Sec1 Math Book1

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Communication Network

:
. fh aG j .1
. UG aG H j .2
. aG Qhe j .3
. aG OhM j .4
. ae ihJ j .5
. ae L j .6
. M OY a ae j .7
aG E
. aG L Y UGN j .8
aG Y dGE
. aG V j .10
. aG W j .9
. aG V Y UGN j .11
. aG GSH JM Fe j .12
: adG jJ
UdG e Yd dhL hGC edG d IQU g adG
OY Ojh Sb H VJh (SGC Q) IYGC h (aGC ) U g Y YVe
C OYh dG
. f hGC Dimensions adG OHGC IYG
C OYh ihj dG OY c GPE a
adG GC b ihj IYG
. Le U OGYGC , M ( a GC J) dG e
B dG dG NC H dP Vf Sh
: JG
jOdG e Yf e c j () , (GC ) Ya d GQdG fE e
: j c S N fH
E H hO GPE a (2) RGW , (1) RGW
()
()
( )
( )
: ddG IQdH S Ie IQH HdG fdG J dh

15000
20000
12000
10000
2 2 ae hGC jOYh U e ae g HdG a``dG :

k a
C ( a 2 * 2 matrix )
`V`Jh , adG zUY { J . adG NGO OGYGh
. dG fG
E H Ve g c ( ) e `S`b ``H a``dG U`Y
: Me
UY eGC , , , h e d edG hGC aG d IdG hG J -1

`L , , h e IdG hH d ea aG

: IQdG Y Vh * dG Y ae h fc GPG - 2
.............. , 3 , 2 , 1 = , ............ , 3 , 2 , 1 = U M ( U h )= h
3 , 3 a dG G Y SGQO J Sh
3 , 2 , 1 = , 2 , 1 = U M ( Uh) = h adG OdH cG
3 2 dG Y ae
h
31
h
32
h
21
h
11
22
12
: G
=h
1 = , 3 , 2 , 1 = U M ( U ) = adG OdH cG
12
13
( )
1 `è
2 `è
: G
11
1 3 dG Y ae
: UdG adG H
C e OY iGC h MGh U e J dG adG g : dG ae -1
IYG
. Le U OY iGC , 1 = GC iGC
( 1 4 5 ) = h : e
(U ae) 3 1 dG Y ae gh
2 1 dG Y U ae g
(9 1-) = dc
OYh dG e OY iGC e J dG adG g : OdG ae -2

.a MGh
11 3 dG Y OY ae g
= e
3
4
( )
OY ihj dG OY a dG adG g : HdG adG-3

C
= GC iGC IYG
3 1
2 2 dG Y He ae
= h adG
7 5
3 3 dG Y He ae
( )
( )
3
6
9
2
5
8
1
4
7
k a
= adG
d ejh QUGC gUY L dG adG g : jdG adG-4

U H
2 2 dG Y jU ae
1 3 dG Y jU ae
( )
()
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2*2
= 1*3
: adG Qhe
C hGC IYH
C dG dSG GPEG dG e h ae iC
IYG
J dG e ae Y f fE a JdG H dH
e
h edH d ejh h adG QhH

h
e e
h) : j dP Yh
```è
B adG e c Qhe LhGC

: JG
( )
4
3-
1- 2
=, 5
3-
) = ,
2 3 dG Y ae
3 2- 1
5 1- 4
4 1
1- 25 3
=h
( )
: G
=
1 3 dG Y ae
2 2 dG Y ae
1
35
2 3-
()
( )
1- 4
: ae ihJ
dG f d fc GPEG ah GPEG jhe fGC ad j
C IXdG UdG GC h (OHG)
C
. jhe (corresponding positions ) VhG
(
(
1
6
10
2
6
2
4-
3-
) ( )
) ( )
1
= 6
2 3
k a
5 4- :
3- 2
c GPEG U , S jdG e c b LhGC
12+U2
) (
2
6
```è
1- 5+S
146
: G
C IXe UdG
. jhe VhG
jhe adG ...
3- = S
2 = 5 + S
8- = U
2 + U2 = 14- ...
e a eGdG e e Yf , U , S cT K fG
C dG e hU 1000 Y IQY S cdG fG

e hU 1200 , hG
C dG e hU 800 Y IQY U cdG fG eh fdG dG
hG
hU 700 Y IQY cdG fG eh fdG dG e hU 1000 ,
C dG e
. a hG
2 3 dG e h ae IQU a fdG g cG
LC a dGh ,VjdG JOe a W Kd AcP QNG iLG
C ddG
k GDS 20 , VjdG a
k GDS 15 Y hG
LGC h , dG a
k GDS 15 , VjdG a
k GDS 24 Y fdG
ddG LGC h , dG a
. dG a GDS iGC Y j dh , VjdG a GDS 30 Y
k hGC
2 3 dG Y h dh ae IQU a fdG g cG :
f Y adG ca LQO 5 GDS d e
c GPEG : fK
k
k
. JOdG e c a e MGh c LQO J dG
: cGC ,
0
6
1-S
9
2
=,
4- 3
0 9
6 2
( )
= h fc GPEG
...... g h adG f G
C O`dGh f`dG `dG a `j i`dG `dG
a`dG e hG
........ g
...... g 12 h dGh , ........ g 21 dG
...... = U ,
...... = S E a
`L
= h fc GPEG O
3 * 2 dG Y
cPC a
0
1
1
2
4
7
3
e
=,
12
4
2
3-
3
1
adG cG
2
1= h fc GPEG
3
( )
( )
h LhGC K , , h adG e c f
3 3 dG Y dG jdG adG cG
35
6 1+U2
) (
3- 1+2S
6
4
fc GPEG
U , S e c b LhC a
jhe adG J dG , U , S b LhGC
5
1
3
2
1+ 13
4
) (
,
4
5
1
3
U
3
S
14
: adG L : hGC
e J dG Y E a dG f d ae , h fc GPEG
e Jf a Y ch dG f d ae Y IQY dG Jf jh
. jXdG jdG L
(
(
0
10
1
8
0
7
3
3
) = h c GPEG : a
1+1- 0 + 3
( 8+2 7+4- ) = + h a
=,
)=
+ + Jf Lha
1- 3
2 4-
4
7
3
6
2
5
) = c GPEG
`è
: G
12 9 6
=
21 18 15
) (
4+4+4
7+7+7
3+3+3
6+6+6
2+2+2
5+5+5
) =3=++
: ae a M OY V
a M OY iGC V UM a * dG e e h fc GPG
adG Y fh * dG e h = adG g h adG
. dG OdG a h adG UY e Y c H
(
(

2 4- 28- 4 612 2 10-
=h 2- ,
1- 2 1
4 2- 3
6- 1- 5
)
( )
3- 6 3
12 6- 9
18- 3- 15
:
k a
= h fc GPEG
= h 3 : E a
: dG Y UGN
GC h * dG e ae K , , h GC VH
ae
: E a dG f e jU
* dG e ae J + h : fG UN ( 1
h + = + h GHG UN ( 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )(
5
1
2
5
2
3
1- 1
3
2
2
13 1=
+
14
2
4
3
1
) : k a
( + ) + h = + ( + h ) : edG UN ( 3
( ) ( ) ( ) = h c GPG : a
1
5
1 12
3
+
+
(2 3-) [(3- 4 ) (4- 1 )]= +( + h)a
1
2
5
3-
=,
1 13- 4
[( )
4
7
5- 2
1
2
5
3-
4
7
5- 2
1
2
)=
2 3
0
5 1 + 0
1 10
)=
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 3
5 1
1 1-
+ h : dG jdG UN ( 4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 +
0
1
2
4
)( ) ( ) (
( )
1
2
4
) (
3
2
7- 5
(3-1 1-4 )]+ (4-2 13 ) = ( + ) + h ,

2 4
2
3
+
(1- 1 ) (4- 1 ) =
h=h+
1
2
4
5
3-
2
3
4- 1
=,
2 3
5 1
1 1-
: a
: dG (dG) SdG UN ( 5
= h + (h-) = ( h-) + h
h ad dG dG g (h -) M
0
0
0
0
0
0
) (
)(
)
2- 4 32
4- 3
( 5- 0 1 ) - = ( 5 0 1- ) M
2- 4 32
4- 3
+
:
k a
5 0 15- 0 1
: adG W - fK
adG E a * dG Y , h adG e c fc GPEG
Se g (-) , * dG Y ae M (-) +h = -h =
. adG L d dH adG
U S

U-
-O
S-h
-`L
1
3
4 23- 1
) (
) (
) (
h
`L
) : a
h
U- S+
=
O `L
5
2
1- 3 = h fc GPEG
=,
2
4
( ) ( ) ( )
1- 5
3 12- 0
=,
1 `è
5 + 4 - h 3 adG LhC a
15
6
3- 9
6
12
4- 1216- 8
12 4-
( )
= 4-
2
3
4
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 12
16 812- 4
5- 25
15 510- 0
5
12
: G
*3=h3
1
3
4 23- 1
*4=4,
1- 5
3 12- 0
*5=5,
5- 25
15 510- 0
15
6
4- 123- 9
16- 8
+
6
12
12
45 - 4- 15
25 + 12- 6
15 + 16- 35-8+9
10 - 12 + 6
0 + 4 -12
( ) ( ) ( )
)
(
( )
+
6
19
4- 12
8
8
4
1 13- 1 2
1- 3 0
=,
=5+4-h3
: fc GPEG
1
3
2
2
0 1=h
2- 3- 4
2 `è
2 = S 3 + h c GPEG S aG LhC a
: G
2 = S 3 + h ...
(ad h ad G SG aVH)2+(h-)=S3+h+(h-)
2 + (h-) = S 3 + ( h + h-)
2 + ( h- ) = S3 +
( 1 a adG H ) [ 2 + (h -)] = S 3
3
1 S
1
[ 2 + (h-) ]
=
3 *
3
3
1 S
[ 2 + (h-)]
=
3
8
2 26- 2 4
2- 6 0
1- 3- 22- 0 1
2 3 4-
) (
(
+
)
)
7 1- 48- 2 5
0 9 4-
= 2 + (h-) ... ,
=
-
7
1- 48- 2
5
0
9 4-
4
35
3
43
=,
1
0
5 3
1- 2
(
(
1
2 11- 3 0
7
1
3
38 -2
3
3
1
3
* =S
=S
= h fc GPEG
3 `è
h = eS + 2 H S aG LhC a
: G
h = eS + 2 ...
(2- ) + h =
2- 4- 2
2 6- 0
1
0
5 3
1- 2
) (
)=
1- 1 5
( 2 7- 2 ) =
+
1- 1 5
= e(eS)
2 7- 2
2 5
7- 1
2 1-
( )

=S
5
4
0
2-
=,
3
6
1=,
4
- 2 +h : kdK
1- 1
3- 2
3 4-
( )
3- 2
6
4
1
5
( )
=,
1
1
0
4 2
2- 3
5 1
1
3
= h fc GPEG
1- 2
: JC j e c LhC a
k hGC
- : fK
+ h :
k
1- 5
3 1 = S fc GPEG
2 0
U + W 3 - S 2 : LhC a
( )
=W ,
) (
=,
1
4
1- 6
2- 1
3
5
4
= h fc GPEG
2 = S + h : dOdG J dG S adG LhC a
) (
) (
3
4
h =
1- 2
O `M
4 1- 3
1- 6
=,
1- 5 6
1
3
1
0 0
5 2-
O , `L , , h LhC a ;
0
0
1
1
1 =O,
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
) (
1
0
0
2
1
1
) (
=,
H S adG LhC a
4-h3=S
0
1
0
1
5
fc GPG
3- 2
4
2 = h fc GPG
7
5
0
0
3
0
1
= fc GPG
O 3 - S 4 = 3 + 2 : J dG S adG LhC a
1
1
1 12 3
) = ,(
3
0
1
2
1
5
= h fc GPG
. eGC EG + h , e + h , + eh LhC a
S LhC a
) ( )
G
O `M
1
5
+ eS fc GPG 8
3- 2
-
: adG V - k dK
. ae a ae V Y Vj ddG dG
HdG dH JdG GSH HdG J cGe MGC a
(GdGh LdG e) SQGdG jRJh `L , , h a KK Lj jfGh
HdG dH HdG OY Hc a JGQb M dG g a
B
: Jc
fHh YS a jfGh
`L
3
h
4
LdG OY
GdG OY
: j c HdG Hc Y SQGdG IQbh

iG N HY N
2
3
2
4
5
h dG SQGO IQb
dG SQGO IQb
`L dG SQGO IQb
````H``dG ``dH `K`dG dG a `LdG j dG HdG e

HN
47 = 5 * 3 + 4 * 5 + 3 * 4 =
k
jfG dH KdG dG a LdG j dG HdG e
HN
29 = 2 * 3 + 3 * 5 + 2 * 4 =
k
````H``dG dH `K`dG dG a GdG J dG HdG e
HN
37 = 5 * 4 + 4 * 2 + 3 * 3 =
k
jfG dH KdG dG a GdG J dG HdG e
HN
20 = 2 * 4 + 3 * 2 + 2 * 3 =
k
B hdG a Y M e J jh
: JG
GS LQ
37
47
HdG dH HG OY
20
29
jG dH HG OY
-
Y dG Gg a Y M dG IdG fdG L Vh GPEGh

B Y f fE a ae IQU
: JG
2
3
2
3
4
5
( )
= GQdG ae ,
3
4
29
20
5
2
4
3
47
37
) =h OGaGC ae
) = JGdG aeh
UY V UGM e e fJ dG aG UY GC Mfh
C aG U
. () fdG aG IYGC UY * (h)hG
Y H M dG jdG H J aG V Y EG
V Y GC PEG IG fdG ae e G fG ae
B
: Jc
J ae g ae
2
3
2
3
4
5
( )(
2*3 + 3*5 + 2*4
2*4 + 3*2 + 2*3
3
4
5
2
4
3
) = h
5*3 + 4*5 + 3*4

5*4 + 4*2 + 3*3
)
29 47
( 20 37 )
=
=
B j G Gg eh
: JG
aG IYGC OY c GPEG d Hb fJ , h aG ( 1
C
. ( ) fdG aG U OY ihJ (h) hG
E a * dG e ae , * dG e ae h fc GPEG ( 2
`L Y iGC h * dG e ae M = h dG UM
U dG UY iGC U dG UGM L Y j aG a
.. GH
GY
aG e OdG UY a h aG e
k
k
C MGC a hG
C G H . LdG `Hè ``d ``
, H 10 jG
1 `è
```dG `f a f`dG `G Hh , QG`G e k`LhR 12 , b 5

G a dG S ch , QGG e GhRGC 5 , b 10 , H 8
. QGG hd L 5 , d L 30 , dd L 150 g
aG LhGC K , 3 * 2 dG e ae IQU a G cG
. c e K L J dG
: G
B
ae IQU Y Hc d d Jc
hL a G f
h aG dh
12 5
5 10
10
8
QGL b
=h
dH
12
10
C G
hG
10
fdG G
aG dh ae IQU Y dG hG a G QSGC fh
H dG
150
30
5
()
( ) =(
dH
30
QGG hR
150
12 5 10
30
=h =G K
5 10
8
5
5 *12 + 30* 5 + 150*10
5 * 5 + 30* 10 + 150* 8 =
( )(
1710
1525
150
)
)
C G e K
.L
1525 fdG G e Kh L
1710 =hG
k
k
2
1
3 12- 4
1
0
3
( ) (
=,
2 3
5 14 2
= h fc GPEG
2 `è
. eGC EG h , h LhC a
: G
2 * 3 dG e , 3 * 3 dG e h
, ( U OY ihj h IYGC OY C ) d Hb , h
2 * 3 dG e h = dG UMh
2
1
3 12- 4
( )(
( )(
10 5
13 610 10
10
13
10
1
0
3
2 3
5 14 2
)
)
= h
4*1 + 1-*2 + 1*3

610
UM e 11`L dG Y G jW GC j HdG G eh
C dG V UGM e j idGh dG
a h dG ad hG
C OdG UY
Y G jdG Hh , idG aG e hG
.. dG UM ae UY H
( h U OY ihj IYGC OY C ) e Z h
3 1- 2
0 2 4
3- 6 5
1
2
0
) (
=,
2 3
0 12 1
=h fc GPEG
3 `è
h , h e c LhC a
: G
(
(
6
7 19
9- 13 8
3 3 10
0
8
17
10 10
8 10
4 6
3 1- 2
0 2 4
3- 6 5
1
2
0
) (
) (
2 3
0 12 1
1
2
0
)(
)(
2 3
0 12 1
3 1- 2
0 2 4
3- 6 5
)
)
=h
=h
h /= h GC iGC
(Identity matrix) : IMdG ae

1 G OdG ihJ FdG gb UY L dG HG aG
efh IMdG ae J U G OdG ihJ gUY bHh
I edH d
:
k a
3 * 3 dG Y IMdG ae
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
( )
=I
( ) =I,
0
1
2 * 2 dG Y IMdG ae
1
0
: adG V Y UGN
: ddG UGG SG aG V jJ e
( )h = ( h ) : (dG) edG UN (1
: fc GPG : a
(
2
(1
10
(0
[(21
10
(0
2
1
) ( ) ( )
34 11
2
= (h)
5 ) [(0 3 ) (1- 3 )]
37
2 38
1
=
=
78 ) (1
5 ) (12 6- )
1
2
34 1( ) = ()h
5 ) (0
3 )] 1- 3
3=,
5
4
0
13
=,
) ( ) (
37
2
=
78
6
23
9-
1
1-
2
3
1
1-
2
=h
3
h = h I = Ih HdG jG UN ( 2

1
1
4
5 3
2 11 0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
4
5 3
=
2 11 0
: L Y aG V jRJ UN ( 3
)(
(
1
0
0
0
= 0
1
)(
)
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
4
5 3
2 11 0
)(
:
k a
h+h=(+)h
+h=(+h)
: ddG ad dH jRdG UN M
5
1
12
1- 1
0 22
3
) = , ( )= ,(
3
4
1
2
4 `è
=h
: G
( ) ( ) ( ) =+
8
5
0
4
3 416- 0
34 8
(
(
(
(
1- 16- 217 7
4 310- 2
17 1
3 416- 0
34 8
5
1
12
3
4
1
2
8
5
0
4
1- 1
0 22
3
3
4
1
2
1- 1
0 22
3
=h
5
1
12
1- 1
0 22 3
= h
) ( )( )
) ( )( )
) ( )( )
) ( )( )
4 31- 1= 10- 2- + 6- 217 1
17 7
=(+)h
=h+h
h+h=(+)h
: Xe
e
h = ( h ) : ae V UM Qhe
3
1
: fc GPEG
3- 1
1
2
0 2 0= h
1- 0 = ,
4- 3
e
e
e
h = ( h ) bdG M
5 `è
( )
: G
0
6
5
4
2
7
2
4
6
)(
3
=
1
1
16
7
5
6
7
5
4
2
6
2
4
0
3
2
1
4- 0 3-
2
0
3- 1
0
2
4- 3
)(
4
2
6
2
4
0
)
)( )
0
2
1- 1
1
3
e
=h
= ( h)
= h
h = ( h)
: dP eGC e dG UM LhGC
5
0
)( )
3 2
3 2
1
(3- 2-)(3- 2- 1- )
3- 2
0
0
5
3
1- 1
1- 5
2
0
1 1-
( )
=W,
(1-2 2-1 ) (2-2 31 )

2 1
1
(4 3 ) ( 2 )
1 0 2(0 1- 3 )
G
`L
= S fc GPEG
W S = S W S W , W S : e c LhGC
(1
( )
3- 1
0
2
3)=,
=,
( )
1
0
0 13- 2
=,
= h fc GPEG
h , h LhC a
. eGC EG
2
0
( )
2
3
=,
(1-3- 21 ) h
= fc GPEG
h + h = ( + ) h G Ka
( )
2
3
2
3
( )
1
1
=W,
1
0
2
2
2
1- 12 1
) (
=,
1
0
3
2
3
= S fc GPEG
W - 2 S b LhC a
2
3
0 12 1
= fc GPEG
- 2 b LhGC
3
4
1- 5
1 1-
=,
1
2
3 1-
=,
1- 2
3 1
5 1-
( )
= h c GPEG
: JC j c M
=I=(I)
( ) h = ( h ) G
0 21- 3
4 5
1- 1
2 0
1 2
( ) ( )
=,
=,
1- 1
1
2
3
4
= h c GPEG
: GC a
G
h+h=(+)h
e
h = (h)
1- 2
= h fc GPEG
3 4-
=I 2 + h 5 -2h : GC KC a
: fc GPEG 10
7- 5 25 5- 10
3- 5 8-
1
6
4
2
5
3
) (
=,
1
1
1-
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I 10 = h : GC KC a
5- 8
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3 711
0
1
(53 4-2 ) (1-4 3-1 )

*2=
5
8
1
0
3
7
= h fc GPEG 11
= h : GC KC a
+ S M S aG LhGC 12
dG
c e a Ic HU dG b
QfG e fdG dG G H C f dG cG e
e H a . ddG Ich YGQdGh YdG a jJh iObG
g Y dG YJ dG YGdGh QGh dG e GfGC C J GC
.QdG Gg cGJh cG
cG g M a dG UdG dG aG GfGC gGC e ch
GOYG
J dGh G dG g
k
GC
jG M Y SS
k
. G OGh
dG
LQdG je ME
C
MGh e a hG
C LQdG je M
hG
E
fH d a
:
C LQdG e je UGN j .1
hG
. M jWh MGh a
C LQdG e je M Y s oj .2
hG
. fH
G e jh d a
k
.3
LQdG e cGC hGC je M e Oj
o
C
.zfH
{ d a hG
k
e M a G dG j .4
. JM VjQ
hGC j dG GE VjQ e V UN ee j .5
fdG Ljh Seo hL a JM
C LQdG e cGC
a hG
e Oj K N je IQU a d
d
. fH G
G dGE K , KGMG dH dG dGO oj .6

G Y EG J dG dG Oj
C G Jh
. dG dGd eG
C LQdG je SQO GC SSG

C dG Me a d S
a hG
: e MGh e
1 - S 2 < 5 + S 3 , 1 3 + S 2 , 5 > S
J dG dG (S) dG b L OjEG e jdG Mh
: E a 5 > S jdG a a
4^9 = S
,
2 = S
,
1- = S
:M a j e c C jdG g M Ye UY e L
5 = S
5^01 = S
9 = S
jh dG Ye UY e d a ddh jdG g J
C H a Jh ] 5 , - ] IdH dG Ye Y dG
iH MG
. dG
-
C N Y fH Jh
OGYG
k
(1-2) T a c
(1 -2) T
(<) e cGC e c bY UGN Y J jdG g M Wh

: j a fh (>) e UGC h
a > , < bY UGN
: E a `M , , h GC VH
`M + `M + h E a
. < `M M
`M `M h E a
. > `M M
`M `M h E a
`M + `M + h E a
. < `M M
`M `M h E a
. > `M M
`M `M h E a
h c GPG
h c GPG
S M 5 - S 3 1 - S jdG M Ye fH Vh
1 `è
4- S2- 5 - 1 S 3 - S 5 - S 3 1 - S
: G
2 S
] 2 , - ] dG Ye Jh
(2 - 2 ) T OGYG N jh
-
1-
(2 -2) T
M 5 + S > 5 - S 3 1 - S jdG M Ye fH Vh
2 `è
S
10 + S > S 3 4 + S 5 + S > 5 - S 3 1 - S
5 > S 2
10 > S 2 4
] 5 , -] ] , 2 ]
5 > S , S 2
: G
] 5 , 2 ] dG Ye Jh
-
(3 - 2 ) T jh
(3 -2) T
e Od fdG dG SSG dG Me a dhJ GC S

C LQdG
4 = U + S : e d a hG
G G G f e Z Ic M dOG d Gh
J U , JS M ( U , S ) Je GhRG g Y dPh dOd
....... (2 , 2 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 0 , 4 ) , ( 4 , 0 ) e
g dOG d fdG dG Gh
d fdG dG Sdh e N
LhR f H j . dOG
NGC h ( 0 , 4) , , ( 4 , 0 ) e Je
U e cC dGh d dK Je hR
(4 -2) T
. SdG
dG g O `M a (4 - 2 ) T a c ( 4 , 0 ) = O , ( 0 , 4 ) = `M dh
4 = U + S dOd fdG
e Y KK EG iG j G Gg GC SdG e Mf
: g dG
C Y gh G f Y .1
jh dOe dG JG GhRG
. iG H
ie f Jh G fL MGC Y J dG iG f Y .2
. 1 edH d ejh
B fG Y J dG iG f Y .3
ie f Jh d NG
. 2 edH d ejh
Y J G f Y GY a iG f Y GC iGC
B 1 gMGC ie f j e c dG e e
2 NGh

(<) e cGC jdG eH 4 = U + S dOG a (=) eY dSG GPGh

B
: Jc
VdG j iGC (>) e UGC hGC
4 > U + S
,GC
4 < U + S
C Y g HdG jG e iGC M Yh
dG JG GhRG
2 a hGC 1 a dG Y iMEG gh
(1U , 1S ) dG Q`f `dG Y g a Y`è iGC j``dh
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C f g ( U , S)
. dM iMEG C J gh ( 0 , 0 ) UG
1
1
J idG iG f a jG ( 1U , 1S ) dG : hGC
. jG M Y g dG g dG
idG iG f a jG (1U , 1S ) dG : fK
. jG M Y g dG g dEG J
(6 -2) T
(5 -2) T
4 < U + S jG M Y d a
4 /< U jG a ( 0 , 0 ) JG hdH Vf
C f dEG J idG iG f g jd G Y
UG
( 5 - 2 ) T a G G h
4 > U + S jG M Y d Hh
4 > U ...
C f dEG J idG iG f g jd G Y
UG
( 6 - 2 ) T a G G h
Me
jdG eY e (=) bY Y J fGC HdG jG a Mj -1
dd G Y EG J A `M iG G f Y GC j Ggh
. e H A `L G Sf
Y GC j Gg E a jdG eY e (=) eY Y jG TG GPG - 2
A `L G Sj dd jG M Y V A `L iG G f
B dG a c e Zh e H
(8 - 2 ) T , ( 7 - 2) T JG
(8 -2) T
(7 -2) T
B jdG e c M Ye fH e
: JG
1 U : fK
`è
3 < S : hGC
0 > U - S : dK
: G
3 < S : hGC
3 = S : idG dG Sf
e H
jdG J ( 0 , 0 ) ...
(9 -2) T
dG J idG idG f g dG Ye
C f
(9 - 2 ) T a dG dG jh UG
1 U : fK
1 = U : idG dG Sf
e H
(10 -2) T
jdG J ( 0 , 0) ...
C f dG J idG idG f g dG Ye
UG
(10 - 2 ) T a dG dG jh
0 > U - S : dK
e H 0 = U - S : idG dG Sf
jdG J (0 , 1 ) dG ...
idG idG f dG Ye
dG g dG J
(11 - 2) T a dG dG jh
(11 -2) T
< + h `j`d f`dG G
< + h
C Y` Y IQY
a ) e jG e c dG JG GhRG
jG e d G Y WJ j YG H Ggh ( MGh bh
. dd
: JG GG f j fdG G Oj
C jG M Y G S G f - 1
. hG
1
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M e jG M Y g dG e S cG G-3
2S 1S=S
1 S , 1 < U 2 + S jG M
1 `è
: G
1 = U 2 + S : 1 iG G Sf
(e N )
jG ( 0 , 0 )
iG f 1S G Y
C f a J idG
UG
(12 -2) T

1 = S : 2 iG G Sf
-
jG ( 0 , 0 ) ...
C f dG J idG iG f = S G Y
UG
2
2
. g e jG M Y
2 `è
(12 - 2 ) T a VGh g c 2S 1S = S
B jG M Y LhGC
: fH JG
4 > U + S 2 , 3 > U + S , 0 U , 0 S
: G
jG G Sf
0 S jG M Yh 1 S Of , 0 = S : 1
0 U jG M Y 2 S Of , 0 = U : 2 ,
(e N ) 3 = U + S : 3 ,
3 > U + S jG M Y 3 S Ofh
(e N ) 4 = U + S 2 : 4 ,
4 > U + S 2 jG M Y 4 S Ofh
S jG M Y a
( 13 - 2 ) T a G G h
4S 3S 2S 1S = S M
(13 -2) T
C jG M Y fH e
: S M Ia IQU Y cGh JG
+ G
2+ S 3
<
2 > - > `L
+<-+
+ > + > - `g
C jG M Y fH e 2
U , S M JG
4 - U 2 < S
> U + S
1
U
- S
2
`L
C jG GhRGC e c M Y fH LhGC 3
: JG
> U , 1 S
1 < U - S , S < U
1- S + U , 6 + S 2 U
`L
1 + S > U , 15 U 5 + S
C jG e c M Y LhGC 4
: fH JG
U 2 + S , 2 U , 0 < S
0 U + S , 6 > U - S , 0 U
1 > U - S , 2 U + S 4 , 4 < U 4 + S
`L
4 < U 2 + S , + S < U , 0 U , 0 S
g hGC , e M a QGb aGC AY jb Sh g G dG

C G
(U + S ) N dGO IQU Y Vh e g d eG
Y VJ dGh MG feGh OdG AV a dPh dG dGO J
. dG H j O N je IQU
dGd b MGC h jG g M Y e b OjH dPh
. dG
MG feGh OdG dG G jd G Y GC Vd
( 14 - 2) T a VG O `L GC YHdG dH IOG H J d
: g dG dGO Gh G AH Jh
(1) ....................... U + S = V
(V) dGd b UGC hGC b cGC J Gh
. jd G Y EG J f Y dPh
0 e bdG OdG W ...
(1) G Yh dG
1V1
* 2 + 2 g
HK , ... ,
(V) dG dGO b E a
. OdG W Y bJ
(1) G dOe GC fQJ GPE a
C H dG dGd G
UG
(14 -2) T
0 = V dG g a iGC
V dGd LG dG GC j |V| *
ShDhH M YC d jRGe G j dG Y V IOjdh

b UGC h b cGC cG fa feG je G G
. G ShDhQ b H e (V) Od
(O) Y J b cGC h () Y J b UGC GC Mjh
C Y IMh 90 ``j è
``HQ jh `è `Yf e `cG
C dG e I`Mh c a
e IMh c a HQh L 5 Qb hG
1 `è
C dG e j e c GPa L 7 Qb fdG dG
j hG
j dG GMdG OY LhC a . fdG dG e j e V Y
. HQ cGC G j d f c e LfG
: G
: ddG GG a G j
. hL a eG JJ .1
. G jG e Y G fdG LJ .2
. KGMG dH dG dGO J .3
. jG g M Y Lfh fH G jG .4
C G Jh G Y EG J dG dG f .5
Yh dG dGd eG
B
: Jc
G j dP

GC VGh
, 0 U , 0 S
90 U + S
C dG e YG GMdG OY . .
J hG
.
fdG dG e YG GMdG OY V Y
U 2 S
0 = S : 1
0 = U : 2
90 = U + S : 3

U 2 = S =
4

U 7 + S 5 = V dG dGO
(15 -2) T
(30 , 60 ) `L
510 = 30 * 7 + 60 * 5 =(`LV)
(0 , 90 )
450 = 0 + 90 * 5 = (V)
(0,0)h
0 = (hV)
: g HQ cGC d J dG GMdG OY
C dG e
IMh 30 fdG dG eh , IMh 60 hG
GPE a JOe e J ged Ia J SQGG iMEG Qb
C Y GMh 6 J d IdG a aj GC G c
e bG
2 `è
C Y IMh 12 , GC ea
IMh GC VaG GPGh . ea e bG
C IOG e e Rh
KK GC ea e IMh SG a J hG
J fdG IOG e RdG IMh f Gh ea e GMh
GPGh ea e GMh HQGC , GC ea e GMh KK SG a
C IOG e RdG IMh S GC Y
f Sh Thb 5 ihj hG
JOG e c Rh g a ; Thb 10 ihj fdG IOG e IMdG
C G fh Lh NQGC Y f d
GPG edG e fOG
. GL 30 ihJ RdG IMh fc
: G

RdG GMh OY GC Vf
C IOG a
S = hG
U = fdG IOGa ,
GC VGhh
0 U
(16 -2) T
12 U 4 + S 3
, 0 S
6 U 3 + S ,
U 10 + S 5 = Q dG dGO GC h
0 = U : 2
12 = U 4 + S 3 : 4
6 = U 3 + S : 3
( 6 , 12 )
(3 , 0 ) `L
0 = S : 1
( 0 , 6 ) GC
Tb 30 = 0 + 6 * 5 =h[V ]
Tb 24 =
12
6
* 10 + 5 * 5 = ] V]
5
Tb 30 = 0 * 10 + 0 * 5 =`L ] V]
Rh `jh Tb 24 ih``j `Y ``j e ``NQGC j `LdG `K
GL 72 = 30 *
GL 36 = 30 *

6
5
12
C IOG
= hG
5
= fdG IOG Rhh

-
dG e c 120 , bdG e c 72 jd iG f e
C dG e IMdG iG e Yf jh
e c 4 EG hG
3 `è
dG e IMGh IMh fG j c . dG e c 12 , bdG

IMdG HQ j c dG e c 8 , bdG e c 8 EG fdG
C dG e IMGdG
g a , L 45 fdG dG e h L 25 hG
a G dG eh HQ bGC d LfG LGdG dG
. dG g a dGh bdG e G
: G
C dG
MG dG fdG dG hG
72
120
8
8
45
4
12
25
bdG
dG
HdG
C dG GMh OY GC Vf
S = hG
U = fdG dG ,
, . U , . S
(1) ....................... 72 U 8 + S 4
(2)....................... 120 U 8 + S 12
0 = S : 1
0 = U : 2
72 = U 8 + S 4 : 3
(17 -2) T
( 9 , 0 ) `L
( 6 , 6)
120 = U 8 + S 12 : 4
( 0 , 10) GC
(0 , 0) h
U 45 + S 25 = Q dG dGO
U = ]h V]
L 250 = 0 + 10 * 25 = ] h V]
L 420 = 6 * 45 + 6 * 25 = ] V]
Tb 405 = 9 * 45 + 0 * 25 = ]`L V]
OY j dHh HQ cGC G j dG Y GC S jh
C dG e G GMdG
6 = hG
6 = fdG dG e G GMdG OY ,
(1) jG a jdH bdG e dG g a G dG jd
T bdG e j
(2)
72 72
72 6 * 8 + 6 * 4
jG a jdH dG e G dG jd
T dG e j
120 120
120 6 * 8 + 6 * 12
B jG M Y Y 1
: fH e JG
140 U + S 2 , 100 U + S , 0 U , 0 S
e cGC () dG ( U , S ) b G Y e LhGC K
U 4 + S 6 = M
B jG M Y Y 2
: fH e JG
16 U2 + S 3 , 7 U 3 + S , 0 U , 0 S
e cGC (V) dG ( U , S ) b G Y e LhGC K
U 50 + S 30 = V M
dG d jh dG e Yf j IgG HG d U e
C
e fdG dG d jh , dG e MGh eh jG e Ge hG
QeGC 8 , jG e QeGC 7 G id ch dG e Geh jG e

C dG e dG H K c GPE a . dG e
H Kh L 10 hG
C OY a , L 8 fdG dG e dG
j GC j dG GKG
H G a j g ? NO cGC Y d f c e G
. dG hGC jG e T fG Gg
e N e f`dG FdG e ``è ``Yf `H è ``j
C dG j H `gdGh jG
JMh , jG e JMh e hG
e GMh Kh j`dG e IMh e fdG dG jh gdG e

gdG eh c 10 jG e G a MG dG fc GPE a , gdG
C dG e dG H S ch c 18
dG H Sh L 15 hG
f c e G j dG FdG OY a , L 10 fdG dG e
? NO cGC d
C FGZ S
fdGh iQGM S 3 Jh ea GMh 5 H hG
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C Y iQGM S 39 , bG
C Y ea
e IMdG S ch bG
C dG
g a Thb 8 fdG dG e IMdG Sh Thb 6 hG
? J bC H G d dG e c e gDhGT LGdG dG
C TQh iMEG J
B
iObG NGh
Na gMGC JG e Yf KG
e G fG c GPE a , , GC cG e Yf J j e ch
I () cGh , YS K I (GC ) cG J j NdG dG

cGh , YS I (GC ) cG J j iObG dGh YS
a L 12 , NdG G a L 20 Hj Gh YS K I ()
M f c e G j dG JG OY LhC a ; iObG G
. j c YS 15 e cGC j G C H Y HQ cGC j
d
G
h
j
dG
dG
GhdG G VjdG AY b
C dG G
eGSGh (X , b , b , X , L , L ) SSG
OY fE H (929 Y aG ) fdG bh G M Fe M a
h 2X + 1 = h b , h L =h X J dGh G bdG e
h L
VjdG Y Qd dG QhdG G M d c bh
C Me M e dG dG a KGC e d c c dGh
VGQG
YJQG Mh , G AHh
dG ..............h
LG jhGdG E
jhGd
SdG
:
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. (iFGdG
jhGdG Sb GMhE a jce jhGd iFGdG SdG j .4

. IFGO
jjdG H bdGE
HG dG AGLEG a SG j .5
dGh iFGdG
EG iFGdG SdG e jdH UG
. dGh dG

C dG a SGQO AKGC d S
OG fGC Y jhGdG jJ SSG
jhGdG V g YdGh jhGdG SGC H J IMGh jGH f d YT
B dS hGC Le fc M e Sb hGC jhGdG VdG hO dPh
Gh
. ddG hGC LG Sbh jhGdG VS
: Y f fE a jhGd fG YdG JJ YGQ GPE a
C dG M ( h , hh ) JG hdG
hG
h fdG dGh FGHG dG hh
jhGdG SGC Q h f , FdG dG
(1 -3) T
C dG M ( hh , h ) JG hdG H
FGHG dG h hG
. jhGdG SGC Q h f , FdG dG hh fdG dGh
E `à ``H ````dh ( hh , h ) ( h , hh ) GC ``g ``M`jh
LG hh J ( hh , h ) H LG h h
j ( h , hh )
LG jhGdG jJ
d jhGdG V g YT e Je hR fC H LG jhGdG J
jhGdG SGC Q g IMGh jGH f
: LG jhGd LG SdG
Le Sb Le jhGd j
EG FGHG dG e G c GPEG
HY cM G V FdG dG
. YdG
: (2 - 3) T a a
(2 -3) T
90 = ( `L h h
) ,30 = ( h h
: LG jhGd ddG SdG

FGHG dG e JG c GPG dS Sb Le jhGd j
. YdG HY cM JG e FdG dG dEG
(3 -3) T
135 - = ( h h
) ,60 - = (O h h
) : ( 3 - 3) T a a
c GPEG Sb Vh a jhGdG J
C f g SGC Q
ee KGMEG d UG
Sh g FGHG Vh
(4 -3) T
Me
(h h ) LG jhGdG Sb ( h h ) LG jhGdG Sb
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d`S `NGh
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SdG Vh a ( h h
) LG jhGd FdG dG h Va GPEG
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:bh GPEG fE a
C HdG a J jhGdG GC j Uh , Sh H h ( GC
hG
fdG HdG a J jhGdG GC j Sh
n , Uh H h (
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n , Sh
n H h ( `L
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n H h ( O
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r 60-
r 135 -
r 120
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C
C
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: g jGhdG Sb GMh e Yf
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C dG Me a Y aJ GC S idG SdG gh
dPh SSG
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C
a jhe Sb
r EG IFGdG b fGC g SdG Gg a SSGh
k
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SGbG
edH d ej IMGh LQO Sb EG j

bdh edH d ejh bdG g iNGC AGLGC LQd GC Y c
1k edH d ejh fdG g iNGC AGLGC
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n 17 k 25 IQdH J fK 25h bO17h LQO Sb dG jGhda
Me
: SdG VdG a `g jhGR iC
C HdG a J fE a
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. fdG HdG a J fE a
180 > `g > 90 c GPEG
. ddG HdG a J fE a
270 > `g > 180 c GPEG
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2
: H
U 2 + 2U1 = U
+1
2
: GC cJ
: E a h G dG e (U , S ) = `L dG fc GPEG
2
U+1U = U
2
S+1S
= S
2
( h `L , h `L ) QG e dG c GPEG : fK
k
O `L ~ h `L
`L h
U - U
S - S
1
=
=
`L
U
-U
S
-S
2
2
S - S
S -S =
2

2
1
(1S - S ) 2 = (2S - S) 1
1
S2 - 2S 1 = ( 2 - 1 ) S
-
1
S 2 - 2S1
= S
2 -1
U 2 - 2U1
1
= U
2
1
: H
( U , S ) dG g `L
M EG h e aG HQ a J dG `L dG KGMG LhGC
(2 , ) = , ( 4 , 7 ) = h
1 `è
: G
( U , S ) = `L dG GC Vf
6 = 7 * 3 + 3* 1 = S
4
7 = 4 * 3 + 2* 1 = U
4
2
( 7
2
, 6 ) = ( U , S ) = `L
, h `L ```M `L ``````````dG ````LhGC

ihj Y gH dGh h `L
, h Y gH eGC KK
2 `è
( 5 , 2 ) = , ( 2 , 7-) = h c GPEG
: G
( U , S ) = `L GC Vf
23- 2* 1- (7-)* 3
= S
2 =
1-3
5 * 1- 2 * 3
1
= U ,
1-3
2 =
1 23( 2 , 2 ) dG g `L
iQ e WJ f e H h H J dG dG LhGC
3 `è
(5 , 2-) = , ( 2- , 3 ) = h c GPEG KGMG

E
: G
f ( 0 , S ) = `L GC Vf : hGC
. dG Q e h WJ
(2-) * 2 + 5 * 1
=0
2
1
(2 2-) + 1 5 = 0
2 = 15
2 = 1
5
2
f ( U , 0 ) = O GC Vf : fK
. GOdG Q e h WJ
(2-) * 2 + 3 * 1
=0
+ 1
2
0 = 22 - 13
2
2 = 13
2 = 1
3
2
AGLGC HQGC EG h G dG J dG dG KG`MEG `LhGC 1

. ( 6 , 2- ) , (3- , 8 ) = h : M jhe
LhGC ( 0 , 6- ) = O , ( 3 3 , 3- ) = `L , ( 3 3 , 3 ) = , ( 0 , 6 ) = h dG 2
: H , , dG
`L 3 = `L 4 , `L
h 2 = h 3 , h G
O 4 = `L 5 , O
`L `L
(1-,1-) =h dG e aG N Y J dG `L dG KGMEG LhGC 3

( 4 , 9) = EG
, h `L dG KGMEG LhC a , (3 , 2- ) , (4- , 3 ) = h fc GPEG 4

: c GPEG
`L 3 = `L h 5
`L = `L h 2 G
h 3 = `L h 5 O
`L 5 = `L h 3 `L
:fc GPEG , `L dG KGMEG LhC a (2 , 5- ) = ,( 4 , 3 ) = h fc GPEG 5

`L 2 = `L h 3 , h `L G
5 = `L h 3 , dG ijh G dG SGC Q idG d J `L
. `L
dG H J dG dG LhC a , ( 3 , 2- ) = , (2- , 3 ) = h fc GPEG 6
h `L
.dG f H , (7- , 8 ) `L fc GPEG , h G dG
k`ShDhQ ( 3U , 3S ) = `L , ( 2U , 2S ) = , ( 1U , 1S ) = h `f`c GPEG

. SG Je bJ f KGMEG LhC a , `L h ```d
H `J dG `dG LhC a ( 1 , 3- ) = , ( 2 , 5 ) = h fc GPEG
e KGMG
E iQ e WJ f e H h G `dG
. dG f
KGMG
E iQ e h G dG WJ f O , `L fc GPEG
f e h G dG , `L e c H J dG dG LhC a ,
. (2 , 3- ) = , ( 7 , 5-) = h C H Y
, dG
k
eSG Y J ( 16 , 3- ) `L , ( 2- , 3 ) = , ( 4 , 1 ) = h dG GC KG 10
: LhGC K , IMGh
. dG f k e , `L G dG G H J dG dG G
. dG f k e , h `L G dG H J dG dG
. dG f k e , h G dG `L H J dG dG `L
( 4 , 2- ) = `L , ( 2 , 5- ) = , ( 1- , 3 ) = h a VGC iRGe O `L h 11
. O dG KGMEG LhGC .
: GC G e
d j fGC if Gg e
f , fc GPEG
k
. WT
eJ
J
G
G
k
e N Lj fE a , iG a
:G G dO G QdG edH d ej G Gg . H Qe Mh
dH idG G
k c GPEG : dc
, e
N
k
: g () eh (1U ,1S )
, d J iG a f
U - U
dH Mh e N Lj fE a
1
=
S
S
1
. G G iRGjh
(1) ............
(1S - S ) = 1U - U
: c (2U , 2S ) iNGC H G Gg e GPEGh

U - U
(2) ......... (1S - S ) 1 S - 2S = 1U - U

1
2
: IQdG Y Hc h
(3) .............
U - U
U - 2U
= 1 S - S
S - 2S
1
1
. Y f e G G dOe gh
: GC cJ
(4) ........................
`L + S = U
jOGYG
E MH SGQO S G G dO IQdG gh
e G AG Wh ( ) e è``H G ``dG dOe g gh

E a KGMG
E iQ e , h jAL G b GPEGh (`L) GOdG Q
- -U
=
: g (3) dOG Jh ( , 0 ) , (0 , h ) dH G
h
0 -S
( h Y dH )
h = U h + S iGC
(5).............
1= + h
. jQG e YG FG dH G dOe Jh
(1U , 1S ) dH e e e `g GC VH
O
`g = 1U - U : g dOe a
E
O
S
S
1
( )
S `g - S `g = 1U O - U O
( h )
0 = 1U O + 1S `g - U O - S `g
: IQdG Y Hc h
(1U O - 1S `g ) - = `L M
0 = `L + U + S h
. G G dO edG IQdG gh
eg Me
g ( , 0 ) dH h dG Q iRGj idG G dOe ( 1
. = U
g ( 0 , ) dH h GOdG Q iRGj idG G dOe ( 2
. = S
C H idG G dOe ( 3
. S = U g ( 0 , 0 )h UG
h- S ee =
g 0 = `L + U + S h G e ( 4
U ee
: GC cJ
G iRGjh ( 2 , 2- ) = dH QG G G dOe LhGC
1 `è
0 = 3 + S 4 - U
: G
4=
(4-)- S ee = U ee = G G e
G
: IQdG Y HG dOG
( 1S - S ) = 1U - U
10 = S 4 - U
( 2 + S ) 4 = 2 - U
.(1- , 4 ) = , ( 3 , 2 ) = dH QG G G dOe LhGC
3- U
3- 1= 2 - S
2- 4
(2 - S ) 2- = 3 - U
2 `è
: G
U - 2U 1U - U
1
= S - S
S
S
1
2
1
2- =
3- U
2 - S
7 = S 2 + U
e Y iOYh (2,2-) = dH QG G G dOe LhGC
3 `è
4- e
1
= G G e
4
: G
4- = iOdG G
(1- = 2 1 M )
: g G G dOe
(1S - S ) = 1U - U
( 2 + S ) 1 = 2- U
4
. = 10 - S - U 4 : dOG
jJ
jhGR dG Q LG G e j idG G e
`g X = : g `g Sb
(2U , 2S ) = , ( 1U , 1S ) = h M h
j dG LG jhGdG Sb `g
dG Q LG G e h
U - 2U
= h e
S - 2S
1
`L a jhGdG FdG `L h a
U - 2U `L
=
= `g X GC
S
S
h `L
1
2
`g X = h
e
Le jhGR jh ( 3- , 2 ) dH QG G G dOe LhGC

r 135 Sb dG Q LG G e
`è
: G
1- = r 135 X = G G e
(1S - S ) = 1U - U IQdG Y G G dOe
(2 - S ) 1- = 3 + U
0 = 1 + S + U
:JC j c a G dH dG G e c dOe LhGC 1

( , 0 ) , ( 0 , h)
(4,6),(1,3) G
(2- , 1 ) , ( 1 , 1 ) O
( 3 , 5 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) `L
1 = eh ( 3 , 2 ) dH QG G dOe LhGC G
( 3 , 1- ) dH QG G dOe LhGC
. dG Q jRGeh
k
idG G Y iOdGh ( 3 , 1 ) dH QG G dOe LhGC 3
. 3 e
2
Gg c GPEGh , 2 = eh ( 3- , 2) dH QG G dOe LhGC 4
. , h LhC a , ( , 5 ) , ( 7 , h ) dH G
KGMEG g e . ( 0 , h ) dH QGh , e idG G dOe LhGC 5
? GOdG Q e G Gg WJ f
e j idGh , dS eh ( 5 , 1 ) dH QG G dOe LhGC 6
. He GMh Y Me ke KGMG
E iQ
(1- , 0 ) , ( 1 , 1 ) dH QG G Y (3 , 2 ) dG J g 7
.IMGh eSG Y J ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 8 , 5 ) , (5 , 4 ) , (2 , 3 )dG GC KG 8
e Se R `g O `L h HG dG a 9
C f h ceh , V W
d UG
. KGMEG
. SG ShDhQ KGMEG Y G
````VGC `è k``V e ``c i````j ````dG G O```è ```LhGC

.SG
() a G G e c e LhGC `L
. R O , `g h , O , `L h G G e N c e LhGC O
Le jhGR jh ( 1 , 4 ) dH idG G G dOe LhGC 10
C eA( 2 )Sb
. dG Q LG G
3
e 5 + S = U 2 G G j dG LG jhGdG Sb Y
u
11
. dG Q LG G
I```Y````b
2
,1 ge GdG G
E a i Sb jhGR H Gjh
B bdG e J i
: JG
-
( 2 +1 1) = i X
2 1
`g
X
=
,
`g X = 1 : EG M
2
2
1
. eOb SGQO GS a IYdG g gH SQj S
. = 1 + U 2 - S : 1 G H jhGdG Sb LhGC
1 `è
. = 2 + U 3 + S : 2
: G
- 1
1- = , 1 =
= `g X ,
+ 1
3 2
2 1
2 1
1
1
3 + 2
= `g X
1
-1
2
r 135 = `g
1=
r 45 = `g
dW AL GOdG Q e jh 2 e idG G dOe LhGC

3
2 dOe idG Gh G Gg H jhGdG Sb LhGC K , 2
2 `è
(? MJ GPe ) . =5 -U 6 -S
: G
2 + S 2 = U
`L + S = U
3
`g G H jhGdG GC VHh , 0 =6-S2-U3 g G dOe
-
1
2
- 3
3
3
= `g X
11 = 2
+1
9
r 164
n 44
k 42 = `g
hGC
r 15
n 15 k 18 = `g
U - S 2 , 0 = 8 - U + S G H jhGdG Sb c GPEG
3 `è
ihj , 0 = 5 +
4
. b LhC a
: G
2 = 2 , 1- = 1
( 2 +1 1 ) = `g X
2 1
(
21-
1-
)=
-1
3- =
X
4
1
3 =
B G e c dOe LhGC 1
: JG
,1) dH QG G d jRGe
(3 , 2) dH QG G G
k
.(4 , 2) , (3
+ U 3 + S 2 G G Y jOY
( 3 , 1 ) dH QG G
k
0=4
0 = 13 - U 3 + S 2 G iRGjh ( 2 , 1 ) dH QG G `L
0=15-U 6 +S 4 G Y iOYh (2 , 1) dH QG G O
: j a G e hR c H jhGdG LhGC 2
3 - U
1
=
:
2 + S n
2
. = 5 - U + S 2 :
. = 3 - U - S 4 : n
0 = 5 + U 2 + S :
a (3 , 1- ) = `L , (8 , 7 ) , (3 , 2 ) = h dG ShDhQ idG G g 3
? Le GC IOM `L h jhGR
```M , `L `Y ``jhG`dG `F`b `L h ``dG ``J dG U ``b `LhGC 4
. (U , 1 ) = `L , ( 7 , 5 ) = , ( 3 , 2 ) = h
.(5 , 2 )= `L , ( 3 ,1- ) =, ( 3 , 2 ) =h c GPEG `L h G jGhR LhGC 5
``G e 10 3 ih`j è``J ``L `jhGR j `dG ``G ``c GPEG 6
10
````dG
G dOe ``LhGC ? G G e g a , . = 5 + U - S 3 : n
. (2- , 1 ) dH c GPEG G
0 = `L + U + S h : G G dOe GC Vf
. g ( n U , n S ) = Y oH bGC GC h
jRGe
dH NBG e
Sf
k
k
G G
0 = n `L + U + S h : g dOe a
h = `g X = G G e
`L `L`L - `L
n
= +n = h - h =
n `L - `L =
(1) .................
`g L = ( OdG W ) =
(2) ................
(2) a (1) e jdH

`L - n `L
=
2
+2h
- `L
* n `L - `L = `g L n `L
=
+ h
( 2 + 2h ) = `L - n `L
(2 + 2h ) + `L = `L
n
0 = `L + U +S h G Y J (n U , n S ) dG
(3) ..................
(4) ...............
0 = `L + n U + n S h
: (4) a (3) e jdH

0 = (2 +2 h ) + `L + U
n + S
n h
( `L + U + S h) n
n
=
2
2
+ h
(5)...............
| `L + U + S h|
n
n
2
2
+ h
G Y (U ,S) dG H bdG g h
0 = `L + U + S h

```dG EG ( 5 , 4) = ````dG `è S`dG O```dG `W ``LhGC

0 = 10-U 3+S 4 ``````dG
1 `è
: G
( 3 = , 4 = h , 5 = U , 4 =S )
W IMh 4^2 = 215 =
| `L + U + S h|
n
n
2
2
+ h
|10 - 5 * 3 + 4* 4|
9 +16
=OdG W
=OdG W
G G Y ( 1 , 1 ) dG e SG OdG W LhGC
( 0 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 0) dG H UGdG
2 `è
: G
1- = ( 0 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 0 ) dH QG G e
U
1 - S = 1- : g G Gg dOe
0 = 1 - U + S : eh
0 =1-U+S G Y ( 1 , 1 ) dG e SG OdG W
W IMh
1
2
| 1-1 +1|
1 +1
= OdG W
``G Y ( `L , h ) ````dG e SG O`dG `W ``c GPEG

. `L b LhC a . 13 ihj 0= 5+U 3+S2 ``dG
| 5 + `L3 + 1* 2 |
9+4
3 `è
: G
= 13
| `L 3 + 7 | = 13
13- = `L 3 + 7
20= `L
3
,GC
,GC
13 = `L 3 + 7
2 = `L
EG dG e SG OdG W LhC a , ( 1 , 2 ) = fc GPEG 1

0 = 30 - U 4 + S 3 G G
VGC e `L dG Y h dG e SG OdG W LhGC 2
. ( 5 , 4 ) = `L , ( 0 , 2- ) = , ( 3 , 1 ) = h M , `L h G
( 4 , 3 ) dH QG G G Y ( 2 , 1- ) dG oH LhGC 3
3- eh
2
( 3- , 2 ) dH QG G G Y (2- , 1 ) dG H LhGC 4
. KGMG
E iQ e c e jhe jGhR j idGh
G e fG f Y J ( 3 , 2- ) , ( 4 , 1 ) dG g 5
? fL Y GC 0 = 3 + U - S 2 G
, ( 0 , 2 ) = O , ( 2 , 1- ) = `L , ( 6 , 4 ) = , ( 4 , 3 ) = h fc GPEG 6
`L e eSG jOdG WJ f O , `L M , O `L W LhC a
n n
n n
. h G G Y O ,
G e Ff OY H GC ee f iGC
. G Wf H IQG G L dG dOG
: g 0 = 2`L + U 2 + S 2 h , 0 = 1`L + U 1 +S 1h
, , 0 =( 2`L + U 2 +S h ) + ( 1`L +U 1 +S h)
2
1
(1)
, fdG G dOe J 0 = dM a
C G dOe J 0 = dM ah
. hG
N WdG H e iGC dOe a 0 , 0 dM a eGC
C G
: IQdG Y (1) dOG Vh dG g a h UG
0 = ( 2`L + U 2 +S h ) + 1`L + U 1+S h
(2)
:G WJ Hh ( 0 , 1- ) dH QG G dOe LhGC
0 = 4 + U 3 - S 2
`è
0 = 5 - U 2 + S
: G
= + - = - +
( - ) ( ) ( )
: NBG M
eG G WJ H QG d edG dOG
: g aH
0 = ( 4 + U 3 - S 2 ) + 5 - U 2 + S
. dOe a
G Gg Y J ( 0 , 1- ) ,
-
0 = ( 4 + 0- 2- ) + 5- 0 + 1-
3=
0=2+6-
0 = ( 4 + U 3 - S 2 ) 3 + 5 - U 2 + S
0 = 12 + U 9 - S 6 + 5 - U 2 + S
0 = 7 + U 7 - S 7
0 = 1 + U - S
, Gee 0 = 5 + U + S 4 , 0 = 14 + U 4 - S : G GC KG 1
: LhGC K
. WJ f G
. ( 1 , 2 ) dGh WdG H idG G dOe
hdG k dJ e c WJ H QG G dOe LhGC 2
:IG
. ( 1 , 3 ) dGh
0 = 7 - U 3 + S , 0 = 7 - U 2 + S 3 G
. fdG G Y k``jOY 1 = U 2 + S , 5 = U - S 5
C fh 0 = 3 - U 3 + S 4 ,
. UG
2 = U + S 2 `L
P`f
GQ```NG
: hGC
G Mh G
) ( :
( h X
- .............
( ) ( ) ( ) (
:
M M+ M+ M
....... =V + .
( 3 = h [ J h ] 3 ) ........... = ( h +
4
2
( ) ( - .............
.............
:
) ( (
MM+ M+ M
1- 3
1 2
=
( = h
2 53 5
h = I
) (
) (
( = h h = -
) > > ( :
= ) (h-) -( 1 -) (h +) +(
6

> >
) ( (

( :
= ] J ]
) ( ) (
) ( ( = h
) + h ( = h +
( ) = ( - ) ( + > >

) ( :
( h X .............
h X
)X
(X
( ............. +
))(- -
) (-
)(
)((
( = ) + ( = .............

( h 1 = h ) + (
2
= .............
) ( ( :
M
M + N
( = h
+ N
) ( ) (
2 3
5 1
2- 5
3 1-
h = I
( = - h h = -
3 [ J ] :
2
) (h - ) - (
=
) + ( - h
> >
) (( = h
) ( )
) (
1 3
5 2
1-
:
3
h - S = 3- 1 2-
(

) ( (

.

( = h
3
5
= h
: h ) + ( -
) ( :
) () (
1-
S 3-
= I = .........
( ( ) h ) ( ) (

M M+ N+ N
........ = +
4
( ) 5 = ( - h
2 [ Jh
......... = h
( + ......... =
) ( ( :
< + M
<
( = h
+ M
) ( ) (
1- 2
5 3-
16
2-
:
-h=
( :
- ) ( - ) ( -
) ( ( :
=h
1-
) h ( = h
2 11- 1
3
4
) (

( : = + h
=
h
> >
: h + h
) ( (
h

h

4
( = 5
> >
: ) - ( ) + ( - ) (
: fK
dG SdG
) ( :
( - = ) + ( - = -
= .............
( ) ( -
.............
( )( = -
...........
( =
.............
) ( ( : + = +
: + = -
( + = -
+ = ) (
) ( h ( ) = h = ) ( = ) ( :
( :
( h : n
( h : =
( h
) ( ( :
- = + - = + =
( ( ) = h = ) ( = ) (
:
( h
(
) ( :
( = - = + .............
( ) ( -
8(

= ) ...... 5
( ) ( - .........
) =
= -
( ) J ( - =
= ( -
= ............
) ( ( ( ) = h = ) ( - h
: J h h
( ) (-
A
3
4
+ = -
) ( ( ) ( - =
( h ( ) = h = ) (
= ) ( :
( h
( h h
) ( ( ( ) = h = ) (
h
( :
+ = + =
- =
) ( :
( ) ) (- ( -
= = .........
(
.........
A
( 2
.........
( :
S
2
U
5
= .......
) ( ( :
+ = - - = +
4
( ( ) = h = ) ( -
h : hJ
h
) ( ( ( ) = h = ) ( = ) (
h h
( ( ) = h
= ) ( - =
5
6
= ) ( h
) ( ( ) (
+ = -
( :
+ = + = + =
`jQ
ELG
`
`H
G
d
`
`
h
G
GQ
`` N
`
) ( ( X
1 3
)2 1- (
)h (
( , w
2
4
) (
3 13- 2
)3 (
2
) (
) ( :
)(
) (
4
5
2
6
6
5
15- 84 19-
) (
)(
1
6
2
2
6
2
+ h
1
2
6
)(
4- 114 19- 2
132-
= -
5
3
2
3
3
4
4
1
3
2
4
1
5
4
5
4
)
)
) (
) ( ) ( )
)(
6
2
2
) (
) (
) = h ( = - = -
)(
4
3
1
2- 12 6
)(
19- 22 0
7 11- 1811 6- 21
1
2
7
0
5 -h
1-
( - ,
) (
1
12
2
7
(
(
2- `L
3+O
) (
) (
) (
) (
)
1 15- 5
) ((
) (
6
2
3 11)=W S (
5- 15
WSSW
18- 10
) h ( = 27- 15
)(
7- 311- 6-
3
11
)(
93-
=SW
2
0
2
5
0
1-
) (
7- 214
12
h=
1
0
3
1 132- 6
1- 5
)(
) (
11 52
3
5
4
5
3
5
180
5
4
5
6
8 15
4
3
4 -4
3
53
7 -3
)+ + + + + + - + + - + (
3
= 2
1
) ( ( = 2
( = -
( = -
3
3
= 4 -
( =
= 2
= -
= -
1
( 2
) ( (
) ((
)(
)(
) ( (
3
-
1
2
) ( ( 12
13
5
13
60
61
11
61
7
25
24
25
( 5
13
12
13
11
61
60
61
24
25
7
25
3
5
1
2
4
5
( 60 5 12
11
12
5
4 24 7 11
3
7
24
60

) ( : = 12 = 5 = 12
5
13
13
3
4
= 5 = 5

h
=

h

=
h

h
) ( = = h
h

=
= = h
h
h
h
=
=
=

=
=
=
h
h
=
) ( (
13
12
5
12
13
12
( 2
5
(
12
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4
= 3
4
5
13
12
5
4
25
24
( 17
24
4
3
( 5
6
4
3
40
) ( = 41
9
= 41
40
= 9
4
) ( = 5
3
= 5
4
= 3
1
)7 (
24
25
24
7
7
25
) (
12
) ( : = 13
5
= 13
12
= 5
15
= 17
8
= 17
15
= 8
9 :
8
) ( (
(
2425
1213
725
1
2
512
24
7
) ( =
) ( =
= -
2425
817
15
8
2425
941
2
1
2
1
1213
40
41
512
940
= -
= -
) = ( + = -
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=
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) (
(
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(
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) ( ( = ) ( -
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( = ) -
( = ) -
( = )

) (( = )
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(
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) ( : =
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+ +
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:
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) ( - = -
==
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(=)
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--

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()
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)(
) ( =
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) ( ( + = -
( - =
( + =
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) ( ( X
3 ( 5
()(

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7

(
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21
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: dG SdG : fK
:
(=
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:
(
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((
(
(
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9) (( 2
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1
5 -
) ( ( =
) ( ( ( + = -
( (
) ( ( =
(
( ) (
( + = -
(
(+=+

Sec1 Math Book1

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: ddG IQdH S Ie IQH HdG fdG J dh

2 2 ae hGC jOYh U e ae g HdG a``dG :

UY eGC , , , h e d edG hGC aG d IdG hG J -1

OYh dG e OY iGC e J dG adG g : OdG ae -2

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d ejh QUGC gUY L dG adG g : jdG adG-4

h edH d ejh h adG QhH

B adG e c Qhe LhGC

c GPEG U , S jdG e c b LhGC

jhe adG ...

C dG e hU 1000 Y IQY S cdG fG

2 4- 28- 4 612 2 10-

(3-1 1-4 )]+ (4-2 13 ) = ( + ) + h ,

2 = S + h : dOdG J dG S adG LhC a

: j c HdG Hc Y SQGdG IQbh

````H``dG ``dH `K`dG dG a `LdG j dG HdG e

Y dG Gg a Y M dG IdG fdG L Vh GPEGh

5*3 + 4*5 + 3*4

```dG `f a f`dG `G Hh , QG`G e k`LhR 12 , b 5

4*1 + 1-*2 + 1*3

(Identity matrix) : IMdG ae

(1-2 2-1 ) (2-2 31 )

(53 4-2 ) (1-4 3-1 )

G dGE K , KGMG dH dG dGO oj .6

C LQdG je SQO GC SSG

(<) e cGC e c bY UGN Y J jdG g M Wh

e Od fdG dG SSG dG Me a dhJ GC S

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< + h `j`d f`dG G

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dG e IMGh IMh fG j c . dG e c 12 , bdG

QeGC 8 , jG e QeGC 7 G id ch dG e Geh jG e

e GMh Kh j`dG e IMh e fdG dG jh gdG e

IMh 25 G c GPE a , iQGM S 6 Jh ea JMh H

I () cGh , YS K I (GC ) cG J j NdG dG

jhGdG Sb GMhE a jce jhGd iFGdG SdG j .4

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C `L`e `gG`MEG `Sb S`dG `VdG `a `Le jhGR d

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: Sb dG jGhdG a J idG HdG cPGC

edH d ej IMGh LQO Sb EG j

90 > `g > 0 c GPEG - 1

180 > `g > 90 c GPEG

270 > `g > 180 c GPEG

360 > `g > 270 c GPEG

FdG dG c GPEG ae fGC SdG VdG a jGhR Id j - 2

Wh jce jhGR GC Sb W H dG cG IG FGhdG a

iFGdG SdH j jhGdG Sd NBG HS

A`g edH d ejh

(f) edH dG f dh () edH SdG d feQ GPE a

jb dG jhGdG J jdG e dG Gd jGhdG Sb IMhh

57 n 16 k 20 57^273 = 180 = , 180 = A eh 360 = 2 - 3

. bO bC jhGdG d dG SdG LhGC , 2^5 Sb jhGR

60 n 12 30 : JC j c iFGdG jdG M :jQJ

C GSH dPh SGC h SGC IQH HG dG AGLEG

. A 2^5 Sb jhGd dG jdG M a G SM SG

dG jcG jhGd dGh iFGdG SdG e c LhGC

B jGhd dG SdG LhGC

. iFGdGh dG jjdH ddG

53 + 45 + 3*4

41 + 1-2 + 1*3