8507283

8514723

,
( )
. ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, , , ,
,
,

,.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
( )
N P .

.

.

.
:
( )

.
.

.

..

1990
.
25 30
.
.


( )

.

( .
) .
.

.




. 1950
10
.
.

.

.



.

 Specification

:
DIN 54815-1
DIN 54815-2
DIN 53454
DIN 16949
DIN 53455
EN 295-3

:
-1
-2
-3 GRP
-4
-5 %50

( ) Polymer Concrete :

.


( . . ) GPR

) GPR (Glass Polymer Reinforced
() 1980

 GPR :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .

1
-2
-3
-4
5 .
.

 ( )

-1 ( ( ) PIC) :

( )
.

-2 ( : )PCC

.

 ( )

-3 ( : )PC
( ) Aggregate ( ) Filler
.

-4 ( : ) PSC

.

 ( ) :
80 95
5 20
(
)
.

 :
)
)
)


.

( )

:
) : )Resin

.
:
.
:
.
: ( .
) SBR

( )

%90 .

:
1
2
3 ..

-1 ) )Corrosion .
-2 .
-3 .
4
.

-5 ) .(Abrasion Resistance

6 .
7 .
8 ) (Shrinkage .
-9 .
10
30 70 .

.

1
-2 ( )
3
4
5
6

-7
8
-9
-10
11
12
- 13

:
1 .
-2 .
3 .
4
5 .
6 .


.

:
:
-1 ( )
-2 ( )

( ) Pumice
4
.

640 5200 ..

.


.



. .

.

10 60


PolyChampi
on

Portland
Cement

Fluid

PolyDyn

Water

Permeable

Gasoline

Permeable

Aviation Fuel X

Permeable

Hydraulic Oil

Permeable

Sodium
Hydroxide
(Caustic)

Corrodes

Acids

Corrodes

Road Salts

Corrodes


( )


1
2
-3 .
4 (

) .
-5 (
)
-6
-7 (
)
8 (
).

9

-10
- 11
12
-13
14
15
16 (
) .

:
-1
QA/QAC -2
-3

%9 -10
%29 32
%48 52
%9 -11

0 -2
0 -16
60 75
: :

Orthophthalc
Isophthalic
Vinyl ester

QA/QC

:
)

-1 :
-2 : ...

)
) Rubber ring
)
)
)


Pipe jacking

Microtunneling Pipe
jacking Microtunneling
Pipe jacking
.
:Pipe jacking

 Pipe jacking

Cyclic loading

.



( )
.
.

( )
.

:

" "
. " "
.

:

( )
.



.
" "
.


))WovenGeotextiles

)Monofilament
) ) ) Multi Filament
) )Slim Film Fabric .
:
)
)


.
.

.


))NonWoven Geotextile

(-cm) .-
inch
.




.

:

. "
" .

:

.

) ()Geomembrane


:
:

.