MATHEMATICAL FORMULA

Quadratic Formula
• The roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x1 , x 2 =
2a

Trigonometric Identities

1. sin (− x ) = − sin x
2. cos(− x ) = cos x
sin x
3. tan x =
cos x
1
4. cot x =
tan x
1
5. csc x =
sin x
1
6. sec x =
cos x
( )
7. sin x ± 90 o = ± cos x
( )
8. cos x ± 90 o = m sin x
( )
9. sin x ± 180 o = − sin x
( )
10. cos x ± 180 o = − cos x
11. cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
12. 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x
13. cot 2 x + 1 = csc 2 x
14. sin( x ± y ) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y
15. cos( x ± y ) = cos x cos y m sin x sin y
tan x ± tan y
16. tan ( x ± y ) =
1 m tan x tan y
17. sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x
18. cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x = 1 − 2 sin 2 x = 2 cos 2 x − 1
2 tan x
19. tan 2 x =
1 − tan 2 x
20. sin 2 x = (1 − cos 2 x )
1
2
21. cos 2 x = (1 + cos 2 x )
1
2
22. sin x sin y = [cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y )]
1
2
23. cos x cos y = [cos( x − y ) + cos(x + y )]
1
2
24. sin x cos y = [sin ( x − y ) + sin ( x + y )]
1
2
 ⎛xm y⎞ ⎛x± y⎞
25. sin x ± sin y = 2 cos⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛x+ y⎞ ⎛x− y⎞
26. cos x + cos y = 2 cos⎜ ⎟ cos⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛x+ y⎞ ⎛x− y⎞
27. cos x − cos y = 2 sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
28. e ± jx = cos x ± j sin x ; Euler’s Theorem
e jx + e − jx
29. cos x =
2
e − e − jx
jx
30. sin x =
2j
A cos x ± B sin x = R cos( x m θ )
31. B
R = A 2 + B 2 , θ = tan −1
A
A cos x ± B sin x = R sin (x ± θ )
32. A
R = A 2 + B 2 , θ = tan −1
B
a b b
33. = = (law of sinus)
sin A sin B sin C
34. a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A (law of cosinus)
tan ( A − B )
1
2 a−b
35. = (law of tangents)
a+b
tan ( A + B )
1
2

Values of cosine, sine and exponential functions

cos nπ = (− 1)
n
1.
2. sin nπ = 0
3. cos 2nπ = 1
4. sin 2nπ = 0
nπ ⎧⎪(− 1) 2 ; n = even
n

5. cos =⎨
2 ⎪⎩ 0 ; n = odd

nπ ⎧⎪(− 1) 2 ; n = odd
n −1

6. sin =⎨
2 ⎪⎩ 0 ; n = even
7. e jnπ = (− 1)
n

8. e j 2 nπ = 1
⎧
⎪ (− 1) 2 ; n = even
n
nπ
j
9. e 2
=⎨ n −1
⎪⎩ j (− 1) 2 ; n = odd
Hyperbolic Functions

1. sinh x =
1 x
2
(e − e − x )
cosh x = (e x + e − x )
1
2.
2
sinh x
3. tanh x =
cosh x
1
4. coth x =
tanh x
1
5. csc hx =
sinh x
1
6. sec hx =
cosh x
7. sinh(x ± y ) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
8. cosh( x ± y ) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y

Differentiation

1.
d
(au (x )) = a du (x )
dx dx
2.
d
( f (x ))n = n f ′(x ) ( f (x ))n −1
dx
3.
d
(u (x )v(x )) = u dv(x ) + v du (x )
dx dx dx
du ( x ) dv( x )
−u
d ⎛ u (x ) ⎞
v
4. ⎜ ⎟= dx dx
dx ⎜⎝ v( x ) ⎟⎠ v2

5. (a ) = a f ( x ) f ′( x ) ln a
d f (x)
dx
6.
dx
(e ) = e f ( x ) f ′(x )
d f (x)

7.
d
(ln f (x )) = 1 f ′(x )
dx f (x )
8.
d
(sin f (x )) = f ′(x ) cos f (x )
dx
9.
d
(cos f (x )) = − f ′(x ) sin f (x )
dx
10.
d
(tan f (x )) = f ′(x ) sec 2 f (x )
dx
11.
d
(csc f (x )) = − f ′(x ) csc f (x ) cot f (x )
dx
12.
d
(sec f (x )) = f ′(x ) sec f (x ) tan f (x )
dx
 13.
d
(cot f (x )) = − f ′(x ) csc 2 f (x )
dx
f ′( x )
14.
d
(
sin −1 f ( x ) = )
dx 1 − [ f ( x )]
2

f ′( x )
15.
d
( )
cos −1 f ( x ) = −
dx 1 − [ f ( x )]
2

f ′(x )
16.
d
(tan −1 f ( x )) =
1 + [ f ( x )]
2
dx
f ′( x )
17.
d
(csc −1 f ( x )) = −
dx f ( x ) [ f ( x )] − 1
2

f ′( x )
18.
d
(
sec −1 f ( x ) = )
dx f ( x ) [ f ( x )] − 1
2

f ′( x )
19.
d
(
cot −1 f ( x ) = −)
1 + [ f ( x )]
2
dx

Indefinite Integration

1. ∫ a dx = ax + c
2. ∫ u (x ) dv = u (x )v(x ) − ∫ v(u ) du ; Integration by parts
x n +1
∫ x dx = + c , n ≠ −1
n
3.
n +1
∫x
−1
4. dx = ln x + c
ax
∫ a dx = +c
x
5.
ln a
∫ e dx = e + c
x x
6.
7. ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + c
8. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c
9. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
10. ∫ tan x dx = − ln (cos x ) + c
11. ∫ csc x dx = ln (csc x − cot x ) + c
12. ∫ sec x dx = ln (sec x + tan x ) + c
13. ∫ cot x dx = ln (sin x ) + c
14. ∫ sin x dx =x sin x + 1 − x + c
−1 −1 2

15. ∫ cos x dx =x cos x − 1 − x + c

−1 −1 2

16. ∫ tan x dx =x tan x − ln (1 + x ) + c

−1 1
−1 2

2
 ⎛ 1 ⎞
17. ∫ csc −1 x dx =x csc −1 x + ln⎜⎜ x + x 1 − 2 ⎟⎟ + c
⎝ x ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
18. ∫ sec −1 x dx =x sec −1 x − ln⎜⎜ x + x 1 − 2 ⎟⎟ + c
⎝ x ⎠

19. ∫ cot −1 x dx =x tan −1 x + ln (1 + x 2 ) + c

1
2
sin(a − b) x sin(a + b) x
20. ∫ sin ax sin bx dx = − +c , a ≠b
2(a − b) 2(a + b)
sin(a − b) x sin(a + b) x
21. ∫ cos ax cos bx dx = + +c , a ≠b
2(a − b) 2(a + b)
cos(a − b) x cos(a + b) x
22. ∫ sin ax cos bx dx = − − +c , a ≠b
2(a − b) 2( a + b )
x sin 2ax
23. ∫ sin 2 ax dx = − +c
2 4a
x sin 2ax
24. ∫ cos 2 ax dx = + +c
2 4a
25. ∫ x m sin x dx = − x m cos x + m ∫ x m −1 cos x dx

∫x cos x dx = x m sin x − m ∫ x m −1 sin x dx

m
26.
x m e ax m m −1 ax
∫ x e dx = − ∫ x e dx
m ax
27.
a a
ae sin bx − be ax cos bx
ax
28. ∫ e ax sin bx dx = +c
a2 + b2
ae ax cos bx + be ax sin bx
29. ∫ e cos bx dx =
ax
+c
a2 + b2

Definite Integration

2π
1. ∫ sin ax dx = 0
0
2π
2. ∫ cos ax dx = 0
0
π
π
∫ sin ax dx =
2
3.
0
2
π
π
∫ cos ax dx =
2
4.
0
2
π ⎧ 0 ; m≠n
⎪
5. ∫0 sin mx sin nx dx = ⎨1 π ; m = n
⎪⎩ 2
π ⎧ 0 ; m≠n
⎪
6. ∫ cos mx cos nx dx = ⎨ 1
0 ⎪⎩ 2 π ; m = n
 π ⎧ 0 ; m + n = even
⎪
7. ∫0 sin mx cos nx dx = ⎨ 2m
⎪⎩ m 2 − n 2 ; m + n = odd
⎧π
⎪ ; a>0
∞
sin ax ⎪ 2
8. ∫ dx = ⎨ 0 ; a = 0
0
x ⎪ π
⎪− ; a<0
⎩ 2
∞
a π
9. ∫a
0
2
+x 2
dx =
2
; a>0

∞
b
10. ∫ e − ax sin bx dx = ; a>0
0 a + b2
2

∞
a
11. ∫ e − ax cos bx dx = ; a>0
0 a + b2
2

L’Hopital Rule

If f (0) = h(0) = 0 , then

lim f ( x ) lim f ′( x )
=
x → 0 h( x ) x → 0 h ′( x )

Limit

x
lim ⎛ 1⎞
1. e = ⎜1 + ⎟ = 2.7182818284 590452354
x→∞ ⎝ x⎠
lim sin( x)
2. =1
x→0 x

Complex Number

z = x + jy Rectangular form
z = r/θ Polar form
z = re jθ Exponential form
y
x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ r= x 2 + y 2 , θ = tan −1
x
Power Series

Taylor Series
f ′′(a ) 2 f ′′′(a ) 3 f n (a ) n
f (x + a ) = f (a ) + f ′(a )x + x + x + ...... x
2! 3! n!
Maclaurin’s Series
f ′′(0 ) 2 f ′′′(0) 3 f n (0 ) n
f (x ) = f (0) + f ′(0)x + x + x + ...... x
2! 3! n!
Binomial Series
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2 ) 3
(1 + x )n = 1 + nx + x + x + .....
2! 3!
Standard Series
1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9
1. sin x = x − x + x − x + x
3! 5! 7! 9!
1 1 1 1
2. cos x = 1 − x 2 + x 4 − x 6 + x 8
2! 4! 6! 8!
2 3 16 5 272 7 7936 9
3. tan x = x + x + x + x + x
3! 5! 7! 9!
1 1 1 3 2 5 1 2
4. cot x = − x − x − x − x7 − x9
x 3 45 945 4725 93555
1 1 7 3 31 5 127 73
5. csc x = + x + x + x + x7 + x9
x 6 360 15120 604800 3421440
1 2 5 4 61 6 277 8
6. sec x = 1 + x + x + x + x
2 24 720 8064
ln (1 + x ) = x − x 2 + x 3 − x 4 + x 5 − x 6 + x 7 − x 8 + x 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8. e x = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + x 4 + x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8! 9!