- 1

.
:
.
.

.

2




.
:
1 2 :

.
. .
. . . . 2 2 :

) ( .
3 2 :

:
. . - ) ( .

 . .

.
4 2 :




.

3



.
:
1 3 :


.
2 3 :



.
3 3 :
:
. . . . . . . . . . . - :

 - .
- .
4 3 :

:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
5 - 3 :

:
- 1 :
. . . . - 2 :
. . . - 3 :
. . . . . - 4 .

 - 5 .
- 6 :
. . . . . . .
. . . . - 7 :
. .
.
.
.

1



.




.



.
.

 1 2 :

)
(

.
2 2 :



:

.

. Preconsolidation
.

3
Geophysical Studies

:
. Seismic
. Resistivity
Geophones


Youngs Moduls,E poissons Ratio,u
Modulus Shear
.

4 ) (
Soil Borings


:
1 4 Test Pits and Open Cuts


) (1
) (0.75 .
3



.

) (1
2 4 Auger Boring

5 5


) (2 .

)(2
3 4 Shell and Auger Boring

Chisel bit
)25(

 )200( )50(
) (80 ) (300
.
4 4 Percussion Boring


.
5 4 Wash Boring





.
) (3 .
6 4 Rotary Boring




. :
-1 Open Holes

.
2 Core Drilling

.

 ) (3
7 4 Continuous Flight Auger

)(1 .

- 5


.

6
1 6 :




)50(
. )5.000 (2

) (3 ) (5




) (4 .

)(4
2 6 :






) (1.5 ) (3
)(6 ) (5
.

 )(5

7
1 7 :


.
2 7 :



Stockpiles -:
1 : Cohesionless Soil Sampling




Auger

.
2 : Disturbed Sampling

. .
.
3 : Undisturbed Sampling


.

.
4 : Stockpiles Sampling


Coarse Aggregates

Trenches .

.
5 : Rock Sampling


.


.
3 7 :






.
4 7 :
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.


.

 Excess Pore Water Pressure

Effective Stresses :

. ?15 10
. 4
.
.
.
.
Piston-Sampler .
.

8
Ground Water Table Location



) (


) (24

""






.

9
Field Testings
:
1 9 : Standard Penetration test ,SPT

.
63.5 760 460
)(N 305 100 10

 100
100 .

.
2 9 : Cone Penetration test ,CPT

10 20 /


.
3 9 : Pressuremeter
: Probe
Pressure Volumeter

Elastic Constants Shear Strength
.
4 9 : Vane Shear

Torque
Vanes
.
5 9 : Borehole Shear Device
76



) (6 .

 )(6
6 9 : Dilatometer


1.1
Excess Pore Water Pressure
150 200
. 10
.
7 9 : Field Permeability
Piezometer

. K
8 9 : Dry Unit Weight , gd


Sand Cone Nuclear

:
= g d + wet g ( 1 ( .
9 9 : Plate Bearing Test

750 600 450 300

.
-10 9 : (Rock Quality Designation(RQD

4 )
101.6 (
). (1
)(1

0 25
25 50
50 75
75 90
90 -100

10
1 10 :

 :
.
:
- .
60 .

.
.
.
2 10 :
.
:
:
- Riffle Box
8
12
) ( 7
)
( .
.

)(7

Quartering



) (8 .
:

.

 )(8

3 10 :

.
4 - 10 :
1 : Water Content,wc
Cohesive Soils
)Liquid Limit ,
(LL ) (Plastic Limit ,PL .

15 20 80 100
. 500
- 2 : Atterberg Limits
" "
Liquid Limit,LL
Plastic Limit,PL
Shrinkage Limit ,SL .
) (
) (Plasticity Index,PI = LL- PL Soil Behavior
.

 ) LL-PL) / (wc-PL) = Liquidity Index,LI

Liquefaction of Soil )> 1) (1
. ( LL
3 : ( Grain Size Distribution ( Sieve Analysis
) ( Sieve
Analysis 100 ) (4 0.075 ) (200
) (2 Hydrometer
) (200
.
)(2

) )
100
75
50
37.5
25
19
12.5
9.5
4.75
2
0.850
0.425
0.180
0.075

"4
"3
"2
"1.5
"1
"0.75
"0.50
"0.375
4
10
20
40
80
200

4 : Unit Weight,g

:
= ) / ( .
Overburden Pressure
.
5 : Relative Index,Dr
Relative Index,Dr
Void Ratios,e
:
= Dr
) (
) (
(Dr = gd max (gd gdmin) / gd (gd max gd min

: Dr .
: gd max .

 : gd
: gd min .

) (3 :
)(3

0 0.20
0.20 0.40
0.40 0.70
0.70 0.90
0.90 1

Very Loose
Loose
Medium
Compact
Compact
Very Compact

6 : Specific Gravity , SG

) (4
:
)(4

2.65 2.68
2.65 2.68
2.62 2.68
2.58 2.65
2.68 2.75
2

2.67 2.70 .
7 : Compaction ( Proctor) Test
gd wc
Maximum Dry Unit Weight , gd Max
Optimum Moisture Content,OMC ""


:
1 Standard Proctor Test
2 Modified Proctor Test
) (5 :

Modified
" 4
" 6
101.60
152.4
116.43
116.43
944
2124

Standard
" 4
" 6
101.60
152.4
116.43
116.43
944
2124

44.5

24.5

44.5

24.5

56
5

25
5

56
3

25
3

457

457

305

305

Mould
) )
) )
) ) 3

))



) )

:
) / = ( 3
) (
101.60 = 593.7/ 3

.
Zero
Air Voids :
= gZAV
) ( ) ( ) + 1 (
g water = 9.807 / . 3
8 : California Bearing Ratio, CBR


) (
) (6 :
)(6

AASHTO

USC

A5,A6,A7

OH,CH,MH,OL

A4,A5,A6,A7

OH,CH,MH,OL

A2,A4,A6,A7

OH,CH,MH,OL

CBR

03

3 7

7 20

 Alb,A5
2,A3,A6-2
Ala,A4-2,A3

GM,GC,SW,SM,SP,GP

GW,GM

20 50

50

) (7 .
)(7

) )
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.7

) )
6.9
10.3
13.0
16.0
18.0

9 : Soil Shear Strength Tests

- Direct Shear

)(9
.
(Shear Strength (t )Angle of Internal Friction(
Cohesion C ) (10
.

)(9

 )(10

Unconfined Compression

) (2.5 0.5 2
) (q
) (C=q/2 ) (11
.

 )(11

Triaxial Compression


) (12
. " "
:
. CD test
. CU test . UU test

 )(12

- 10 : Consolidation


) (13
) (24

Coefficient of Consolidation
.

 )(13

-11 : Permeability
Permeability :
) 14 ( .Constant Head Test
)14 ( .Falling Head Test
k


100
.

 )14(

)14 (

-12 : Swelling & Collapse Test
- :
Free-Swell Test )
(10 3 ) (40 )(100 3
:
) ) = ( (
) 100 (
Swelling Pressure

) (20 ) (25 ) (50 ) (100
.
) ( .
.

 - :

:
: Single Oedometer Collopse Test



Voids Ratio,e Log p
Collapse Potential ,CP :
= CP ) + 1 ( .
: Double Oedometer Collapse Test


.
Response To Wetting Test
.
13 : Chemical Testing
- Sulfate Content
.
Chloride Content
.
PH
.

11
Soil &Rock Classification
1 11 :

.
:
: .
: .
: .
:
:
1 : Color : .
2 : Hardness : .
3 : Structure .
4 : Weathering .
5 : Cavities .

 6 : Voids .
7 : .
2 11 :



Solid Gas Liquid
:
Porosity.n .
Void Ratio,e .
Degree of Saturation,S .
:
Water Content ,wc .
Specific gravity,SG ) e/
. (wc SG = S
Unit Weight, gd
. (gw/1+e gd = SG) 1 +
.
- 1 :
:
Granular Soils .
Fine Grained Soils .
Organic Soils .

.
- 2 :

). (8
)(8

.





.




.

Gravel

Clay

Silt



.
Peat
.

Organic Clay
.

Organic Silt
.
Fine

Grained
.
Coarse
Grained
.
Mixed

Grained
.
Sand

7
8
9

10

)(9

.



.


.



.


.



.

Sandy Gravel

Gravel Sandy

Clayey Sand

Silty Gravel

Clayey Gravel

Silty Sand

Silty Clay

 .


.

Clayey Silt

.
)(15


USC
AASHTO
ASTM FAA USDA
USC . AASHTO

)(15

1 : Unified Soil Classification,USC
)(10
)(10
) (

300

Boulders

 75 300

75
75 19
19 4

4 10
10 40
40 200

200

Cobbles
Coarse 1
Grained
Gravel 4
-
-
4 200
Sand
-
-
-
Fine 2
Grained
Fines -
Silt -
Clay -
Organic Soils 3

) (11 :

Iden. Procedure

) (40
Typical Symbols

Names
Dilatancy Toughness Strength

Major Divisions

ML

CL

>
Silts & Clays 50
50> LL

OL

MH

CH

OH

PT

<
Silts & Clays 50
50< LL

Fine
GrainedSoils

more 200
than half of the
material is
smaller than
#200 sieve

)) ML

)CL

))ML

)

)CL

GW

GP

GM

GC

SW

SP

Clean
Gravel
Gravels



) )4
More than
half of the
coarse
fraction is
Coarse larger than
Grained #4 sieve

Soils
GravelWith

Fines

200Less
than half
of the
material
is
smaller
Sands
than
Clean
#200

Sands
sieve

)More )4
than half of
the coarse
fraction is
larger than
#4 sieve

SM

SandsWith
Fines
SC

2 : AASHTO Soil Classification


Group Index,GI
:
(GI = (F-35) {0.2+0.005 (LL-40)}+0.01(F-15) (PI-10
:
= F ). (200
= LL ) . (
= PI ) . (
: F <35 F 35 = 0
)
( ). (12
)(12
) (

75
75
10 40
40 200
200

Boulders
Gravel 10
Coarse Sand
Fine Sand
Silt Clay

) ( 13 .
) (14
:

AASHTO
A 1- b
A3
A 2 4
A25
A2-6
A 2 7
A4
A- 5
A6
A75
A76

- 12
Soil Compaction
-12-1 :

USC
SW, SP , GM , SM
SP
GM , SM
GM , SM
GC , SC
GM , SM , SC , GC
ML , OL
OH , MH , ML , OL
CL
OH , MH
CH , CL



Vibrating Plates
Rubber Tired
Sheepsfoot Rollers
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
:
. gd
. wc
.
.
" " " "
70
g wet wc
gd :
= + 1 ) / ( .


Optimum Moisture Content ,OMC
.
-2 12 :
:
. . .
:
1 Smooth Wheel Roller
100
380
.
2 Rubber Tired Roller
4 6
80 700
.
3 Sheepsfoot Roller


12 700 1400
.
4 Tamping Foot Roller

40 1400 8400
.
5 Grid Roller

50 1400 6200
.
6 Vibrating Drum Roller

.
7
.

13
Soil Stabilization


:
Mechanical Stabilization
Admixture Stabilization
13-1 :



) . ( 95
13-2 :



Geotextiles or Fabrics
.

14
1 14 : Expansive (Swelling ) Soils





.
. )
(15
.
)(15

11
7 12
10 16
15

35
25 41
15 28
18

30
20 30
10 20
10

.
:
. .
. . Waffle. Slab
.
2 14 : Collapsing Soils





). (16
) = k ( .
)(16

k

0.5
1

1.28 / 3 1.44/
3 .


.
:
. .
. . . . 3 14 : Sabkha





:

.
.

.
.
.
4 14 : Cavities in Lime Stone



.


:
. Sounding Test
.
:
.
. .
. 5 14 : GWT Rise





) (
:
. . . . . . Uplift Pressure . . :
. . . . . . 6 14 : Seismicity


.


Excess Pore Water Pressure
Effective Stress
Liquefaction of Sand

.


:
) (2B ) (0.2g
.
) (2A ) (0.15g
) (2B .
) (1 ) (0.05g )
(0.10g
.
) (0.0 .

.
"

 "
.

.