364

.
.

.

.
Antibiotics ( )
.Selman Waxman
) 7291 - 7291( Alexander Fleming
aureus .Penicillium notatum

Staphylococcus

.
( )Ernst Chain (
) Florey Penicillium notatum
.Penicillin . 7291
Howard

streptomycin 4411
Streptomyces
.Selman Waksman
.Aspergillus Penicillium penicillin
.Penicillium chrysogenum

.
:


( )sensitive .
Antibiotic Antimicrobial
:Antimicrobial .antibiotic

100 g/ml

:Antibiotic .
1

 364

)g/ml( /
)Minimal Inhibitory Conc.( MIC

()

91-71

71-91

%11-11

pH

1-5.1

- -

Soil Sampling technique

.
71-71 .
spatula
( .)%11
.
.
.
2

 364

-
:Media for Isolation
:
)MEA( Malt Extract Agar .)PDA( Potato Dextrose Agar
:
)Starch Casein Agar (SCA ).Yeast Extract Starch Agar (YSA
:

)NA( Nutrient Agar )MHA( Mueller Hinton Agar .)BHIA( Brain Heart Infusion Agar
* :
-4
. : riphampicin 2.5
g/ml amphotericin B 75g/ml
.
:
:

: Normal Saline
:
.

 364

-
:

Test Organism

organisms

among

relationships

Antagonistic

Intermediate

Resistant

Susceptible

Antagonistic
Organism

 364

Inhibition Zone

Intermediate Susceptible

Inhibition
zone .


()
.

Antagonistic

Antagonistic
Organism

Diameter of
Inhibition zone

:Test Organisms

:Test Organisms
.Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus
.Pseudomonas putida Escherichia coli

 364

-
:Antagonistic Fungi
:

Aspergillales
.

.

Aspergillus amstelodami

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

.
: Penicillin -lactam

Peptidoglycan
.

()-
Penicillium
(Micrococcus luteus ).

 364

() - Bacilluscereus .
.)Penicillin(Ampcillin

.)Penicillin(Ampcillin

:
:


.
.
%11
.Micromonospora, Streptomyces :

.

.

.
( Streptomyces)
9111 11
.
Staphylococcus aureus
.
7

 364

.
% 71
.

:
conventional spot : .single line streak

( :(Bacteriocin

.
: Lactobacillus
( )
.

lactic acid

Bacteriocin
Bacteriocins
. Bacteriocins
.
A. Gratia 7291
Bacteriocins
E. coli colicine
Bacteriocins
neuclease, DNAse
.

 364

-
:

( )
control