Curriculum: The Structure of the Cardiovascular System/Cardiac Defects In this laboratory unit, students will learn internal and

external anatomy of the heart, dissect a sheeps heart to learn about cardiac anomalies, and perform a mock surgical procedure to correct a cardiac anomaly. The target age for this lesson plan is first year college students in an Allied Health Program. Learning Objectives: 1. Students will be able to identify internal and external anatomy of the heart including its layers, four chambers, valves, and vessels both entering and leaving the heart. 2. Students will be able to recognize and discuss common heart defects, describe how they occur, and associated risk factors of each. 3. Students will dissect a sheep heart and perform mock surgery to correct a cardiac anomaly. What Essential Questions Will Guide This Unit: 1. What is the role of the semilunar valves? 2. How is cardiac muscle structurally similar to skeletal muscle? 3. What is coronary circulation and why is it important? 4. What is the largest artery of the body? 5. Which side of the heart has a thicker ventricular wall? Upon Completion of the Unit, the Student Will be Able To: 1. Identify the structures traversed in the sequence of blood flow. 2. Identify the structures found in each of the four chambers and discuss their significance. 3. Compare and contrast the anatomical characteristics of the right and left sides of the heart. 4. Describe the electrical conduction system. Materials: Sheep hearts Dissection Kit Dental floss Gloves Apron Computers with Internet access Goggles (optional) Total Time Requirement: 3 hours over two instructional sessions. Instruction: Procedure:

Each student dissection kit should include the following materials: dissecting pins, forceps, scalpel, probe, scissors, needle, dental floss, masking tape, marking pen. Each group of three students should also have a dissection tray with sheeps heart. Each student should have copies of the following handouts: 1. Heart Anatomy Pre-test 2. Getting to Know Your Heart(URL: www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/circ.htm) 3. Heart Anatomy Post-test 4. Heart Dissection Diagram (URL: www.docstoc.com/docs/20061044/HeartDissection)

Web Resources: Title: Sheep Heart Interactive Tutorial URL: www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio202/cyberheart/anthrt.htm Title: Functions of Heart Parts URL: www.thevirtualheart.org Title: Congenital Heart Defects URL: www.mayoclinic.com/health/congenital-heart-defects/slideshow Title: Congenital Heart Disease URL: www.tmc.edu/thi/congenit.html Part One: 45 minutes 1. Hand out to each student the Heart Anatomy Pre-test to assess students current level of knowledge regarding cardiac anatomy and cardiac anomalies. 2. Visit the following Internet link and complete the Getting to Know Your Heart worksheet. 3. After fifteen minutes, go over correct answers to worksheet with the students. Part Two: 45 minutes 1. Divide students into groups of three. Have them put on PPE (personal protective equipment) including gloves, aprons, and goggles. 2. Provide each group with a dissection kit and sheep heart. 3. Have each group create 14 labels using masking tape and number them 1-14. 4. Starting with the external features of the heart, locate the left and right atriums, left and right ventricles, aorta, pulmonary arteries, and superior and inferior vena cava.

5. Turn the heart over to locate the pulmonary veins. 6. Beginning with the external structures of the heart, have students place the labeled dissection pins at correct locations. Note: Not all structures will be visible on the external surface. 7. Check for the correct placement of the pins on the external surface. After making any corrections, have students remove pins. 8. Locate a diagonal deposit of fat lying along the lower two-thirds of the heart. Use this marker to guide your incision into the heart. 9. Following the cutting diagram you were given, arrange the heart on the ventral side facing you with the apex pointing downward. Cut along Line 1. 10. Cut through the atrial and ventricular walls. Using a probe, push the two sides of the heart open along the incision line and examine the internal structures. 11. Cut along Line 2 and extend the cut upward toward the pulmonary artery. Complete the cut on Line 3. Continue cutting downward along the pulmonary artery around the right atrium and along the right side of the superior vena cava. 12. Using tweezers, lift the flap to expose the underlying structures. Start to cut Line 4 at top of the atrium and continue to the left ventricle. 13. Cut on Line 5 across the middle of the left ventricle into the aorta. Leave a small space between this cut and the cut in Line 2. 14. Begin to cut Line 6 on the left atrium where cut 4 begins. Extend this cut around the pulmonary artery up through the aorta to the right of cut 5. 15. Observe the thick septum dividing the left and right ventricle walls. Locate the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and ventricle. Locate the mitral valve between the left atrium and ventricle. 16. Note how the valves are connected by thin fibers called chordae tendinae. With a scalpel, cut across a section of the vena cava. 17. After all areas have been identified, have students remove all pins from the sheep heart. Leave hearts and dissecting equipment on tray. Have students disinfect their work areas and dissecting tools. 18. Using the web resource Congenital Heart Disease, students should describe: A. Causes of congenital heart anomalies. B. Brief descriptions of ten common heart defects. Part Three: 35 minutes Students will now take on the role of cardiologists in detecting a cardiac defect and repairing the anomaly. 1. Prior to the second day of the cardiovascular unit, the instructor will create various defects in the sheep hearts, including both atrial and ventricular defects. This can be done by inserting a probe through the cardiac walls. 2. Have students again put on the PPE. 3. Randomly pass out the defective sheep hearts to groups of three students. 4. As a group, students will diagnose the abnormality, explain the problem to the instructor, and repair the defect using the dental floss.

5. Following the procedure, dispose of sheep hearts in a biohazard bag. Have students disinfect their lab benches, dissection trays, and tools with bleach. Conclusion: 10 minutes To reinforce the new material learned about cardiac anatomy and congenital anomalies, administer the Heart Post-test to the students. Assessment: Assessment will occur throughout the entire unit through teacher observation, student dissection procedures, students use of websites, and accuracy of surgical procedure, and cardiac pre and post-tests. Heart Post-test Lab practical with stations (2 minute time limit per station) where students identify numbered regions on both internal and external surfaces of the sheep heart. Dissection Lab Report I. Introduction-Purpose and Methods of Lab II. Results-Steps of Dissection III. Discussion-Select one major anatomical feature of the heart and discuss how its function is related to its structure. Include the shape, composition of the tissue, and functional significance.

Formative Evaluation: Students will be given a worksheet as a homework assignment. The worksheet will consist of the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. How big is the heart? What role does the heart play in the body? How many times does the heart beat on average during one day? Name the seven components of the circulatory system. Draw, color, and label the interior structures of the heart. Describe the six steps of the pattern of blood flow through the heart. List the primary functions of each of the following cardiac structures: A. Superior vena cava B. Inferior vena cava C. Right Atrium D. Tricuspid Valve E. Right Ventricle F. Septum G. Pulmonary Valve H. Pulmonary Artery I. Pulmonary Vein J. Left Atrium K. Mitral Valve L. Left Ventricle

M. Aortic Valve N. Aorta Summative Evaluation: Students will be given a post-test which will include the following true or false test questions. 1. The atria are located on the bottom of the heart. 2. Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs. 3. The AV valves separate the atria from the ventricles. 4. A septal defect is a hole in the heart between the right and left chambers. 5. Smoking during pregnancy is the #1 cause of cardiac anomalies. 6. A heart murmur is a type of septal defect. 7. Congenital heart defects are the main cause of infant mortality in the United States. 8. All congenital heart defects require surgery.