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2001

) (


- -:

Neuropsychology "
". "
" .
Anatomy ) (Biology
) (Pharmacology )
.(Physiology Clinical Neuropsychology

.

-:
-1 .Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology
-2 .Clinical Psychology
-3 .Clinical Neuropsychology
-4 .International Journal of Neurosciences
-5 .Neuropsychologia
-6 & J. of Clinical
.Experimental Neuropsychology
-7 .Neuropsychology
-8 )( .Brain & Language
1980
American Psychological Association


.

Bruce
W.Osler Hebb
" : " .1947

Neurologists
.Physiological Psychologists

- -:


:
.
-1 Brain Hypothesis
.

Impedocles (495-435.(
. 347-427) -.(
Tripartite Soul .
Aristotle (384-322.(
-

.
.
Hippocrtes (460-370.(

. Galen (130-27.( 600


Pineal body .


) (53
.
(R.Descartes (1596-1650
.Rational Soul

Phrenology F.G.Gall
((1758-1828 (Spurzheim (1776-1832



. Flourens (1794-
(1867

.

.


.
(P.Broca (1824-1880
1861

.

. K.
(Wernick (1848-1904
: Fluency Aphasia Wernicks
Aphasia .Word Deafness
-2 Neuron Hypothesis

: neuron
hypothesis
.
.
.
Nerve net hypothesis
.
3

-:
(J.Jackson (1835-1911
300
.
.
1900 1949
. -:
-1 -


.
-2

.

-3
.

.
Prosopagnosia
) ( Facial
.Recognition Test Localization test
.Tactile Form Perception Test

.
W. Halstead



. R.Reitan
- - .Halstead-Reitan


1980 Luria-Nebraska
-
.

- -:


.

Localization .

.
.

Magnetic Resonance
Plain X Ray
Imaging MRI
.


-
.
. Spinal Puncture



.

- -:




Neurosciences
.Neuroscientist

.


.


.




.

.
"


".


.

:
-1
.
-
.
-2
- -
.
.


.
-3


) (81
.
-:
.1

.
.2
Malingering

) ( ) (
.

-:

.

.

.


.
.



.

Professional
Psychology Clinical Neuropsychology
.

-:
- .
-
- -:
-1 .Basic neurosciences
-2 .Neuroanatomy
-3 .Neuropathology
-4 .Clinical Neurology
-5 .Psychological Assessment
-6 .Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment

-7 .Psychopathology
-
.
- :
-1 ) ( .
-2 .
-3 3
)(81
.

- -:






.



.

.
) (




.

.


.

Nervous Tissues

.
-
.
-1

Neuron
.
%90
.

.
7

-:
-1 Nerve cells
.
-2 Neuroglia

.

.
-:
.1 Unipolar
Spinal Ganglia .
.2 Bipolar
. .
.3 Multipolar


-:
-1 .Cell body
-2 .Axon

.

Dendrites

.Receiving part

Nerve endings
.Synapse

Myelin Sheath

. Neurolemma

.
.
Nodes of

Ranvier .

.Schwanns Cells
Conducting part
) (
.

.Motor End Plate

-2

-:
-1 Sensory


.
-2 Motor

) (
.
-3 Mixed
- - .
-3




Presynaptic
Postsynaptic
.

Neurotransmitters
(4
Noradrenaline
Acetyle choline Dopamine .Serotonine


.

-1 Central Nervous System
-:
- Brain Cranial Cavity

Cerebellum Thalamus .Hypothalamus

.
- Spinal Cord
Spinal Canal
.Vertebral Column


..
-2 Peripheral Nervous System


.
-:

- Cranial Nerves 12
) (
. .
- Spinal Nerves 31
.
.
-
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic

. Parasympathetic


.

.1 Congenital Defects



.
.2 Inflammations
Encephalitis Meningitis
.
.3 Vascular Disorders
Thrombosis
Haemorrhage Cerebro-Vascular
.Insufficiency

.4 Tumors
) Primary ( Secondary

)
(.
.5 Degenerative
.
.6 Metabolic disorders :



.
.7 Direct Trauma
: Open-Head injuries



Contusions .Lacerations
Closed-Head injuries
)(
.
10

.



.
Haematoma
.
Oedema

.
.
(5357).

3
.
-:
-1 Cerebral Hemispheres
-:
- Cerebral Cortex Gray Mater
.
- Subcortex White Mater
.
- Basal Ganglia
.
-2 Brain Stem -:
- Midbrain .
- Pons

.
- Medulla Oblongata

Foramen Magnum

-3 Cerebellum

.
-1
)(Cerebral Hemispheres



. Rolandic
Fissure Central Sulcus Sylvian
Fissure Lateral sulcus
.

: Frontal Lobe :
-:

11

.1 Prefrontal Area
.
.2 Brocas Area
.3 Exners Area
.
.4 .
.5 Motor Area .
* -:
.1

:
-
- Spontaneity

.
- Poor strategy formation
.
- Social Behavior
Poor response
inhibition
Associative learning

-2 : Aphasia
1861
.
-3
: -:Parietal Lobe
-:

-1 Main Sensory Area :


-2 Sensory Association Area :
-3 Wernicks Area :
-:
-1 Cortical sensations : :
- Tactile localization
- Tactile discrimination
- .

-2
.
-3 .
-4
Working memory
* -:
.
-2

12

-3
.Agnosia
-4
-5
-6 Apraxia :
- Ideational Apraxia
- Motor Apraxia
- ) -( Ideomotor Apraxia
-7 Body Image
-8
Perceptive Aphasia
.
: Temporal Lobe :

-:

Auditory Sensory Area :


-1
-2 Auditory Association Area
-3 General Interpretative Area
-4 Medial Surface
Limbic
system Hippocampus Amygdala
.

.
(3).

-:
-1 .
-2 )( ) (
-3 Affective tone .
* -:
-1 )
(.
-2 Selective Attention
.
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy :
- Occipital Lobe :

13


.
.
* -:
-1 Visual Sensory Area
-2 Visual Association Area
-:
-1 Accommodation
.Reflex
.Visual hallucinations and Illusions
-2
.
-3
-4 .
-5 ) ( Visual Agnosia
- ) . (
- ). (
-2
)(Brain Stem


Foramen Magnum
.
.

Mid Brain
Pons .Medulla Oblongata
.
Reticular Formation
Spinal Reflexes
.
-1 : ) ( Occulomotor
) (Trochlear .
-2 : )
(Trigeminal
. ) (Abducent
)
(Facial

. ) (Auditory
.
-3 :
) (Glosso pharyngeal

. ) (Vagus
. )
(Accessory .
) (Hypoglossal .
14

-3
Cerebellum Vermis

. Coordination



.


.

.
.
-4
Limbic system

. J. Papez
1937
.
-:

-1

Hippocampus



Executive functions .
.
.


.
-2Septum :



.

-3 :Amygdala
Amygdaloid nucleus


Edible Non edible
.
) ( .


.Hyperactivity
-4 Uncus

15


Uncinate fits
Dreamy like state


)
. .
(36496


.

.
.
) (Laterality or Lateralization



. -:
-1 Right Hemisphere

Left Hemisphere .
-2 Dominant
) (%90-85

%15-10
.
-3
.

.
-4

.

-5


)(104 3
.
-1
.
) (
Verbal
Analytical Logical .
Linear
.
Sequential

.

.
.

16



Visuospatial
Nonverbal Sensory
.Intuitive Holistic
) (
.

.
.
.

.

Non Verbal Thoughts
Spatial Orientation .

-:

-1 .
-2 .

-3
-4
-5
-6



.
.
.

.

-2
: -:

.
- -:

.
: -:

.

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .

17





.
Dexterous
) Dextral ( . )
( ) Sinister (
)( . ) (Left .
.

. Servants of the Devil
* -:
-:
-1 Genetic Theories
-2 Environmental theories
-3 Anatomical Theories
-4 Hormonal Developmental Theories
-1 -:
Dominant Gene
Recessive .
-2 -:
.
-:
-Sword-Shield Hypothesis :
-
- -Mother-Baby Theory :
- *Parental Pressures Theory :
-3 -:
-:
-:
-
- *Birth Stress Theory :
- * Vestibular monoaminergic Previc Theory
-4 -:

Planum Temporal

. .
) (Higher functions


: Attention
* -:
-1 Sustained attention
-2 Selective or focused attention
: )(Memory
- -:

.1
.2

Registration

18

.3

Retrieval

- -:

-1 Immediate memory :
-2 Short-Term memory :
-3 Long-Term memory :

-: - - Declarative memories :

: .
1 - Working memory :
2 - Reference memory :
- Non declarative memory :
-:
-1 Skill memories
-2 Classical Conditioning memory
-3 Orienting memory
) (-: -1 ) (.

-2

.
-3 .
-4 .Mamillary bodies
-:.1

.2 :

-:
-1 -:
-2 :
-3 Global amnesia :
-4 Korsakovs syndrome
-5 )(-:
: ) (Language
- -:


: -:

.1
Oral comprehension
.
.2
Written comprehension
.
.3 )
( .
.

: -:
Written .Spoken
-:

19

.1
.

.2
.
.3

.
.4 .
.5
) (3
.

-1

-1 Anatomical Classification :
-2 -:
-3 Clinical Classification
-1 Brocas Aphasia
-2 Wernicks Aphasia
-3 Global aphasia :
-4 Amnestic Aphasia
-2 )(Dyslexia
-: -1 ) .(Letter blindness
-2 ) .(Word blindness
-3 ).(Sentence blindness
-:
-1 Attentional dyslexia :
-2 :Neglect dyslexia :
-3 Letter by letter reading :
-4 Deep dyslexia :
-5 Phonological dyslexia :
-6 Surface dyslexia :
-3
:4
-: -1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-:

-1 -:
- Flat emotion :
- Apathy:
- Emotional liability :

-2 -:
-Euphoria:
-Ecstasy :

20

:5 )(Spatial Behavior
-: -1 -:
-2 -:
:6

) (

-:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

- -:
-1 -:
-2 -:
-3 -:
-4 -:
- -:
-:
-1 : : - .
- .
-2 : : - .
- .
- .


)(Neuropsychological Evaluation

-:
-1 -:
-2 -:
-3 -:


)(Test Batteries

- -:

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

Thoroughness
Ease and Cost
-:
Adaptability
Flexibility

.1

- .Halstead Reitan
21

.2 .Lurias Neuropsychological Investigation


Luria-Nebraska
.3
.Neuropsychological Battery
-1 -
-:
-1 .Category Test
-2 .Finger Oscillation Test
-3 .Flicker Fusion Test
-4 .The Speech Sounds Perception Test
-5 Tactile Performance Test
-6 ).The Trail Making Test (
-7 .The Strength of the Grip Test
-8 .The Sensory Perceptual Examination
-9 .The Finger Localization Test
The Finger Tip Number
-10
.Writing Perception Test
-11 The Tactile Form Recognition Test
-12 ) Aphasia Screening Test (.
-2


-:
-1
-2

Cerebral Dominance
Motor functions-:

.
-
- .
- .
-3

Acousticmotor organization-:

- .
- .
-4

Higher cutaneous functions-:

- .
- ) (.
- .Stereognosis
-5

:Higher visual functions-:

- .
- .Spatial orientation
- .
-6 -:

- .
- .
- .
- .
-7 -:

- .
- .
22

- .
- .Narrative speech
-8 -:

- .
-.
-.
-:

-9

- .
- .
-10 -:

.
-
- .
- .
-11 Intellectual processes-:

.
-
- .
- .Discursive intellectual activity
-3

) 269( 11

.
-:
-1 Motor functions
-2 Rhythm functions
-3 Tactile functions
-4 Visual functions
-5 Receptive functions
-6 Expressive functions
-7 Writing functions
-8 Reading functions
-9 Arithmetic functions
Memory functions
-10
Intellectual functions
-11
-:

-1
-2
-3

Pathognomonic
Lt. Sensorimotor
Rt. Sensorimotor

-
)(Informal Composite Batteries
-1 Montreal Neurological :
Investigation

-:

-1

-:
Handedness questionnaires
-

23

-2

- .Dichotic Words
-:
- ) (.

-3 .Academic skills
-4 Visuoperceptual -:
- .Rey Complex Figure
- .Mooney Faces
-5 -:
- .

- Facial Memory Test

-6 -:
- .

- Semmes Body-Placing Test


-7 Somatosensory -:
- .Passive movements
- Point localization
- .Two-points discrimination

-8 -:
- .
- .
- - Chapman-Cook Speed of Reading
-9
.Corsi Recurring Blocks
-10 -:
- Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
- .Chicago Word-Fluency test
-11 -:
.Hand dynamometer
-
- .Finger Tapping
- .Kimora Box Test
- Complex arm & Facial movement
.copy
-2 Boston Process Approach :
-:
-1 Intellectual & Perceptual functions
-2
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .


-1 --:
-2 -:
-3 (Trail Making Test (TMT

24


-1 .
-2 Torque Test :
-3 .

-1 )(Functional versus Organic

-2

-3 )(Minimal Brain Dysfunction


-4 )(Mental Deterioration
-5
-6
-7
- Speech Lateralization
- -:
-8 ((Acquired Dyscalculia
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
-1 Frontal Lobe Tests :
-2 -:
-3 -:
-4 :


-:
-1 -.
-2 -.
-3 .
-4 .
-1 -
12 -:

.1
Tactual performance test
.2
Finger tapping test
.3
.4 .Speech sounds perception test
Seashore rhythm test
.5
Category tests

25

.6
(.
.7
.8
.9

Trail making test

Strength of grip test


Sensory perception test
Tactile finger localization

test

.10
.11 .Tactile form recognition test
.12 .Aphasia screening test

Fingertip number writing test

-2 -
16 -:

.1 .
.2 .
.3 ..
.4 Marching test
.5 .
.6 .
.
.7
Fingertip symbol writing
.8
test

.9
.10
.11 Color form test
.12 .Progress figure test
.13 .Matching picture test
.14 Target test
.15 V) )Matching figures & Matching Vs
.test
.16 Drawing of star
.and concentric squares

-3

11 )
(

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5

.6
.7
.8
.9


:



Expressive
Writing
Reading
Arithmetic
Motor test

26

.10 :
.11
-4
-:

- -:Simultaneous Processing Scale
.1
.2 Face recognition (2.5-4 (
.3 ) Gestalt closure (12.5-2.5
.4 Triangles (4-12.5(
.5 Matrix analogies (5-12.5(
.6 Spatial memory (5-12.5(
.7 Photo series (6-12.5(
- :Sequential Processing Scale
.1 Hand movements : 12.5-2.5.
.2 Number recall : 12.5-2.5

Word order 12.5-4


.3
: Achievement subtests

.1 ) Expressive vocabulary (4-2.5


.2 ) Faces & Places (12.5-2.5
.3 ) (12.5-3
.4 ) Riddles (12.5-3
.5 ) (12.5-5
.6 ) (12.5-7

-1 :

-2
-3
-4
-5

.
.
.

-6 .

-7
-8


-9
-11

12 -

Autism

-13 Attention Deficit Disorders


-14 Conduct Disorders

. -1 .
-2 .
-:* -:

27


- .

: .
: .
: .

-1 -:Attention
-2
3
- 4
- 5
-6 .

-1 Alzheimers disease :
-2 Picks disease :
-3 Jackob-Creutzfeldt Disease
-4 Parkinsons disease :
-5 Multi-infarct dementia
-: -1
-2
-3
-4 Gresham Ward Questionnaire :
-5
-6
: -

-1 :
-2 Background informations :
-3 Intellectual & Cognitive functioning :
-4 Motor Performance :
-5 Memory Functioning :
-7 Perceptual Motor Functioning :
-8 Personality Tests :
-9 Conclusion & Recommendations :
Chief complaint & its history

-1 : :
- .
- )(.
-.
- .
- ) (.
- ) (.
- .
-.
- .
28

-2
-3
-4

-5
-6

-7

- ) (.
- .
- .
- .
- .
:

.
.

.


.

:

.
:
.

. .
.
: :
- .
-
.
-

.
-
.


)-(
)(A
) (.
) (
)(.
.
)(.
.

Abducent nerve.
Absence seizure.
Abstract thinking.
Abstraction.
Academic skills.
Acalculia.
29

) (
.
.
)(.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(
.
.
.
.
.
) (.
.
.
.
.
) . (.
)(.
.
.
.
.
) (
.
) (.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(.
. . .
) (.
.
.

30

Acetylcholine.
Achromatopsia.
Acetylecholinesterase.
Acopia.
Acoustic.
Acousticmotor.
Acute.
Acute confustional state.
Acquired.
Affective disorders.
Afferent nerve.
Aging.
Agnosia.
Agraphia.
Aguesia.
Akathisia.
Alpha wave.
Alexia.
Alzheimers disease.
Amnesia.
Amusia.
Amygdala.
Anaethesia.
Anartheria.
Anarithmia
Anatomical.
Anatomy.
Aneurysm
Angiography.
Angular gyrus.
Anomia.
Anomic aphasia.
Anorexia nervosa.
Anosmia.
Anosognosia.
Anoxia.
Anterograde amnesia.
Antons syndrome.
Aphasia
-expressive.
- receptive.

.Arachnoid mater
.Apraxia
.Aprosodia
.Arachnoid mater

.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
)(.
.
.
.
.
.
) (.
)(.
.
)(.
.
.

.Articulation
.Astereognosis
.Ascending tracts
.Asomatognosia
.Astereognosis
.Association area
.Asymbolia
.Asymmetry
.Ataxia
.Atherosclerosis
.Attention
.Atrophy
.Attention Deficit Disorder
.Auditory
.Aura
.Autism
.Automatism
.Autonomic Nervous System
.Autopagnosia
.Axon

)(B
) (.

.Balints syndrome
.Basal ganglia
.Battery
.Beta wave
.Block design
.Body image
.Blood flow
.Brain
.Brain imaging
.Brain scan
.Brain stem
.Brocas aphasia
.Brocas area

.
.
) (.
.
.
.
)(.
.
)(.
.
.
) (.
.

Bulimia nervosa

)(C
31

.Carotid artery
.Category test
.Central fissure
.Central Nervous System
.Cerebellar cortex
.Cerebellum
.Cerebral hemisphere
.Cerebral cortex
.Cerebral dominance
.Cerebrospinal fluid
.Cerebrum
.Cerebro vascular
.Chiasma
.Chlinergic system
.Cingulate gyrus
.Closed head injury
.Cognitive neuropsychology

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.( )
.
.
.
.
.( )
.
.
.
.

Cognitive processing

.Color agnosia
.Color Anomia
.Comissure
.Comissurotomy
.Complex partial epilepsy
.Computerized tomograpgy
.Concentration
.Concussion
.Conduction aphasia
.Confabulation
.Congenital
.Constructional apraxia
.Contralateral
.Contusion
.Convergent thinking

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
.(
.

Coping apraxia

.Corpus callosum
.Cortex

32

.Cortical atrophy
.Cortical sensations
.Cranial
.Cranial nerves

.
.
.

(D)
.

.Decortication
.Decerebration
.Declarative memory
.Decussation
.Deficit
.Degenerative disorder
.Dj vu
.Delirium
.Delta wave
.Dementia
.Dendrites

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.( )
.
.
.
.

Depersonalization

.Descending tracts
.Diagnosis
.Diagnostic
.Dichotic listening
.Differential diagnosis
.Digit spans
.Digit symbols
.Disconnection
.Discrimination
.Disinhibition
.Disorder
.Disorientation
.Disseminated sclerosis
.Divergent thinking
.Dominance
.Dura mater
.Dyscalculia
.Dysgraphia
.Dysfunction

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.( )
.
.
.( )
.
.
.
.
.
.

33

.Dyslexia
.Dysphasia

(E)
.

.Echolalia
.Efferent nerve
.Electroencephalogram
.Emotion
.Encephalitis
.Epilepsy
.Exners area
.Expressive
.Expressive aphasia

.( ).
.
.
.
.
.( )
.
.

(F)
.

.Facial
.Facial agnosia
.Facial expressions
.Finger localization test
.Finger oscillation test
.Falsification
.Fissure
.Flicker fusion test
.Fluency
.Fluent aphasia
.Focal
.Focal fit
.Frontal
.Frontal lobe
.Frontal lobectomy
.Functional

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

(G)
.

.Gestalt psychology
.Glasgo Coma Scale
.Global amnesia
.Grand mal epilepsy
.Gray matter
.Gyri

.
.
.
.
.

34

)(H
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
(.
.
.
) (.

.Hallucinations
.Handedness
.Head Trauma
.Hemiplegia
.Hemiparesis
.Hemisphere
.Hippocampus
.Histology
.Hydrocephalus
.Hyperactivity
.Hypermnesia
.Hypothalamus

)(I
.

.Ictal
.Ideomotor
.Illusion
.Implicit memory
.Inattention
.Innervation
.Intellectual
.Intellectual functions
.Interictal
.Intracranial
.Intracranial pressure
.Ipsilateral

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

)(J
)
(

.Jamai vu

)(K
) (.

.Korsakofs disease
)(L

.Language
.Laterality
.Lateralization

.
.

35

.Lesion
.Limbic system
.Linguistic
.Lobe
.Lobectomy
.Localization

.
.
.
.
.

)(M
.

.Macropsia

Magnetic Resonance Imaging


.((MRI

)(.

.Malingering
.Medulla oblongata
.Memory
.Meningitis
.Midbrain
.Micropsia
.Minimal Brain Dysfunction
.Motor
.Motor area
.Motor cortex
.Motor nerves

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
(.

Myeline sheath

)(N
.

.Nasal
.Nasal field
.Neuroanatomy
.Neuroimaging
.Neurons
.Neuropsychology
.Neurosurgery
.Neurotransmitter
.Nominal aphasia
.Nystagmus

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
) (.

)(o
.

.Occipital lobe
.Olfaction

36

.Optic Chiasma
.Optic nerve
.Organic
.Organicity
.Organic lesion

.
.
.
.

)(P
.
.

Palsy

.Papilledema
.Paraplegia
.Parietal lobe
.Parkinsonism
.Paramnesia
.Parietal lobe
.Peripheral Nervous System
.Perseveration
.Pia matter
.Pons

) (.
.
)(.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Positron Emission tomography

.Postictal
Post Trumatic

.
.
.
.
)(
.
.

.Posttraumatic amnesia
.Prefrontal area
.Preoccupations
.Prosopagnosia
.Psychomotor
.Pyramidal tracts

)(R
.

.Recall
.Receptive aphasia
.Rehabilitation
.Reticular formation
.Retina
.Retrograde amnesia
.Rolandic fissure

.
.
.
.
.
.

)(S
) (.

.Schwans cell
.Seizure

.
37

.Semicoma
.Senile dementia
.Sensory cortex
.Sensory perceptual test
.Somatic
.Somatosensory
.Spatial
.Spatial orientation
.Spinal
.Spinal cord
.Split brain
.Subcortex
.Stereognosis
.Stroke
.Stroop Effect
.Sylvian fissure
.Sympathetic
.Synapse

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

)(T
.

.Tachistoscope
.Tactile
.Tactile form recognition test
.Taste buds
.Temporal lobe
.Temporal memory
.Thalamus
.Theta wave
.Thrombosis

.
.
.
.
.
)(.
) (.
.
.

Tic

)(U
) (.

.Uncus
.Uncinate fits

) (.

)(V
.

.Vascular
38

.Ventricle
.Verbal aphasia
.Vertebral column
.Visual agnosia
.Visual field
.Visual memory
.Visuoconstructural ability
.Visuomotor
.Visuospatial

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

(W)
.
.

Wada test

.Wernicks area
.Wernicks aphasia
.Word blindness
.Word deafness
.Working memory

.( )
.
.
.

39

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