhando na rede ou no quadro de medio; d) O acionamento da chave reversora (se manual) somente deve acontecer com os equipamentos desligados (sem carga). Todas as concessionrias de energia exigem que as chaves reversoras sejam dotadas de intertravamento mecnico. Adicionalmente, nas chaves com acionamento eltrico, so utilizados contatos auxiliares para fazer o intertravamento eltrico. Para os sistemas com reverso de carga em transio fechada (em paralelo com a rede) h exigncias especficas que devem ser atendidas, conforme estabelecido nos contratos de fornecimento e de uso e conexo, firmados entre as concessionrias e as unidades consumidoras. As concessionrias de energia determinam que os circuitos de emergncia supridos por grupos geradores devem ser instalados independentemente dos demais circuitos, em eletrodutos exclusivos. No permitida qualquer interligao destes circuitos com a rede
Eng Jos Claudio Pereira www.joseclaudio.eng.br Pgina 110

alimentada pela concessionria. Os grupos geradores devem ser localizados em reas arejadas, protegidos de intempries e isolados do contato com pessoas leigas, principalmente crianas. Recomendam, ainda, a observncia s normas tcnicas, em especial a NBR-5410 da ABNT, em conformidade com o Decreto 41019 de 26/02/57 do Ministrio das Minas e Energia e resoluo N 456 da ANEEL sobre as condies gerais de fornecimento de energia. O conceito bsico :
Consumidores Fonte 1 = Rede

Fonte 2 = gerador

Abaixo, um diagrama tpico de instalao do grupo gerador:


DISTRIBUIO PRIMRIA

DISTRIBUIO SECUNDRIA R S

NEUTRO

T TRANSFORMADOR CHAVE GERAL

NEUTRO ATERRAMENTO R S T CHAVE REVERSORA

Chave reversora manual de trs posies: 0 = (Centro) desligada I = Fonte 1 II = Fonte 2

GRUPO GERADOR

ATERRAMENTO

Na maioria das aplicaes, o grupo gerador utilizado como fonte de emergncia para atender apenas cargas essenciais, casos em que h um circuito de emergncia em separado dos consumidores no essenciais:
Rede da Concession ria

Medio e Protees

Grupo Gerador

Chave reversora ou de transferncia Consumidores no essenciais Consumidores essenciais (Circuito de Emergncia)

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Pgina 111

Tambm podemos dividir o circuito de emergncia, de forma que, havendo disponibilidade de energia da fonte de emergncia, estabelecemos prioridades para os circuitos alimentados.
Rede da Concession ria

Medio e Protees

Consumidores essenciais (Circuito de Emergncia) Grupo Gerador Chaves reversoras ou de transferncia

Consumidores no essenciais

Prioridade 1

Prioridade 2 Prioridade 3

Usualmente, adota-se como base do sistema de transferncia a soluo do par de contatores montados lado a lado:
Rede R S T Gerador R S T

K1

K2

Trava mecnica

L1 L2 L3

Sistema desenergizado, contatores abertos.

A trava mecnica impede que os dois contatores possam ser fechados simultaneamente. Alm disso, as bobinas dos contatores K1 e K2 so intertravadas eletricamente por meio de contatos ou rels auxiliares, de forma que impossibilite a alimentao de uma se a outra estiver energizada. Adicionalmente, podemos acrescentar lmpadas de sinalizao para indicar o estado da chave de transferncia:

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

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Pgina 112

Rede R
K1B

Gerador T R S T
K2B

Liga

Liga

Desliga K1 Rede Alimentando


K2A

Desliga K2
K1A

Gerador Alimentando

Trava mecnica

L1 L2 L3

Nos sistemas automticos, as funes liga e desliga rede e gerador so executadas por contatos de rels comandados pelo sistema de controle. Na entrada do grupo gerador indispensvel um meio de desconexo e protees contra curto-circuito. As empresas de telecomunicaes exigem que, tanto o lado da rede quanto o do grupo gerador sejam protegidos com blocos de fusveis de ao retardada. Os disjuntores termomagnticos, quando utilizados, devem ter tempo de desconexo de 5 Hz, ou seja, cerca de 80 ms. Para tornar o sistema automtico, devemos acrescentar um dispositivo sensor da rede, capaz de perceber as falhas de tenso ou freqncia e fechar um contato para comando da partida do grupo gerador. Este(s) sensor(es) deve(m) ter seus parmetros ajustveis, incluindo um tempo de confirmao da falha, para evitar partidas do grupo gerador em decorrncia de picos instantneos de tenso. Deve monitorar o retorno da rede normalidade e acionar um contato para retransferncia da carga, devendo, a partir da, o sistema de controle permitir o funcionamento do grupo gerador em vazio para resfriamento, antes de acionar o dispositivo de parada. Quando no includos no sistema de controle, sensores de tenso e freqncia para o grupo gerador tambm devem ser previstos. O monitoramento ideal sobre as trs fases, sendo freqente o uso de sensores monofsicos no lado do grupo gerador, principalmente. Em geral, ajusta-se os sensores para variaes de 20% de tenso e 5% de freqncia, para mais ou para menos, e um tempo de confirmao de dois a cinco segundos. Por definio, os sensores de tenso e freqncia executam as seguintes funes de rels ANSI: N ANSI 27 59 81 Funo Subtenso. Rel que atua quando a sua tenso de entrada inferior a um valor predeterminado. Sobretenso. Rel que atua quando a sua tenso de entrada for maior que um valor predeterminado. Rel de freqncia. Dispositivo que opera quando a freqncia (ou sua taxa de variao) est fora de limites determinados.

A maioria dos fornecedores de grupos geradores utiliza estes dispositivos como parte integrante dos seus sistemas de controle ou USCAs, de fabricao prpria. No mercado, podem ser encontrados diversos fornecedores destes dispositivos, tanto analgicos quanto digitais, alguns dotados de mltiplas funes integradas.
Eng Jos Claudio Pereira www.joseclaudio.eng.br Pgina 113

Rede S T

Gerador R S T

27 59 81

27 59 81

K1B Liga Desliga

K2B Liga Desliga

K1
Comandos (desconexo, partida, etc.) Falha K2A Normal Ligado

K2
K1A Normal Ligado Falha Comandos (desconexo, parada, etc.)

L1 L2 L3

Eventualmente, a funo 81 poder no ser utilizada para a rede, baseando-se no pressuposto de que no ocorrem variaes de freqncia da rede. Entretanto, dependendo do local da instalao, estas variaes podem ocorrer. Em muitas aplicaes, so utilizados disjuntores com comandos motorizados em substituio aos contatores. Alguns fornecedores disponibilizam conjuntos montados, com opo de adio de componentes definidos pelo cliente. Acessrios
EXECUO FIXA: INCLUSOS NO MODELO BSICO x x x x x x x x x x x Alavanca de Carregamento manual das molas. Boto mecnico de fechamento. Boto mecnico de desligamento. Indicador mecnico de molas carregadas. Rel de fechamento. Rel de abertura. Motor eltrico com redutor para carregar as molas de fechamento. Micro-switch para telessinalizar o carregamento das molas de abertura. Contatos auxiliares. Bloqueio da chave at que o defeito seja sanado, s podendo voltar a operar assim que seja dado o RESET manual. Dispositivo eletrnico de retardo (200 ms). Rel antibombeamento. OPCIONAL (A PEDIDO): x Indicador eltrico de posio do disjuntor (inserido, teste e extrado). x EXECUO EXTRAVEL: INCLUSOS: x Prolongador dos trilhos para a extrao dos disjuntores. Alavanca suplementar para extrao do disjuntor.

x
x x x x

OPCIONAIS OFERECIDOS A PEDIDO Rel de subtenso. Bloqueio mecnico tipo Yale e cadeado. Bloqueio da chave at que o defeito seja sanado, s podendo voltar a operar assim que seja dado RESET eltrico. Contador mecnico de manobra. Proteo terra 51N Ground Sensor.

x
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FUNES DO SISTEMA DE TRANSFERNCIA AUTOMTICA

1 Falha da Rede 8 Parar o grupo gerador 7 Transferncia para a rede

2 Detectar Falha 3 Dar partida no grupo gerador

4 6 Checar tenso e Retorno da Rede Checar tenso e freqncia freqncia 5 Transferncia da carga para o gerador

Nos controles digitais, estas funes inclusas e apenas os pontos de ligao dos contatos de comando so acessveis. Considerando a possibilidade de manuteno ou reparos no sistema de transferncia, conveniente a instalao tambm de uma chave de bypass. Esta chave, permite que as cargas sejam alimentadas diretamente pela rede ou pelo grupo gerador, sem utilizar a chave de transferncia, permitindo que esta possa ser desativada temporariamente ou removida para reparos. A utilizao deste componente requer detalhamento do projeto junto ao usurio para definir a seqncia de operao desejada, a fim de eliminar os riscos de paralelismo acidental das fontes. possvel estabelecer o bypass s para a rede, para o grupo gerador ou para ambos alternativamente, dependendo da configurao desejada. No caso das chaves dedicadas, o bypass pode ser com ou sem interrupo da alimentao das cargas de emergncia. Alguns fornecedores disponibilizam este item como opcional. CHAVES DEDICADAS Entende-se como chaves de transferncia dedicadas quelas construdas especificamente para comutao entre duas fontes de energia, diferentemente da concepo anterior com base em contatores ou disjuntores. Basicamente, um mecanismo que combina as aes de massa e campo magntico para impulsionar os contatos no sentido de uma das fontes ao mesmo tempo em que desconecta a outra, sem possibilidade de paralelismo acidental. As concepes utilizadas variam de um para outro fabricante. A Cummins Power Generation, uma das mais conceituadas marcas, utiliza um atuador linear bi-direcional para a mudana de contatos entre as fontes, alm de prever o intertravamento eltrico dos comandos e oferecer diversos recursos de superviso e controle microprocessados.

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

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Pgina 115

A Hubbell oferece um tipo de chave dedicada similar, porm com o mecanismo de acionamento diferente.

1. Contatos da entrada de rede 2. Contatos da entrada de grupo gerador; 3. Terminais de ligao da entrada de gerador; 4. Terminais de sada para a carga; 5. Conexes de campo; 6. Controle de transferncia; 7. Contatos auxiliares de grupo gerador; 8. Rel de controle de transferncia; 9. Conjunto de acionamento; 10. Contatos auxiliares de rede; 11. Dispositivo de teste (opcional); 12. Conexes de campo; 13. Terminais de entrada da rede

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Pgina 116

PROBLEMAS DA TRANSFERNCIA Cada circuito consumidor tem caractersticas prprias, resultantes dos dispositivos alimentados. Um edifcio comercial difere fundamentalmente de uma indstria com a mesma capacidade instalada. Enquanto no edifcio predominam cargas de iluminao, elevadores, pequenos no-breaks, computadores e ar condicionado, na indstria a carga predominante, provavelmente, ser de motores eltricos. Quando ocorre uma falta de energia, o grupo gerador de emergncia dotado de sistema de transferncia automtica acionado e no intervalo mdio de 10 a 15 segundos assume as cargas. Este intervalo suficiente para que os motores em funcionamento parem de girar e todos os circuitos se desenergizem. Entretanto, quando do retorno da concessionria, o sistema aciona o desligamento do gerador e o ligamento da rede, um aps o outro, num intervalo mdio de 100 a 200 ms. Isto faz com que, ao ser religada a rede, os motores, por inrcia, ainda esto girando praticamente na mesma rotao. O mesmo ciclo acontece nas transferncias onde se utilizam grupos geradores nos horrios de ponta, quando no incio se transfere a carga da rede para o gerador e no final, quando ocorre a transferncia inversa. Os motores em movimento, sem receber energia, geram tenso que percorre o circuito em sentido inverso, no intervalo de transferncia, que ir se contrapor fornecida pela fonte que assume a carga, produzindo um surto capaz de trazer perturbaes e queima de equipamentos. Quando h este tipo de problema, a soluo fazer a transferncia num intervalo de tempo programado, desligando-se uma fonte e aguardando um tempo suficiente para que todos os motores parem, antes de efetuar o ligamento da fonte substituta. A isto, habitualmente chamamos de transferncia com transio programada. Para os edifcios comerciais com muitos elevadores, uma alternativa freqentemente adotada incluir no sistema um rel programado para fechar um contato durante o tempo suficiente para que todos os elevadores sejam desligados no andar trreo (ou no mais prximo de onde se encontram), permanecendo desligados at que a transferncia se realize. Esta providncia interessante porque, no caso da transferncia da rede para o gerador, permite que os elevadores sejam acionados um aps o outro, reduzindo assim o surto de corrente de partida que ocorreria com a partida simultnea de todos os elevadores ao mesmo tempo. Esta funo um item opcional nas chaves Cummins Power Generation. Uma outra forma de efetuar a transferncia sem perturbaes a transio fechada, em paralelo com a concessionria, que pode ser instantnea ou com rampa de carga. Para adotar esta soluo, necessrio consultar a concessionria e, conforme o caso, aditar o contrato de conexo e uso, para prever esta funo. a forma mais conveniente para quem utiliza grupos geradores para gerao nos horrios de ponta. A transferncia instantnea significa aplicao de carga brusca e a rampa de carga s pode ser utilizada nas transferncias com as duas fontes presentes e normais. No caso de uma falta de energia, a entrada do grupo gerador na condio de emergncia feita em barramento morto, assumindo todas as cargas que estiverem ligadas, instantaneamente. Existem chaves que efetuam a transferncia em transio fechada com um tempo de paralelismo menor do que 5 graus eltricos (0,00023 seg). Como as protees normalmente exigidas pelas concessionrias tm tempos de atuao de 100 ms, estas se tornam desnecessrias, porm, podem ser exigidas, a seu critrio, por condies contratuais.

Eng Jos Claudio Pereira

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Pgina 117

Chave de transferncia automtica ASCO srie 7000 microprocessada e com bypass de isolao, montagem extravel. Transferncia em transio fechada dentro do intervalo de 5 graus eltricos.
N N L E E

Podem ser exigidas as seguintes protees ANSI, alm de outras consideradas desejveis pela concessionria: N ANSI 27 32 47 59 81 FUNO Rel de Subtenso Rel que atua quando a sua tenso de entrada menor do que um valor predeterminado Rel Direcional de Potncia Rel que atua quando um fluxo de potncia circula no sentido contrrio ao predeterminado. Rel de Seqncia de Fase de Tenso Rel que atua para um valor de tenso polifsica na seqncia de fase estabelecida. Rel de Sobretenso Rel que atua quando sua tenso de entrada for maior do que um valor predeterminado. Rel de freqncia Dispositivo que opera quando a freqncia (ou taxa de variao) est fora de limites predeterminados.

Os contatores ou disjuntores recebem a designao ANSI 52 Disjuntor de Corrente Alternada = Dispositivo de manobra e proteo capaz de estabelecer, conduzir e interromper correntes alternadas em condies normais do circuito, assim como estabelecer, conduzir por tempo especificado e interromper correntes alternadas em condies anormais especificadas do circuito, tais como as de curto-circuito. CHAVES ESTTICAS Resultado da tecnologia dos semicondutores, atualmente so comercializadas chaves de transferncia sem contatos mveis, baseadas em retificadores controlados de silcio (SCR). So utilizadas, principalmente, nos sistemas UPS (Uninterruptible Power Suppliers) ou nobreaks estticos e atualmente comeam a encontrar aplicaes nas instalaes de grupos geradores. A transferncia com chave esttica ocorre em transio aberta, isto com

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interrupo de 2 a 4 ms. Esta interrupo imperceptvel e no detectada pelos equipamentos consumidores. O SCR um diodo que opera como um circuito aberto quando nenhuma corrente aplicada ao GATE. Um sinal aplicado ao GATE fecha o circuito e faz com que ele se mantenha fechado, conduzindo do ANODO para o CATODO, enquanto permanecer o sinal. Uma vez removido o sinal, ele ir parar de conduzir quando a corrente circulante atingir o valor zero. Usando esta propriedade, possvel construir um sistema com controle eletrnico gerando o sinal para o gate e montar uma chave comutadora de fontes onde possvel determinar o momento em que uma ou outra fonte ser ativada ou desativada.
GATE ANODO CATODO FONTE 2 FONTE 1 CARGA

Sistemas microprocessados adicionados aos controles adotados, implementam a utilizao desta soluo. Entretanto, neste tipo de transferncia a carga aplicada subitamente, na sua totalidade, ao grupo gerador. TRANSFERNCIA COM RAMPA DE CARGA feita na condio de transio fechada, em paralelo com a rede, durante um tempo programado. O sistema de transferncia necessita monitorar, por meio de transformadores de corrente, a energia circulante e atuar sobre o sistema de combustvel do motor. Sua utilizao requer protees definidas pela concessionria local.
DISTRIBUIO PRIMRIA

DISTRIBUIO SECUNDRIA R S NEUTRO

T TRANSFORMADOR CHAVE GERAL NO ESSENCIAIS NEUTRO R S T ATERRAMENTO 52U

EMERGNCIA

NEUTRO R S T

52G

COMANDO

TCs

EXCITAO

GRUPO GERADOR

COMBUSTVEL (GOVERNADOR)

SISTEMA DE CONTROLE

ATERRAMENTO

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Pgina 119

A transferncia com rampa de carga feita sincronizando o grupo gerador com a rede e, em seguida, comandando o fechamento das chaves de paralelismo (52). O paralelismo, feito por um sincronizador automtico, controla tenso e freqncia do grupo gerador e verifica a seqncia de fases. No caso de falha da rede e entrada do grupo gerador na condio de emergncia, teramos a seqncia:
Potncia no grupo gerador Sincronismo com a Rede

Abre 52G

Parada

Partida

Tempo

Falha da Rede

Carga

Retorno Transferncia da Rede da carga

Resfriamento do motor

No caso da partida do grupo gerador com a rede presente (horrio de ponta):

Potncia no grupo gerador Abre 52U Fecha 52U

Fecha 52G

Abre 52G

Parada

Partida

Tempo

Sincronismo Transferncia com a Rede da Carga

Sincronismo Transferncia da carga com a Rede

Resfriamento do motor

O sistema deve supervisionar o fluxo de corrente e manter a dosagem do combustvel para que, no momento do fechamento de 52G o grupo gerador no entre em carga nem seja motorizado pela rede. Uma vez fechado 52G, tem incio o processo de transferncia de carga numa taxa programada com incremento em kW por segundo e o limite no pode exceder a potncia do grupo gerador.

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Em geral, o mesmo sistema pode ser utilizado para suprimento de energia em regime de peak shaving. Isto , o grupo gerador permanece em paralelo com a rede suprindo a energia que exceder demanda prefixada para a rede. As configuraes de operao so oferecidas em diversas modalidades e praticamente todos os fornecedores atualmente dispem de sistemas digitais que podem ser configurados para atender s necessidades do cliente. O grupo gerador poder tambm ser utilizado em paralelo com a rede para gerao de potncia reativa (KVAr). Neste caso, o sistema de controle dever ser programado para operar sob fator de potncia constante e fazer variar a excitao do alternador, gerando mais ou menos potncia reativa. Para a gerao de potncia ativa o sistema atua sobre o governador de rotaes, fornecendo mais ou menos combustvel, mantendo a rotao constante e variando a quantidade de kW fornecidos s cargas.

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www.joseclaudio.eng.br

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