) (1 ) (2

) (
. ..
)-1 -1-(

)(

)(


)(

)(



)(

/ / /

)(
) (

PVP
E. coli
ACC synthase
ovulation
)multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET
MOET
aptamer
abzyme
anabolism
apomixis
apoenzyme
paternal
epistasis
ATP-ase
gametic (phase) equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources
complementation
intragenic complementation
leaf scar
bio-enrichment
parthenocarpy
agar
agarose
Agrobacterium
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
polar bodies
aggregate
)genera (genus
sexed embryos
stress
water stress
biotic stress
agonist
monophyletic
univalent
monomorphic
monomer
monosaccharide
haploid
monoploid
monosomic
monocot
monocotyledon
cyclic AMP
pinocytosis
probability
containment
biological containment
photoperiodism
Mutagenesis
spatial autocorrelation statistics
replacement

351


)(trans
)(









)(








)(



)(

) (

)(

) (
)(

/

)(

)(1

trans test
complementation test
graft inoculation test
nucleic acid probe
viability test
immunoassay
)radioimmunoassay (RIA
RIA
FIA
)fluorescence immunoassay (FIA
enzyme immunoassay
progeny testing
bio-assay
OLA
)oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA
capicitation
incomplete penetrance
somatic reduction
multi-locus probe
EPD
expected progeny difference
allopatric
allogenic
allometric
gametic (phase) disequilibrium
linkage disequilibrium
DNA fingerprinting
fertilization
syngamy
allogamy
test-tube fertilization
)in vitro fertilization (IVF
double fertilization
silencing
management of farm animal genetic resources
risk management
introgression
gene insertion
epidermis
MRU
A
)adenine (A
biopharming
molecular pharming
adenosine
adenosine monphosphate (adenosine 5'- monophosphate
)(AMP
AMP
cAMP
)cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP
)adenosine triphosphate(adenosine 5'- triphosphate ATP
ATP
)adenosine diphosphate (adenosine 5'- diphosphate) (ADP
ADP
deoxyadenosine
R1

352

)( ) (

)(
. .






)(
T


)(
)(

)(

)(
)(
)(
/ /

)(

)(

)(

.

arabidopsis
reversion
golden rice
outflow
coupling
kbp
)kilobase pairs (kbp
pH
explantation
excision
transversion
gene replacement
allelic exclusion
SOS response
immune response
primary immune response
antibody-mediated immune response
cell-mediated
hypersensitive response
morphogenic response
selection response
T-cell-mediated (cellular) immune reponse
secondary immune response
contained use
lysogeny
lysogenic
candidate-gene strategy
estrogen
ascites
etiolation
rejuvenation
differential display
utilization of farm animal genetic resources
complementarity
directional cloning
primary transcript
cloning
transduction
signal transduction
acute transfection
luxury consumption
competent
downstream
gene silencing
scrapie
NFT
nutrient film technique
hanging droplet technique
paper raft technique
iso-osmotic
)acetyl co-enzyme A (acetyl CoA
termination signal
translational initiation signal
translational stop signal
essential derivation of varieties
EDV

353


) (




/

)(
)(

) (

/






)(



) ( )(

) (

)(

)(

)(

irradiation
)photosynthetically active radiation(PAR
particle radiation
PAR
Escherichia coli
infection
zinc finger
stock
origin of replication
proband
DNA repair
post-replication repair
provenance
Jiffy potTM
glycosylation
gene addition
polyadenylation
)radiation hybrid cell panel (RH
reading frame
overlapping reading frame
)open reading frame (ORF
ORF
deliberate release
renaturation of DNA
glycoprotein remodelling
upstream
biofilms
Fc
wobble hypothesis
sequence hypothesis
secretion
aflatoxins
avidity
avidin
conjugation
synapsis
intercalary
acaricide
propagation
vegetative propagation
micropropagation
macropropagation
clonal propagation
axillary bud proliferation
asexual propagation
ecdysone
X
phenolic oxidation
exopolysaccharide
exodeoxyribonuclease III
restriction exonuclease
dimethyl sulphoxide
glyphosate oxidase
auxin
diazotroph
crown

354


)(
)(



)(

)(


:
:

)(



)(
)(

)(

serum albumin
centrifuge
gene machine
leaf roll
derepression
flaming
alloyzme
chromatin fibre
microfibril
isolating mechanism
alginate
embryoid
ampicillin
amplicon
ampometric
nitrogen assimilation
Hup+
hydrogen-uptake positive
farmers' privilege
amphidiploid
amphimixis
albino
amylopectin
amylolytic
amylose
amylase
amniocentesis
germination
precocious germination
metastasis
tumble tube
sieve tube
)in vitro embryo production (IVEP
IVEP
bioluminescence
quantum speciation
productivity
tropism
gravitropsim
epinasty
geotropism
phototropism
hybrid selection
artificial selection
negative selection
natural selection
)marker-assisted selection (MAS
MAS
mass selection
genetic selection
interferon
interleukin
diffusion
proliferation
MDA
assortment

355

)(

) (

)(
)(

/



)(

/ /

selection
clonal selection
cell selection
positive selection
dominant marker selection
transition
sex duction
allosteric transition
gas transfer
tautomerism
active transport
reversal transfer
class switching
Antigen
)Antigen (Ag
major histocompatibility antigen
fold-back
Anthocyanin
Random genetic drift
angiogenin
deviation
Genetic drift
Drift
standard deviation
chromosomal aberration
chromosome aberration
degeneration
cytolysis
androgen
androgenesis
protoplast fusion
cell fusion
karyogamy
Genetic assimilation
delta endotoxins
endoderm
restriction endonuclease
Enzyme
EIA
Reverse transcriptase
restriction enzyme
terminal transferase
DNA topo-isomerase
inducible enzyme
repressible enzyme
holoenzyme
allosteric enzyme
food processing enzyme
metalloenzyme
rate-limiting enzyme
isoenzyme
recombinase
Insulin
gene flow
Fission
)in vitro maturation (IVM

356

IVM
incompatibility
abiotic

)(



)(





)(
)(
)(

)(
)(

)(

) (

glucose invertase
co-segregation
embryo rescue
isotonic
meiosis
reduction division
endomitosis
amitosis
cell division
karyokinesis
serial division
equational division
mitosis
inversion
paracentric inversion
pericentric inversion
plasmolysis
endocytosis
terminalization
stratification
endangered species
aneuploid
opine
operon
ubiquitin
autosome
aureofacin
) media (medium
induction media
median
glyphosate oxidoreductase
primary
oligomer
enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP
)synthase or EPSPS
EPSPS
EPSP synthase
episome
ethephon
ethanol
ethylene
false positive
aerobe
aerobic
IPTG
isozyme
isomer
glucose isomerase
isomerase
metabolism
protein synthesis
cell-free protein synthesis

. . . .
. . . ..
. . . .

D 3

357


)(

. .

)(
)(

)(

)(

)(

/ )( )(
)(
)(

)/(
)(
)(
)(
)( )( ) ( )(

)(

)(

)(


/
)(

)(

constitutive synthesis
secondary metabolism
catabolism
metabolite
secondary metabolite
)BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy
pathovar
primer
arbitrary primer
barnase
)pachytene (adj
pachynema
endogenous
peptide
signal peptide
)chloroplast transit peptide (CTP
marker peptide
leader peptide
petal
initiation
initial
multiple alleles
co-dominant alleles
allelic
archaea
allele
lethal allele
null allele
homoallele
isoallele
recessive allele
seed
artificial seed
hybrid seed
patent
]paraffin[wax
prion
bud
axillary bud
shoot tip
plumule
accessory bud
lateral bud
terminal bud
naked bud
latent bud
mixed bud
parenchyma
palisade parenchyma
)parenchymatous (adj
protamine
protoplasm
protoplast
protogyny
) protozoan (protozoa
protocorm

358

) (






)(cis









) (





)(cry

) (
)(
) (
) (
)(
)(

protocol
biosafety protocol
Cartagena Protocol
protease
endoprotease
protein
stress protein
fusion protein
tribrid protein
ACP
)heat shock protein (HSP
HSP
CRP
recombinant protein
barstar protein
G protein
acyl carrier protein
temperature-sensitive protein
single-strand DNA binding protein
pathogenesis related protein
viral coat protein
authentic protein
non-histone chromosomal protein
native protein
coat protein
cis-acting protein
mycoprotein
)green fluorescent protein (GFP
GFP
homomultimer
)ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP
RIP
heterologous protein
PR protein
chimeric protein
denatured protein
catabolite activator protein
CAP
nucleoprotein
SCP
)single-cell protein (SCP
cry proteins
seed storage proteins
complement proteins
proteome
proteomics
progesterone
prolactin
ethidium bromide
primosome
DNA primase
endodermis
)DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF
DNA fingerprint
persistence
residue

359

)(

) (322/

)(

) (

)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
/


)(

hot spot
bacteriostat
bacillus
)Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis
) rhizobium (rhizobia
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
lysogenic bacterium
bacteriocin
pectin
pectinase
plasma
nucleoplasm
germplasm
plasmalemma
plasmodesma
plasmid
pBR322
relaxed plasmid
relaxed circle plasmid
stringent plasmid
Ti plasmid
tumour-inducing plasmid
broad-host-range plasmid
Ri plasmid
supercoiled plasmid
narrow-host-range plasmid
helper plasmid
pAMP
plastoquinone
blastula
blastomere
chromoplast Plastid
plastid
microplast
chloroplast
parasporal crystal
polymerization
polymery
protein crystallization
eclosion
DNA polymerase
gene construct
bank
gene bank
gene library
combinatorial library
jumping library
field gene bank
library
expression library
clone bank
constitutive
micropyle
spore
zygospore

360

/
..
12

-
-

/

) (

0 1 2


) (

zoospore
ascospore
endosperm
microspore
)conidium (conidia
oospore
megaspore
)polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB
polyspermy
polysome
polyunsaturates
polymer
biopolymer
homopolymer
polymerase
PCR-RFLP
taq polymerase
poly-(A) polymerase
enucleated ovum
ovule
PUC
P1, P2
production environment
controlled environment
micro-environment
oogonium
hypothalamic peptides
peptidase
beta-galactosidase
Beta-glucuronidase
beta-sitosterol
GUS
beta-lactamase
PAGE
PEG
pyrimidine
pyrogen
pyrethrins
basophil
) ovum (ova
egg
oosphere
intracellular
biotoxin
biotin
purine
molecular biology
biologics
To, T1 and T2
microsatellite
minisatellite
maternal effect
position effect
endocrine interference
ontogeny
phylogeny

361


)(

)(


/

)(

)(

)(
) ( )(

)(
/

) (

end-labelling
transposon tagging
biotin labelling
acclimatization
genetic erosion
SCE
)sister chromatid exchange (SCE
mutualism
variance
base substitution
budding
cryogenic
fingerprinting
genetic fingerprinting
transcapsidation
risk communication
gene tracking
titre
tetracycline
fixation
enzyme stabilization
plant cell immobilization
animal cell immobilization
nitrogen fixation
metal affinity chromatography
catabolite repression
feedback inhibition
end-product inhibition
electroporation
homology
regeneration
scarification
freeze-dry
population
cDNA library
panmictic population
Mendelian population
graft union
determination
genetic distancing
operational definition
sex determination
MAAP
multiple arbitrary amplicon profiling
protein sequencing
embryo sexing
semen sexing
RNA editing
chromosome banding
soil amelioration
eugenics
immunization
adoptive immunization
genetic immunization
mini-prep
autogenous control

362

( )



( )

( )

)(



( )
1

( )

proteolysis
glycolysis
phosphorolysis
hydrolysis
risk analysis
meiotic enalysis
heteroduplex analysis
tolerance
salt tolerance
transformation
antigenic switching
co-transformation
co-transfection
browning
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation
transfection
biotransformation
DNA transformation
conversion
genetic transformation
bioconversion
sequence divergence
gene conversion
lignification
S1 mapping
comparative mapping
attenuation
thinning
immortalization
fermentation
batch fermentation
fed-batch fermentation
continuous fermentation
co-fermentation
synergism
interference
PPF
circularization
tailing
complementary homopolymeric tailing
dA dT tailing
dG-dC tailing
tracheid
bio-accumulation
biomagnification
transposase
transferase
peptidyl transferase
triticale
trisomic
trisomy
tandem array
translation
nick translation
hybrid released translation
hybrid arrested translation

363

)(

)(
)(
)(

)(
)(







/



) / /(



cis








)(

cell-free translation
in vitro translation
trichome
filtration
gel filtration
variegation
micrograft
primary structure
stomatal complex
genotype
medium formulation
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure
biomass concentration
excision repair DNA
trypsin
pleiotropy
cross
sib-mating
assortative mating
tripartite mating
factorial mating
panmixis
monohybrid cross
pairing
testosterone
sequence
ARS
signal sequence
insertion sequence
SSR
coding sequence
recognition sequence
promoter sequence
enhancer sequence
)internal guide sequence (IGS
IGS
)external guide sequence (EGS
spacer sequence
nucleotide sequence
consensus sequence
guide sequence
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
cleaved amplified polymorphic
cis-acting sequence
intervening sequence
palindrome
conserved sequence
CAPS
regulatory sequence
leader sequence
alu sequences
cytotoxicity
liquefaction
immunodiagnostics

364


( )

( )

(trans)
)(
cis

(/ )

( )

)(



( )
( )
( )

) (

( )

DNA diagnostics
imbibition
electro-blotting
Southern blot
northern blot
dissection
coding
morphology
trans configuration
neo-formation
cis configuration
antibody structure
cross-over
export
microdroplet array
micro-array
rational drug design
inbreeding depression
antibiosis
duplication
replication
endoreduplication
DNA replication
semi-conservative replication
gene amplification
scale up
multiplex
DAMD
DAF
allele-specific amplification (ASA)
ASA
splicing
gene splicing
Alternative mRNA splicing
layering
vaccination
grafting
preventive immunization
nullisomy
oligonucleotide-directed
oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis
site-specific mutagenesis
parasitism
disinfection
disinfestation
evolution
organic evolution
parallel evolution
volatilization
meiotic drive
heterosis
packaging cell line
transient expression
gene expression
variable expressivity
vernalization

365


) (

DNA polymorphism
polymorphism
balanced polymorphism
genetic polymorphism
endopolyploidy

) (

)(
)(
)(


)(

/


/

)/(
)/(
)/(
/

degeneracy
modification
gene modification
chimeraplasty
antixenosis
post-translational modification
mineralization
ultrasonication
sonication
weediness
codon optimization
sepsis
nodulation
filter sterilization
habituation
dosage compensation
)polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE
secondary thickening
encapsidation
encapsulation
variation
phase change
culture alteration
selection differential
PCR
)polymerase chain reaction (PCR
)arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR
AP-PCR
)LCR (ligase chain reaction
gene interaction
pharmacokinetics
scion-stock interaction
)single primer amplification reaction (SPAR
SPAR
autocatalytic reaction
hydrophobic interaction
ligase chain reaction
dehiscence
fractionation
embryo splitting
hybrid dysgenesis
lysis
bio-augmentation
crossing over
double crossing-over
unequal crossing over
chiasma
distillation
velogenetics
embryo technology

366







) (

)(
)(
)(
)( ) (
/ )(
) (


















)(


)( )(

/ /

JIVET
)(JIVT
)juvenile in vitro embryo technology (JIVET/JIVT
biotechnology
modern biotechnology
recombinant DNA technology
)genetic use restriction technology (GURT
GURT
hardening off
risk assessment
breeding
reproduction
sexual reproduction
vivipary
asexual reproduction
symbiosis
genetic complementation
integration
Amplification
DNA amplification
exon amplification
)direted amplification of minisatellite DNA (DAMD
indirect organogenesis
gene stacking
sequence tandem repeat
VNTR
ISSR
)simple sequence repeat (SSR
)inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR
direct repeat
tandem repeat
STR
trinucleotide repeat
long terminal repeat
LTR
inverted repeat
Auxotroph
embryogenesis
morphogenesis
spermatogenesis
biosynthesis
asexual embryogenesis
angiogenesis
allelomorph
caulogenesis
epigenesis
gametogenesis
hypomorph
formulation
indirect embryogenesis
conditioning
conformation
xenia
pollination
AI
IVF

367

()
)(

( )

)(
( )

)(
)(
)(
)(





( )
( ) ( )









( )

( )
)(






( )( )
)(
)(

cross pollination
artificial insemination (AI)
open pollination
genetic pollution
fouling
cell differentiation
shoot differentiation
photosynthesis
malting
differentiation
in vitro transcription
reverse transcription
osmosis
isogamy
isogenic
mismatch
repulsion
genetic heterogeneity
antagonism
sperm competition
translocation
mericloning
animal cloning
co-cloning
therapeutic cloning
Darwinian cloning
sub-clone
embryo cloning
functional gene cloning
gene cloning
molecular cloning
DNA cloning
cDNA cloning
forced cloning
positional cloning
megabase cloning
photoreactivation
fluorescence-activated cell sorting
allosteric regulation
gene regulation
negative self-regulation
negative autogenous regulation
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
transposition
somaclonal variation
biodiversity
cline
epigenetic variation
genetic variation
ecological diversity
biological diversity
discontinuous variation
transgressive variation
continuous variation
genetic diversity

368



)(

( )




( )

( )
( )
( )
( )


)(

( )

( )


( )

( )

.(dissociation constant)

/

additive genetic variance

non-additive genetic variation
hybridization
testcross
somatic hybridization
cell hybridization
cross hybridization
colony hybridization
in situ colony hybridization
in situ plaque hybridization
Southern hybridization
DNA hybridization
parasexual hybridization
backcross
FISH
flourescence in situ hybridization
zoo FISH
intraspecific cross
in situ hybridization
genetic equilibrium
linkage equilibrium
punctuated equilibrium
Periclinal
Concordance
Histocompatibility
Parthenogenesis
inbreeding
Gynogenesis
Twin
monozygotic twin
dizygotic twins
identical twin
topo-isomerase
antiparallel orientation
targeted drug delivery
directed mutagenesis
Inheritance
extrachromosomal inheritance
cytoplasmic inheritance
maternal inheritance
Dispense
drug delivery
bioavailability
generative
recombination
gene recombination
homologous recombination
tonoplast
telomerase
tubulin
Kd
Kcat
Kcat/Km
Michaelis constant
thallus
didN

369

'5

)(

) (

50
-

) (

thymidine
thymidine triphosphate
TTP
)thymidine kinase (tk
tK
thymine
T
) stoma (stomata
tri-hybrid
triploid
triplet
octoploid
false fruit
pseudocarp
bivalent
disaccharide
dimorphism
dihaploid
diploid
dicot
dioecious
ditype
ddNTP
DMSO
)flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD
disomy
green revolution
deoxythymidine
gibberellins
periplasm
) granum ( grana
cell wall
primary cell wall
secondary cell wall
root
secondary root
fibrous root
tap root
rhizobacterium
rootstock
turion
radicle
follicle
germ
LD50
gro-luxTM
molecule
macromolecule
restitution nucleus
DNA construct
)parts per million (ppm
ppm
effector molecule
co-integrate
carrier molecule
CD molecules

370

)(

)(

)(

)(

GC island
gastrula
somatic
bridge
corpus
centromere
Barr body
inclusion body
microbody
Ab
)Antibody (Ab
mAb
monoclonal antibody
anti-idiotype antibody
primary antibody
secondary antibody
catalytic antibody
)dAb (single domain antibody
polyclonal antibody
plantibody
single domain antibody
organelle
telomere
proteinaceous infectious particle
galactomannan
glyphosate
glycoform
)polyethylene glycol (PEG
gelatinization
gelrite TM
alpha globulin
AHG
immunoglobulin
histoglobulin
globulins
gluten
glucocorticoid
glucosinolates
glucuronidase
cuticle
glycoprotein
VSG
)variable surface glycoprotein (VSG
OPU
ovum pickup
race
) genus (genera
)bovine spongiform enecelophalopathy (BSE
embryo
fetus
pro-embryo
somatic embryo
nucellar embryo
airlift fermenter
Golgi apparatus
turgor pressure

371



)(

) (

/

turgor potential
osmotic potential
pressure potential
water potential
matric potential
GTP
GMP
guanosine
)Guanosine triphosphate (guanosine 5-triphosphate
)(GTP
GDP
deoxyguanosine
)guanine (G
gobar
nucellus
gyrase
filial generation
gelatin
genome
folded genome
genet
promoter
inducer
cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter
constitutive promoter
subgenomic promoter
BOD
)biological oxygen demand (BOD
transcriptional roadblock
gratuitous inducer
oxygen-electrode-based sensor
broodstock
catalyst
impeller
capsid
) sporangium (sporangia
embryo sac
transition-state intermediate
steady state
phase state
pollen grain
pollen
chromomeres
induction
quarantine
v/v
minimum effective cell density
minimum inoculum size
juvenility
deletion
G
h
P
q
kinetics
enzyme kinetics

) (

(
)

35S

)(





)(
)(
) (

)(

)(

)(

)(G
)(h
)(P
)(q

372

)(

biosilk
immunosensor
electrochemical sensor
sensitivity
thermosensitivity
harvesting
microbial mat
incubator
incubation
catalysis
biocatalysis
autocatalysis
gamete and embryo storage
cryopreservation
freeze preservation
in situ conservation
domain
)intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI
lipofection
ICSI
pro-nuclear micro-injection
micro-injection
PVR
plant variety rights
farmers' rights
)intellectual property rights (IPR
IPR
plant breeders' rights
PBR
Eukaryote
Eukaryotic
Eukaryote
growth ring
)plant variety protection (PVP
abscisic acid

) (

)(

EDTA
adenylic acid
)ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA
Inositol
)Thymidylic acid (TMP or dTMP
guanylic acid
)ribonucleic acid (RNA
cytidylic acid
desoxyribonucleic acid
PNA
uridylic acid
amino acid
essential amino acid
deoxyribonucleic acid
nucleic acid
)peptide nucleic acid (PNA
single-stranded nucleic acid
Gestation
Ectopic
Foetus

373


)(

) (



)(
) (




)(

)(

)(






)(
)(

)(
T
T

Annual
Liposome
packed cell volume
monogastric animal
founder animal
Ruminant
bioin vitro
potentiometric
Idiotype
virus-free
pathogen-free
Exon
Restriction map
linkage map
Ideogram
Karyogram
physical map
genetic map
vascular bundle
embryo storage
Lignin
monolignols
Fertile
Specificity
) testis (testes
Pigment
virus-tested
germ line
pure line
single-cell line
standard error
protein metabolic step
co-linearity
yeast extract
malt extract
plasma cells
Embryonic stem cells
pole cells
ES cells
somatic cell
phagocytes
Fibroblasts
effector cells
immobilized cells
Autologous cells
nutrient deficiency
Cell
killer t cell
helper T cell
helper t cell
reconstructed cell
central mother cell
Endosperm mother cell
spore mother cell
) spermatogonium (spermatogonia

374



)(



) (

13


) ( = ) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (

germ line cell

B lymphocyte
primary cell
metabolic cell
blast cell
Blastocyst
sporocyte
Oocyte
Secondary oocyte
B cell
T cell
cytotoxic t cell
germ cell
guard cell
memory cell
stem cell
reticulocyte
sieve cell
pluripotent
apical cell
) spheroplast (sphaeroplast
lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
helper T lymphocyte
companion cell
spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
hybrid cell
universal donor cell
Mosaic
Yeast
brewer's yeast
Intersex
hermaphrodite
monoecious
sex mosaic
gynandromorph
lagging strand
coding strand
template strand
non-template strand
non-coding strand
M13 strand
Anticoding strand
leading strand
DNA
foreign DNA
)single-stranded DNA (ssDNA
ssDNA
cpDNA
chloroplast DNA
repetitive DNA
dscDNA
ribosomal DNA
chimeric DNA
biotinylated-DNA

375


) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) ( )(
) (
) ( )(
) (
) ( /
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
)(


)(

)(

)(

/


) ( ) / (
)(

zig-zag DNA
source DNA
complementary DNA
recombinant DNA
carrier DNA
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
beta-DNA
T-DNA
satellite DNA
junk DNA
cDNA
double-stranded complementary DNA
Exogenous DNA
ccc DNA
gapped DNA
Covalently-closed circular DNA
Z-DNA
)mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA
mtDNA
homoduplex DNA
)random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD
RAPD
dsDNA
)double-stranded DNA (ds DNA
duplex DNA
antisense DNA
copy DNA
relaxed circle
Pericycle
nicked circle
Perennial
in vivo
mapping function
Dalton
FAD
Dimmer
homodimer
dinucleotide
Diplotene
Diplonema
Intron
Xenobiotic
xenogeneic
metabolomics
bulked segregant analysis
expressivity
melting temperature
root tuber
microtuber
Minituber
Dextrin
disease-indexing
EGS
gene imprinting
non repetitive DNA/RNA
Helminth

376






) (

)(
)(

) ))) ((((
5
' 5
5
' 5

5-


) (

)(




)(
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) .(mRNA
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (

)(

life cycle
cell cycle
nutrient cycle
lytic cycle
oestrous cycle
parasexual cycle
dolly
diakinesis
nematode
disomic
dichogamy
deme
DNAase
DNAse
dATP
dTTP
dGTP
TMP
deoxyribonuclease
dCTP
pseudomonas spp.
autotrophic
drosophila melanogaster
wilt
macrospore
biennial
mericlinal
double recessive
differentially permeable
extrachromosomal
allosome
nullisomic
poly-(A) tail
homopolymeric tailing
RNA
sense RNA
catalytic RNA
guide RNA
mRAN
messenger RNA
)ribosomal RNA (r RNA
rRNA
recombinant RNA
transfer RNA
tRNA
pre-mRNA
)small nuclear RNA (sn RNA
snRNA
heterogeneous nuclear rna
hnRNA
satellite RNA
antisense RNA
ligand
ligase
linker
binding

377




) (
) ( 4

) (

) (

/




) /(

) (

peptide bond
disulphide bond
DNA ligase
T4 DNA ligase
phosphodiester (phosphor-diester) bond
rachilla
ramet
tetrad
quadrivalent
) tetrasomic (tetrasome
Tetraploid
allotetraploid
quadruplex
editing
sex linkage
gene linkage
blunt-end ligation
genetic linkage
linkage
replisome
replicase
ribulose
RuBP
electrophoresis
gel electrophoresis
agarose gel electrophoresis
capillary electrophoresis
sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel
eletrophoresis
PFGE
TGGE
)thermal gel gradient electrophoresis(TGGE

) (

)(

' 5

SDS-PAGE
)pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE
mapping
genetic mapping
gene mapping
sparger
shoot-tip graft
enzyme commission number
EC
DNA chip
rennin
assay
ribonuclease
ribose
)deoxyribose (2-deoxyribose
ribozyme
ribosome
)ribulose biphosphate (RuBP
ribonucleotide
UMP
ribonucleoside
snRNP
)small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (sn RNP

378

) (



)(

)(





) (
) (

)(

)(cis

)(
)(

)(

recA
RNAase
hydroponics
monoculture
organ culture
tissue culture
meristem culture
suspension culture
replica plating
artificial inembryonation
inembryonation
)ascus (asci
generation time
cell generation time
outbreeding
exogamy
wash-out
chlorosis
endogamy
base pair
)Bp (base pair
zygote
merozygote
cis heterozygote
trans heterozygote
heterozygote
homozygote
zygotene
zygonema
xylem
secondary xylem
zymogen
mono-unsaturates
dominant
stem
stolon
) mitochondrion (mithocondria
cytosine
sterptavidin
bovine somatotropin
lod score
pipette
stamen
spharoblast
scaffold
saccharifaction
dormancy
sclerenchyma
isogenic stock
breed
lineage
strain
inbred line
cell strain
sub-strain
breed at risk

379

) (

)(

/


)(

) (

biosafety
false negative
concatemer
shotgun genome sequencing
gene sequencing
DNA sequencing
kappa chain
lambda chain
SDS
)sodium dodecyl sulphate(SDS
Salmonella
amnion
lignocellulose
disease-free
cellulosome
cellulose
cellulase
endotoxin
bacterial toxin
exotoxin
pro-toxin
mycotoxin
host-specific toxin
pathotoxin
enterotoxin
fusion toxin
recombinant toxin
production traits
fertilizer
trait
character
monogenic
quantitative trait
qualitative trait
callipyge
immunotoxin
toxicity
spike
centrosome
cM
syncytium
spikelet
superbug
mite
)bovine somatotrophin (BST
somatotropin
BST
somatostatin
somatocrinin
pedicel
hypocotyl
epicotyl
hypoplastic
dominance
sex-influenced dominance
apical dominance

380


) (

5

)(
)( p450

- '5

)(

) (

)(
)(

)(
)(

)(
)(
)(

)(
)(
)(

incomplete dominance
co-dominance
CTP
cytoplasm
cytoplasmic organelles
sitosterol
cytosol
C
cytochrome
cytochrome p450
cytokine
cytokinesis
cytokinin
deoxycytidine
cytidine
CMP
)cytidine triphosphate(cytidine 5'-triphosphate
siderophore
walking
primer walking
chromosome walking
circadian
cistron DNA
psychrophile
cycloheximide
cyclodextrin
synteny
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
chaperone
molecular chaperone
sport
intensifying screen
hemizygous
haplozygous
organoid
nucleoside analogue
parahormone
plantlet
plus tree
elite tree
virulence
supercoil
bud sport
thermophile
chip
biochip
root hairs
codon
termination codon
terminator codon
amber stop codon
opal stop codon
stop codon
initiation codon
start codon
anticodon

381




)(

)(

)(













)( )(

translational start codon

genetic code
ochre stop codon
primordium
RF
)replicative form (RF
isoform
peduncle
wax
glaucous
replication fork
chaperonin
chitin
chitinase
senescence
biological ageing
chymosin
net photosynthesis
Gram staining
acridine dyes
Feulgen staining
phytochrome
bacterial artificial chromosome
sex chromosome
chromosome
lampbrush chromosome
B chromosome
mega yeast artificial chromosome
X-chromosome
YAC
)yeast artificial chromosome (YAC
BAC
HAC
human artificial chromosome
polytene chromosome
dicentric chromosome
heteropyknosis
acentric chromosome
metacentric chromosome
compound chromosome
isochromosome
acrocentric A chromosome
y-chromosome
phytosanitary
rust
thermal shock
anaerobic
)procaryotic (adj
cell plate
sieve plate
middle lamella
fitness
Pribnow box
TATA box
CAAT box
CAT box

382

( )


( )

/





( )



( )

( )
( )

)(
)(
)(
)(
)(

)(
/

MADS box
homeobox
nod box
hogness box
stirred-tank fermenter
tank bioreactor
autoradiograph
fog
allosteric control
acceptor control
immunochemical control
selection pressure
wall pressure
mutation pressure
vibrio
knockout
rinderpest
mutant
temperature-sensitive mutant
suppressor-sensitive mutant
leaky mutant
Petri dish
fermentation substrates
primary germ layers
monolayer
substrate
chromogenic substrate
germ layer
curing
centrifugation
density gradient centrifugation
velocity density gradient centrifugation
sucrose density gradient centrifugation
gene knockout
differential centrifugation
equilibrium density gradient centrifugation
random primer method
diagnostic procedure
explosion method
gm food
scion
vaccine
inoculum (inocula )
vaccinia
live vaccine
viral vaccine
multivalent vaccine
attenuated vaccine
live recombinant vaccine
edible vaccine
mutation
frameshift mutation
insertion mutation
down promoter mutation
silent mutation
conditional lethal mutation

383






( )


( )

( )

/



( )

( )

( )

( )


( )



( )


( )
(8)

forward mutation
spontaneous mutation
null mutation
chromosome mutation
nonsense mutation
back mutation
reverse mutation
lethal mutation
polar mutation
suppressor mutation
chemical mutagen
neutral mutation
missense mutation
homeotic mutation
parasite
phytoparasite
facultative anaerobe
pro-phage
pro-nucleus
leaf primordium
lag phase
S phase
telophase
metaphase
anaphase
deceleration phase
prophase
stationary phase
interphase
growth phase
sporophyte
linear phase
lytic
excitation wavelength
emission wavelength
persistent
free-living conditions
germinal epithelium
host
phage
transducing phage
bacteriophage
temperate phage
virulent phage
gymnosperm
high throughput screening
inactivated agent
intercalating agent
basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF)
release factor
initiation factor
antihaemophilic factor VIII
sex factor
biotic factor
fertility factor
resistance factor

384


)(







)(

/



















) (







)(
)(

transcription factor
trans-acting factor
growth factor
BFGF
fusogenic agent
wetting agent
encapsulating agent
sigma factor
therapeutic agent
F factor
alkylating agent
latent agent
enhancer element
non-virulent agent
carcinogen
co-factor
antimicrobial agent
infectious agent
transposon
composite transposon
cloned strain or line
cell number
)variable number tandem repeat (VNTR
ploidy
copy number
passage number
sub-culture number
instability
asynapsis
self-incompatibility
gametophytic incompatibility
polyembryony
polypeptide
)single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP
chromosomal polymorphism
AFLP
)amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP
)single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP
SNP
PG
)polygalacturonase (PG
polylinker
polysaccharide
polyploid
autopolyploid
)polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP
multigenic
polygene
polygenic
multi-copy
polynucleotide
PHB
multimer
adventitious
segregation
segregant

385

)(

) (

) (

)(
/

) (

)(







)(

weed
biome
sap
cell sap
organ
photoheterotroph
heterotroph
gall
crown gall
pharmaceutical agent
drug
protein drug
fusion biopharmaceuticals
node
nodule
hairpin loop
splicing junction
root nodule
nodular
sterility
cytoplasmic male sterility
semi-sterility
self-sterility
remediation
mismatch repair
germ line gene therapy
germ cell gene therapy
immunotherapy
phytoremediation
ex vivo gene therapy
somatic cell gene therapy
replacement therapy
heat therapy
thermotherapy
antisense therapy
gene therapy
in vivo gene therapy
chemotherapy
QSAR
)quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR
structure-functionalism
Label
Tag
EST
affinity tag
)expressed sequence tag (EST
purification tag
bio-ethics
serology
histology
palaeontology
cytology
bio-energetics
molecular genetics
cytogenetics
quantitative genetics

386

)(
)(

( )








)(
)(

/

( )
/



( )

( )

)(

( )

population genetics
genomics
bioprocess
Bench-scale process
Stele
universality
self-replicating elements
laminar air-flow cabinet
growth cabinet
retro-element
insertion element
P element
IS element
controlling element
essential element
sieve element
micro-element
LINE
long interspersed nuclear element (LINE)
short interspersed nuclear element (SINE)
SINE
transposable (genetic) element
movable genetic element
Vessel element
Rachis
Nick
Petiole
raceme
fascicle
cluster of differentiation
Major histocompatibility complex
panicle
nif gene cluster
elongation factors
macrophage
lambda phage
Biogas
Gland
mammary gland
Gonad
exocrine gland
endocrine gland
functional food
cabinet
inoculation cabinet
culture room
Sterile room
invasiveness
Tunica
ParafilmTM
plasma membrane
cell membrane
liquid membrane
semi-permeable membrane
cap
G cap

387

integument
biosphere
coleoptile
non-disjunction
recalcitrant
undifferentiated
non-autonomous
thermolabile
Fab

1
1 2
2

)(

)(



/
)(
)(

)(



)(



) (

F1
F1, F2, Fn
F2
IgA/Igd/IgG/IgE/IgM
antibody class
phagemids
onco-mouse
sub-culture interval
septum
)internal transcribed spacer (ITS
ITS
intergenic spacer
phytokinin
fibril
anthesis
rest period
photoperiod
gap
ELISA
screen
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
sire
activated charcoal
charcoal
intercellular space
transgenic
FACS
independent assortment
overdominance
hyperploid
somatic hypermutation
offshoot
vacuole
phosphorylation
photophosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
offset
sucker
suckering
disjunction
dialysis
sperm sexing
mendelian segregation
multigene family
) fungus (fungi
de-differentiation

388

2


) (

)(

)(

cotyledon
forskolin
pyrophosphate
phosphatase
phospholipids
phospholipase A2
intraspecific
intrageneric
In situ
Vmax
In silico
vitamin
phytostat
phytosterol
pheromone
vermiculite
virus
baculovirus
CaMV
)cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV
tumour virus
PERV
)porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV
adenovirus
unencapsidated
retrovirus
helper virus
defective virus
viroid
virion
phenolics
selectable
inducible
biodegradable
friable
heritability
bacteriocide
viable
totipotent
photosynthetic
proteolytic
Steward bottle
six-base cutter
four-base cutter
base
nitrogenous base
basal
basipetal
template
long template
repressor
Co-repressor
SCA
)specific combining ability(SCA
totipotency
viability

389

)( )(

)(







) (

)(

)(

read-through
consanguinity
genetic relatedness
Chakrabarty decision
imaginal disc
biopiracy
stringency
cortex
protoderm
shear
biolistics
microprojectile bombardment
deficiency
enzyme electrode
polarity
root cutting
flush-end cut
leaf bud cutting
blunt-end cut
staggered cuts
)autonomous(ly) replicating segment/sequence(ARS
restriction fragment
)restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP
RFLP
J
joining segment
hypervariable segment
chromosome jumping
plaque
style
root cap
glycoalkaloids
hypotonic
oligosaccharide
hypoploid
oligonucleotide
apex
root apex
meristem tip
shoot apex
repression
coordinate repression
acropetal
bract
ion channel
disulphide bridge
erlenmeyer flask
Mendel's laws
hydrid vigour
)photosynthetic photon flux (PPF
biometry
flow cytometry
estimated breeding value
EBV
breeding value
Km

390
















)(

)(

) (cambia

)(

) (

) (

) (

)(

) (

source organism
organism
micro-organism
)living modified organism (LMO
GEM
autotroph
procaryote
prokaryote
non-target organism
GMO
)genetically modified organism (GMO
)genetically engineered organism (GEO
GEO
Ex vitro
immunosuppressor
catalase
sympodial
carcinoma
carotene
carotenoid
casein
tracer
cambium
holometabolous
kanamycin
canola
kinetin
Co-suppression
micro-encapsulation
capsule
polysaccharide capsule
PCV
biomass
algal biomass
population density
buoyant density
ethyl alcohol
carpel
carboxypeptidase
activated Carbon
carbohydrate
receptacle
pseudo-affinity chromatography
chromatography
chromatid
chromatin
chromocentre
chromonema
leukocyte
centriole
recombination fraction
fragment
Okazaki fragment
klenow fragment
)transformation efficiency (or frequency
plating efficiency

391

(Calli )

( )

:
(
)
( )
( )

( )

( )

)(
)(

( )

cross pollination efficiency

photosynthetic efficiency
chelate
callus
chlorenchyma
chlorophyll
chloramphenicol
procambium
interfascicular cambium
vascular cambium
cosmid
colchicine
collenchyma
coleorhiza
complementary entity (cDNA)
kb
kilobase (kb)
KDa
chemotaxis
chemostat
phytochemical
chimera
periclinal chimera
graft chimera
kinetosome
kinetochore
kinase
protein kinase
kinin
q-beta replicase
heterogeneity
asexual
acelluar
anaerobe
amorph
lactose
lamella
laminarin
leptonema
coconut milk
Codex Alimentarius Commission
phloem
secondary phloem
stroma
peptide vaccine
recombinant vaccine
sub-unit vaccine
DNA vaccine
lectin
R-loops
helix
D loop
double helix
leptotene
lipopolysaccharide
LPS

392

)(

)(
13
)(

)(


) (




) (

)( ) (

)(





)(

lipid
inositol lipid
lipase
aleurone
lysozyme
lysosome
hollow fibre
haemolymph
hemolymph
lymphokine
lymphoma
lyase
M13
commensalisms
organoleptic
growth retardant
parameter
marker
molecular marker
selectable marker
stomatal index
FLAG
anonymous DNA marker
dominant selectable marker
positive selectable marker
genetic marker
pre-transplant
) mycelium (mycelia
free water
de-ionized water
magenta
growth substance
toxin
supernatant
propagule
mannose
mannitol
precautionary principle
central dogma
founder principle
RNA polymerase
biopesticide
germicide
insecticide
fungicide
herbicide
pesticide
ovary
pistil
heteroallele
heteroplasmy
heteroduplex
heteroploid
heterochromatin
heterogametic
heterozygous

393

)(

/
)(

(
)
/
)(

)(

) (

heterokaryon
homologous
homoplasmy
homozygous
homokaryon
homogenotization
synergid
pleiotropic
analogous
homogametic
discordant
replicon
orthologous
phytoparasitic
essential requirement
polycistronic
somatic cell variant
anther
symbiont
syndrome
homoeologous
complementary
variant
endophyte
isodiametric
paralogous
turgid
mean
mid-parent value
endemic
inhibitor
trypsin inhibitor
growth inhibitor
allergen
base analogue
methylation
homeodomain
variable domain
contig
pH-electrode-based senor
desiccant
peptide expression library
MHC
gene pool
karyotype
somatic cell hybrid panel
incompatibility group
electron microscope
SEM
)scanning electron microscope (SEM
dissecting microscope
cultigen
Roundup-readyTM
conservation
cryobiological preservation
ex-situ conservation

394


)(

( )

(
)

( )

( )
)(

( )

gene (resources) conservation

anticlinal
defined
antigenic determinant
epitope
sex-limited
cassette
transformant
allopolyploid
mixoploid
heterologous
stock solution
attenuator
cryptic
fermenter
bubble column fermenter
extension
runner
nutrient gradient
proofreading
X-linked
retroposon
lawn
exponential phase
latent phase
logarithmic phase (log phase)
death phase
transition stage
meristele
meristem
primary meristem
apical meristem
meristemoid
pre-filter
high efficiency particulate air filter
HEPA filter
hairy root disease
zoonosis
graft- versus-host disease
mad cow disease
auto-immune disease
X-linked disease
genetic disease
SC
lead compound
organic complex
inorganic compound
histocompatibility complex
antagonist
synaptonemal complex (SC)
cloning vehicle
centre of origin
elastin
vitrified
allozygote
culture

395


) (

)(









)(




)(




) (







) (




) (

) (

)(

embryo culture
axenic culture
selection culture
starter culture Micro-organisms
protoplast culture
turbidostat
root culture
hairy root culture
plant cell culture
serial float culture
raft culture
panicle culture
meristem tip culture
callus culture
aquaculture
anther culture
primary culture
mariculture
soil-less culture
established culture
nurse culture
pollen culture
cell culture
semi-continuous culture
microalgal culture
nodal culture
synchronous culture
dual culture
open continuous culture
stationary culture
continuous culture
co-culture
closed continuous culture
shake culture
single node culture
map distance
genetic distance
probe
DNA probe
fluorescent probe
heterologous probe
gene probe
phytopathogen
viral pathogen
lysogen
biosensor
colony
receptor
T cell receptor
G-protein coupled receptor
orphan receptor
autonomous
prototroph
genomic library
batch culture
receptor-binding screening

396




(
)
/
/

)(

)(
)(


)(




)(

)(

)(

)(

denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

DGGE
enhancer
co-enzyme
derivative
dendrimer
operator
gamete
)multiple drop array (MDA
serum
polyvalent vaccine
BSA
antiauxin
allelopathy
antinutrient
)antihaemophilic globulin (AHG
antibiotic
cephem-type antibiotic
transcriptional anti-terminator
antioxidant
anti-terminator
antiserum
antitranspirant
anti-oncogene
diplochromosome
)embryo multiplication and transfer (EMT
EMT
doubling time
target site duplication
spliceosome
true-to-type
indehiscent
antiseptic
downstream processing
upstream processing
bioremediation
sewage treatment
correlation
selection coefficient
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture
allele frequency
coincidence
recombination frequency
passage time
gene frequency
growth rate
Hfr
susceptible
autoclave
aseptic
sterile
cell suspension
genetic information
bio-informatics
essential nutrient

397








( )





(bacteria)


( )

( )

( )
) (

)(

( )
) (

nutriceutical
micronutrient
macronutrient
spindle
bioreactor
enzyme bioreactor
mesh bioreactor
photo-bioreactor
membrane bioreactor
loop bioreactor
filter bioreactor
pneumatic reactor
bacterium
cell sorter
hypertonic
septate
thermostable
saline resistance
resistance
disease resistance
antibiotic resistance
phagocytosis
herbicide resistance
gene shears
cutting
genetic gain
biological control
biocontrol
acquired
coccus
refugium (refugia )
contaminant
good manufacturing practice (GMP)
GLP
good laboratory practice (GLP)
biosorbents
anabolic pathway
catabolic pathway
pathogen
denatured DNA
osmoticum
complementarity determining regions(CDR)
constant domains
intergenic regions
immunity
auto-immunity
passive immunity
immunogenicity
gene translocation
secondary plant product
recessive
photoautotroph
growth curve
cot curve
transcript
CaMV 35S

398

)( -
)(

)(





)(

)(
)(53

inducible promoter
boring platform
I/E region
)integration-excision region(I/E
terminator region
rhizosphere
root zone
cambial zone
V region
flanking region
)nucleolar organizer region (NOR
NOR
pseudo-autosomal region
internode
CDR
)sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR
hypervariable region
SCAR
detergent
regulator
down-regulate
growth regulator
plant growth regulator
NO
)nucleolar organizer (NO
water soaked
terminator
chain terminator
sperm
) spermatozoon (spermatozoa
spermatid
albinism
adaptation
biomimetic materials
)plant genetic resources (PGR
farm animal genetic resources
genetic resources
BABS
)biosynthetic antibody binding sites DAB (BABS
cos sites
autolysis
apoptosis
programmed cell death
necrosis
motif
gene
par gene
p53 gene
supergene
fusion gene
oncogene
anchor gene
segment-polarity gene
)antibiotic resistance marker gene(ARMG
reporter gene
candidate gene

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disrupter gene
immunogen
transgene
terminator gene
comparative positional candidate gene
transforming oncogene
pat gene
bar gene
constitutive gene
structural gene
organellar gene
gus gene
)avirulence gene (avr gene
inducible gene
mutable gene
repressible gene
lethal gene
pair-rule gene
jumping gene
tumor-suppressor gene
pseudogene
processed pseudo-gene
marker gene
ARMG
immediate early gene
dominant (-acting) oncogene
split gene
linked gene, linked marker
positional candidate gene
construct
antisense gene
modifying gene
kanr
regulatory gene
chimeric gene
chimeric selectable marker gene
proto-oncogene
viral oncogene
immortalizing oncogene
recessive oncogene
recessive-acting oncogene
orphan gene
R genes
functional genomics
additive genes
extranuclear genes
rol genes
cytoplasmic genes
vir genes
homeotic genes
complementary genes
stacked genes
morphogen
A-site
ribosomal binding site
cloning site

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) (

) (

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) (

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insertion site
)aminoacyl site (A-site
combining site
recognition site
restriction site
allosteric site
catalytic site
E site
)exit site (E site
point mutation
cap site
site-specific
QTL
)quantitative trait locus (QTL
donor junction site
STS
acceptor junction site
chromosomal integration site
MCS
)multiple colning site (MCS
polycloning site
antibody binding site
paratope
)peptidyl-tRNA binding site (P-site
P-site
sequence-tagged site
hypersensitive site
) locus (loci
)economic trait locus (ETL
ETL
recombinant
)recombinant human (rh
rh
monokine
bound water
metallothionein
mitogen
)megabase (Mb
)MegaDalton (Mda
pro-meristem
lateral meristem
protomeristem
mesoderm
mesophile
mesophyll
stigma
microbe
mycorrhiza
affinity chromatography
immunoaffinity chromatography
melanin
myeloma
myo inositol
mutagen
meiotic product
exogenous

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dehydrogenase
hemophilia
haemophilia
permeable
carrier
vector
cloning vector
expression vector
baculovirus expression vector
BEV
integrating vector
)yeast episomal vector (YEp
viruliferous
targeting vector
secondary messenger
bifunctional vector
linearized vector
transacting
micro-carrier
shuttle vector
mother plant
stock plant
donor plant
ortet
long-day plant
short-day plant
xerophyte
landrace
dicotyledon
megagametophyte
saprophyte
understock
epiphyte
heterotrophic
explant
gametophyte
microgametophyte
angiosperm
halophyte
explant donor
vascular plant
haplotype
phytoevapotranspiration
nitrate
nitrification
nitrocellulose
amniotic fluid
floccule
flocculant
biorecovery
desulphurization
biodesulphurization
demineralize
denitrification
dehalogenation

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dehydrogenation
bleeding
oestrus
oestrous
pedigree
signal-to-noise ratio
auxin-cytokinin ratio
nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio
transcription
cell-free transcription
phenocopy
single copy
progeny
cell line
tissue
primary tissue
determined
endoplasmic reticulum
ER
organized tissue
secondary vascular tissue
clone
offspring
protoclone
cDNA clone
gametoclone
starch
mist propagation
organogenesis
oncogenesis
oogenesis
somatic cell embryogenesis
random mutagenesis
in vitro mutagenesis
direct organogenesis
direct embryogenesis
speciation
sympatric speciation
allopatric speciation
hemicellulose
hemicellulase
lamina
leaf blade
bioleaching
maturation
zone of elongation
human-leukocyte-antigen system
HLA
negative control system
positive control system
expression system
binary vector system
vascular system
ecosystem
DNA delivery system
lac repressor-lac promoter system

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) (
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( )


/

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( )
( )

( )

micro-isolating system
balanced lethal system
co-integrate vector system
neutral theory
chromosome theory of inheritance
DNA micro-array
isotope
biotope
radioisotope
penetrance
recombinational hot spot
wilting point
permanent wilting point (PWP)
PWP
passage
zoo blot
western blot
gene transfer
polar transport
mobilization
embryo transfer (ET)
xenotransplantation
ET
sub-culture
transgenesis
marker-assisted introgression
nuclear transfer
tautomeric shift
tetratype
phenotype
ecotype
allotype
development
primary growth
intercalary growth
secondary growth
unorganized growth
determinate growth
organized growth
indeterminate growth
model
ABC model
cos ends
protruding end
blunt end
sticky end
cohesive end
flush end
nucleus
synkaryon
generative nucleus
micronucleus
photosynthate
retroviral vectors
inflorescence
species

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1
3
3



(

)

2
II
. ..

)(

) (

variety
wild type
cytotype
subspecies
Fusarium spp.
cultivar
nuclein
polar nuclei
nucleolus
liquid nitrogen
cellulose nitrate
neoplasm
neutrophil
neoteny
neor
nucleotide
deoxyribonucleotide
di-deoxynucleotide
nuclease
S1 nuclease
exo III
)exonuclease III (exo III
exonuclease
endonuclease
excinuclease
nucleosome
deoxyribonucleoside
nucleoside
)neomycin phosphotransferase (npt-II
npt-II
HSA
hapten
haptoglobin
quiescent
leaf margin
chromosome landing
cybrid
Hybrid
monohybrid heterozygous
intergeneric cross
interspecific cross
dihybrid
intrageneric cross
asymmetric hybrid
graft hybrid
cilium
ciliate
target
juvenile hormone
hormone
oestrogen
follicle stimulating hormone
FSH
GH
)growth hormone (GH
hGH

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( )

( )

( )

( )



( )

human growth hormone (hGH)

bovine growth hormone
Phytohormone
plant hormone
luteinizing hormone
sex hormones
shaker
reciprocating shaker
platform shaker
rotary shaker
histone
incomplete digest
partial digest
complete digest
anaerobic digestion
gel
iso-electric focusing gel (IEF gel)
polyacrylamide gel
protein engineering
bio-engineering
genetic engineering
DNA profile
hygromycin
casein hydrolysate
microtubule
DNA helicase
haemoglobin
hemoglobin
cryoprotectant
epizootic
mode
crossing-over unit
repeat unit
map unit
centimorgan (cM)
transcription unit
unisexual
unicellular
heredity
quantitative inheritance
broad-sense heritability
narrow-sense heritability
uniparental inheritance
reverse genetics
litmus paper
sporophyll
cellular oncogene
hybridoma
leaflet
dry weight
fresh weight
wet weight
W/v
medium (media )
artificial medium
culture medium

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/
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)

isolation medium
solid medium
liquid medium
chemically-defined medium
nutrient medium
spent medium
characterization
chemiluminescence
labelling
conjugative functions
mobilizing function
vessel
vascular
availability
immunoprophylaxis
immunosuppression
biofuel
parturition
viviparous
infiltrate
cross-breeding
lyophilize
biodegrade
excrete
map
fortify
diurnal
ligate, ligation
graft
encode
xanthophyll
amplify
plate
inoculate
express
)generally regarded as safe (GRAS
GRAS
sterilize
cleave
cut
insert
overhang
denature
macerate
disarm
exude
blot
anneal
digest
euploid
U
)uracil (U
uridine
)uridine triphosphate (uridine 5'-triphosphate)(UTP
UTP
euchromatin

407