P l a s t i c B e h a v i o r at t he C r o s s - S e c t i o n Level 123

W 14 X 73 0

-zo

-M

2 3 H 681

F ig u r e 3 . 5 Tw o-dim ensional d is trib u tio n o f residual s tre s s e s in rolled and

welded wide-flange stru ctu ra l shapes. (From L. Tall, S tru ctu ra l Steel Design,
2 n d ed., 1 9 7 4 .)
 B u i l d i n g Co d e S e i s m i c D e s i g n P h i l o s o p h y 327

is a FCE, AISC 341 assumes the expected postbuckling brace strength, C,

to be 30% of the expected brace compressive strength. The other brace
is assumed to be yielded w ith an expected tensile strength, T, of
RyFyA Because the expected tensile strength is generally m uch higher
than the postbuckling strength of the brace, the vertical com ponent of
these two forces will not balance, and will produce a net pull-down
force at the m idspan of the beam . A large m om ent produced by this
unbalanced form, w hich cannot be obtained from an elastic analysis,
then needs to be considered for beam design. See Chapter 9 for a
more detailed discussion.

7.8 Performance-Based Seismic Design Framework

7.8.1 Seismic Performance Objective
In addition to the above sum m ary of the US seism ic design provi-
sions based on ASCE 7, it is w orthw hile to briefly sum m arize the per-
formance objectives states in various similar design requirements.
The basic seism ic design philosophy that appeared in the Recom-
mended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary [also know n as the
Blue Book and first published by the Structural Engineers Associa-
tion of California (SEAOC) in 1959], stated that the intent of the rec-
ommended design provisions was to produce a structure that should
be able to resist:

• A minor level of earthquake ground m otion without damage

• A m oderate level of ground m otion w ithout structural dam-
age but possibly experience some nonstructural damage
• A m ajor level of ground m otion having an intensity equal to
the strongest, either experienced or forecast for the building
site, without collapse, but possibly w ith some structural as
well as nonstructural damage

A lthough the SE O A C 's seism ic design philosophy intended to

control bu ild ing perform ance for both structural and n onstru c-
tural com ponents at different levels of earthquake in tensities, both
the expected bu ild ing perform ance and the ground shaking inten-
sity w ere described in a qualitative m anner. It w asn 't until 1995
that SEA O C published Vision 2000 (SEAO C 1995) to outline a per-
form ance-based fram ew ork to address a broad range of bu ild ing
perform ance and seism ic hazard levels.
In the 1990s, efforts to develop seism ic design provisions for reha-
bilitating existing building structures eventually led to the first per-
form ance-based design code: ASCE 41—Seismic Rehabilitation of
Existing Building (ASCE 2006). ASCE 41 states the rehabilitation
objective in a more quantitative manner. For design of new structures,
 D e s i g n of D u c t i l e B u c k l i n g - R e s t r a i n e d B r a c e d F r a m e s 669

11.7 Design of Buckling-Restrained Braces

The design of bu ckling-restrain ed braced fram es is in m any respects
sim pler than the design of sp ecial con cen trically braced fram es
(SCBF) or other braced fram es designed for ductile seism ic response.
M any o f the restrictions and procedures considered necessary for
SC BF due to the differing tension and com pression behavior o f bu ck-
ling braces are u nnecessary w h en the m ore ductile buckling-restrained
braces are used. The design of braces is presented in this section, fol-
low ed by capacity design o f other elem ents in Section 11.8.

11.7.1 Brace Design

The design o f a typical bu ckling-restrained braced fram e involves
sizing the brace steel cores to provide su fficient axial strength. T his is
a straightforw ard design based on the m aterial strength. The brace
axial design strength is determ ined b y the follow ing:

* P ysc = § F ys c A sc C11-6)

w here Fysc = specified m inim u m yield stress of the steel core, A gc =

cross-sectional area of the yield in g segm en t o f steel core, and <]>= 0.90
for the lim it state o f yielding. This strength applies to bo th tension
and com pression, as bu cklin g o f the core is com pletely restrained by
the casing. T his strength is com pared w ith the required strength of
the braces corresponding to the design base shear.

11.7.2 Elastic Modeling

In typical practice an elastic m odel is used to determ ine the brace
required strengths. Elastic m odeling is used to determ ine the required
brace strengths and to determ ine the elastic dynam ic characteristics of
the structure. In constructing an elastic m odel w ith buckling-restrained
braces, som e adjustm ents need to be m ade to properly capture the
elastic stiffness of this elem ent.
Brace axial stresses are largely confined to the steel core, and the axial
com pression and extension of this m em ber m ust be reasonably repre-
sented in the model. The m odel m ust address the nonprismatic configu-
ration of this core (see Figure 11.4), either directly or indirectly Som e
estimate m ust be m ade of the brace area outside of the yielding zone, as
w ell as the length of the yielding and nonyielding segments. For m anu-
factured braces the m anufacturer can provide estimates based on the
anticipated connection size, overall brace length, and other factors. For
fabricated braces designed by the engineer, the following equation can be
used to establish the effective axial stiffness of the brace (Tsai et al. 2002):

Kf f = y ------------- -------------- t (11.7)

ff ( Lysc L nysc ^conn
T ^
^
A ysc A nysc A conn j
 S t a b i l i t y and R o t a t i o n C a p a c i t y of S t e e l B e a ms 843

F ig u r e 1 4 . 6 S tre ss re d istrib u tio n o f p o stb u cklin g plate. (From Bazant and Cedolin
1 9 9 1 , with perm ission.)

S: Simple support
F: Free

F ig u r e 1 4 . 7 P ostbuckling s tiffn e s s o f loaded plate. (Adapted from Bulson

1969.)

O u t-o f-p lan e im p erfectio n s alw ay s ex ist in a ctu a l p la tes and

assem b lies o f p lates. F ig u re 14.8 co m p ares th e a n a ly tica lly p re-
d icted resp on se o f a p erfect p late and test resu lts, b o th for a p late
w ith p la n d im en sio n s o f a and b. T h e m ain effects o f g eo m etric
im p erfectio n s are the elim in a tio n o f a w ell-d efin ed b u ck lin g load