You are on page 1of 184

{ }

/ :
,,,



.................................................................................................
.......................................................................................
......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................

:
: ...............................................................................................
: .......................................................................................
: ...........................................................................
: .......................................................................................
:
: ...........................................................................
: ..........................................................................................

:
: ...................................................................
: .....................................................................................
: ......................................................................................
: ......................................................................
:
: ......................................................................................
: ................................................................

) ( .....................................................................................
) ( ..................................................................................................
) ( ................................................................................................
) ( ........................................................................................
) ( ..................................................................................
) ( ........................................................................
.............................................................................................................

--

   *(+


:
" ( /, *0) ', g g g g g g g

 2 *0
g g g g g g g g g g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.
ff ff :gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.
:4 56 3
g g g g gg g g f g gg g g g gg
.
 :  '%7 g g g g g g g g g
.
" : g
g g g g g
.
*   '%7

)g g g( g g g g .g g g g
g g g g g g g g g g g g g
.
*
!  9
g gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g g g g g g g
.
*   %
)
( g g g g g g g g g g
.
: ': ;+
:
-
-
-
-D

--

* /0+
g g g g g g g g g g g g
.
<6
  .  ) - ?3,
 6
 #

"  4
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g gg
g g g g g g g g g
.
g g g g g g g g g
.
 "( =3 7
.
?  / ; "7 *>+
.
4  "
*>+
.
@
:
g g g g g g g g g g g g
.
g g g g g g g g g g g
.
.
g g g g g g
.
.
" >: 5 .

--

=6 9   '%7


:B%
< =6 9  < B44 <   '%7 < > A#%

 A , (
 F G  0
#
70 0   %, .  
.E
.+ 

  + 
   @/  J 8 / I%   + 7#     42 + 
 ( #  #:   / .H
.##:  8, "#  G  (
 2   3
J
J/ J%
6  F % 
.0
&  !'    +
   
  +#  J  / .   / .K
 8 , " # " 0  /  3
  .  G        + # 
!   .   
.D
.##:
: 0
& !   (

   0
 )%
  
.L
.0
& !/8  #   
  0
 70  N ,

. &
  70 !  )#%
 A  N# 
 

.I,%  , O7
# #

.  A , 3 ! &  0
'
. 
 !   &
 =#

 /  N,   -  &
    6 "0  > 3 !   &
    N,@  6
. &
  #  "A#    3

 . 
"   ,@%  
#%
.7   
,  
 8 . -  &

. &
  %  (  
&
: !
'  3  ,
  
.Q
..%
  &R " S 
,   0
 /8    0
 +
2 @3
'
. #-  >0#  3   ?73, 3
  T, U  9@
' .,
.!@ A ,   .-  &
  ! & / 
'
.     !  / 6:  +/ 6:  /  .,
.+  3
  
,  . " %&  3
 " 
,
. / 9  J J  "0 B (
 
 "0 B 9#
6'
. A   ##:  8, 3
 + 
42   "0 B  A

--

    9 /




... g g
.
.
g g g g g g
.
) (
) ( ) g ( g g
) ( .

.
g g ) g ( g g g g g g
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

--

-
.

-
.

.

-
-

g g g .
. ) (.... . . g g g . g
.
. A . .

--


/
:

 :


 :

) (


:
:

:
:
+
:
:
+

- -

:
:
   :

:
) (
:
+
:

 :
:

) (

) (

- -

MECHANICS


* :
. .
. .
.ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
.
. .
. .




O.H.P L.C.D

- -

)(

VECTORS


- .


:
. )(.
. ) (.
. .
. .
:


 
  .+
 >  3


g g g g g g g g .
:g g gg g gg g g gg g gg g gg

g g g
.
.
" " . - .

.
. .
. ) ( . - .

.

.


)(

-  =

-

10


VECTORS

)(-


) (

:)(


. ) ( .


.

.

.
)(Null vector

 - ) + ( =
:  + =  + 

.
.




.
.
.

.
.
)) ( ( .

) (
.
)(
.


(  -  b  - 

.
(

= ,
= ,

 4 
%& !
 U  
  ( E

    W  . =  . W
, EL =  !
 %, # 3    (H

EL =  * ? A A KY G
 , HY =  . 6J A
. Z A QY G
 ,

: ) (
) (

11


VECTORS

)(-


)
(

:)(


. . - .

: :

)(

( ' ) . /6

- : ) ( -
-


-
g g g g g g:

ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg


. . . ) ( . g g. .
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
:g g g g g g g g g g

= +  
-

=

-  

) = ) +((

= )

= ) (/

= = -

 3#    = 



 # ( EY  HY )   3 
6

      



G 
  3   EHY
\ %,


= + +
=

=

)( -
=

!

:) (

12

VECTORS

)(-

)
(


. . - .

 =
=

((+
))

))

((


) = =
( .
.
= .

 = : 

:  ) (  = = , =

)( )(
)( .
gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg.

:


.



)/(


- ) (
  = = , =


) ( .
. . ) ( .
- .

- g g g g
.
-ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg  ggg ggg ggg

- =

=
=
=

= =
) = (

) = (
.

: ) (
) (

13


VECTORS

)(-


. - .


:



.
.
) ( . . : = 
= 
.
.
gg ggg ggg gg ggg ggg gg ggg ggg.
- .

:
).(
)(
.

. .
)(


) ( :



+
+
=

( -) =

+
( +)=

( -) =

+

:
z =

=
= - =
z = + -

= - +
=
= =
= + = /
=

-

:) (
) (

14

VECTORS


. . . .


.

.
.


) (


. :  " "
.  ) - (
) ) - ( -) + ( -) + ( (
) ( - .
.
.  =


  =  
) (  = 
 =

- ) (

-
-  =  .
) (:
=
  =
= =
=
  =
= =
=

  =
= - = -
) (:

-   =
= = ,
 =
= = ,
  


  b  


)+( )  ( ) -(

  ) (

  b  

- +
-  =  

: ) (

15

VECTORS

)(


. . .
) ( -
.


:
. =
. =
= .

= -

= . -
= .

.

:
)(

:
W
.
W :

W

.
W .
W ) (
.
W
.
W .
W
.
W .

/
:
-
-
-

) = ( =
) = ( =

=

)(
= +
=
= .
= . ) ( - ) ( -

= . =


.
( =

,
=
=

). (
=
( =

=
=

16

)(,

= .
= .
= = .

.)(

VECTORS

:
:
-
- ) (




.
- ) (



.
-

.


W .
W .
W
) (.
W ) :
./

W
.
W
.
W
W <.
W .
W .
_

- .

- - :
.
-


- .
- = .
,
= ,
= , D =

= .
= - = , /


,

/

.

.1 - / .A& 


3 @  WE:

: ) (

1 -   .A&  6  !% 


/  WH

17

+-


. . .

.

)(

:
: . . .
. .


- .

- .

/
-

:

.

-
-

:

.
.
.


-
-

.
- ) )(
)( (
)(
)( .

)( )(
)( .
)(
)( .

18


: )(


. .

:


) ( .
.


:
:
.
- .

-
:
- .
-
-
-
.
- :

g g g g g
:. ) (
.
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg g g g
g g g g

g gg g gg g gg



(
= = =
= =

= =

( = -
= =
( = +
= + =
g


gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

g g
.

: ) (

19


: )(


. .




g g g )g g g g g g (
*
*

:
g g g g g g
:

) ( g g g
-

:
- g g g
.
- .

20


f f f
f f f

-fff fff :ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg


.
-fff fff :ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
.
g gg gg gg gg gg gg g g g g
g

*
-
.
- g g g
.
-gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg
) (
*
- .
- .
- g g g g g g g
.
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.


g g gggg ggg fff ggg ggg ggg ggg
ggg ggg fff ggg ggg ggg
g g g g g g
.
g g g g

:
= = = ,
= = = ,
( = ggg > ggg ggg ggg

( = <
= = -


- g g g g g g
g g g g g g g

-
. -

: ) (


VECTORS


.
- ) (.

:
z - =

z - b
-



  <3


W ""

W .
W )
( .
W .
W .
W

.

.


-
= .
=
=
.

=
=

= =

= =

21

 =

) (.


g g g g g :

.

.
z = z = .
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg .

) ( . . gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

g g g g g g g g g g g g g
g g g g g g g
.
) ( . . - .

-

!

22



:
z = .
.
) (

z = .
.


.
.
.


(
z =
=

= =

z =
=
-

=
=


 }


: )(


. . . . .

:
- .
- .

=
= .
:
.

.

. :
:
) (
.

.

.
. . ) ( . . - ) + (

- g gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

-
) -( ggg ggg )( ggg ggg ggg ggg
)( )(
) (


.
 =   ).(
=  ).(

.


-

.
-

) = ( =
-  =  
=
= . = .

) +(

: ) (

23


) (

: )(


. .

z   )gg gg ( gg gg gg g.

z  = + +  ...+ 
g g .gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg g g g
.

:
. ) (



:
- ) (

z . = z =
.
.
-

-
.
) (

-
}

=
z =

) ( + =
) ( -=
=
=
) (
.

+ +
= - + =

=
=

= =

: ) (

24


. . .


. )( g g ) (g g g g g g )(

)(


:
-
- .
- .

:
( .
/ .
( .
( .
( .
( .
:

)(

f f f f f f f . g g g
.
g g g g g g g g g .
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg .
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.
g g g g g g g g g .
g g g g
g
g
g
g
.
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg) (++

= z
=-+
= )(
= .

=
=
= .
= . .

) (-
.

) (

: ) (

25







) (


)

.
     

z  =
:
- .
-

...



) ( .
) ( .

.

:


.



:
.






(


( :
.
( :
- .
-

26


) :(
ff :gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g g g g
g g g
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
) (.


(

.
(

.
( -
.
-

.

: ) (
) (


..

.

.

z = 
.
.
.
.


) (.
)
( :

) (
)(
.
) (
.
.

.
z  = 

.
) (.
.

.
) (

-

/.
( .
(
-

27

:
z=
(++) =
= /) (
=
= =
=
= ) ( +
= =



z =
- =
- =
=
=
z =
= = =
=

=
=
( =+
+ =
= /



.
-   


. .
. 0   0 T  
# #6


#%, ':  (-#

. g g g g
g g g g g g g g g g g g g
g g g g g g g
:
>  0  C

. ) ( . ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg.


g g g g .
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg .
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg .
. . - + .

- =  

.



.
.
.
.
.
.




.
)(
) (


-
:
( .( .
( .

: ) (
) (

28


. - .

.
. ) ( . gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg .
.
g g g g g g g .
gg gg gg gg gg ) (+ gg gg gg gg .
. gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg .
gg gg gg gg )gg ++ gg gg(.
-

-
.ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
.
- g
.

- g g g g g g
g g g g g g
.
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

. -gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

29

( z = 
=
=
=
( z  = 
=
= + =
=
gg gg gg gg gg gg

gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg


=
z=
=
=


z .  =
- =
= = .
z  = 

= = D =/

D =
= =
=+
= /

: ) (


. . . . .

:
. gg gg gg gg ggg gg gg gg ggg) .(...
gg ggg ggg gg ggg ggg gg ggg ggg ggg.

fff fff fff fff fff fff fff


f
.
g ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
.
g g g g g g
.
g gg g gg g gg gg g g
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.
g g g g g g g g g g g
.


gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
ggg ggg gggg ggg ggg gggg
g g g g g
.



=
. . . . g g g g g .
. .

-
.

- x../

-
.

= , -,

)( ,
= ,

= .

)(.
= - .

ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
g

: ) (

30

Work and Energy

)(-

: )(


. . . .-


:
-

.
-

.
-
.
-

:
: g g g g g

. : g g g g g g
g g .g g g g g g
.
g g g g g .
: gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg .
:
. ) ( . . . . . - ).(

: = @ =

- =
= +
- > >
=
- =
=
- > >
= - ) (
- =
= -

- ) (
.

-

-
.
.

31

-
.
.
. -

- = =

: ) (

Work and Energy

)(-

: )(


. . .

) (

.
:
) ( . )/ / (. . . = + .......+

) ( . ) ( . -

:
g g g :
= + ....+
gg gg gg gg gg gg ff gg
)( +
= ) ( + .
ggg ggg ggg ggg fff ggg ggg )( -

= )( -
:
) - = ( +
) + = ( -

: ?  / ; "7 *>+


) / (


-( =
= .
= =
-( =
=
= =
(

.
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g

.

) ( :+
( .
( .
.


) (


g g g g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.
f f f
.

: ) (

32


Work and Energy

)(-

) (

: )(

. .-


8 - 2 ZA


.
. . gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg .
.
. gg gg gg gg ) (gg gg gg gg .
. gg gg gg gg gg gg gg ) (gg gg gg.
) .( - .

/ ,/

-
/
.


= =
- =
= ) (+
= ) - = ( +

.


.


)(
=
= .
= .
=
= .
=
) :(
= +.
+ =

/
=

= +

= = .+
=
= =

33


Work and Energy

)(-


. . . .


. g g g

gg gg gg gg gg )gg (gg gg .

=

) ( gg gg gg gg ) ( gg gg gg gg gg g g g g g g g g

. ) ( g g
. ggg ggg ggg ggg )ggg ggg ggg ggg(
- .

- :
/

( / ( /
( / ( ,/
- /

= =


-
-

= - )

(

) - (

.


) ) ((


-
= = = - /
)(
="

" =
= D , = =,
= D , = = ,

= , = (, ,)(+)

( (,) (,) ) =
= , = , - ,

: ) (

34

)(-

Work and Energy



. . .


. g g g g g :


gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg.
g g g g g g g g .
g g g g g g g.g .
) (+ ) (+ .
g g.
g g g )g g (g g.

-
/
/
- /
/


)(


=
<
)(
= "

= "

( - ) =
=

: ) (

35

)(-

Work and Energy



. . . .


.

.
)( .
.

.
.
-
/
(
(



:
(
(

( ,

36




-
)() = ( -
) = (
)( = /

- = )(

=
= =
- =
= =
)) = (( -

= ) = /(

= =


)(

( = =
,
= = - =

( =

= , =(-)
)(
( = =
=
= = ( )
( =
( = =
=

( = . +

= (,) + ,
= ,
= , = ,
= = =,

: ) (

)(-

Work and Energy



: .
.
.
=
=
.
- ) +.(


)( /
)(

/


) ( )(

=
) +( = ) + (

+
+ =

= , + +
= /

: ) (

37

)(-

Work and Energy


. .
- - .

. g gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg .
. . g g g g g g.
. . . . ggg ggg ggg ggg )ggg ggg ggg ggg(.


-

-( = = ./
= .

=
-( =

- :
=
-

(
(
-

38

=
- = .
= .
= = ./

: ) (


Oscillations Waves

.
.
.

O.H.P
L.C.D

39

)(-


)(
= -

)(


gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg .gg :
g g g g g g g g g .

.
g g g
g g g g g g g g g ) -(
g g g g g g g g ggg gg ) - ( gg gg gg ) /(gg gg
(
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
g g ) - ( g g g gg
g g g g g g g g g g g

g g g g g g g g
).(

( =
(


.
(

-
 = - 
-

- 


: ) (

40

)(-


ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg g g g g g g g g g
.
g g g ggg gg gg gg :gg gg gg gg gg gg

g g g g g ggg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
- .
g g g g g ). (.
-

:


:

:


:
)(
:

)( =

( =
(
.....

 = - 

.

41


. -

=
=


.
) (





.
.
- .







= -

= -

= -
) (
= -


.
:

42

.
) (. ) (.

.



=
= = -
==

:
.
. :

:
) :( +

=
=

= #
=
=
'& $%,' -. /01 *(
)(= )5 ( +
++ + -


-
-

: ) (

43

)(-



g
- g g g g


. :
: ) ( ) (
)
(
)( (


.

*

/
*

* :

* :

*

* :



(
(
(


- )(
-
( ...........................
( ........................
( ................................

: ) (

44

)(-

:
) (
: : -
) (
: .........................

) ( .
. ) (+ .

* /
*


*


= ) - (
= ) (


*

*

*
=
) ( .

( =
= , -
= /

.
(
/
.


-
-


:)(

45

)(-


. . . . . . .






.
: .
)
.
) ( .

) / + +( .
. .

g g g g g g g g g g
g g
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
g
gg gg gg gg gg gg

g =/gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

= <
= / gg gg gg gg gg gg


ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
g g g g g g .


(- g
gg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg

( g g gg g gg
.

( =

= = -

- :
-

-
-
.

= =

46

g g g g
.

: ) (

)(-


. .


:


.
.
) (. - .

-
.
- ,

gg gg gg gg gg ggggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg


ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg

ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggggggg gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg
.
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg g g g
g g g g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

=
=

gg gg gg gg gg gg
- .


gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg


( =

, =

= ,

= , = -

- ,
=

) = = (.

47

= -,

)(-


) (

- g g g g
g g
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g g

- g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg

ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
gg gg gg gg gg
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg

) ( =


:

:
:
) (
) (

-

-
.
-

48

-

-




- ) (

-
-

: ) (

49

50





......




O.H.P
L.C.D

51

- -

)(-


:
-ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
g g g g g g

=
-gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
) g
g g g
(


g
g g
g gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg ). (
g g
- .

:
-gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

-gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g g
g g g g
) (

:
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg


* () : )(
-

=
=
=
=
=
=


,

,
,
,
,
,
e
,
-

e
e
e

=() e ,
= e ,
=e

) (

=e

) (

) (

= () e ,
= ()

* ) (
* fff :ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg

-
-

-,


= -.=-.
-
- g .g g g

52

- -

)(-


:

.
LCD O.H.P

- .

:
-gg gg gg gg gg gg

-
- g g g g g

:
g g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
g g g g g g
g g g g g

gg gg gg gg gg gg ggg g g gg g g gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg


- :
-gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

-
-ggg ggg ggg )ggg
(
-
-:
- g g g

- .

:
-
-

-
-

53

- -

)(-


.
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg g g )g g g
(+
gg gg gg ) +++ (gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg ) (++gg gg gg . .
- .

:

-gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

-gggg ggggg ggggg gggg ggggg ggggg


gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

-ggggg ggggg ggggg ggggg ggggg


gg g gg gg gg gg gg


ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
g

ggg
ggg ggg ggg

= =

)(,

=,

= = , , =

=
=

) (

)(,
-

)(,

= ,
= ,

= , = , +, =

: ) (

54

- -

)(-

Electric Field


. .


gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gggg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.
g gg g gg g gg g gg gg

g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
: g g g g

.gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.
g g g g g =  m . /


gg gg gg gg gg gg
f g g
g g g
.



fff fff :ggg ggg ggg ggg
.
g g g g g g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g
.
g g g g g g
.

-
.
.
= m  - /

= m

=  m

.
/

+ - .

-
= m . /


: ) (

55

- -

)(-

Electric Field

:


) ( ) ) (
.

) (

) (
) ( -

- .

- :
gg gg gg gg gg .......gg gg
.........
......... -gg gg gg gg gg gg =

-ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg


.....................
.
- g g g g g g g g

56



gg gg gg gg gg gg
)ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
(
:
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
.
gg ggg gg ggg ggg
.
gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg
g g
.
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
.
g g g
g g g g g
gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg



g g g g g g g
g gg g gg g gg g gg


-(
(
( ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg


gg gg gg gg gg
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
.
.

: ) (

- -
Electric Field




=m

- .

=
-

( +
- (






) (
+
-

=  


) (
=


)(

)(
) (

) ) = ((

= = =
- (
=

=  

- :
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

g g g g

(
(

57

)(
=


) +(

)(
) +(

)) =( +(
= =
= + = = =

: ) (

- -
Electric Field


:
) : (
) (

.
" " " " + " " .
. " " .
- .

g g g g -g
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g

gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

g g g g g g
ggggg ggggg ggggg ggggg ggggg ggggg ggggg
) -,(

)+(

)+(


=+ D=


= =
- -
=

= / 
- -
=

= /
8 = 8+ ) (
8 = 8 = /
) = (
= ) (/

= , = /

) = (/ ) = (/
=
= + +
= , /
( =
= , ,
= - ,
) (

: ) (

58

- -
Electric Field

)( -

: )(


. . .

. :
. " "
.
" " " " .
. + . - .



.



.

- g g g g g
:

-gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

-ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg

: ) (

59

- -
Electric Field

)(


. - .


ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggggg gg gg gg gg
gggg )gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
(
= @ = h h

 h

.
. g g g gg gg gg gg gg g gg gg gg gg

g g g g g g g g

g g g g
g g g g g g gg g g g g g g g g gg

gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg ggggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
.

gg gg gg gg gg gg ) .gg gg gg gg (
) ( + ) ( . - .

ggg ggg ggg ggg fff ggg gggff gg gg )gg gg( gg gg



= )(
= @ =  h h =

gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g
h
=
=  @ = h h
= )h (

- .
g g g g g
) (

- :g g g
)( g g g )f( g
).(h
. / .

: ) (

60

- -
Electric Field

)(


. . . -

.
:
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg g g

g g g g gggg ggg ggg ggg ggg
.
ggg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.

ggg ggg

= @ = h


ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggggg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg )gg
.(
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g g g.
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg .
+ . . . :

=
h

h
.


z @ = .



g g g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.


:
-
-gg gg gg gg ) gg gg
g
(
-gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
.
- g g
/(
)=
(h / ggggg gggggg ) =

)=
/(
g g

-
- gg gg ggg gg gg ggg gg ggg

: ) (

61

- -
Electric Field

: )(


. . .

- .


.

.
) (
= ). / ( /. = . / .
) (

+ + =

= h
= + h =h h
= h

= h h =
.
.


/
=

/
h/
=

-



: ) (

62

- -

)(-

Electric Potential


- - -


g g.g g g g .
. : gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g g g g
. gg gg ) ( gg gg gg gg gg gg .
. ) ) ( . -


*

* y


*





* )(
=
* :

.
* :








.

: ) (

63

- -

)(-

Electric Potential


gg gg gg gg gg gg gg :
) (




gg gg ) ( gg gg gg gg gg gg gg 

y g

- .


=
y y
  =

=
= - -
= - ,
= +
= - - + =
- ,

.


=
=
= - -
= -
=
= -
=
=
= -
=

+

=
= +

= ( , + ,)
=
=

= - = - ,

: ) (

64

- -

)(-

Electric Potential

: )(


:



.
.
) ( -

- -
- .


:

(
- )

-
) (
-
:
) = (



.

:
:
.
:

.


/e
( =
- ,-
= -
= , -
( -
-

- :
- :
- - - -
- :
- - - -

65

: ) (

- -

)(-

Electric Potential


. :

: = .
.
.
. ) (+ .
) + ( .

:
-gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg )gg( gg

-
-
-
-

-gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g

-
-
-
-


-


- )<(
=

- ) >
(
) = (
-

-


( ) ( =
=
= ) - (
=
=
) (

)(

( =
) (
=
= ) - (
=
=
) (

: ) (

66

- -
Electric Potential

)(:

: )(


. . . .


-


- ) ( :



=


- )( ) (:

(
)

:


:
= +


) = (


. g :g g g g ggg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

gg gg ) (gg gg gg gg gg gg .
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
= +
gg gg gg gg gg gg + gg gg.



-
=
=

)(


= ,

)(,


= ,

)(,
,,
- =
=

= -
=
= = (-)
=
-
= +
-

-
= )
,
=
= +
=

-
=
,
=

-
,

) (

67

- -

)(-

Electric Potential


. . .
.


:
.
. :
.
. : .
. :
.
. .
. .
.
.

.


. )
(.
.
) ( .
) ( . " " . - .

( :
-
-

( ) ( )
(
= = :
- =
-



-

.
-


.

- = =
= -
= =
=
=
= - .


) (
) (.
: ) (

68

- -
Electric Potential

)(-

: )(


.
. . .


:
.

) ) = (()........ ( :
-
= ()...
-

-

(
(

(
(

-

(:
( :
( :
( :




( c ,( c ( c ( c,

69

)(


:
- =
=z
z

+
+
)
( = )
(


-
-
=


=
=

) ) = ((

=







.



.

)
(
.


) -(
) -( :
) ( c ,

: ) (

- -

)(-






- -


.


:


= . /


g gg g gg gg g gg g gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg ) ( gg gg .
g gg gg g g gg g gg gg gg
: g g g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gggg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

) ( . - .

:
-
-
-
-
-
-
(
( )
)

- -
- (
-
-
:
-
-
-

70

ggg ggg ) = . ggg( gggg


g g g gg g g gg


ff ff ff ff ff
g g g
gggg gggg gggg gggg

: ffff ffff ffff


gg gg gg gg gg gg


(
(

( ( = . =

= ( . /
-
- =
=

= = -
(
=
= -
=
= -

: ) (

- -

: )(


. . .



:


:


= . /
.
) ( . - .

:
-


-
- - -
-

- -
-
- )(

(
(
(

71

(
(
(

ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg


- -

)(-

: )(




.

) ( .
) ( ) ( - .

gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
- g g g g g
g g g g g

-
-

-

- :
(
-gg gg gg gg
-gg
-
-
(
- gg gg gg gg
-gg
- -

72

:

: -
=

-



=z
z

-
-


=

.
=



=


/
( =
-

= -
=

( =

= - = -

( = = -
= /
( (
(

: ) (

- -

)(-


g g g g
-


g g g g g

gg ggg ggg gg ggg ggg ggg

=
= gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

=
+


g g g ggg gg gg gg .gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
) (

gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg ) (
g gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g g g g g )g
(
) ( + . . gg gg gg gg gg ) ( gg gg .

- g
g g g g g g g

(
(

- gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

( gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

( gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

+
=

g g g g g g g

=
( =

=
=
=
=
= ) .(
=
/
-
=
= -

=
D=

/
( = = = =

- -
=
-

= ,

(
= = =
= = -
= -

= =
( =

= =
= -

:) (

73



) ( .......
.
. ) (
. .
-

74


)(-


. .

- )(



. .
)(
/ =
:


- =


: .

.
:
. ) (.
.
.
).(
) ( .
- .

, =,
,
- =

= =

= .

- .
.
- . .
-

75

= - ,

)(-


.
: .

gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg


gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g g

- -

:
gg gg gg gg :gg -gg gg -gg gg - -
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
* g g g g g g g

* ) g g g
(
* S , P , D, F
* g g g g g g g g g g
) (
*
*
* - - .
* g g g g g g
.
* -- +
* ) (
* .

( :
.
( .
(

*

* :
................
.........................
*

: ) (

76

)(-



- )(


. g :g g g g g g
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg .
: g g g
g
gg gg gg gg ) gg gg ( gg gggg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g .
g g g g g g
- .

(

.
(

) (
(

.





77

)(-


. . . . .

.


. :





. ) + ( - .


:
:

: ) (

78

)(-


. . . . . .

-
.


. :


:
.
- .

-
-
-


( :

.
:

:

- = -
:

(
:
.
.

.

.

: ) (

79

)(-



)(









.
*
:
* g

* gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

* gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
g g g g g g g
g

* g

* gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

* g g g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

- :


-

- :


: ) (

80

)(-













:

)
(



LCD
LCD

) /(

) /( - .

:
-

-


: ) (

81

)(-


. .
) (

:
. :

.

.

.

. ) ( ) +( -



= .

- NPN
PNP

-


-

-
) (V ,






.
:






g g g
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg
gg gg gg gg gg gg gg

g g g g g


= +
= +

= =
=
= =

: ) (

82

)) ((

83

:
:
:

:
:
: ) (
:
.
.
:
.





)
(

)
(




. ) (


84

:
:
:
:
:
:
:(
(
:

.




:

- .

- .
- .
- .











.








.


85

"
"






.
:

:

-

86

:
:
:
:
-
-
-
: L.C.D.
O.H.P.
:
:
:



LCD


-

LCD






:










:

87


.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

O.H.P

) / ) / (

) / ( ) / (

88

:
:
:
* : :
-
-
-
-
* :
-
:
* :
- : )

- :
.
.
.
* :
-
. )(
.
.
. )) )
( ((
:
* :
-
-
) (
*
:
-

) (
-
-
-
* :
) ( ) (
* :
: :
:
:

89


. . )( . - .
* :
* :
*
)( ) ( - ) (

90

:
:
:
- :
-
-
-
:
:
:
:

*

*


*


) (


:
:
-

=
= ) (





* ) (
* ) ( )(
* :
=
* )( .

*
*
*

} =


91


**




:


)
(

-

z =
)(

)
(

92

:
:
:
:
:
: :
:
:
: - - - - - - - -
-



.


.
)
(
.


.

.
.
) (

.
.


.


.
. ) (

.




. ) / (

.



)/(
.
.
.



:
/ :
:

: )/(
:

93

:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:
:
: " "

7# % )
W
   
  >  # 3 2@
 . T,
   ..  9#     . 9#
@&  5 2 6#  0


^ >  2 U A 
 *  , 0N 2
W


?  / 4  3
 :  
7- U
  ) / W

 . T, J#


J@/ .  /   
!A# U

,  7# %

,#'   3# W

   @:
R .


 ' A
#

   -

  .
 7# % >  " 6 :- A# WE

*  A- 4 #

. 7# %

.  !N,@  !0



 EQ_$  EQQ$

  %

 / ,# %
T, ! Z )A
 #  / 6  (
:# A# WH
. 7& !  1  ,,% !  1  4
,

* ,#'   6
  -
. 7# %

:
)(

94

(( D )) @
 @

95

(E)  -
#% *B>  5>
#% *B>  5> <
: 'B
.+

7- / :   
 !# &
 5
/   ( 5
A' :.  4/
 G

 

 F

 !



>  6

; DH

; EH

; EH

; DI

; EH

>  4

M-( P QI

K-(

!O ( P NI

ML(

K-(

>  J> 

\ 3 3  


 
 / T,
........................................................
\ 3 G
'  
 
 / T,
.........................................................
\ G
' >0# 3 >0#  
 / T,
.........................................................
/  #
 .    
    W
J
  > /  . +
 2 (8 5 2 ( . +   )  42 U %, +

\ O
#
# 2  . > /   2 (8 5 2 (  .    )     U :
.........................................................................
(   . )

(   W ) +
 (  . +
 ( 6 
b (  W ) +
 / %,   +
 G
>  6 W
(  .   ) ( . W) +
 (   +
 ( 5 2 
\ O
#

2 \ 
 O7
# 
\ +# 2 +/ %,
42 +
 3  (  W ) +
 (   +
 ( W

96

(D)  -
*B>  
.   *%>  /   $-  <
:'B
:
R !
   %    #    @
J ., 
R  
: 

# 

97

> 

(D)  - >+


*B>  
.   *%>  /   $-  <
:'B
:
R !
   %    #    @
J ., 
R  

: 

# 

K_ 
 EYY =

K_ 
 EYY =

Y,f EYY =

Y,f EYY =


# fY =


# fY =

(LK W gY) DY =

K_ DY = LK
 DY =

(LK W gY)
 DY =

Y,Q DY =

Y,f DY =

 HD =

 KH =

>

(QY W EfY)
 9 = > 9
(QY
 W) HYY =

QY HYY =
K

>

K_
 DY = LK DY =

(QY W EfY) 9 = $ 9

> 

) HYY =

E
H

W) HYY =

T/  EYY W =

T/  K EYY =
>

9  h/ 
   A:

(# ( ) .  G
' 

(K_ + H_Y) HL =

(K_ + H_Y)
 HL =

(K_
 W) HL =

K_ HL =

(Y,f W) HL =

Y,Q HL =

/ /  HYW =

/ /  EL =

KY 
 LYYW = H

(KY
 W) LYY =

H
T/  . Z K

LYY W =

KY  LYY = E

(KY+H_Y)  LYY =
K

>

LYY =

T / . Z HLY =

HLY W =

98

(Q)  -
  43 *B>  5>
<B>  :   R #  : 'B
#  6   ( ) # @6  3#    :*7
,#  *3
#  6  h/ 
  ,  WE
,-   !# , ( E   (#% T, E? +
  WH
,-   ! % , h/ ($ E?)  !# , h/ (> E?) E? +
 3  K
? -   H   (#% T, (H?) +
  +
 > #/ D
? -   ! % , h/ ($ H?)  !# , h/ (> H?) H? +
 3  L
8&-   H? +
 > h  E? 2  U %, +
  Q
8&-   ! % , h/ ($ U?) !# , h/

(> U?) U?

3  _

: 
7- / .
# 6@  

>H?

>E?  > U?

!
   6

............................................................................................................
# 6@  

$H?

>H?

 $ U? !
   6  

............................................................................................................
$ U?

> U?

 U? 6@/ 

............................................................................................................
%, G
,
............................................................................................................
\O
#

2
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................

99

(Q)  - >+

B# - >


S
> H?

9D@

9E@  9 

@ *B>  < <-

+ >E? = > ? z-& ? AB CD -. FGB 0 /D BDB


>

B# - >


S
$H?

TD@

? z = > U? # <3 %,

9D@

 T @ *B>  < <- S

+ $E? = $? z AB CD -. FGB 0 /D BDB


$?

z=

$ U?
T @

( z) + ( z)

% <3 %,




9 @ @

( ) + ()

- 

= @

%, G
,

z/

EW

z N =

z/

z = N
\O
#

2


' ( (8&
#      ' !
 (  O
#


100

(V)  -
< / */,4
- !'   !23  , !'  ?
A  :'B

!# , (
(#% G
 T/ .9 /  !26   G@/    A
+
 .
WE
=

>

E9
.9

/  #   W

/  %   W.

    %   / 1
 5 2 90
%6-  % @     ?
A WH
 

$ .9

\  %  ?,
 6@/  WK
\ ?,
    O
#
 WD
    %   / 1
 90
%6 # ., 
   O
#
 WL
$

) U H H($ 9) = H($ 9)

\ 3- G
'  /  T, 2  ( Z

 G
'  /   N,@  WQ
\ 023 3- < # ., 
!'  O
#
 W_
$

101

)  , : +
 O
#
 f

( H )

 -

 9  ;- 


. 
 A-   >@
6 , 
: 

:   (7 /
5 9  ;- B#:   6 B  ;4  9  ;- J>  
.W3

102

(N)  -
6  ?- ; S& * !: > <6  3( F # L
: %/ !> 
/#
 3  8#    
  
:  *3
   .,  \ 2 1#  0%
#    ?/ WE
    ,  E 3 ?/ WH
\ 2 3- (8 h    
  A   &R )   H 3 ?/ WK
E


    
3# E   >6 WD

H


    
3# H   >6 WL
8#   " 6 >6 WQ

?
4S
  4 *3   5
  " 6

H

H

H

> / *# - 


   > / -   <

H

E

E

E

E

 , 6
.E
.H
.K
.D

  ;3 [ ;S\ @ } ! . Z A, # , . Y ,

D

E < <- :E9


Z Y ,

VI J4 S  B# ?+ / @  [ 34# / #  < # VI #6   ] 3 Y # # !0- : D9
@ 4S #) 34# < / >/ 4/
50 / !04 <6  ,^/ < #

103

( _)

 -

7 < # <#- 


i 
2 %3 #6 O
#
 
: 

() 
.3#  6 
 6 " > :@ ! -
:,#  *3
>B  h/  8   A    
 6 $6

.E

.
 6    3#  6 (8

.H

.3 #  /  h%6B 
 6 .,

.K

................................................................................. : Y
................................................................................ :F # L

( ) 
.   3 3% ?  &  6 :@ ! -
:,#  *3
. A    3 h/ 3% ?  (8

.E

.6  ? &  6 (8

.H

.B &  6 !,
 6  .,

.K

.............................................................................. :N,@
............................................................................ :*
#
'

104

)  -

2S < # <#- 


T  
# #6 ?3,
: 

(A
) (K) /  #   :*7
:() 
" 6 2& % &   .,   A    &R 3,  #  , )& ?/
# 

......................................................................... =    " 6


....................................................................... =.   " 6
.............................................................................. \O
#

2
...........................................................................................
...................................................... :#3 8 Z% U
6

105

(`)  -
O( *L
2 ZA / 3  , :       :'B
:      
< # DI = @
EI = '
 HYY=EYHY = jA

O(

 >

6

) ?+ = jA

0% =

':
 ) ?
G
' >0#

6@/ 
gY  0% 

6@/ 
EfY 

\O
#

2
\ ,   ZA 
5#  

106


@'

(
/EI)  -
?4 < > O( : O(

:'B

/ 2 ZA ., 


.3#   =
43 

NI

!,
(3 3#   
 A  : \
46 >& B


# L = L? = D? = K? = H? = E?
.? A G
 H   (6 2^
:  

 > ' @ = O(

6 ) ;4 < 6

6 )

;4

# L = E?

# L =H?

# L = K?

#L=D?

# L = L?

107

(/EY) / 6  


:'B

/ 2 ZA ., 


.3#   =
43 

NI

!,
(3 3#   
 A  : \
46 >& B


# L = L? = D? = K? = H? = E?
.? A G
 H   (6 2^
:  

 > ' @ = O(

6 ) ;4 < 6

E
D

EY=EKL 
 (H) (L) =HjA
 D

J6 A H


# L = E?

EQH

J6 A H


# L =H?

J6 A H


# L = K?

J6 A H


#L=D?

J6 A H


# L = L?

L W=

 EY W = EfY 
 (H) (L) =jA
 0% = H_Y
 (H) (L)=jA
EY = 0% 
 (H) (L) =jA
H.EW = EY+ 0%+ EYW D

L WL =

;4

QY

 L = QY 
 (H) (L)= EjA
=

6 )

LjA+DjA+KjA+HjA+EjA

108

(!/EI)  -
/ 2 ZA .,  :'B
VH

.,
3  3#   = 43 

NI

3#   
 A  : \
46 >& B
!,
(3

# L = L?= D?= K?= H? = E?
? A G
 H   (6 2^

!#>

:  
: 

# 

6

;4

QY

E?

DL

H?

EfY

K?

H_Y

D?

0%

L?

= 
= N %, G

= %, ZA
\ 
6   O#

2

109

(!/EI)  - >+


/ 2 ZA .,  :'B
VH

.,
3  3#   = 43 

NI

3#   
 A  : \
46 >& B
!,
(3

# L = L? = D? = K?= H? = E?
? A G
 H   (6 2^

!#>

: 
K H.L =
D

H.L=

K
H
E
D

# 

L = QY 

E$


# H.L =
E

L = DL 

H$

6
QY

E?

DL

H?

EfY

K?

H_Y

D?

< # H = H9 @

0%

L?

Hc =VH  >
D

0% =

D9

H c=


# LW = D $?

: =

0% = L$ ?
+ H H.L + K H.L = $ ?



+L+LD

@_

H.L W =

K$

E 9@

H =NI  >

;4

Q9
V9

H,L WH,L =>?




#E,YKL W = 0%


#H,fQL = 0% + L 0%

:  

#K,YDQK = H H,fQL +H E,YKL = - = M

($ ?) + (> ?) = 
H,fQL
E,YKL-

= N %, G

. H,E W = EEY 


 H K,YDQK = %, ZA
\ 
6   O#

2
, h/  <3 ZA 4  9 4    = <3  /  ZA
., h/  <3 ZA 4  9 4 %, 3 ZA

110

)(
) (

: :
: )(
:
*
:
*
:
-
-

- ) (.....
- ) ( :
) ( =
- )( gm
- ) (
:


)(kg

)( m

)(gm

111

)(

) (

:
-
-
-
-
-
- Party
-
-
-

-

-

- .

-


-

-
-

-

112

)(

:
:
-
-
-
-

-

-



..............................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................
:

113

) /(

:
:
.

..............................................................................................

..............................................................................................

.......................................................................................................

114

(! /EV)  -
 F>6 #  <
 6  > $% 6 "8 6  (!@
 4 
)  A# : ! -
:  ! &
$% 3 + ,   6  h/ !@
 4 
 (8
2 h/ @7   %  &   T, + # +- ,  (.  )   (8
+
 &S  (8   ,  3
 h/  
% A
h
,   , 3 + @& N#
.8 
3
 h/
 (.)   ( ) ( .) (.) %   3   8 / > /#  !@
 4 
 (
* & 9 A  ( )   # 9 A  ( .)  6 9 A 
\ # 6@    #'   3    @ >6
.......................................................................................................
# #6  1
 *  #   6 /
.......................................................................................................

115

)/ (
:
( :
-
-
-
-
-
( :
- .

- .

( .
= / =

116

)(

:



.....................................................
............................................... ....................................................
............................................... ...................................................
............................................... . .................................................
..............................................


....................................................
...................................................
...................................................
..................................................

.....................................

117



......................................
................................................
...............................................
..............................................


.................................................
.................................................
................................................
................................................

.......................
..............................................

)(



) (


118

/
(    4 * / "#S  ) :G0
d 
: 7 \ *
................................  G
'  3  , 
.E
................................  G
'  3  Z
 
.D
:  e > !  > 4  > ':# 4  < <- : #S \ *
 > 4 

> ':# 4 

#4 >

-

4 > =6>

  *"#S 

K
%6# <   *"#S  5 > 5 !> ':#    ( [  : 2S \ *
K %6# <  

  !> : 5 \ *


/ 3    )%# 3
  
( HYYQ 7# 
&'     = N,@ )/ 3  U A (   3
  
$0 \ : 9  \ *
! G2      )  
 
3
?  !  T,

119

/
d 
: 7 \ *
.............................. 
 
h  
 
,
  %3.E
.....................................  ........................... h  
3
!  3
.H
  > !  > 4  > ':# 4  < <- : #S \ *
 > 4 

> ':# 4 

#4 >

-

 B> (

F  B> (

<   K


%6# <   *"#S  5 ! ':#    ( [  : 2S \ *
K %6#

  !> : 5 \ *


/ 3    )%# 3
  
( HYYQ 7# 
&'     = N,@ )/ 3  U A (   3
  
$0 \ : 9  \ *
! G2      )  
 
3
?  !  T,

120

 (Ef) / 6



)
(

= +
(  ) =

121

(E`)  -
*3O '( 
. ?    +  !%
   /  57@ (  
!  ,% l6# .  4/
.   
 h/ ,# ! 2 3# % +A      
 

7# % WE
. ! 0    - #,A !@, !#
'    % +A   6- #,A !@, WH
. 7# % / !#
'  .3  #,A !@, 3
# /  A
#' WK
. 
0 / 
A
#' 
WD
 !#
' "   , #,A !@,  
h/ 7 
, m J7  '

7# %   @ .
 WL
J
..3
. .  )  h  . )   7# %  7   +
 WQ
. 20# 3     !#,A  %0 3# h
W_
. * ,   20# 3     ?  h Wf
. 7# % @& A
#'  20# 3     ?   Wg
.  / ,# (.)  A   ,# %
()  A  WEY

T, &   G


>0#  & 7   G
  7# % @&  &  %
#/ WEE
. ,# %
2 h  ,  
. 7# % %  !#,A 3
 3  
 ,#' %
 WEH
. 
 7  
 
7# % WEK

122



*

&3

123

!:

; -

)) ((

124


:
.


: .
. .


=
=

: / .
: . ..
: . .

: .
.
.
.
: . / . .:
. .
. .
. = ..
: / .:
. .
. . .
:
(

125

( .

( .

( ) (
)( )(
)(
)(
.

E

(
.

(
=

=
.

126


.

. ./
./
./
./
. /
./
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
. =
.
.
. .

.
.
.
..
. - . /
. .

. .
. .
. .
. .
(
.

.

(
:
. /.
. /.
. / .
. .
( /
. :
. .
. .
. .

127


- ( )(
)(

)(

= y =
= y =

>h  !%  h  QY 90


h/ KY 3 3- / 7 <
  ?'#'  !  K  3 
(HY
\.)6

 6 
 3 
  \HY I  
 5
,'    !/ 2^ 7 I 0

-( g g
:
-
-
-
- - -

( )--( ) -+( g g

(
- .
.
:
) ( -
.
) ( - .

128

;  7 :/


>EY H #  3 
 

 
#,A  A  (HD

QW

 
=  EY D  3   #,A h/

QW

  

  #,A h/  = 3 G


 3 .,

=
(
=G
 D   h/ < &-       E,L


#,A . !# ,

= .     Q    = 3       KW

:
(
=

( )(

( )(

( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( =

129

(( V )) @
 !  "
*>+

130

*B>  : 7 :


:(EH) : "
*>+

( *


  +

 >3 2&B#

# H :E
@ +
 G 3 h/ N, (  +
 > h/ +2 .

 T, . +
 3# 
 / N,
 .
 Eg = U

= .

 

**

:
:

= . = .
( *   .  

=
**  

=
#S \ >+
U=H?=E?A
=U

+ +


( 
U 6 / 1
? 
 H ? H + H ? +H ? = H

 H + H = E

 H = E W

  EHY = G

2S \ >+


9

>

= >/ Df = K_ 
 9

K_ QY = $ 9

= >/ KQ

131

5 \ >+


T 
 (H?) # 3 2 

 (E?) h - 3  %,  
EL

  K_ =

HY

U
E?

= N


# HL = Y,f HY = 
 E? = H?
&S ,
H
H


 H? E? H +
E? E?

H+

H
H

? +H E? = HU B
? +H E? = HU

DYY H + H(HY ) H(EL) = HH?



# HL = H ? G

QHL =

9  \ >+


LK
 H ? WDL 
 E? =

>

?  B

?  B


# D =
K

? W LK  H ? +DL  E? =

# E W =


# D =

( )

) + ()

=UB



- = D z / z =
.. !#  (   HDQ= ED KQY = B
9 \ >+

 H? H + H? H = 
 ? ? H + H? + H ? = HU
(EHY 
 + E) H? H = H(K)
K=?

g = H? (

E
H

W E) H? H = g

5 \ >+


0% =  #/ /   )23 / 

(

 .9 = 9
.T/QY =.9 G KY .9 = KY
0% = 9 90
h%6 #/ (.
)  H + H.9 = H9

132

) EY H + H(KY) = 0%
 DL = ) G
TQ=KH=

 %

H=

 KEE._ = Q KY 
 QY =

?,

>

?,

 (*

9=)

<S \ >+


H

 g.f

T QYK = 

T Q.Kg =

()

 + ()

 



+ (. )

E
H

W  .9 = )

W 0% = HYYW

= H

DY.fE

EYYY
Q.Kg

>)


133

= .9 B
=
.T/ ELQ.LH =

>

6 ?4 :#S :


)(

-:
:
)(
:
.
:
.
: .
:
-
.
=
= =
.






=
=

134

=
= =
()...................................
+ = + =

= . + + ()................................
= = =




.

135

: :

:
-
g g g g g g
-
.
)( ) ( g g g g
-
.

-
= =
= =
= = ,
- = =
-
=

2
= /
= =


=
= +

.


-
=
= =
= = . =
- /
=
. = = = +
- /
=
= .
= =

136


=
= 1

= -

= ( ) .........
=
=
= ()....

=

2
= , /
=

. = -
= . = + ,

=
(
= () .......
=

- =

= () ...........
)() (
= = -
= /
)(
(

= , = = + = -
= .

=
?=H
?= H

E
D

)(

H5 E5
H

))(H
?= E

E
D

H5 E5
H

)(E)H


# D = EQ

137

H5 E5
H

(E))D

E
=

H5 E5
H

))(E


:
= =
) (
=
=

= 

= , = ,   

) :(
=
= + . )(
)(

=  (+ ) -  +
= = +
(= =

) - = + ( -
= ) (
= ) = + (
( =
= + . . )(

= =   +
:

=
+ = +

+ = . +

=
=
=

= ,
=

138

+ (,) =

, = = /
:

.
.. =
+ = +

+ =
+

=   +

= , = /
= 
:

= . =

= , = ,

139

:
:
: ) (
:
:
:
:
=
) + ( = ) + (
+ = +
= +
=
=
=
:

=
=
=

=
:
( ) ( :
(
(
(
( :
- ) (
-
( :
) (
- ) (
( :
( :
- ) =  = = (
- =
) =  = = (
( :
- = ) z = (
- = ) z  = (

140

:
( = =
= = ,
( = = , = ,
z ( =
) + ( =
.
. . = + +
= , = , + , +
= + .
-
( = , =
:

= = , =
( ) = (
= = =
=
( ) = , (
= +
= ) (
... = = =, ,
:
)( z = ) (
=

) (
= 

... =  
z =
)(
+ =
) =  = =  (

) = ( +  

+ )   = (
) + = - (
+  = -  = =
 =
.

141

:

=

+ = +

 ) = (  
=  = ) (

=
= . ) (
... =
,
:

=

= = = , = /

= ,
= - =

:
z=
1
=
 1
=

- =
= 2..............
1 2
=

... = /
2 = + .
=+
... = = / = . /
= + . 
=
= .
:
( = ) (
( = 
= =  
( = ) (


( = -

= -
=

142

:
( ) (
- = 
= 
... =
=  1
) (
=
- = 2.......
2 1
= +
-
= +
:

= . = =

= = =
:
= . = .

= ,/
... =.

143



:
) : (
: )
(
: )
(
:
.

)(
:

= )
=
=
( =

)(
) -(
: - .
)(
) -(
: .

= =
)( = , = , ,

/ = - =

= ) / ( = ) , = (, , /
 )( = ) ( +
) = ( )( +

=
= =

= , = -


 )( = , ) ( / +

) ) = ((

( = ,
( = ) / = (
( ) , = ( ) , = ( / + , = /
( ) , = ( ) , = ( / + ), - = ( /

= ,
=
=
=


 / = =

= ,
=

)(,

144

=
=

,
,

= ,/

= ,


( : = = - = /
( : = = - = /
( : : = - = /
( : : = = - = /

.m = m ) (

=
= m ) -(

= - ,

( =
- , = - = D = -
= = (

= ,
( = - = /
( =

145

+
:
.

.
h

= = - =


=
=


=
= - =
-=

=
=


=

-

= ,/


=
=

- = /

= , = ,

, =
= =

-
) ( =

- =
, =

, = = = ,

146

.
.

:
:

. -

:

=
:

) - (
:
) -(
: /
) (
) (
: .
) (
:

=
=
(

= , /

( = - =

,
= ,

, = ,/

147

:
/

:
: .
: = .
....
:
, ,
=
)(
-

= - ,

=
. =
)( =
,
:
(
(
e
(

:
-
=
= ,

)(,
-
=
= ,

)(,
, - =
z = , , -
, =
z = -

= ,
= ])(,) + (,-

,
= ,-

= , \ =
= + = M

= ,

148

:


) (

=

) (

) (

) (

] =

] 
=  + /
= ( +/
)] 

+/
=  ])/

--

, = (

:
=

= ,

= ,

)(
:

,

=
= -,
)( ,

149

- -

/

:
: .
:
'
- '

-
' '
- .
:
.
:

' = = = .

)(

:
-

' = ' ) = ' + +(


)(
)(
= /

:

= = /

)(

= = /

)(
__________________________
-

)] + () + (

= ,/


,
=

)( -

= ) = (,
, =
= , =- , = .

150

'

'

:
-

= = = , /
(
/
)] 

= = , /

)(

, = , = /
, = /
, =
= + = , + , =
,/

= + , + , =
= ,/

=  ]) , =(,) +(,/

= / = = y
:
=
- =
- =

z =

'' =


=

) - (

) - (

-
= ] : %
=  .

z =

=






)(
)(,
, = .

151

:
= t / =
/
( = = h
=
= = t
h
(

t = h /

= - . =- . . /

= = = t

)(
)(
= - . = - t

.
= = ./

)(.
:

.
= = = /
.
.

= = - /
= h
) = - = ( /

152

/

:
: .
:
.
:
.
:
( = +
= +
= -- .
(
.
:

=
= = ( )
=

= = = /
:

.
:
= = - =

= ,
=
=

=
= -
=

=
=
-

+ = +
().... - = - +- = + ) ( ) (
-, = =
=
-, = - =

=
= ,
=

=
= ,
=

=
'=


,
= ' = = -
-

153

()...

/

:
=

) (
) (

=

=
=
=

:





- .
:

= , = () =

:
:

=
+
<

<
<

= )

=
> >
(

+
>

>
+
> +
+
+
+


> >
>


F
=
=

=
=
= = =
=

=
=
=

=
=

= ) (

= = +
+
=
= ) (

=
= = =
=

154


=
=

= ) -, = ( ) - = (
-
=
=

= ) -, = ( ) - = (
:
(
( .
.
:

= = ) ( =

(=

( = = = - - ,
= + F , = + , =
= = -
=
,
= = = ) (

= ) ( - , = () - , =

= ) - , = () - , = (

.
:
= = +
) (

=
) (
= +
= = - = -
= = - = ) (

=
=

= ) - , = ( ) - = (

=
= =
=

- = - =

- , = ( ) - =

- = - =

- , = ( ) - =
-

155

-
:
.
.
.
.

h
h

.
h

.
h

:
=
 
(   /   = = = m
 
( " =  m

=  $ # = %$ #

& ( (' = " @  = "  *)


= +,- )* $ #
= .)/ 0)1 234 56 )7  589:  ;+9* . .$
:
(
) (h
) (
) (
( = = =
= =

= ..
=


= = ..
+ =
= +
:
= = / ) (
=m-
-

= - /

- = =
:
(

= . +

=
=
= /)(

= e = - , = - ,
, =- , -, = e/
=m
( :
= = - /
= + .

156

:
( = )( + )(

=
+




=
+
,
,

= , = ( + )
( = ) (
= )( + )( =


=
+
=



=
,
= - -
( ?@ < A)  m + < m =  m

= m

) ((

) ((

)(,
, = m/
-

)(,


) (


=
= = =

+
) (
= + = + =
= = =
= =
= = =
= =
= = =

=
= =
=
=

= - = () - =

= - = () -

157


) (
= + =
) (


=
=
+ + =
= = =
= =
=
=

=
= = =
= = =
= = =

158

/
/

:

- -
-
-
-
:
:
- :
- :
- :
- : g g g g g g

ggggg ggggg ggggg ggggg




gggg gggg gggg gggg gggg

:
* - :
* ) - ( :
* :
- :
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g
g g g g g
g g g g g g

:
g g g g g g g g

:


:
) ( )(

: p-Type n-Type

n-Type



159

p-Type

:
- : g g g g g g g g
.
-
:
: -
:
:




g g g g g g g g
gg gg ggg gg gg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg



ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg gg gg gg gg gg gg








g g g g g
gg gg ggg gg gg ggg


ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg


g g g
ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg

gg gg gg gg gg gg

p_type
n_type
g gg gg gg gg ggggg ggggg ggggg ggggg

160

/

:

:
- :


,
ggggg ggggg ggggg ggggg ggggg

- : g g g g g g g g g g g g g
.
- : g g g g g g g g g g g g g g

: g

) ( : - .
- .

161

:
g g g g
.

:
g g g g g g g g g
:

-
-
-

g

162

)( NPN

)( PNP

ggg ggg ggg ggg ggg

NPN

g g g g g g g g g g g


:
-
- g g g g g g g g g g g g

-
- g g
g g g g

163


+
: :
.
) . (
.
.
:

Y Y X X X
:
g g g g g
g g g g g g g
) ( g g g
.
:
g
) ( .
:
g g

g g g g g g g g g .
:
.
.
:
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g
.
:
N NP
.
) (
. .
.
.
:

:
- .
- )(
- )(
-

164

)) ((

165

"!


#

0$
'"$
'"
$
+'"$
=

$



"

'"

'"

+'"

,
=

"
$
'"

"

$
+
0$
=
3
$



"

'"

"

+
"
=

,=


789
,
=(

3
$
+
$)

=
4
$


.">?

=<

,
=


$



3
$


=
:


A"8B
CDE>
8F
GED!
H
B


.">?

=
+


J9K
LME="!


O
=

N

O
=
3
N


3

=
J
G

QGR
L8S


3

"

3
N
=
N
B
U/

3
N

166



= .
.
=


= ..


= ..

=
=


:

.
.
D
=
()..........
=

k5 5 = )(



=
=



= D
=

= . +

= .

D . = = .

= .

=
= D

.
= D
( = =
D , = . = . /


( =

.
( =

( = + .. -


= D m = m
, - = , D =

( = = m= m m
.,
.
=, D
( = =
D, = . /



= ) (

.
=
=
=

)(

= ,

) (
.
=
( =


= ,

167



. : .
z =

-+ -=-+  B .

) (
=

<


) (

>

:

.
) (
.

) ( ) (
.
D. + ()............. =
+ =
z )( =

+ - + . = . ) (.

().............. - =
D
- = +
D =
=
) (
)(
D = .
- =

z =
+- =- +- =- =
: Y
? 
 , !  #- ,
' 
, 
   0% 4

168

!
< # _HI = T ( <6


D
z =
= = +
D = .
=
= = . =

D = =

= , =
=

^9

/V]\

789
W89X
YGZ9

QV
J=
[R

J9K


_=
_
=
_
B
_


C


=$



_

...............................


C


!
= 
H

_
'`
GED

.................................


C

! _
=
a

_
'`
GED

C
_

=
"
H

bcd

_
"

C
_

=
"
_

U
/
,
=
C
B

_

C
_
=
"
_

>

C
_
=
H

>

C


=
$




>
=
_
)
"

789

=
>

=
>

(C+

 .

= 

=
G = G = = G = G =
 B =

 .

= - 

= ) (

=-

= -

= .


.
=

=
=

169

=
$

'"
$


C


=

$



.
.

789

>

"
$

H
=
>

H
=

"
$
+
>
=


789


U/

e
C
+
N
=


=



=

e
C


+
e

= y ) + ( ) + ( )(
= + +

= ) = + ( + ) + (+

= y y = - = y


= ,, = , =
=
) + ( = ) + (


+ = +

= , D = ) /(
= =
= ,
" =
=
- =

( -) = -

D = ,
- =

- =
,


=- ,
=
=

=
D
D

( )= (

)(,


=
(,),

= - ,/

= /

( = =
- = y
y = ) (

= ) - - (--) ( -

170




)( g g g
)( ) ,(
= +
- - -
+
-,
=
) = ,(
ff ff ) ( gg gg gg gg gg gg
g ) + , (

= +
- - -
(
+
= )
+ ,
= ,

y =

=
=
=

)(
)(,
. )( = -
) = : (

= +

) ( = + =

) (

= - =

= /

- - -
= = ( + , ) ) )( = (

171

- =

)( )(

]), = (,) + (,

= =

)(,

= ,


,
,
z = + , = , , + , , =

,C
,C
z = + +,- = , ,# - , ,# =
E ,

= ]) ( ,#) ( ,# ) + ( ,#) + ( ,# , =



h/  = <3 !


,# !#,A  #
,-
= +
=
)(-

=
=

-
)(-

= , +

, = , +

z
=
=

,
z
, =

= = =
( ) (
= = =
) (
=
=

= - = - =
= - = -
=
= - - - =
= +

- = - =
( =


(
= - = - =
=


= -
=
=
+
) ( + - = - =
- =- - - =

( = - = () =

172

))((
   "&-
  #

173

= ) ( ) + (

= )( -

= ) ( ) + (

= )( -

)(-

) () = . (

) ( -
) (

) () =. (

+ - -

+ -

= , = ----
= + = ++
) ) =( + (

= , = .....
= =++ +
) ) = ( +(

) ) = ( + (

)(

) (

)(


C
C

C
C

) (

) (
) (
) (


)(

)(

 =
= -

= ) . (
/

) (
) (
) (

)
) = ( + (

 =
= -
= ). (
/

)-(
)-(

) (

)-(

) (

174

) (

)(

) (
.....

)(

)(
...
...
...
)(

- -

- -

= .
= = . .


= . .
= .
- ..........

mc +

mc +

) ( -

) ( -

- ..........

 = -

= -
=-

=-

= = ..... /
= +

=
-

=
=

=

- .

:

= = ..... /
= +

=

=
=

=

- .

: 


175

) - (
) -(

) (
) (


 h 
) ( ) (




) ( ) (




"

) (




) (,,

)(
) (, ) ( ) ( )(
) (, ) ( )(


) (

)(

,
)( ) ( ) (

176




c
.



)(
)( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( )(
) ( ) (









)(-
)(-
)(

)( ) (
)(

177

: (
 ) 
  , .K
  
# . !# , G
 

 ! *
(   .  !# , G
 
 )
  
# . ! % , G
 

 ! *
(     ! % , G
 
 )
  7 
2 / 
# *
J
H

T/EYW  

T/ g.f W = 

W: ! , .D
: + ( 4
 N# ) (SI) ! ,   N# #
   
#
(A) - = 
A

()
 =



(V) ! 0 =   

(Z )    =



( ) - =   3

(T ) # =

( W )   =  3



(T/) # /
 = / 
H

( T/) H# /
 = 9 

(>)    =  ,  

()
 = , :
:  .# .Q
3







 /  =

. ! , ,
.L

=  =   .

, " 


EY = (m) 

EY = (M)  

KW

= 
 =   
.

3


QW

= N =   N

gW
EHW

sin =  *
cos = 
 *
tan = N *

178

, !0/8

EY = (n) ##

EY = (p)  

EY = 

.E

EY =  .H

EY =  .K

EH

EY = 
.D


. . () (
. . () (
. . . () (
. . . () (
. () (
.
: II _ _ . () (
.
. . . () (
: . () (
. . () (
. () (
. () (
. . () (
) David Halliday ( ) Funamentals Of Phsics , th ed , John Wiley sons, Inc , New York .
) David Halliday () ) Funamentals Of Phsics : EXTENDED , th ed , John Wiley sons, Inc ,
New York .
)Franctis Weston sears ( ). College physics: Mechanics, heat, and sound, th ed, Addison
Wesley lublishing company, lnc, London.
) Graw Hill ( ). Schum's Outline Beginning Physics ll . lnc.
) M. Nelkon and P. pavker ( ).Advanced level Physics, Heinemann Education Books.
London.
)D.C.G Green (). Electronics ll. th. ed, Pitman Publishing Limitted, London.
)Joseph Abruscato () . Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Publishers, New York.
)Sears & Salinger. (). Thermodynamics.
)Symonl. (). Mechanics,
)Paul m. Fishbane ( ). Physics; Forscientists and Engineers, Prentice Hall
)lnternatiional, lnc, New Jersey.
)Walter A. Thurber ( ). Exploring Physical Science, th ed , Allyn And Baconm lnc, New
York.
-http://libray.thinkquest.org
-http://www.darvill.clara.net
-http://zebu.uoregon.edu
-http://www.angelfire.com-http://www.glebrook.k.ill.us/gbssci/phys/class/energy/ua/html.
-http://www.wellesley.edu/physics/phyllisflemingphysics/-p-woekenergy.html
-http://www.taftan.com/thermodyanaics
-http://hyperphysics.phy-gsu.edu
-http://www.cord.edu/dept/physics
-http://www.hazemsakeek.com/physics/mechanice
-http://www.grs.nasa.gov
-www.schoolarabia.net

179

You might also like