Firmitas: la sfrsitul secolului, manifestare a unui modernism trziu nca

atras de mitul progresului tehnologic, apare curentul high-tech ca o demonstratie de forta, adesea gratuita, a tehnicii de ultima ora
Cladirea Lloyds, Londra - Richard Rogers problema masurii n care se justifica expresia tehnicista n arhitectura civila

Utilitas psihologic: se refera la ambianta, la perceptia subiectiva a

cadrului arhitectural si la un grad de confort fara de care omul poate desfasura o activitate, dar nu se poate identifica cu spatiul care o adaposteste; confortul psihologic poate nsemna intimitate, cordialitate, lux, grad de personalizare, atmosfera, etc.
ex. atrium-urile hotelurilor lui John Portman (Atlanta): caracterul inedit, spectaculos, animatia continua _ un mare succes comercial datorat ambiantei; The Regent Singapore (formerly the Pavilion InterContinental Hotel), Singapore, 1982 George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center, Emory University, 1983 Peachtree Center Athletic Club, Atlanta, 1985 Atlanta Marriott Marquis, 1985 Hyatt Regency Jeju, Jungmun, Jeju-do, South Korea, 1985 Marina Square, Singapore Marina Square Shopping Centre, 1985 Mandarin Oriental Singapore, 1985 Marina Mandarin Singapore, 1985 The Pan Pacific Singapore, 1986 Cottage 428, Sea Island, 1985 New York Marriott Marquis, New York City, 19821985 R. Howard Dobbs University Center, Emory University, 1986 Northpark Town Center, Sandy Springs Northpark 400, 1986 Northpark 500, 1989 Northpark 600, 1998 JW Marriott San Francisco Union Square (formerly the Pan Pacific San

Francisco and Portman Hotel), 1987 American Cancer Society Center (formerly the Inforum Technology Center), Atlanta, 1989 Riverwood 100 (formerly the Barnett Bank Building), Vinings, 1989

1990s
Shanghai Centre, Shanghai, China, 1990

Shanghai Centre West Apartment (also known as the Exhibition Centre North Apartment 1) Shanghai Centre Apartments 2 (also known as the Shanghai East Apartment) The Portman Ritz-Carlton, Shanghai (formerly the Shanghai Centre Main Tower and Shangri-La Hotel) SunTrust Plaza (formerly One Peachtree Center), Atlanta, 1992 Cap Square (short for Capital Square), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Menara Multi Purpose (also known as the Capital Square Tower 1), 1994 Capital Square Condominiums, 2007

2000s
Bank of Communications, Shanghai, China, 2000 Shi Liu Pu Building (also known as the Bank of Telecommunications), Shanghai, China, 2000 Bund Center, Shanghai, China, 2002 Bund Center (also known as the Shanghai Golden Beach Tower) The Westin Bund Center, Shanghai Westin Residences Westin Warsaw Hotel, Warsaw, Poland, 20012003 Beijing Yintai Centre (also known as the Silvertie Center), Beijing, China, 20022007 Beijing Yintai Centre Tower 1 Beijing Yintai Centre Tower 2 Beijing Yintai Centre Tower 3 The Westin Charlotte, Charlotte, 2003 Tomorrow Square (contains the JW Marriott Hotel Shanghai at Tomorrow Square),

Shanghai, China, 19972003 Taj Wellington Mews Luxury Residences, Mumbai, India, 2004 Schaumburg Hotel & Convention Center, Schaumburg, 2006 ICON, San Diego, 20042007 Hilton San Diego Bayfront (also known as the Hilton San Diego Convention Center Hotel and Campbell Shipyard Hilton), San Diego, 20062008

Utilitas simbolic: teren comun cu venustas

transmite semnificatii legate de destinatie, context cultural sau fizic, aspiratii si valori individuale, de grup sau universale etc. - termenul simbol este utilizat n mod curent pentru a denumi orice semn, dar reprezinta de fapt numai unul din cele 3 tipuri de semne recunoscute de semiotica:
a. semne indexice: semne abstracte; anunta, semnalizeaza o realitate ex. semnele de circulatie; chioscul de gogosi

(doughnuts) anuntat printr-un mare doughnut n vrf de catarg (Robert Venturi) b. semne iconice (metafora) : trimit la o realitate cu care au ceva n comun; cel mai des utilizate n arhitectura, n special n perioada moderna (imagini ale functiunii): de la duck (fast-foodul n forma de pasare) la aeroportul TWA (Eero Saarinen) ca metafora a zborului sau la Biblioteca Nationala din Paris (Dominique Perrault), cu cele 4 turnuri de colt ca niste carti deschise - trecnd prin asa-numita architecture parlante din sec. XVIII (Boule, Ledoux, Lequeu) c. semne simbolice: reprezinta prin conventie o realitate absenta, invizibila (transcendenta) cu care se identifica (ex. pestele, semn de recunoastere al primilor crestini); distileaza memoria culturala a unei colectivitati, o transforma n conventii - ex. ordinul clasic (simbol al ordinii cosmice), porticul cu fronton, cupola (pna la Palladio simboluri ale sacrului) etc.

Utilitas Practic:

Venustas :