OSPF - OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST

1.OSPF l 1 giao thc nh tuyn link state in hnh, nh tuyn link state in hnh ngha l tt c cc Router tham gia nh tuyn. OSPF s khng gi bn nh tuyn m gi ton b bn c s d liu trng thi ng link ca n cho tt c cc Router khc cng chy OSPF, kt qu l mi Router u c 1 bn c s d liu (Link State Database - LSDB) ng nht vi nhau. LSDB s ghi ton b thng tin v h thng mng, sau mi Router s cn c vo bn LSDB ny tnh ra ng i ngn nht (theo gii thut Dijkstra) a vo bn nh tuyn s dng. OSPF l 1 dng chun m,c nh ngha theo chun RFC2328. 2. OSPF c AD = 110 3. Metric cua ospf cn gi l cost ,duoc tinh theo bandwidth tren cong chay ospf 4. OSPF chy trc tip trn nn IP, c protocol id l 89. 5. OSPF l mt giao thc chun quc t, c nh ngha trong RFC 2328. B.Hot ng:

1. Bu chn Router id.

- Khi Router chy giao thc OSPF th nhay lp tc,n phi ch ra 1 gi tri dng nh danh(nick name) duy nht cho n trong cng ng cc Router chay OSPF.Gi tr ny c gi l Router-id. - Router-id trn Router chay ospf c nh dng ca 1 mt a ch ip a.b.c.d (khong phi l IP add).Mc nh,tin trinh ospf trn mi router se t ng bu chn gi tr router-id l a ch IP cao nht trong cc interface dang active ,u tin cng loopback - IP cao nht v d: a v b c s u tin tnh t tri sang phi ln hn c v d Mc k cc byte tip theo b ln hn a v byte cui cng ln hn b>a>c>d

Khi cho router R tham gia OSPF (xem hnh 1), router R phi bu chn ra mt nick name nh danh R khi R chy OSPF. V nick name ny c nh dng ca mt a ch IP nn R s ly mt trong cc a ch IP trn n lm Router id. Nh ni trn, ch a ch ca cc interface ang active, tc l trng thi up/up (status up, line protocol up) mi c tham gia bu chn. Ta thy trn hnh , ch c hai cng F0/0 v F0/1 ca R l up/up nn router R s ch xem xt hai a ch trn hai cng ny l 192.168.1.1 v 192.168.2.1. xc nh trong hai a ch ny, a ch no l cao hn, R tin hnh so snh hai a ch ny theo tng octet t tri sang phi, a ch no c octet u tin ln hn c xem l ln hn. Ta thy, vi cch so snh ny, a ch 192.168.2.1 c xem l ln hn a ch 192.168.1.1 nn n s c s dng lm router id. Vy R s tham gia OSPF vi gi tr nick name router id l 192.168.2.1. Ta cng thy trong 03 a ch xut hin trn hnh 1, a ch 203.162.4.1 ca cng serial S0/1/0 trn router R l ln nht nhng v cng ny down nn khng c tham gia bu chn. Cng v d trn nhng ln ny trn router R c thm cc interface loopback:

Hnh 2 Bu chn router id (2).

Khi ta bt OSPF trn router R, R xc tin vic bu chn router id. V ln ny c cc interface loopback nn R s b qua, khng xem xt cc a ch ca cc interface vt l{. Hai a ch ca hai interface loopback 1 v 2 s c so snh chn ra router id cho router R, v ta thy r rng 2.2.2.2 > 1.1.1.1 nn router R s chn 2.2.2.2 lm router id khi tham gia OSPF. T hnh 2, ta thy, 2.2.2.2 khng phi l a ch IP cao nht nhng v tin trnh u tin cng loopback nn cc a ch trn cc cng loopback s c xem xt trc. iu ny c gii thch l s em li s n nh cho tin trnh OSPF v interface loopback l loi interface lun l khng bao gi down tr khi ngi qun tr shutdown interface ny. Thc cht, vic up/down ca cc interface khng nh hng nhiu lm n router id ca cc router chy OSPF. Tht vy, gi s trong v d trn, router R chn xong router id l 192.168.2.1 l IP ca cng F0/1 (xt trng hp cha c cc interface loopback) v tham gia vo OSPF vi router id 192.168.2.1. Lc ny, nu ta c b sung thm cc interface loopback trn router th router cng s khng i li router id thnh IP ca cc interface loopback. Hn na, cho d lc ny cng F0/1 c

down, th router vn gi gi tr router id m n chn. C ngha l, router id n thun ch l mt ci tn. Khi tn c chn th tin trnh OSPF s lm vic vi ci tn ny v khng thay i li na. Cng c IP c trch xut lm tn ca router lc ny c up/down cng khng nh hng g c. Vy nu chng ta mun i li router id ca tin trnh th sao? Ta phi thc hin khi ng li router hoc g b tin trnh OSPF ri cu hnh li, khi tin trnh bu chn router id s c thc hin li vi cc interface ang hin hu trn router. V nh vy, ta thy vic u tin s dng IP trn loopback mang nhiu { ngha v mt qun tr hn l tnh n nh ca tin trnh. N cho php ngi qun tr kim sot hiu qu hn cc router id ca cc router. C mt cch khc thit lp li gi tr router id cho router m khng cn phi khi ng li router hoc cu hnh li OSPF l s dng cu lnh router-id thit lp bng tay gi tr ny trn router: Router(config)#router ospf 1 Router(config-router)#router-id A.B.C.D Lc ny gi tr ca router id c th khng cn phi l mt a ch IP c sn trn router. Bn cnh , nu tin trnh OSPF chy v router id c thit lp trc , ta phi khi ng li tin trnh OSPF th mi p dng c gi tr router id mi c ch ra trong cu lnh router id. Cu lnh khi ng li tin trnh OSPF: Router#clear ip ospf process Reset ALL OSPF processes? [no]: yes <- Ta chn Yes Sau khi chn xong router id hot ng, router chy OSPF s chuyn qua bc tip theo l thit lp quan h lng ging vi cc router kt ni trc tip vi n.

2. Thit lp quan h lng ging (neighbor).

Bc tip theo, sau khi chn xong router id, router chy OSPF s gi ra tt c cc cng chy OSPF mt loi gi tin c gi l gi tin hello. Gi tin ny c gi n a ch multicast dnh ring cho OSPF l 224.0.0.5, n tt c cc router chy OSPF khc trn cng phn on mng. Mc ch ca gi tin hello l gip cho router tm kim lng ging, thit lp v duy tr mi quan h ny. Gi tin hello c gi theo nh kz mc nh 10s/ln.

Hnh 3 Cc router gi gi tin hello. C nhiu thng tin c hai router kt ni trc tip trao i vi nhau qua gi tin hello. Trong cc loi thng tin c trao i, c nm loi thng tin sau bt buc phi match vi nhau trn hai router chng c th thit lp c quan h lng ging vi nhau: 1) Area id. 2) Hello timer v Dead timer. 3) Hai a ch IP u ni phi cng subnet (mt vi trng hp cn yu cu cng c subnet mask). 4) Tha mn cc iu kin xc thc. 5) Cng bt hoc cng tt c stub. Ta cng phn tch tng thng s nu trn. Area id Nguyn tc hot ng ca OSPF l mi router phi ghi nh bng c s d liu trng thi ng link ca ton b h thng mng chy OSPF ri t thc hin tnh ton nh tuyn da trn bng c s d liu ny. gim ti b nh cng nh ti tnh ton cho mi router v gim thiu lng thng tin nh tuyn cn trao i, cc router chy OSPF c chia thnh nhiu vng (area), mi router lc ny ch cn phi ghi nh thng tin cho mt vng m n trong (hnh 4).

Hnh 4 Kin trc phn vng trong OSPF. Cch t chc nh vy r rng tit kim ti nguyn mng v ti nguyn trn mi router. Ngoi ra, cch t chc ny cn c lp c nhng bt n vo trong mt vng: khi c mt link no trn mt router up/down, s kin ny ch lan truyn trong ni b mt vng v gy ra s tnh ton li nh tuyn ca cc router trong vng y ch khng nh hng n cc router thuc vng khc. Mi vng c ch ra s c mt gi tr nh danh cho vng gi l Area id. Area id c th c hin th di dng mt s t nhin hoc di dng ca mt a ch IP. Vi d Area 0 c th c biu din l Area 0.0.0.0. Mt nguyn tc bt buc trong phn vng OSPF l nu chia thnh nhiu vng th bt buc phi tn ti mt vng mang s hiu 0 Area 0, Area 0 cn c gi l Backbone Area v mi vng khc bt buc phi c kt ni ni v vng 0. Khi thc hin cu hnh phn vng cho router, ta khng gn c router vo mt vng m thc hin gn link trn router vo mt vng. Area id c gn cho link ca router ch khng phi gn cho bn thn router. V d: trn hnh 4, ta thy ton b router R2 nm trong vng 0 l v khi cu hnh ta gn hai link trn R2 vo vng 0. Nhng router m c tt c cc link u c gn vo mt vng th s lt hn vo vng v c gi l cc Internal router, cc Internal router ch phi ghi nh trng thi ng link ca vng m n nm bn trong. Ta cng xt tip router R4. Router ny c mt link thuc vng 0, li c mt link thuc vng 1, nh vy n thuc v c hai vng v phi ghi nh trng thi ng link ca c hai vng. Nhng router nh vy c gi l cc router ABR Area Border Router router bin gii gia hai vng. Khi hai router lng ging kt ni vi nhau qua mt link, chng phi thng nht vi nhau v area id ca link ny. C hai router phi gn cng mt s area id cho link kt ni gia chng vi nhau. Nu iu ny b vi phm, chng s khng th thit lp c quan h lng ging thng qua link ny v do khng bao gi c th trao i c thng tin nh tuyn qua link. l iu kin th nht trong vic thit lp quan h lng ging: thng nht v area id trn link kt ni. Chng trnh CCNA khng cp n OSPF a vng m ch ni v OSPF n vng, trong mi router u c gn vo mt vng. Kin trc a vng v cc vn chi tit ca n s c cp chi tit trong course Route ca chng trnh CCNP. Cng subnet Hai a ch IP1 v IP2 u ni nhau gia hai router bt buc phi cng subnet th hai router ny mi c th thit lp quan h lng ging vi nhau (xem hnh 3). Mt s trng hp cn bt buc hai a ch ny phi cng c subnet mask c th thit lp neighbor. Hello timer v Dead timer Hello timer l khong thi gian nh kz gi gi tin hello ra khi mt cng chy OSPF. Khi mt router nhn c hello t lng ging, n s khi ng Dead timer. Nu sau khong thi gian c ch ra trong Dead timer m router khng nhn c gi tin hello t lng ging, n s coi nh lng ging ny khng cn v s xa mi thng tin m n hc c t lng ging. Ngc li, c mi ln nhn c gi tin hello t lng ging, Dead timer li c reset. Gi tr mc nh ca hello timer v dead timer l 10s v 40s. Ta c th hiu chnh cc gi tr ny trn cng chy OSPF bng cch s dng cu lnh:

R(config-if)#ip ospf {hello-interval | dead-interval} seconds hai router thit lp c quan h lng ging vi nhau, cp gi tr ny bt buc phi khp nhau trn hai router hai u ca ng link. Tha mn authentication Trong trng hp tng cng tnh bo mt ca hot ng trao i thng tin nh tuyn, chng ta thc hin ci t cc pasword trn hai router hai u ng link. Yu cu bt buc l hai password ny phi khp nhau hai u hai router c th thit lp neighbor (tt nhin!). Cu hnh xc thc sai c th dn n khng thit lp neighbor c gia hai router t dn n khng trao i c thng tin nh tuyn. C stub Trong kin trc a vng ca OSPF c mt loi vng gi l vng stub. Vng stub l vng khng tip nhn LSA type 5. Khi ta cho mt link ca mt router thuc vng stub th bt buc u kia ca link cng phi gn link ny thuc vng stub. Khi cc gi tin nh tuyn trao i nhau gia hai u s c c stub c bt ln. Chi tit v vng stub c cp c th trong course Route ca chng trnh CCNP, chng trnh CCNA khng cover vn ny. Sau khi c 05 iu kin nu trn c tha mn, hai router thit lp vi nhau mt mi quan h gi l quan h lng ging v c k hiu l 2 WAY. Khi cc router thit lp c quan h 2 WAY vi nhau, chng bt u thc hin trao i bng c s d liu trng thi ng link (LSDB Link State Database) cho nhau. Vic trao i ny c lan ra ton mng v cui cng mi router u c c trng thi ng link ca mi router trong mng, t chng thc hin tnh ton trn c s d liu trng thi ng link ny v xy dng bng nh tuyn.

3. Trao i LSDB.
Trao i LSDB LSDB Link State Database Bng c s d liu trng thi ng link l mt bng trn router ghi nh mi trng thi ng link ca mi router trong vng. Ta c th coi LSDB l mt tm bn mng m router s cn c vo tnh ton nh tuyn. LSDB phi hon ton ging nhau gia cc router cng vng. Cc router s khng trao i vi nhau c mt bng LSDB m s trao i vi nhau tng n v thng tin gi l LSA Link State Advertisement. Cc n v thng tin ny li c cha trong cc gi tin c th gi l LSU Link State Update m cc router thc s trao i vi nhau. Lu {: LSA khng phi l mt loi gi tin m ch l mt bn tin. LSU mi thc s l gi tin v n cha ng cc bn tin ny. Vic trao i thng tin din ra rt khc nhau ty theo tng loi network type gn cho link gia hai router. Trong khun kh chng trnh CCNA, chng ta ch xt n hai loi network type l Point to

Point v Broadcast Multiaccess. Point to point Loi link point to point in hnh l kt ni serial im im chy giao thc HDLC hoc PPP ni gia hai router (hnh 5).

Hnh 5 Trao i LSDB vi kt ni point to point. Trong trng hp ny, hai router lng ging s ngay lp tc gi ton b bng LSDB cho nhau qua kt ni point to point v chuyn trng thi quan h t 2 WAY sang mt mc mi gi l quan h dng FULL. Quan h Full qua mt kt ni serial point to point c k hiu l FULL/ . Broadcast Multiaccess Mi trng Broadcast Multiaccess in hnh chnh l mi trng Ethernet LAN (hnh 6).

Hnh 6 Broadcast MultiAccess. Vic trao i LSDB din ra hon ton khc trong mi trng ny. Vi mi trng ny, mi router u kt ni trc tip vi nhau v u thit lp quan h 2 WAY vi nhau. Tuy nhin, cc router s khng trao i trc tip vi nhau m s tin hnh trao i thng tin thng qua mt router u mi gi l DR Designated Router. Trn mi kt ni Multi access, mt DR router c bu ra. Mt router khc s c bu lm Backup DR (BDR) d phng cho DR trong trng hp DR down. Cc router cn li ng vai tr l DROther. Nguyn tc t ra nh sau: cc router DROther khi trao i thng tin nh tuyn s khng gi trc tip cho nhau m s gi ln cho DR v BDR. Sau router DR ny s forward li thng tin

xung cho cc router DROther khc. Khi cc router gi thng tin ln cho DR v BDR, chng s s dng a ch multicast 224.0.0.6 cn khi DR forward li thng tin xung cc router khc, n s dng a ch 224.0.0.5. Nhc li, cc DROther khng trao i trc tip vi nhau.

Hnh 7 Hot ng trao i thng tin thng qua DR. V quan h gia cc cp router lc ny, ta thy nh sau: - Cc DROther khng bao gi trao i thng tin vi nhau nn quan h gia chng mi mi ch dng li mc 2 WAY. Thc hin show bng neighbor trn cc router DROther s thy rng cc router ny hin th tnh trng quan h vi nhau l 2-WAY/DROther. - Cc DROther c trao i d liu vi DR v BDR nn trong bng neighbor ca cc router DROther, cc router DR v BDR s hin ra vi quan h dng full: FULL/DR v FULL/BDR. Ngc li, cc router DR v BDR cng thy tnh trng quan h ca cc router DROther vi chng l FULL/DROther. Nh vy, router DR ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trn mi trng Multiaccess: l router iu phi thng tin trn mi trng ny. Vy router no s c chn lm DR? Ta c nguyn tc bu chn DR v BDR cho mt mi trng multi access nh sau: - Trn mi cng u ni multi access ca mi router u c mt gi tr gi l priority. Gi tr priority ny nm trong di t 0 n 255 v c trao i gia cc router trong cc gi tin hello. Router no nm gi gi tr priority cao nht s c bu chn lm DR, priority cao nh lm BDR, cn li s l DROther. Gi tr priority mc nh trn cc cng router l bng 1. Lu { rng nu router mang gi tr priority bng 0 s khng tham gia vo tin trnh bu chn DR v BDR, n lun lun m nhn vai tr l DROther. - Trong trng hp gi tr priority bng nhau (v d mc nh bng 1 ht, khng cu hnh g thm), router no c Router id cao nht s lm DR, Router id cao nh s lm BDR, cn li lm DROther. Ta ni Router id l tie breaker ca Priority.

C mt s lu { cho vic bu chn DR v BDR nh sau: - Nu ta cu hnh mt router nhn gi tr priority bng 0, router ny s khng tham gia vo tin trnh bu chn DR v BDR, n lun lun l DROther. Chng ta phi lu { iu ny v nu chng ta cu hnh cho tt c cc router u ni vo mi trng multi access gi tr priority = 0 th s khng c router no chu lm DR cho mi trng ny! Li ny dn n l hng trong vic trao i thng tin nh tuyn. - Lut bu chn DR l non preempt: khi mt DR c bu chn xong, nu router mi tham gia vo mi trng multi access c priority hay router id cao hn router DR n cng khng th chim quyn ca DR hin ti. Ch khi no DR hin ti down, router khc mi c c hi tranh quyn DR. - Mt router c th ng nhiu vai tr khc nhau trn nhiu cng multi acces khc nhau. V d: n c th l DR trn mi trng Multi access u ni vo cng F0/0 nhng li l DROther trn mi trng Multi acces u ni vo cng F0/1. - Chng ta khng c nhm ln kt ni Ethernet ni 02 router l mt kt ni point to point, kt ni ny vn c xem l Multi access. Trong trng hp ny, mt router s lm DR, mt lm BDR, khng c DROther (hnh 8).

Hnh 8 y l mi trng Multi access d ch c 02 router. Sau khi hon thnh xong thao tc trao i LSDB, mi router trong vng u c c bng c s d liu trng thi ng link ca mi router trong vng, hay ni mt cch khc, mi router c c tm bn mng ca c vng. Da trn LSDB ny, cc router s chy gii thut Dijkstra xy dng mt cy ng i ngn nht n mi ch n trong mng vi gc cy chnh l router y. T cy ny, router xy dng ln bng nh tuyn ca mnh. Chi tit v gii thut Dijkstra xin khng cp y. Cc bn quan tm c th tm hiu thng qua cc gio trnh v Ton ri rc hoc L thuyt th ca cc trng i hc. Bi vit ny s gii thiu cch OSPF tnh ton metric cho cc ng i v cch ngi qun tr nhn vo s mng xc nh ng i m OSPF chn m khng phi chy thut ton Dijkstra trong u ^^:

4. Tnh ton xy dng bng nh tuyn.

Tnh ton metric vi OSPF Metric trong OSPF c gi l cost, c xc nh da vo bandwidth danh nh ca ng truyn theo

cng thc nh sau: Metric = cost = 10^8/Bandwidth (n v bps). Ta phn bit gia bandwidth danh nh trn cng v tc tht ca cng y. Hai gi tr ny khng nht thit phi trng nhau v gi tr danh nh mi chnh l gi tr c tham gia vo tnh ton nh tuyn. Gi tr danh nh c thit lp trn cng bng cu lnh: R(config-if)#bandwidth BW(n v l kbps) Ta phi chnh gi tr danh nh ny trng vi tc tht ca cng trnh vic tnh ton sai lm trong nh tuyn. V d: mt ng leased line kt ni vo cng serial ch c tc tht l 512kbps nhng gi tr bandwidth danh nh trn cng serial lun l 1.544Mbps mc nh. iu dn n OSPF xem mt cng 512 kbps nh mt cng 1.544 Mbps! Ta phi chnh li bng thng danh nh trn cng trong trng hp ny phn nh ng tc tht: R(config-if)#bandwidth 512 Da vo cng thc metric nu trn, ta c gi tr cost default ca mt s loi cng: Ethernet (BW = 10Mbps) -> cost = 10. Fast Ethernet (BW = 100Mbps) -> cost = 1. Serial (BW = 1.544Mbps) -> cost = 64 (cht b phn thp phn trong php chia). Ta cng xem xt mt v d kho st cch tnh ton path cost cho mt ng i:

Hnh 9 S v d tnh path cost. Yu cu t ra vi s hnh 9 l tnh path cost (metric) cho ng i t R1 n mng 192.168.3.0/24 ca R3. Ta thy mt cch d dng: t R1 i n mng 192.168.3.0/24 ca R3 s i qua cc ng link Fast Ethernet c cost = 1, serial c cost l 64 v link Fast Ethernet c cost bng 1. Vy tng cost tch ly s l 1 + 64 + 1 l 66. Metric t R1 n mng 192.168.3.0/24 l 66. Tuy nhin vic tnh ton s tr nn phc tp hn nu hai cng router hai u link khng ng nht v gi tr cost. V d, ta vo cng F0/0 ca R2 i li gi tr cost thnh 64 bng cch nh lnh sau y trn cng F0/0 ca R2: R2(config)#interface f0/0 R2(config-if)#ip ospf cost 64 Vy cu hi t ra l vi link Fast Ethernet ni gia R1 v R2 ta chn cost ca link ny l 1 hay 64? Nu chn l 1, tng cost ton tuyn vn gi gi tr nh c l 66, nhng nu chn l 64, tng cost ton tuyn s l 64 + 64 + 1 l 129, hai gi tr rt khc nhau!

Hnh 10 Tng path cost l 66 hay 129? tr li c cu hi ny, ta cn nm nguyn tc sau u trong vic tnh tng cost vi OSPF: tnh tng cost t mt router n mt mng ch theo mt ng (path) no , ta thc hin ln ngc t ch ln v v cng dn cost theo quy tc i vo th cng, i ra th khng cng. p dng quy tc ny cho v d hnh 10: tnh tng cost t R1 n mng 192.168.3.0/24, ta i ngc t mng 192.168.3.0/24 i v. Khi i v ta i vo cng F0/0 ca R3, cng gi tr cng ny (tng cost lc ny l 1); i ra khi cng S2/0 ca R3, b qua khng cng (tng cost vn l 1); i tip vo cng S2/0 ca R2, cng gi tr cng ny (lc ny tng cost l 1 + 64 = 65); i ra khi cng F0/0 ca R2, b qua khng cng (tng cost vn l 65); i tip vo cng F0/0 ca R1, cng gi tr cng ny (tng cost l 65 + 1 = 66), kt thc hnh trnh. Vy tng cost vn l 66, vic thay i gi tr cost trn cng F0/0 ca R2 khng nh hng g n path cost t R1 i n 192.168.3.0/24.

Hnh 11 Cc cng tham gia vo tin trnh tnh ton path cost vi OSPF. Nh vy vi OSPF, nh gi ng c cost ca ng i v c th hiu chnh cost trn cng b ng i ca gi tin theo mun, ta cn phi cn thn trong vic xc nh xem cng no trn ng i s tham gia vo tnh ton hiu chnh ng cng v hiu chnh khng ng cng s khng mang li bt kz thay i g. Trn y, chng ta cng nhau review mt s nt chnh trong hot ng ca OSPF n vng thng qua cc bc hot ng ca tin trnh OSPF: chn Router id, thit lp quan h lng ging, trao i LSDB v tnh ton xy dng bng nh tuyn. Tip theo chng ta cng review li cch thc cu hnh OSPF thng qua v d c trnh by di y.