Eby A Te PQJII : 1930—1980s 46 BLL (Chris Bramall) NSB RKB SKB Oxford University PressOxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bombay Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press. First published 1995 This impression (Lowest digit) 13579108642 English text originally published as /n Praise of Maoist Economic Planning : Living Standards and Economic Development in Sichuan since 1931. by Oxford University Press, 1993 © Chris Bramall] SRR w —Pa)il + 1930-19805 Chris Bramall # OFRAB HME 1995 Oxford University Press 1995 ISBN 0 19 587402 1 All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a zetrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press (China) Ltd. 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RABY RREAN: BLEAK - HEPAT M PBA, OR CARER RS HM RoR AT ALE Ey OO ER. Ak, ARON ERT. TA FELBRN ERR. SHEET ARALERE OTR. APBE SBM ORE, ART — MI, BD: SUL il BE TD A A, AMRBEA AHF. SERB A BER, OR BNA tt A HR HHARACRAAGRN TH, MTSE, HARE. HASPAHAERE AA MRAP BER BE PEE DAE aR aH AD OE vs. BEC. PR vs. BE | HOTA ERAARHRR EK. RMB MR BUN. WOT TH ay ee A A. OEE Face BT ae! HB —HARE+Aa lif A A PA A AY EO I 1928-— 1937) 1978 FBR MR HEAT " Aedes (liberalization) BR Z A FA SO BF SARA A | 4 th BE NSE HAREZ RMA RAM te ARE BE EL S48 SE SP BT Ae EO Easy RAL Hi BE EAR FC, BUA FERC AS Fe aA bE AEG HH Oe a. RSE Ba) + Tt (Bob Ash). ## 2 - AH (Terry Byres), 3) 5 ## (Liu Minquan) At B+ 5 36 Cain Macpherson ) f& #2 #4 7F 8 2H BT AG 9 FS AY HP ABR Wh s B21 8 2h SB > Pe (Alan Hughes), ff BG 4: (Tang Wing-Shing), #% ° 2% 3£ (Ken Walker) #l ae @ll ## (Zhang Xunhai) (9) ALS BY 5 Sb SS TE EA fr (1988 4F 9 A) (The Third World Economic History and Development Group’s London Conference) i $l 4% "P il 8 3% BT 38 #4 (The Cambridge Research Group on the Chinese Economy ) tH 9252 28 BE BE. — (5, 7 MA ERE OY BA WEALD. RAT BMG + HM (Peter Nolan), fh ie BK EPA Re Hh WR Ht BR RI AL HT, AS BRAREMET. RRERH. BRP RAARMARRT RAK Hee 3e 5 St A SE HW BE SE BE (The School of Orientel and AfricanSERGE Studies) HY AEE IF + 38 KK 7 A MERA (Charles D’Orban of the Li- brary ) (o8 2 PRE Bek EC 3H -Aa DAL 0S JU Se SS By ys BB A a OT (The Economic and Social Research Council) Bi 38 9) 34 4 BT Fe LAF ARP Pty (The British Council ) tH ¥¢ 8h @—4F AY +} LAT MUM KBBIE + HWW BBE (Sidney Sussex College in the University of Cambridgo WM RRA RSME M ARES SER AG A 5 BA AA DE Pe BRAG A J SA TRB TG DEORE TA ARK AG. HR, RE RA HL + BE AF (Sarah Barrett )4E S169 Sa Ai $7 Gf 1 PEA Be 4 PR EH Lt a BB Hy SRG A ORAS ZEB AS WEAF HHS OY || eC — A. AL AAMCSRBH PHAR RMA. LEM Ms FRR A 1992 + 8 AH BlaBs HE Ee TN A OE RB PA HE He WR RAR Ke BRAN SR UO AAS} Wie EM) cen RL BRO SS BIN St Hoe BM RRR SNE Bea TL eR Pe An fl BE BB Ae, RI Te RR Be ay BE eA il BE Ca BAS BHM 29 59 117 145 187 231 277 299 325 359 365 367 387S—R SR AMMB SE RR HE FOR x om FHS 1978 FELL Be RR RS BS Te A a AS BER, FER GO TRS SE eA AAEM, BERR AAPOR AR Bi 5 A eg GP EE BE EL HE BOA PF Cee a 1982 FR AE), PRR, A Pett Si = te FB A EO A TA, A TO SE Hit Jab BA ECR AT FF EB) — BCE. ATLA ABD DG Dy RR PRRED UME RAAE. EEL, He HAPS RRLERK ESHER BA, WHR WARA. RTT, BEML AA BRA, HAR TH KEG, URAERASERERVCR. CRY, KM Mise, RTL MBAR + BMRB RHR. ER + EWI (1987; 1990a; 1990b) HBR ERA HB TCA AS BLA PT MA AP. ba, RO ae ay ED. ht Hh A RE SEI RA (1987; 3-4). Jkoh, EERE LARB YT -BRZARK EARLE CBE. GR AR ARE Se ad BE DR A Be a a BSAA HR NAR BRS, ERR WREBARRA RAR, EATERATERE KR 1ER POL WF AER (Riskin, 1990b: 51, 57). BRE Be EM BHA, MNT, ERAHHRRERRT UR fe AEH. AE, SYST EERE RER MARR HARM. BHR, BRRSCTUARK, RAR IA BE FR) — BR BAR DS SK a SAN PT PE AE PETES. ER ARE EH, He, FE SRRERE, MMA ROMA A, TEA RE BMRERERDBKY (Riskin, 1987: ch. 6; 1990a). % RAE CRE LRM LI MARAE BT. ERTCABYPRRRH. TA, BMRB, WAS AEE RUPE, ERAARRERAT RA ARASH AR GRERWKALS, MARTH. H-ERBL, H— GRRARETS HAMS RR, BANKAI RK TRRBKAES, MHAATERACTER, KSB LRERM, ARREARS HERRERA, RMIAB HRA. TA, BRE Be Be RM EE HSE GRRE) EE KEWRKEURARS 2H Bi. HE PRE HA] REA MB) (Riskin, 1987; 229), "MBAL CM HRESREKREE, REAR RA A HMMs (P. 237), RA MAAB TERE ##, BRL, SHEGWNER 1978 HU KARR. EAR CE, PHRBA ORTH, AKAs A, RE OO A A OAR TR EMAAR. (Riskin, 1990b,; 53) Mae het e ERS, ES ee ee Le DBA RE, HAIER A BAER A HO BE— "FS 2S—-H EHROAMARRAARA OR AEA ERs (poverty is not socialism) MTF. ZEST RAY BAY, AAR AE SE A A ER HRSA RAB. ERM ES AE A ERE OA. , CRKRERHAR BPE HAMA See. RRNA PERL FFHE PRE B) (Riskin, 1987; ch. 11), SMSHRNHAES Sete, (structural) KARR PR. RHRHATE, PRA RAM HK, Al et TAMA. EM TR, W BMTOCRNLGLR, RHR, PRA BERA Esl FER) Lee LE . (. ERB ONS HAM, MERA ERE SER CRL/ 1987: 281) REA FTG RAE. AE tt A APRHMFRRERRHREA RINK, ARERARASH KE, BERTH MT AACE Op. 4). BAURASSREHRERM RH, SHE, SHSM ‘CARTAN AS BRAN RE FE HA AE AE FR SE. FER WFR TE IB, BNE AES TAR, PR ee a CHEER PE AR ZED SAN RRS «WARS AR Ih A HY HH (1988; Nolan and Dong, 1990a; 1990b). WORE RS, Ey CE ae th a WERMREALBMARERAN, EAA, HE aE HX, PALRARMRBES—O. CRNA S. BH SFR ADO DL PR WR. HL Re 1950 AFL BT, RAYE RAC OR. WI VASS HAA R= 1 EAR ee EH, FAN A +E AE A te. A TK FR A BE BR, t+#RR-#ARAPRORERBARYT BRE S KREME. BHM RR EL, SE ee 3ERE DE RAT SM. REMS—R, GWEN, KARNES KRERBROHER. SMR, KER Ch RMR TE 1949 FRA RH, (2 Vi RR EEE RS HP one (Nolan, 1988; 10) ORO EL, ESTE MEE ICR CR PED) — AF SL, Ee A A. — BA AP OMR, CRONE AUD. AED RAE SS, we mR MEE A BT BT A. ASE A SR EAR MB. (Nolan and Dong, 1990b; 129) EUARAAMORRT HEROS. AR, MRM AY FAR EEE, RE GA A CR ERS) BR, WGA Val PEA (Commanding heights), & RATA ARM. SAAR. ARM PAM Hy | Cenlight- ened despotism) » #5 4 FT WA JAAR BLA 1955 FLA HE BRS Fy PRM RGM RR, HEATER, BHR LRSM A KEIM. we LCE Wi se GR HEMT A EE MR. WET -AWNERRERARH PNA, Oe Sh. AMA HRSS. Wb, PRK ERB, et HTB PF BS We SR TT SB PS YB CRAKAMR MRA. HGRILHEM. 1979 4E DA RE BPHPRRBRMAA, LA +PRDRRRRREN ES RA (Nolan, 1988; 77—81). (HE » HEME AAS BE BE AN, ZHLHRRERRRR BAM HAR. Kin, HR ae Be EA — EH (capital-output ratios) EF}, BMRA THREE, KHARRARAR. HEM, BRS BUA STA RR ARMY. TI Sh OE 5 A a RE, SRREAHEAR (. 55). MWR, RMR OR 4B-K SHRNMRARRA RAD NR BAM, HKURERARD RMR, HBR, BR RARRARLAE RANE, ROCKAM MT KOs BANDE. —-hAUNRR, HMR RSES . FA it RE 5A) HE Sa SL HR HY HR GK, FABRE TRAP RE RAAB. MRT CABLE OR EE ERA RIT . OR he TEE FA, BORD, ABH BSED Sh A 7] iii ck Ae RE AS BERR. ARF BRANT, LEN RAR -MEERA, RRA RHLK, RHALKORERPEA. TU, RMR, A AER EN SS a AB aT ES TAS ae ROARS eRARWT RA. iy 5o + SEAS T te RE ee a SE (Selden, 1988; Friedman, Pickowicz, and Selden, 1991). ft BIT CRRA PAN SAR RR: PRT ore ee HALE, SDT HR Cintralocal) ALAS, BE RRRTELCK, MRT MR, MARE RAHA BARA HN HS A ST Ae A BEE RRB— AAT. PRE TE BEE +E, ERPS MERKEL, RE RITK, BARAK RAE, BRAS (spatial inequality) PA, TRA EMA HT, HBR RMB (Selden, 1988, 15—17), fARERE BAT KP RY OR He A RE. EMRE THR PUMARG FAT RMA RARE, MRA BIE BETTE PARI BA BB BO) BFR RL, 7S EE ABE BF, (ASE TEE RL, BE Se MR CE, 1991, pp. xviii, xxii), fhe, MSIE WISE RB, RM CMB. Wee LAR RA RB 5CHRO ABATHRENHRRRA, THERM RAR, Bie WN Bi, CAAMERETASRRKANRE. BRB AFEAREE, TWHBHRRT, BOWLS RRR MR. RAGRATERRERRMAAM MMH, B BREBR-M, PUEERALAHRARS, KAMATAR T Bie Al ae A. ASRAGKRP, URAERENER-RUER PROBS, ARH HAART ASHMAN RRRREE ER HK SPOT) EA, A Po PERL KI AH AO RE HRT ME FSM, Ae CACHATSHFRAK. CRKERMKEOM LRA, RT PARA RwRT HEAP, LERR RT RMR RE, BARERMAT CAL, 282, 285). REMANZHE-K, SHEAR, BRRERARKAHAR ARERKERHEAS. SRS MRAT Bates #8) “mobilizational collectivism), EMA TH, (3a tl FE SUR. BU, ME HH, BE 1955 ELLA, HEBBRERWRAGH, LARASAU REA PUTS EES. BALE AAP hh T HT ATE FE ESD BAPE UL SR we A) a BS FY LL BLE PB 7 rok E SE —_ — HB WMA REM T. RHCPRATUALEARRALAERAROPMT A, Me FAHRR, RRABKRRORR. FHMMS HE 1949 FMR CRT, MAEMO AK ARR EAR, BR ee PERAHRES, SARE HEARS, L-VRRAMEBER HATE. CRAB ERRREM TR, TRA 1957—1958 HRM FE ASR RARE. (lt, 273)SE SLY EE A I EAM EES. AMAR EO SE HRA BBE, BH Oa — 2 th a A A, Et RR a. RA, — AR eh. KE EMER EAB A ER CORA S PERARKEE, RA-AMEs BAR). WA, A BRAD, VERRAN, AMRRLHRADRAE. i, PREPRESS iil SERENA AD Hise t eR BAD RAAF, BLM TRF ARH 1949 FED ATA HA BE RK, AAR, CHARKRERMREEATAS. EEA SB. RMSE Se pM Ey TT sa AM RRA SD ST SR. TRS Ee es Be Hk Re Be KA AM. ERS EH ROGEBE, ABORT, BIZ Hi ERA DWBR. EBT RRMA T . HAMA N RR BAL, KERR -AG MT, BHR, SK RAE Ee Le). AER, ERAN GLAE RARER THe, RMR. eM EM Se ee HE A = EE, SLEKEHEMRERRARARTAAWRH. BR, B Rt AE Hy RB a EE HE RT EA. (ARE, TBE TE RE 0 0 5) ca 19 BI Fe SH) Eh. BERFERENA, ARMRRR MRR HRA BB PR BD (Bo PRA A PA ABABA » 1S RE BE EA BR, EATH, RARE + ROEM, fh 7ERR He He FO DAS RY RS A KO Be RT DSH, RAR HEGRE BOS, ARRAS ie 1 A . ER ARRES, ARB, BR AB A BT GE BH AY ABs TAR ATA Ce A HH BS ES De A HT KARR RA BREE. MHe AE. RAR, EAREERERN CAH, PES RE RAHBE, Ti SHAPER GLA), APE PR BE RM ER MR. RAT — FARE» BUA ORE TH A BG OP BB AY MEE 1949 ELA CRA TITERS YE? RBS 1949 FURBRAD RASH, RRR PRE EA AALS BR AL ABS SER ABE RE MOS RA. BL, BMRB, RR he EMEA HRRHE, WA, HATER PE, Eee RHR BEL, ERMA RES, (RRR A IEW (Rawski, 1989), SME) 4- AER EA, ABA RS , UT A ial — eS A EA BEB 1978 FE LARP Bae) A A A te FET Be HY EA Wie RET ARE Wh BR a ES FRE MAA RABE, RAPT SES HIS — Be I te) EU Se AS I EB RE Cad Riskin 1987: ch2). WEAR 1H IEE PROM S etry we ae RR EM A PRHRARRAER, HARM -RRERRA. BR TE, BHRPRA REAR BRS eae HARES ABMPR)BS HOM, HERD, RARE CREMMLRRRAAM ARAM TAA AR. A, fh APL we Sit PRA GT aR BR 8H-H CHRNSRARRAAH AD IR Hee, LR EB IP SME BT A BA a ae a TH. GR, BRAIN -MAR, AR. ARE BR, DROSS AE He Re. PA A ES Wag FEA) OP EPR PRG EN ROR ROE OT HE ERARRE PBR RA, Tih. Ri. Wa FEAEKNRHEE, WRONLEA-WLRLBR, ted MEAL, LTARENKRERAEH. BRPR, ADR 3B) WA RL SDN EE BB A Hb BU BM I He K FE BE ESB Th 9 HG Be, ET A We Aw 1978 FUR REA B]. Bo, ABS, ATER SLY AR A OS BE AE A SE: Hl BED ER RAPERAR, THAN LRAT ARMS (Feld man) SARIS BS BRA (MY Mh Eh. ie LS, PH PRS RR SA EBENEZER — Sa WY A GE BP aa BE A+ AE La ET AB A, ES (iB i) AY EE Eh ES ARE, Re READ HE ie Pe BE wT a a BB HR. ESS, SHEAR LENSRL, PHAR BR MA 70 ERAN PR. BR, UES ee ME BL AT Sree AO AA eS 5 RB I BR A APH BY ST BAN SR Ko Ba, TEAM CTR RAR, EE AHP. HH, EUEMBERAN Ress oe BEER LAE ESE RAR ITA FR A AI a it 8 A ae RAR BE, (EL BEAR SS PAE SE Hd BE HEAR -BATERM AR. UM, Rea RAD BOR, A TARAS FERRO A REIT RS AA EE 9SHRP AR BATH, LASEK, UPEEEAR (EHH PROD =+ AER RAE AHR. BR ERA APTABRURESKS SHAR, SURE BE A), AB RP A LE tT EG —ML, AMR TARE BF, SMS, R WEA KEE, EE EP Ke ch A BA MH, FERIA PESCIL AH AAI. RT, OR RANE Ph DR PE Ol RE LM Hl TS — EH, BORA RAAE, KTR BHR RBE, WOR ADREER. ABBR. WRAY, BIE BET AEE A RS LA ES (aS a PT EO HE. ROR, PRAM EAAET PRE. SEA AY TE » BOTA GES BY PS HE a HEE Eh ARR = 14 RN Be BRE (Bramall, 19892), 7E BB 66 By J SRS dE Ya SR Ar OW Sk BRE, RERAR ASM AL BBR A RED (Liu and Yeh, 1965; Yeh, 1979; Rawski, 1989), AMSTE RARER RNA RAR E.R M, HeSTAet HAMAS BREA OREN. ih, RHR HBR BRD TE ARAB RTE A. Ak, Ta TL fe AS ME — SE Ae SP 5 a EA, ASB RGR, BM Roll, 1980) HARELERRSAH FERED, Ree T AREER. So} Tae AO — RR SRVEKRHRR. TH, RRB RET eee Lae BRAKE, GRA RRKAD RMIT RAT. TAME ULE 5 A a — 2 tp ee we PRAT RET. 10S—-K LYRA RRRA BR RE, ABPARRAEA-AHKELBY-HAMA, HR ABBA. HORAB=ARATHLASSAT HAN SRaAY, THAT URA. PONS Rate ER HUA RE, (ARE EAB) BS ERE ERR A RS, FSR T AMSA (spatial) AHA ZH Cintralocal) BAS) Bie SB FUE BS Re Bat a TON ERO Te RIRHLARA. BERRY Il REA ONE ME RAMA AEH HAR, Ma RSM. S-, RABE -PME ORBEA. BRART PARES S. WHSSA AIM, ER TEAK BY OE A , oe GE 1949 FEL BAD Sb BE EB A TOR REAM e. ARE, POR, RAKE DE. Fi, RM ARPA ae AY A RL SL S8, LHHR. PHBH RRRR, MERA. MHA JR Hs BL A AA AR BS A TET LL a, ERR AR, KEM, BRERA. ERI. RM PLR, WAT AEA MA. AA, BER SPE BR TRE or BE EL AT (Cairngorms)®, RERHE- WEBWARE AH, URE R H, PER PR—-MARNSH. BR, HART —WAIE ARRENS HH —AAPBACARRRPA—RERB Tayi. © AAA ARAMARK, LARS. —AHBRE VOUS A, SRE. AY TR BEA BS — A %H, 1990 FAO RECH RM. WR, RRB Bh, RRNA WAR. Rp MAA. OI] HUREGRAL. ER GA, MT RAS, BR RELI. B40 RH, HHA RARE TH. FG SEW AS BH DF Ht, OO J PS SE Ls BR A — BB SE S78 KCTE 3000 AR LAE, FRA Be GH, ely Ec BR RA BY A Kh. SHAME URKAHRM, AMS EH eZ —. A—Fi Th, VJ] FA — BeBe RA ARE PS HH LAS RRB. AAG. NRE K RB Bi, SRM RE 340K, SEM RTM. Ath, WOR BR KZ. ME, POPE RE RA Re Hee. A, ERAN, HE Tee RERRBUK, CAPE RLBERA-ERA. WMA 11 WAT RET ER ES Be te B. ADRRKA HARA oh, ep eat p— SAB Z We AFB RA eA A FA ASS Be Qi. RRAH MRA, INR THERMKAERS OP SAF STH ACR BE A A, FR PE A SRPSKA, BED ROT BA TERE HA TE. BAA FOC, VO ee RE Pe, IRL a Bi. Ak, RBA TEN) A EI, TAY UA BAU J] 9 BE I a SS, RR EN Ee SH. Pa ER IRS ae ETT, Bb, ER Fe — Haba. RRAETE Ce AAD BALERS : RANT RAR SHE RESET RAB 12SR EER A RE Oe a A KH, RAMBALZC+EM, RABAZETEAM., We WE SEL TG RA — BAS Aa RR. Me AA TS a Sh os FA 93 A eT PLR Hi. ARM AKA BR. CR, BRRNRRE— AR. (E.R, BOR Bea eS a. BT, FP A BD EB TEE Hh SR KE See RN ARREARS. Ri 1 E+E ROAM ee THREKA CCK RAD CREE 7)" cmH (%Y Gt % (%4 imac 122 ll. 6 9.7 17. 2 Ly oe 131 13. 0 9. 4 14. 6 Age 199 12. 7 12. 8 8. 3 Re 268 8. 5 29. 0 44.1 a 164 9. 2 23. 9 25. 4 ARABI 253 10. 8 28. 8 29, 3 1 2 i. 8 12. 5 19. 3 wa 121 lL. 2 12.7 10. 0 Be 102 13. 0 7 mo et 121 9% 0 18 8 18. 2 1h 115 13. 6 10. 4 13. 5 3k 99 12. 4 4,7 16. 2 oT 92 12. 7 7. 6 15. 0 wit 114 12. 0 10. 4 15. 0 wie 92 14. 0 79 ll. 1 om 125 10. 3 17. 5 22, 3 Re 77 13. 7 91 19. 9 mil 83 10. 0 8. 0 4.1 RH 72 8. 3 12 15. 3ERP TT ASBRKA AROK MAT CHE Gi)" (my cay (%y 2 94 15. 5 4.8 1. 9 RA 116 10, 4 10. 5 13. 5 Hm 114 ll. 4 %. 6 7. 0 Hie 143 11. 8 ll. 6 5. 9 ee 115 11. 3 12.0 41 a 2u1 14. 9 13. 3 u. 4 Hy 130 ll. 4 12. 4 15. 6 eae 64 88 65 90 a. AMMA CAMB WR dh) 2 1953-1957 FES, BE BHR. RAP MRM (1987) LST) (1990). b. HUFEP A 1954—1987 AY. FEY LST) (1990). ce RTT RTA OA ee, A, PA 1954 4, WE, BA, BO, ATTA WE 1953 4, Wh se 1952 4. HA ZGRKTINJ (1988; 275). a. TRE, 12 TREM RRA, RE, OK 4 LSTJ (1990), ce. RMR RAD, Hb, KOR. Wis BRE ea J] a Ae Hee BS 5 SL EJ) R-MAR, FREER. VO)N tH BH VAS} Be ER SF HB a hh CA MB), GREP be S—, 2 RAL PAAR. Hb GK 2000—3000 KAN RG LL ERB, SE tH A %, AMKMS RDG, AAT MARA BR. UN He WG SEM AP SRR » SATB AR AE BE CB A 2 A HBB 3.40 K. ERM, HPKRE, AHMMBER, BABA KERBEWREPRRRM AS. RAN OP ee 4RE SRR RRR RADE, PREBR, LPRBTURR AC, AK BR HRA 2— ARE RRARD. SHAR PMB RB. RACER MAR BMA, A-RUEKH ER J) Pi ey aH Sth FBR) ARIA A le] CRen, Rang, and Bao, 1985), IB RAIUSRAARS . HRB, MERA Lb, FM 1500 2K, RRB. TMB, BLA RAK. AKEHRAARHA es HM. MA PRRKK. ARH SRRPHD, HHURRERER, A Sie, JUL DL Rag EAD THT at 4p Bt Aa “Be iy a a A ARABARAD. RH MT, PARRA GR BRE BURBS, SER RL. RAS a FGI, MR 7590 K, HALF . APO) Be He BR I) (3099 9K) RABE AE RARE sel ME AY TAT 2 a Ag AP SAA 200K. LEe GHPREMER. (Ae. HBB WR, EL AE BCE A AK OM ee AR se Ae JA 3 BRR, HAR. WIGERBU RIT LEU ICRR. F Sh AR A TAL WG PANEL YT FAY 2S el 2 eT THE. Oo): 8 Rh 1953 EDA BiG JI] A BA) SE ee HE RE. 17 RET ONAAD RAM. ARM RRR FRSA ® (Smith, 1988). WAM, APH Fl 19 he PE JAA Fn Bl T 4400 &. (A, re MR (Skinner, 1987) ww BERS eA, SR 2850 M, eS 31953 4, MRR. Htehy, Awa OAAOK 15FEES PL SM GOs 9261 | 16H-K BHRMSARR RH A NR 5200 &, (A ASAE (Bramall, 1989a: app, A3); TE RRS AT fe He 5600 AE. RANA, 1953 46, DOR (E1955 FORME UNS BAUWAD ADR 6570 AG. HEAR LA. POI] A Fe fe. BI 1987 4E I — REO R. BRERA, SHADERS Gel. 2). Mi. 2 1984 FST RRAORE BA Gh) ASFREE ane 681 ax 323 we 246 Ke 230 Fe 228 yg ji] (1982) 175 FA (1986) 110 %e 100 GARR ORE PBIB) 32 Se 25 SCPE DA FE 16 WAALS 2 Gea eau 2 ELA 2 Ra 1 SER: BPRAV—World Bank (1986; 180); 4Mi——ZGTINJ (1987: 91) © ——2SSWY (1984: 18) ER PRAHA ONE, DRA. RRS HADHRRMAS. 198647, TRHADHEESE AAS 600 ADA _E . (EFF Bd ey Sota ea Oy 5 all Fe HH, 7BRE AE EKES. PRAHA ERAS PHASE 2A, Bil Mme, SEAABOA, Da Jt Pa BAD A. CE TPE 6 AS Te TT SR) C2). 1982 4F, PRADA SBE EF A 22 A, TT JI HA OPERAS, BYHAB ILA. ADR BFR, EMU RAO, BES FAAB 900A L. BI Hs PARKER PSA EB 500 A, RRM RAH, ATER, S4R EMA BR. PELE , JE BE SRR , 1982 EA EA 150 MUL, BARK, AK 90H. AMR RE Ree dk. 1982 4F, ERI AH BC ae Ee. Ce A a 607% UAE «in FE UK UI Se Ba, SRA A BY 45—50% 5 — fi > Bie eA, fe ew HS JE, ES M, LIRA RMB RA 100 MA, RRA 15%—20%. ELEY SL TEAR) » REMI FE DU J] MBE A Es fe ,1982 4e, TPAD AGRA aD 14%, A BT A A ee 42 PYRE CZGTINJ: 1983: 106). sel (HE 5) He Hp Ay KY (21%) —KPASRERKAR RH RAE. Fil, SON oti Acs sei wth RE RM. Bite. POI AMER, HMB). MPT RE CHE BOBO) MARR AR. 1982 FERRARA 108A. (2, ERM DNA RAAB. 1982 4, We SH ORI) SAAC 250 BEE. PASM eR TRENT EMRE DISS SAR, BA ee DURA. 19 HRA, AM A, RRA Bh. ATER, RABI RARE. 1949 FL. MAR 18B-K BHM SRARR AAR Oe OMABGR BLE) « BORO W foe « ch aE = IIE CMe 20RH GRRE a AI Fo Ae ey MR ay, Lt a a AES, BEHRRTOEMS. RO, EBRARE FRIARRILEA BH MA ee. Ae, AB) 1876 EB BUR, CRAMMER CRE. 1939 FH RRR, BRARAOKHAARH NN PRA, CREB EAK Inte. LRONAHTREKE GRA, GENRES RMA THRAHER. Bik, AMMAR AHR | eA. Ul Ja] A ee et eB Ly HS YT Mt. AR ME PR AT TA BI PE QA RMA REE) 19 MAREE KE. TA, HRA AR, MERA A I, FEMS) | BAC RLSM, RET. OBR BE Ais Ze SAR, B-BMELEEREE:. ROR THER SHELH, BROAARMEHMBCRAK. Stem te S, WHR, RPKSRRMEBAKEM, FHEBET KoA PRT TLE A Te TEL A SR 7 HE THERA MD. BME PERO R, RRR, HSA WAAR. 1 (Bird, 1985; 110) FE 1909 Ft Arte ETL by OCT AL A A» AS Ee Rit La RE, RHBREKAA. RRBR (Morison, 1985) HB, MBbLAR=STREtHR. ARAM BER HE HAS A BO BG Te A SE FE A ee MAS) a, ACL a A, Re RHERELAOe EARN Bah. AS, CONBREM Fic» SLL h aA A RB) A BA A a TB WA, WAAR. He, RS BIA FFfH].1 (Von Richthofen, 1903; 167) 21SPR ACteh, SRM ARAA LAR, BEE. BELRORRA NER, HOA Re RT BR. HS, See, BRE MER EM KMLA, SETTER RE TR. FE-BMA, RRR HRARERORERE, t+4Et oA EIR LEA 60% (Zhang and Ceng, 1984). 8 an, WE 1] Ft A AB ae EP A BT SARMHRRHE RMT. RMAC, BERR A, OAS LB. RTT SCA, I RHAN ART CKRERE. SHURE —M, BAR CRRA AAARN SR, URSA be 46 ht + Til DA RAE i As TS APR SP TH PE ABAZH, HRSA EMRAMA, MERKKEE. OR, Fut CAR AY PO EA ET. TA IE eA. OA, ME RIL, EMRE ES, HRMAT SARL HHH, EARN, PRES ART » (ESE ASA ae A.) SO PRGBEAR, BRAG. MA, 1949 FU MRP RAR SK. AA AE B.S ARE )DORM, REEMA, BERMAN, MZ, AeA, RAR RRA AR, 1978 44 DU JI] AY Se BE awk TTT. TT A BCTER, BRKARB. EER, MARE BE SR GR REE TS ee Ris a ig | SB A He MRR, AT SAI. 1949 FUR, AA TRABR. B19814F, RA-R HR) RRAMAB. $E 1949 4F HI] 1981 4, eee AN ME He EMIT OY (ZSSWY, 22S-H CHERMHSPCRRAHP AIR 1984) FERRER TARE ROAR RIL EAA RAF, LET RRR, AHRAW ER. WR, EATERUE, FARHRHRHRRRAR 1.1957 4E 5 Oy i EE 96 ARMS 1978 AE RB) 247 1 A, TM A 7 FB) 1 fe (SCTINJ, 1985; 297), BHMRRAE, RAZC-EMWRARR. PME TERME, Hi RE 1978 4EF 1985 4E RIT 50%, it AMO RRR RABIN T 90% CHM MARA, 1987, 343). BAF, BEA HUNG SK 1h BR Aa He GE 1978 AE AY 3. 4% AD BY 1985 ERY 2. 5% . SP BILH 1978 AEA 1985 AES BE SYK 3. 9%M3. 6% (p. 53), HRRHRAER, BAK, GT DSR ME RR A EET EE TERA KR SORACLRAR, RTRAMRRPRAMT ER. WA SH BE BL | FE RA AMS A He I aa RE ER WY ils Bk ie BB POSE AS E19 AAA. UR, te 1911 4F 3) 1955 Fe MA TRB AKB, Rasa JI) ES aR Re BR ANP A tA SY CE BEE FR ith FE FRB A eR — A BAB EN Bd, RSE RB Ws fe fh, SE AT (Kham), 1939 4F PR MET IE taka. — Ae ZES) 1955 EE, MRAS—B—, SVL Hs eA RAR. 1911 FRA, EB LGR RE. MBS, BABFHRERBSRPERR YT. WORE, ORE 23Bi Aer LE i Be) 2 HB CAdshead,. 1984). 00)! MS Fal Wp BE $F HB UO BM 9 DA Oe SE YE KK, RARABA TH LAERHE ZA. RCE, & REMARK, RRL GRR RRR B H+ 4EARG) » FRE) BEI HOS A — FS) 1994 OE, HCL, A 4£ 1928—1932 7F A ih Bh ae AE oP WT BE Kapp, 1973), 1934 46 12 Ay 2 AS HCFA PRR RA Be BN A A TRC MRT ABSA AT. AN AR EST ORE. 1935 4E, PR FR BOM EE WT E00) EIA. PAMPM GB, PAH ES. BS Pe WHR, ABA WAAR T A A, BRRRAR, BRAGTRRAR, ORAL EO FRM. 1948 4F A 1949 2E, BR — BI I, (A RR HRS, UWERM, 1949412, LAAT RR. BARE PRKBERE FP HRB ARTZ. 1949 SEA GE» OO 1] RIB PG SO ES Be fa, TE Gy 48 & (Goodman, 1986) Hrd HAY, BR BURRS + 2} 98 AY Sth oP RERCARHEH. HE, AKER MRERES REO. ATERPH, DMR OheRtKewe BE. (AREF IR SESE, 1958—1962 46 AN Hi BE Be Ee CEUARA, BON WARM ZED SRR, EOE Bats AL, CE RAB AH fh RT AL EE i aR (Mathews, 1971). t+4F40, DI ASS SEE TBAT EY AMS. 1975 F, ARE REA MESH, CMS, oO JU BE See > vey i Jy 2 A BA BE Be AS cH A A, CAD PRB RE BS EA A) A 2, (ER EE FY HH Ba PT a A PE EB (Bramall, 24SH CHRMMRRRR RAR 1989a). Ns LRA Bye BR CBM ite, RR-HAOIMHERMMBY, Ae, SEE EA ATR A BAS, | RMR, ARAMA RERMRA. RBA O, Ae eB — SRT; TA, Be CAdshead, 1984) A#iT 1872—1873 4 M+ Suit ao A OTe. BRRBW, MIRE (Kapp, 1973) SEAM ARBET SEND, (i — ee PE Sh — Ea eT HE 1931 FB] 1978 FRM AY He AA AY EF. 7) AS RAR AE AR oh, BE 1978 AE LL eA ROA ITH Mth. OR AARP tae. Be. 3 RET 1978 FURY ES HM. fe 1984 ELT On, RA. REFER, WARARK, 2, RTA, Ol HRC MRR. WERBAR. MTEROL. BM REAR BAA, URC TH RA ARR. ARMS A, RRR T IA, Th AO RAT SHIT. SAMA EE SG I, AN Rit HARM, BHA, EERRERE, RA MRT RKMMH. DOJ) FS) 3 He Hee EB. ER ON Bite TAA RRR. SRNR ARANRS, HB BI, NAA KAT RRCMLR (ARMM HT, 1985; Peng and Chen, 1985), KS Bw LR+ BMRA C0 25BR AASB)» (LRA; PIM, 1905 AER eT — A (Fu, 1983), FE BCE EY Wa 3K Be, BN 1928-1932 AEA 1937-1945 4F, PEG RMA T RR SE. eA RS. St, A BUR AS Pe , E B REMR, Pin, 19254, ALMRERA Mo, BOM i, GRARAGR GERRA) WRAL Kapp, 1974; Zheng, 1983), if — PR T BB — 2 AK RA RIKER (Wen, 1983; Ning, 1983), Ri. 3 1978 FROM RRL Bee Ahr ERA - HB BE Ty BOR" ee A AUER ie 6) CSF) Gi» WED OH cs 1978 13. 9 329 127 7. 0 9. 2 1979 9. 0 344 156 6. 9 9. 7 1980 9. 2 350 188 6. 8 10. 0 1981 4.0 349 221 7. 0 10. 1 1982 ll. 6 383 256 7. 6 10. 4 1983 4.1 398 258 m1 10. 0 1984 9. 3 403 287 71 ll. 4 1985 2.8 376 315 7 3 12. 2 1986 3. 6 380 338 6. 9 13. 6 1987 2.5 375 369 7. 0 14. 3 1988 1. 7 366 449 6. 6 15. 6 1989 1. 0 381 494 7. 3 15. 6 a. REHM RU ET RR, GRACE. LST] (1990: 694) AY FOMRT IE. b. HAM LM. MM LST] (1990; 690-700) MRA. sc. A LSTI (1990; 720), d. HA LSTJ (1990; 690). ec. HERE A Me TE (HS eT SEE EE. ARR LST (1990; 704) AE Bate. SUA, BT RMR, HR Ot 26BR EHR AR RR) tM AT BE. LORE EE RA HR 1.4, Bl. 4 1931-1943 FO) BH CRED es 30 4FR 40 FR RFR 673 (1931—1937) 2540 (1942) BTR 20 (1934) 128 (1942) Cr 371 (1931—1936) 464 (1937--1943) NKR. H—191—7. Bramall (1989a; app. A6). 1942; Zhou (1946b; 108), #—1934: Bramall (1989a: app. A6). 1942, Zhou, Hou and Chen (1946b: 109). M— BAW MIE (1985. 212), THER PERIL RR. 1942 4E, A THE HE AY 65. . 2k HLF RBA ALAR SE Bal 4G BRAG IR A EH FEE, (A 1937 FUR, HA RITRAM, MAE WO ele. TH He BE RAY SO BP Be EE HE EAR AK 1952 EE B, THERA 24M, ORME RA KAS RAMA ABR CZGTINJ, 1987; 343), A+4F A> BLN Be A PAR ms I ts, — J SE CARB) ©(Naughoen, 1988) AMHR, HRREAKAET. 1 His RP, Wo ERR AARP LAMAR, MEI, AERO SHRAE. BERL RAM MBB. HL, 1967 TRA PMT 33%, 1968 EM FMT 51%, IB ALPE (1971-1975), TRB RRM. ERO Ma H OM, CS HEA FH 16% (ZGTINJ, 1987: 343). WR b, #& "[@ PROBA, PRRALP ASEH TH.BRR OL RTT AE 1949 ET ML RE Tee. WB FEATS PR FE EE AAR PGR AY LT 5 SR RE RR PR AE BE tHe, LRAHADRAA. 28Boe WO )1| 6 BS Rec Se ae ig DO JIE PE SE Ah, SR CASH 2) TRUM TE SEEDS. STC RE, K MASP RMRRE, BRR, PAKAAS ALAR S UIE. IER ZR, RRR, BL, ii, RRM, BRE. MP PHO A- TAP, Be A Hh. SRT ABE ATE — ESR, AU HE wR A HE A a a WF CAdshead, 1984) th AM; J — 08 3 ew 20 «A I R HAMMEL AM EMME, RARARTEM. BERLE, FEL RL) A He, A HE, BB BE Ae RL RT HR. BATRH M.A Ae MMO ABR, IT RA SONA, ORE AR, RTT EH BE KAMER, MARKER, POEM H AFR RT MIE. (Bird, 1985; 243) WS + 5E RAG + ae AR BS te eB ZA NBR, RHPA. BT 1937 4, O)I 29ERR TR ES OE, AUR DP AS A A EAD. (Peck 1941: 146) BE J] BA Be Be AE» A as A Ae a SL HEMAL, hE HARHMLET. REROR, RAR CHARMAN AK, MARR. PRR ERS Bt, NAB AE AY A. FEAR, PE. ET AE BROS, HIM A AR. (Han, 1982, 112) APH AALRRARRAS, AERRR BROS BEET ERB HAE RS eS A RE Ee A OR ‘Brit ae EAL BU, RSD TPE RE A (capabilities) (4) %& Fea. ER BM Eg SB Be BS a A «DLE HES t+ SE ARB ERI BA Ee BR HO, HL, AAR CBE 2. 1) ESET SEY. BER A Hy EB AE 0. 6B 1. 4% ARR at BR A BE AS APA) «EW Se AH AR EH A, {ARATE RM. HEF, HE 1889 4F 3) 1938 4F, A ANAS RAE MMR 2.1%, RERRLR AR WIRF (1801-1831 4F), “eH RANA 0. 5%. BR, OR BAR Hh DET SE 1 aA BY AE | ST {EE , OO) A RSM Se ae A RET, SEN C937 —1945 F) RU EAN ET A, MRT RR Se Sp RAR MM ARMS (1945-1949 4F) BTM. Ze MARE» PSS aR RH OT © WHGGM, Ff Bramall (1989a). 30RoR DA RR M2. 1 1931-1978 $Y) AY 1931—1936 1975 —1978 4e PH (>> An Cm) 56. 0 96. 0 1. 3 $1952 ERB BASHMH (AMI) 4636 14799 27 AS BAA ME (Ct) 83 154 lL 4 He 1957 AEN BALLS (ARs) 5644 15115 2 3 A353 A 4 EB OT) 101 157 1.0 HK 1978 EBA BAS eM CA At) 8291 18213 1. 8 SSA EA Go 148 190 0 6 a, TSR MB) 1949 2F A Oe Oe FP ) — 1949 FED A — BIRR), AS, ARP REAR, 19824 AD RA 150M, HS RH RESHLPTUSRAH. b. SMEAR IER) (1934 4A 1977 4) eM. Bes AGH: A] — Bramll (1989a: 60); GDP 44itt — Bramall (1989: 30—1). RMR BL. MHS) SRP TAN PA eRe, BAREARAMEUA SRR S ETH: TE Ra CRAKENHHSHRREHRGRR! BESME, BH RERVLRACAUK RA. THER, RA TRAE ESE, FE ORT i (trickling down) 24935 SE, TT A Bh SR PV Se, PHM RACM OR, HARA BRRA I, TEI AE, HOR AOU ERT, UR BUS 31ERROR RO A SEAT FEST BC. Fa5b SAUD FFA ft A 6) SR AT A eS BH LALSARFRLARRRARHE. CHIT ROR Hs SO A A HAR Ak 2 ARN AA 28 BEL EK, ROU |MRHFKRAOAR ME RRO, 75 ON el 2 A 0 AS EE 1956 AF 4 A a TAR). FEET SOE aR oP , ERC BA 1 DO gE BEER. CAERKRN-MTARRENM, RFS BRET e— WARMER. HE, Ree T Ay St FA Td,” SRG, AUC ORE 09 HAE ey TA WE By. Lea, 1980 4E LA TL mR Ae EB BF — BBS} BHO KAM MRE T 1966 FUE. AKA 1500 ROR FRR: BTR LARA RS al ERHLK, RTAPRRMBAL RLS, Ase a EB. 1964 ERA "= ORs BR, MEAP LA 7 MARAR ABE Ci] SH Naughton, 1988): 1964 4, SAF APR MIMI, RRA TARE Sed Bt , ER =H) RAR PRACM ERR APE AR RU RR FELA GET AE HB, RT EF RP RRA. RPABA, RRABRURRUARB RE . Aah, PREMB RM Le MRE. EO), ANAS RROIRB—HE SORE RT -AMLBER, OF BA, CE VG JI BY BR PEE 393 HIT. 14 1981 FL BAA GI FORTE 526, 2 ARTE 74. 9%, MFCR RE. BCMA ch be ah ME 250 HBT AER. 1 (Lin and Gu, 1985: 186) BERL, BPAY ER Re | A US, 2. 2 PAA REAR AO 32ROK MRR 2. 2 DIFC ASMBIKAY Gos FT UD 4535s 1953—1957 ‘ 1976—1980 «%) wail 75. 4 127. 9 2. 3 *} il 126. 3 272. 3 3. 4 a SAFE AD Re I Pi A ST EL, A BA ft AMM. RATER 1949-1952 FM, ARSE RM Pw, AM RE WAP. 1980 ARMOR, SCRA ETR AL, (AE 1980 FMT. AERA CESK AA, PREMERA MBER RE RN. E+FRAMH MME BASHEM, MAEM HE MH. FHKE: R(SRS A. BR, ATES RM (1990)) ARK AAA 0 BRR it I. b. MRKAR TE, SRA. FRM: LSTJ (1990; 2, 6+ 690, 694). Se EY ER. ASR Ares BILAN ASTRA R BE 2. 5%, SAE ee A Math. PTEAR AVA OM RBR. AA. Fee ML, PUA AEP Se RR 1. 56%, TBA ee 1. 96% » SNR ARGE— Be Pr, EBA JI See ET LH FERRE MRS A Le me ee a 10%, MAA 8. 8%, SRA) ASE SAAT RET» ASE DIF AS EW AEP SE OO. 35% TSE EK 0. 25% (A i BO RE, A — SITE a LU AS). RERERAS MS. TAR, Hire seh MA BO J) EPEC Be PO A Le AM eH REE.SHRSe A RRM th BH FEAT EB PTH, ESCA. KR TBP We Me: RRLZERSSLRGH—- ARH. MRE) MRT A ELM, BRELHORGRAR. FE, REWRRARKEKRIR. BL 1965 SEAH., Te EB) 1975 EM RT 160%, Meee RE TRAE 30%. Ae AR RG BM. (shambaugh, 1982, 23—4) W—-DATREL TEA. SAF RSI Bt BEALAMAR. ATER, B)Il ARR GE 1953 SF 5) 1957 *E37 AE EH 31. 8 (RT SBR CZSSWY, 1984; 148), EMRE MAA Ee BAPE. 1957 F, Hy OJ a A A A A Sb}. RT FRG, HRM ART. UIDAER SHR, BE AEA EE Or AA oe. CE Fe at ST] C1976 — 1980 4F), FASE RA 4 TE CE). RAR, 7 RE AE GR HY BE EE i FRMPRRRAR RAR. Te, ARH, URANER, CHAR RR, BERAR Ey ey ER A A Oo A SE KAGRERHARBRMSHARE, HR, EE PERWK SBE, WRU A, BT EE BT Ls SPER AS HH ER 2500 KE LA. AK T MERE E FFT FG AY 2000 KK eA Ee BA eS BY HE Bee. WG JIS RE SR, A A ce Ba 2580 *K + (Nishikawa , 1988; 440), 1890 4F il) O BR 34SOK WR CYamaguichi) i Be AU 35 34 2 kK FE 2000 KK Cp. 438), iit Fly PQ CES ER te BA OF aa aT a SH UB HE MACE. $RAN TERRE, 1971-1972 4 eT TO“ BAAD § AMERY BAB 1995 K+ CF] A Burki, 1988, 75), BH ED BE, — GS 5 BA Tu FB Ay J HB ET HA. 1979 AER AE BAF 8) Bok Pde 2366 KK. SS I AK PE RR, AE FFB (Uttar Pradesh) F249 A 1983 AF, ih A IB (Kar- nataka) #22 2751 KE. SUF A ARS 2500 AE, IT 1979 4E MEA SEARS RAE. fe 1975-1982 4F, 1979 4 RY °¥- 34 {fi 1 HA ih 1980 4F AM 1981 42 (Ramachandran, n.d: 279) 2 ACER CARAT EAR BD OOS Pa Be FS eB, HE RAR A PMMA RS, HRM, MAME HANMER, 1978 AEA 1982 4E4E ASK AIR PRP BILE 2834 KK AI 3042 K+ (Liu, 1988: 370). 1982 FiETH-ReMs BAPTA TRA, RAR Be A K2WI3BKK, EAMKBA SBE 3345 AKA 3229 AF CA Es 369). TRE, LICE RT ABBA OT aR. SAA RT R T BORA A WA ME A 1978 FR RERRETER PD KY (G5i Bramall, 19892 Hate). RRA Mat, 1978 +e O FB, AMUN AFAR AAA, RR. ak ROO. LL, HE, PU A JRA SR. AUT A ACA FEO RETA AE 22 SALT TE — EO LY. @ CULMS FRE. RASC. Zea. nee eT ARE, POR, We IE. 35SR AE AEA BME 480 FT CORSCANK—— BH), AK 517 Fray MEAT Moe. Reet, 1975 4. 1976 4E A 1977 EA HERSKA. BR 1982 Ff, BRAERAS MRAA A jh, AMKBA RFR 3200 K RBA RE. BRR, RAGA, VO) tee OS Bek a REDE 2000KKs H2. 31 ERRLME RH het AOR ASAE. AR, AT RR. ATF AS WHR Te ANS TT, WAR FR. NR. OE HERR ROME AMR. HERAT eRe BRFHBLD AM b 20K. PRTG» BR TE TE ET ERA LR FRB. (ALAN HE ee A RS. = a RA, COSA A ET. MER ME L4H 60% DLE, (He, TEE T OOK AS a PE HE 1325 KEBLRB 3K, ERRREL, CAPR. H ABH BSE HME MA. ASR APBFRRESSED. AMAKBAKK, FRAME GRATES K PEE EAGT. GES IE AB AE Bt Bh PH th 9 He pth FBT O AIRS A A See ee AY (SCJINI, 1986: 285) Ain ba 1984 EM HUE Bed ROA CORA TSEME, 1986; 588) GRRRM AAR, 26% HARA RL SAR, MA A, RR, ARR REE RAO SP RT AB BSS, 1984 FR R—-BIARASORAWA, % BARTHRKELRA RG, RTO RAM AR AME 180 TAG. 36AiR WARMER 2. 3 1931 FUROSARAARSAK MR OK) BAR Gh 1931—1936 1975—1978 1931—1936 1975—1978 RK 1325 937 23 v7 NE 222 227 7 9 EK 256 283 6 7 BR 70 13 1 i Fae 96 45 3 1 HS 54 220 1 3 ROR be 45 fi 1 RG 83 20 7 2 ES 99 18 7 1 we 71 22 5 2 Bah 40 15 0 0 mH 7 38 0 0 HE 45 8 2 ES AB 17 83 3 3 at 2509 2061 66 46 RR RH OX) 62 61 46 57 Hit 7 7 16 19 wR 2 13 1 T ER 10 3 29 10 Fetth 10 7 7 8 FES: Bramall (1989a), Piazza (1983: 7). HAAN ARH, RAM, Hat FRAC t SE ARI OB MBP MT 5 A RCE eS AY BA PS PRAMAS HMHSAL—. MH, KARR PE MT. RFRA ARR HIT. TKR ERAS SNR RPAH AMDT. ARE, ARP 1949 FUE ARMS OMAN SRLE, PHM, SARBR PCRERR BE A BY LAY F & — Be 29% BI 10% ——AGIRET AEA HO. RP RST ERAN AA SY eat Pee H®, BHAA TRA ARH, ARAB. A a AY SC SA, GR AEE EWAKEZE, BHAA RAEN CBI +e (Enger’s Law)), Fs, an 58 6 HS VJ] BP A At BRE Ht Jn» BB RE Re ch 3 6 A ERR ERAGE A, Ean CH A HE Ea ZR AGRA. EME, A0MREK ARE AEA, 1937 46 AN oa Ke A BLE 31. 7% (Hu, 1943a: 16), A 8 ERERKRAA KERR, WMH SEO BRM AR HAM, 34. 2% (Hu, 1943b: 193), LA—DRB BRE SRA TAL T » ZE 120 (BE BA AEN RE, eo Se 63. 3% (Hu, 1943c; 225), Rit, WE RRRT e HOR AO RG, A = eek a A 61% (Yang and Hu, 1939; 32), KHER BRT RRM HER BHT La, ARAMRAA, A, MRLA—DRER 1 63. 3% i BF FLT AER FH, HR RAK ARE sofa. FALE ZF, 1980 2 EN AS ASRS, PSD AA Be oh 3c A O LERRERAM, SMRAA HEL. ROOM Me LERDURARERAR THERE, BE a EE. MERA AL. TH 1949 EL. HEAR, TARR, RRS AAR. TR, A A Bi BB SOR We Bh He Be Be aA SO et Pa Se eat a Be FART MAR ABE MH eR AA © RTMAAMRABER. BEAT AN BOR. 38RIK DMR RAR Kh WH 58. 1% (SCTINJ, 1984: 310), MAREE 57. 8% CRAB TT BIE HL, 1987; 61), BBB 55. 1% (RE, 1987: 344), SMBMACTERA, BPR, SAAB AKA ERBRRA, HREBBK, KMTNAESOKARRE fn 3} — 7 PP RE YC sa BRR AR AT REAR AK T Be ot 32 1 Oe Be Re. EB MERE NRAE RINT, AR ee, BOA PTT ASHE AFG HE RS. HR 1983 EN ERDAB SE, MOM ARE ATRIA TER 0. 71, TCE ASR RTH AA EO. 75 (JIE AR, 1986; 223), Bate, SEAR PR Ae AN 5c a AY A OP Heh, PERK HARA, SAMOA AE Me, Beye ES. BR ASE A ER TB Sh Fi A Hee A RA HR A, TREE a SUH PERAN-RORAAR A, RATS SHR BR-FREAOE RA CARRE. PBT R BRONASHHRRL RAT ee Ba, Bee — BRI UBB CAR 2 0. VES RPDS oh A 3H NE. Ea AR ps eB Sa Sep ME 5 HD OP NMP RIERSA RS, MRERRSRR AL, PAR eK, HEAR TE Qn OE He AY , DON) eS a ie AY (Kueh, 1988: 649). CEM MMR, EMER Se, VO i Ff A. 1978 AEDS IY Be a Se ae Ae A AB BH. 197946, WJM, 1980 4F, RE ie 39SRR LT Cali: 664), R24 STRRAHAMBSS ALK NES) wi et xm AF & & 1978—19801978—1980 1979 1979 18601914 Bik 7. 8 64.2 16.525. 2 67.1 63 6 AB AE ll. 2 1260669 72 «7.3 7. 0 RB 5. 3 6. 4 fk RD 4.2 EF 31 5. 9 20.3174 4.6 Wd Aa adh 6 3 8&2 6&4 6 2 oR 3 RRARB 2.5 27 & 2 %0 BR 3 ft 0 0 41.735 0 61 Id EMER BI 5. 4 13. 1 fk oR gk ik a, DU) ef a ny RBAM: + E—ZGTIN] (1983: 499) 5 Hl] —ZSSWY (1984: 226); % Wi Al A — Wang (1985, 274); 3€M— Wilkinson (1988; 182). PUPA ALIA PR TY, HR 1978 FERRE 1982 FE, DOMES BRR. 1978 ERAT, SEPHORA 2311K* CZGTINJ, 1983: 509). MiOJIFE 2332 K*K?, B FARRAR, WM AK? BEHRE (Bramall 19898), B) 1982 FE, PUI ee AA LOH Pe Bt IB 2693 KE (Liu, © BHRARARAEAEREMRS, BOR EANBRARARLA ARC FAA Be 0 th AE HE 1 BG A Se HALE A eA UF Be RU. 1980 FA 1981 FE, I Ae A HE 350 AT. A WAG Sak PE Sc SR, Te ET. SH FA TS A a A TR R2—-REA RAM RAARE RRB, Fk, EARL, KR HW RT Dt A LR. AR A, | WEERARACE RRB HAH. @Piazza Mitt (1986: 73) MER, 213K. 40HOM TI RA 1988: 368). MSR F Wk ER 2707 KK (ZGTINJ, 1983: 509), #1983 FH PRS 65 RNR, = (RR CYL. BR. TERR) PAA 2H FR GE 3041, 3105 A 2693 KE. APA ASS BR. TA RA KA Hk PERE, PAKAMREB PHN 2615 KF (Chen et al. , 1990: 582). GR, 1978 FHRRERA ERMAN NR, AR JE 7B TK Be. BHP, 1982 AEA 1983 AE AY fra Be FERS TAFERDRRERAKME ROMS, WR 1975—1978 4F AYE Hye, AB PE J FAA 2061 AK CBra- mall, 1989a: 19), Ti 4 MF Hye 2287 K-K (Piazza, 1986: 73). M2, RRM. OA AER R ETE SRP HKF. ARENA, HIMRHHREFAREN MR? — ee fs BS Pe ER I AR Be) RE ET A a AD BP a TROP 5 465 HH 4 PA a A a a $8 1982 AF-S ME A ORE TL AAA FI RG RINE 9G BE, ELI I BA AAG FAM RANE LAT 2693, 45 A AR ALG. HMR MRA TRAM, BH, CAP ‘PRAM — 1957 F, 1978 AFA 1982 ED HE 9. 99%, 10. 23% #110, 02% — 25 FSF BRA MEAL, Ie BTA AR RE AY 1014.14, (Liu, 1988: 370) Ril, TRRARDHTR SRB, MST AB MAMA SEE AE, TLRS ARE BEE. TEBE KAMA EOS, FRAN HRRMRER RNR F. Re TERE ERR 2700 KRU LR PROM, JAE BE IS). ACES AA — OCR, BRS BRE 4 AME KM E 2600 K-F (Kueh, 1988; 655—7). (AH 41BERS RO SBT Tea FBLA 2S os BS SSR ER Aa 1979 4, BA BUI GE EK 2160 A-K CWorld Bank, 1983: 119), 1983 4F Jt 2360 AE Ci] b, 1986: 234), HH, TEAR SAT 1983 Ae Hh AB aR AY Bt HB Sa a AIRS 2600— 2700 AKAN RRM. URE 2200K 6, HE =e 2300 A-##. BME RR 2200 A+ CE, 1986b; 234) Bi FBO Pet — tk. HART Mt» 1979 AE A EK 2A 35 ye Cia] 1983: 120), ARK 1975—1978 4 POI] AS 45 K BE PRIA HE 46 Fe. {A. RRR REN, es FFE (requirement) RAE-GMROS, PRR EAR. ERRAA AS HE . GPa, — A a A A F2200K FE. WAS BH HB A BE 4000 K-F (Chen et al. , 1990; 17), ABA PAIGE, i, TRG BZ, SAKSAS, PHEAACHER ASMA, THe BAS GARGS A PA Be YE) SH, BRR DR RP RGAD . RRMA, 1978 ELE OHeANTERELMARE LA—KSROR PR Oe PRE MP HER OBR, 1978 463 1983 2F HS KE HS a EY ee TR, RH Wie, GRRE RW EMMA RR, SRRERM TK SACs BBG ee BS SRR SE AS AG FS A J SP, a RE. 2, “ARAM. UDRRRRLERREN, BHRRAMBR. ATE EAA BLAS SATS, to TE RI J A RO 2050 KFRBBHEZ TI. RMLAR, WRAREBRERARME, Ree esl 4FI WOM RAR SRAM. Ak, E-ERAL, AMSRREAMAER PRS RTH RE, HRN, BHRRA-HRBH BGR. GUA FES) BY es A A AB) BE PARA BY 1979 FEZ Fa Oe A A BS a lB RH, BE RUSE RAT He. AR Re bE EAT AR LSE By Ta RAB A L RA R ), RABRRARW, HERA AR RM (Piazza, 1986: 133-7). (Ai, MIE PEMA. RRR RR ARENA, ARATE RNS, (ES RAAT EE FPiW FA, LRG ARAB AEE 1958 ERS, PEA REA MW, ARAM 1956 PMRR-MREBN EH. ARR AR 2 5. R25 AMER Rm *B i # 1958 1979 1956 1979 17 REE a CK) 5B 162 166 160 166 x 153 156 151 156 17 REPRO CAT) 8 49. 3 53. 2 48. 6 53. 2 x 46. 7 48. 2 44. 6 48. 2 POR RM: Piazza (1986, 210—25); Liu (1988; 362), RRR, + RTT AE AA 8 BUH, SER BIE A, SPOR, Ae REBT CRAM EMS BERRA ARRAS. Se Ar PB A, 1979 2 ON ea 1841 4238 Mb WTAE BE (Sandhurst) SBA HEH 172 43SPR EA 3& (loud Wachter and Gregory , 1990; 177), (Adz, TH2EBK Fi T 1833 4 ZEST SRN ETA YP ke 159 HX (Cp. 173). LeFh, MUR 2. 6 HAS» VOJI| SURE AY St ROPER BF Sk . HE, DUM ARRAS ATL BEAD. LA RLABEN CiR 5e BE RAN Be ON AB PR Ab APD es BRAS ee AE a AB BR. He, BPW ARTRAMR, Ream AUBERT AA BY AG CERT EE. TDI SR AT ER aT Hi, ARE ARES RABAT SRE IR E S TH WP RKE. MARA. EM. RATER RHF. 2. 6 1979 >RS Tih 7 wees ew ie a SR EK) RE a 116. 6 Cao (1988; 373) oH BE 117. 4 Hong (1988; 358) WR C1979) HK 120. 4 Du (1987; 316) BRE wit 120. 6 Wang (1987; 424) Li Lie 122. 6 Hu (1987: 327) eB EE 128. 7 Song (1987; 301) RAB paji 118. 7 = Liu (1988: 362) bat Tt 35 121. 2 ZGRKNJ (1985: 346) FE A Be a ee ES TT. 1982 EM — Bik PUL) Sak TAG BA RE BEY 0 RE A 2 2 OK (Liu, 1988: 364), ee Fiy RAT 160 EK (CARR=ERY), REALMS, GHAR RM, He, RRM E TERA ES, ARATE, RE ARR 44Ho WI) RAR Shy BUSTED RH AS AAR, SPR As Pe ae 156 KAM 158 OKI) (Hanley, 1988: 465). BZ, HRAARABWSRRA, RARER AMR BRP BE BAS SABLA AEE, BH) BPREREH. OU AC RAR PMT. se, oR RHRGRAA REAR, CASRN ARSA, A PR UCA ER AG SOE FF Ee RAE TR RR PEA 0 A HB Bs A a I PURE FRET. Ri, PUN THRE MRA RH, As PERS) HOTA T LIB AR A AK 1978 AEA 5 1975 AEE 1978 SF Se 1h A 4 2B A OP 29%, NR 1952 AE eth, CRAM BABS, BR 52%, ae PATH» ABS PARTE RE AR SR ER HE ED ep EA He BR TE, BS PS Py 1h BY A EE) 2% 2 2. 7 GAT PEE BR a, LY, LS Ee APY aE Se Td OA a RT eB, AMPRRAD BH GER RADA RRR nz 2. 7A, RMR. ERT HH, SHERI RAN 48 1, AEA IRE AE RABE TT. PAS AMHR HH O“KHMRT RARE TEAM. BD (75 GB OJ E195 2 AE RE A A AR CS a A —— J fut, 3) 1952 FOB Mea TS TERWAKY), BR ER te Se FT DA PAR eB A A TS EH HKSERRA A 2.7 1952 FRO) RH 2a 1952 1978 FD 50 2380 ECE 3370 37940 TRY CED 40 4550 GER AATR) 300 13900 HAE CFD 0 1110 CH ADK) 156 518 THD 23 100 Af CRD 0 4 CED 55 126 FARM: LST] (1990; 706-7) SRL, RCRA CRE RRR ERRE WT AY. 1949 EDA, RABBIT RRA TH, RA HFT, WALES. BI 1978 4F, AT. Me ERR T RRCARAH, DRE MR. Bl SRR, RAMEE, EERE RE KHL RAB WN. B) 19804, H-ASRTALCRRRE. F HH, RAR TA A TE Huts, 1987; 670). BRB. BROTE ROU A Hk, REA SAORH-HEP RAR LEPD, & WT REREMA LIM, BKURERADRRIE, EDL HRPSRHY , BRA 583 KLM, AA 18700 BTA. LA BERS TE AAR E ATI A BE SF A ®. OTFR, CRRA PRARARA, BR, WF URAL RO MERRAMM A. HEE 19494, ERR PRM PR, SEPT We, RA A 2382 Ke Ts CINE a EA, 1986; 96—120). Fi 1982 F, 46SIH WD )I BBE) ARRIBA T 140 MH (ZGTINJ, 1983; 49 >. HA, JA BGA AN RA BRL A TDR AA A RMA ASEH ARBOUR. FIC TERE, I RED HAR PRAT. ER abe Sep A DS J | EAS SR i ae GY] De Se — 18 TAKA RRR AA EA ET ABHCREROME RM, ERRRRRBT—HS. mi, OH SR BER 401 ATG AR AA, ADE RT A LHR. ASE RAM —-CRHKEH CREM, Bl 1983 ENE, SARA BIKER 16000, OHM THAN 338 MA. KK BAMA LR, EAR — a AT eH A HEH MES MARL, Iw Te I, RR. UK 8 EO OE FOTO JOUR FOr Oe IC rR AR SES AB PT A a SR WRU ACM ds DUN AR cE eS. RH A. HR. BER. BURMA, RPE, eR, H, SOMMER. THE. BOKMAL RAH. (Xin, etal, 1984: 30) 7s it» FEFC AR — Hey Td, VO J BH RIA AE SOE. CRA DREERE REY AKY. ARE, SHH THAR), BRAK, WIKAHERHHRRS RBRABRY . H2. 8 HRA. 1976—19804F, PY JN FA EAS Ae EB aS eB sek A BB I RAE AR ee — A BB RA Po)! OE HE, SRESHALRRAAM, HED AKE, 1982 F, ESAM L415 BA, RE RRR AR A CZGTINJ, 1983; 45), HABE REDE Pa PH ART, EU, i SAB) JUL ACF 0d 2: 8 ee eB A eR a RA o 47ERR 2.8 CPE PRA II LRItAy 1976—1980 FH HAS LR nee Pg JI Ea] SOD. 0. 023 0. 031 ORD 0. 373 0. 604 AYE CH) 0, 043 0, 067 REM (FR) 143, 301 263. 032 SVE GE) 0. 00009 0. 0002 (CHE ORD) 0. 010 0. 009 AB OK) 5. 244 11. 563 Afi CD 0. 00008 0, 010 RD 0. 001 0, 002 FORM: Fy )I|—SCIINJ (1986: 293--5); ZSSWY (19841 260—6); ZGRKNJ (1985: 522), 4? BI—ZGGY (1985, 43-57); ZGRKTJNJ (1987; 89). He FB BEA DY) || AAR SE Fh IE FL 25 98 EE JRA Le A A. ONRELMAT MEN ERED, HERAAMAARE. RU, US), CLA et Eh AA | AR RE ER RA RS BE, AVA MPTRARM IAL, WRT RRO A. Ast, RALARAARAAA CR WRMAL OTHE. Sham baugh, 1982: 23—4) PIN a i eR A, A HEME MM A A. ER RL IR aR A — PE CHL RNK. RT RMB RH OR Ae WLS) , Ws FEE BE RH I A SEN. FC a a. PHAR UXRLRASHELS. TRARHRA LDA CLRRAHAERET. EZAHTH RMREBRRRAT ARM BL, EAT SEA. CLE, 48) FERRET ba RE AY RE HE — EB). SRR, BRE CALM) BAL, HATER PME Mate, HURRKARLRRPEeL, SORA (4 48ROH GARR JNA RY EASE SCR, APRA I Le SU EA PE OS AE. A, POI ay RY BORE RAM, TE PS He TIAN AER, DEHRLACH MAK. EMAKB HBR WARE, CTE RRP. EBT LBA FARM: soe RAPA BHT. SE OES , RA. SR LHS EGE OD AKL, OT A AR J REL ASAT. BG A AE A ME. SPAT REMY FREE, ES ATE RUA LHR RAE TOE. TA, AMS, MOR TO ee AOR ARI St EAC, AER ET RO Le, Rh ET — aL CHER, ST — TRS SL, SRE, SRE FBG, MELE ae» BR ABD LAR A dB KB i HAE de BAM. BEA AN LABS Hy ABR I ET SHER MIs UE a Ph amma SJ HH YAR RT BRERASTEPMRAAA AOA AR An, TT SR AR de Be FEAT AAT» SA A SE TL. SCAM UE, REA AA PPL. aK RGR ZERO EAT A T ERA ACA S Y S SES AAA TEAL BAA BR RE ERE, RERMS, BRES MH EN, BARRE A LG TBP ALARM. (Gan and Yang 1984; 29)® TPS DR oh BB PR a AS A Bi FL, FEE PRE BE CN OI. NE 2. 7 ia, AREA RUN RR RAPA. TAGE SRE tT HR. 1953—1957 4f, HS SK Fy ih mE AY 67%, TD 1976—1980 4F, FH RA 44% CLSTJ, 1990; 705). © HHAX GRX), RARE, Sha KBE, 49SHRERE AH (AR, ARR, WZ 2. 9 AR, ARCH MRE EAB BE EMP, YE, 1978 AEB AA I eB! 1957 AE HP. HE, PERN, URMR KAM, ABATE PRU UE ET THE he A A Se, FOE 1978 TEVA WE BAT. FA a ah A RR HE TERR BAB AE PRI EB HR AB MS nT. 3) 1978 AE, BERR 100A 5. 4 OR RRA MID. RE HR 1952 4A Pe7kR oe WH, 1954 4F UR ATA on A 1954 4, #—- MRR AA O. OSM ATH, BI 1978 42, EHH 8. 51 HA. FIBER, BERG AUER PEAT ESE BEA 0. 08 FSH MF) 11. 75 Ry RED ME BA 0. 09 MEF 9. 46 CR AGHA, (1986. 512), Bl 1978, WB R MEER EH, HERATRRARS. FARAH, ARERR FRE CRPRUIE 1957 LAGE) WEAR I eS, TT AAS AIEEE BMS FEI. 9 1952 FEA RMS. ARE COREE #04 MEE Bt) RA) HR OK) Be (8/1004) = RAE CAT) 19520. 7 3. 4 0. 8 16. 3 1957 1 2 5. 7 2 7 39. 3 19621. 2 2.4 3.5 65. 9 1965 1. 5 5. 3 oe 53. 3 1966 «1, 8 6. 0 be 50. 2 1970. 5 6. 2 oR 44. 7 1975S 5. 5 3. 6 52. 1 1978 1. 9 5.7 5.4 57. 2 EWR B. SCSHTJZL (1989: 138) 50RIK WlHR RAR ERETRARE, FERRE RBAR RH, BRE RH RAT FARR. RR-HAARH, "1981 4 Ej 9B TUE EGA AY RE a, Fhe HEM AG 32%, TA 1952 4B 10. 9% 1981 SFE AOR ER 2 a FG ds FUN AiR BT A Li SN J 54, 4%, #841. 4%, MAA 40. 7%, ERR 64. 9%, BERTH 78, 6%, HATH 89. 5%. * (ZSSWY, 1984: 510) 2. 10 1952-1978 $0 MBM 1952 1957 1966 1978 £0 FR) 64.2 106. 7 251. 4 212. 6 MRM CFE) 157, 4 746. 2 «2893. 9 5246. 0 PZ CPE) 1034. 5 7672. 3 10442, 4 15695. 8 ia CH MDK) 43. 4 203. 0 = 233. 8 = «198. 9 RED (TH) aR 2. 4 34. 7 170. 9 AH (CF! 1 9. 0 25. 3 217. 6 Fie (FR) 10. 2 75. 8 1656 582.7 Mee (FR) oR 3. 2 86. 4 93. 7 io mth FD) 4.9 44. 4 48. 2 29. 7 AM FED i 862. 7 749. 0 828. 8 CFR 83. 2 142. 1 128. 4 56. 1 R FH 40. 7 ll. 8 92, 2 178, 4 IA (FOR) wR 640. 0 855. 3 6785. 6 OM CHM) ia 249 1039 672 731 0 208 649 1557 2024 ‘oR +41 +390 885 —1293 RB RMRKA (%) +1.1 45.3 -7. 4 —6.3 FEHR: SCIJDL (1985: 106); LSTJ (1990: 693) 51SRS BED. 10 BRB, et AAR AR DU JI RR He RH Eh A th, RHR 7 AE SIR SE Be a ADA, GRABLE A FT AE BG BIAS Be , GR OO JUL TEL ARR AA) SS GE BR Sh AB BEBE A, CARRERA ARR. HH, Rew BRAGA RAR RME, AWM, wR FREE. — PO RONEN A ORE ARRR & Ss BORE, GR, ERR EN PRR TRE, BURA BOSAL AE; TH, AR BO aa AREA. PRA A HTH PRK FE TOL, GEIR A ae Pp ERA A Ne a, (Ea HRATXAKACRMSURER ME. OR, EES mp SA Ze E M A TS ce A BAS Ne ee — SS — OR RREBA, —“AZMBREM. SRNR OL PR. RYE) UAE me EK BO a PR A RT A. OY RheBRT RR T MERA, MRA, A LARIMER FG MOR, BELT ASAE. PRT A, RAAB RAKE —RER, ERR, KSB EE A RAG DTA A 2 A ET KF eT . RAK, RISA AREMARAS AMR HAR SWMEE, RMA IREASM, BME wis A eT FADE RAB RS AN PSE ARTE Be oh HE OT HEE TT FO BE. ROMA. TERE 1978 4 LA HT OO J AY TR aH 8 PRERGPEA HME. —XTRRMRARR, BH BBR AR SPEAR » TSI BS Be BEY 2k RS HE, HE JE POR ABM PBT RM, BARRY Ah ABA ME TO . EG. ARTO MMA, HRKERUR.HoH WM RRC WEE HE ft 47 (Capabilities ) 32 Sz BR (5 Fi 89 it] — JE (08 RJR Ba A 0 . AE A OER em. (EA. ARR MRAM BERNA, io, — A+ Re BX, i Hh AY RAE Be ART BI +. AAR, A RRL MOTE, Doe PCA TE RE AA SR RATED SHAE LR, ONT ASE FE AS Se EE. AE AXBRA RES RA—@ERRARAT TERT. SR BRD, WRT ik, SR 2. 11, R20 ONARRRAS S++ 1973—1975" 1981 HAL RP BOH at Ca) BK 30 59 63 x tk 61 65 RRC (%) RAL S% 200 tk 43 met 80 ik 34 bai th cg 12 a EMR Fs STE REM, MARY. SH Bramall (19890). FAK: Bramall (1989a; 33-40); ZGRKNJ (1985, 1065—6); Liu (1988; 130-1); ZGRKTJNJ (1988; 473—5). HEB Rae ERR) HS tea mal 1973—— 1975 FN H+ SLR, 1981 eM BATH we. ote AMeRtt+ERM RATA R, Ti 1981 FDA T Hm. 53Ea TERRA, (Bb Rh ae Te RS A RHE TEAR AY 200% F BEE 1981 4H) 43%. HR 1982 FHA 1935 4 46 $270 _b WP MH AE Ae A 90% RE HH AE ZS AE RPE MP EAA 30%, EARL, £1981 FE, At SG rf iH Ae ee ae Te a EMEA KC (Lavely et al., 1990: 77). DUJIAY RRA GE = + 4E RAY 80% FEB 1981 F 32% (RR 2. LM AHA—B#). CAR, BH TRIE 14%. MA, RA + Ry PE I 100%, WSt FRO) See Re BCTERA, EARERMRAAH, PUREE BELBRRSRTHOKT. ABR a 62. 9m, EPR SEPARA, KB a rth —R. 1973-1975 FH SMR BAW RF RAR. DO ET BR BOER CHER. WIL. MRA) PRRACRDHETAS 50, 91, 75 #1104 (Chen et al, 1990: 98; (4 HBRR HE) 1988: 4-38), RHR RS BPH AF, BAA 1981 4F JI Kk %. Rit, RE+FRERBRAT KES. WH, AB TM, RAPER EAR GRILANTT A) EB KE AR ELA Dh RR A > iB PL TBR CBD RA why ABTA SRR Och) RHBRE BM KARR SE BER, PUI AD OER. 1981 FI RAW XA RE 24%, KREME OKE, RRS BAA ORS AES OF MIL (37%). LU 39%) ALE (40%), (ZGRKTIJNJ, 1988: 474-5). BYR, DIBABE TAREHAY, EMA ERREAMR AR SAA MH A ERERMP REO, Rhee. 54BIH WINNRRER MRAR MEHR NEE PRR. Ol] URE BORLA HB) AS UAB RRR eT. ED RE — SIF. 1982—1984 F, EES BUR AP HR AE 114%» TPG) RA 43%. BERBER AUER AE» POI te BL 2 A HA, MAES P RAR RRC RRB AIH, B 163%o» BR EN BE IRA SL DET: AR A PR ELI (Kerala), 4E AFAR BB Ee. TAL) BE SR ET EAT ea ER BR. HTeR, PES MRR RE 180%, Mi tEA +4E AFI 1975 4, EN BERR ICT BBP RA FM (Jain and Visaria, 1988: 128). HARRIE —BRE BL (1gg9, 54); BEA FE A MAA, TSR Whe AMT, 1985 4F, TAMER (31%) SOP ABELL IH (142%) RRC KAMER SE, 1987 FERS Sy) — Ae BBL, CELI IRAN ARIE (Madhya pradesh) 954 HH BRM EWI Orissa) MRM, MEIER 250%. EUS RCE UR Ey BBR EE C2 2.12), ARAB, AEE AE ARB BBA J A Ae EB, PE FECA S AREA BES. RS 1988 ES AR Fo SAE 8 ra BUH PE i, C1988 4 A RATERMRE—E ERRRR TRIN BA, A. K. PARI WE Fr HERR Bil A 8 7KF 4 BR (Sen, 1891; 1987; Dreze and Sen 1989) . fit Be» 7Ar BE RS Sine Fa RR Ey ah A, MAREE. SA, WERAR. PRRSARER AR R212 BRPRRHRRALH wx ett BRIER CK) EN BE 1988 98 SHER Ue aE 1988 153 amie 1988 118 LB ALE 1988 104 Bde 1988 108 ABE Je Pa 1988 84 BR 1988 83 BRU FBS BIEL RK 78s ON a 1988 127 ERY FRG RACE RR 1988 83 Pa yt Bet 1981 43 8, RAF SFE A RA RF STR A 170% BK, TRUF RS CHC CRN MRT ALRY FB RIC RE 95% A 170% 2 (MY 68 AR » 2A AB I DA MP RF A AE AE 95% EA Faia 4000 &, SORA: UNICEF (1990: 76) he, THEM ARHS AAT BERN. BRRER FE WO JI] FAY HAF RN RIF BET ARK LA BATE, CR BAP OJ BR ARR AS eH A | EE 6S, DOP RR OPH. Te Bae Re, RFRARANARSR EMR, AH — BARLEY. RTA RM. RE ERK SY, RRA AR AR PMT. A, RR, Be PRAY Et eT, RRA, 5 DO JI] A BERL — SE. BEE RAE ce AR HH a FE — BL A A, ES, UR a I AE BK EE. Win, SHSRBR, BARBRA REWHA, 37. ON UARAR RRP RSE RB. 56RIK ON HBERS O48 HH 1978 SF DA 6 SB Ay 57-3 REG AE A» SC CB RE AE Ee AER ES Bt ZT A eT EPS AE BM BAS EAR (Riskin , 1990a, 331) (A, AUADO IG WRCE RE AERA, A RABE. HA EMT (chronic hunger) BSH A— AUVEHRA. SMEANEA BK BARS SR B, AMBAR RATNER. RARER AB, MUR BEA HE HR AB YS AS HG, BB EASRRAS HSER RET ER ER=A TERME, REBAR AE RA GMAT, (slowness), AMBMR ft, RERARRRCRERMRA TAB. SHS SEAN BL EE BE RS (a a BE AH AE EE A eM PE, ME RT RRERAH, AE BE) 1978 EPEC BT (ASR PF A. 55 TARA RE A 3) HE 1981 AEA 62. 9 RRA 64. 9 wttH in Bl 1987 4E AY 66. 7 BLA 68. 7 BW (SCSHTZL 1989: 531). ASO PM MO BA, Ee HE 1978 EB 1984 4¢ A Jy Je Se HA A) BE PS. A 4 AS AY yA EA AS i eS, SR AG) 8 ih BEE Ae HE ESE a TBE EE, EUS TENA Ah — oe ARE. GG, 1978 FUR HT BPROHKAAR, BHERARRE NS Bee 3h Be HOA PY BL Delman, Ostergaard, and Christiansen, 1990), SPREE Hh BE) Beh ORAL Te, FC ERR 2, WARLAHRAN RAT RA RTHRH BRE SRR 57Ey CL PRAIA. TAL, MEEP ETT TARSAL, RAR HEL HE. RE RUSE BE TER, AT KAY A ae eR SB EF, Why Bl ie Lae Te A A aE EE Tae A BS OP Se Ree Eh TE B2, ARRBR, ER, PRE eR E SES AR MARKT . RRA EAS RE, RRAR-BRRE LAN, AMR RAKE RM. AMAR, Cy RAE KE. Be ASA SENT ER a tr AY RTT. HL SW OC A PEE EA — ARO , A HC To TPC A Te AMOK PA ACR. DOI ACS E SCS aR (LE DUR A ene. 58HLH RHR AW HERG? ORS, RHR RRS , HE, SRE BH VOSA BA SR AS AT A BP At BB BB a ae Sh FEU. MR HF JN SAE DA a ER J 1 BE — Be, BORA, QAR, A, SORES ES 2. ERR, HPO, WA MEK, Bea ERE. MRR TCT, ERE URTE ARE BI FE AA, MEARREBAM ED HR RMKA) SRBRA, TILA RA. ATS ek. BES AN AM, KAS BA ALAA. BERIT) ATER AU REI E PERT SE BA AY (ET AR A BE Fal. AGE EJ. BR BL, JN DR BRAT ee ok AY 61%, EEC +E RAR ST PS Smil, 1988: 24-30), FaSbs FEDS JI sk Sb i a ee EF HM 09 AE DR, NS a AS. WA, MAAR AEES, MEE S +R, POI PAA CRHL KERHD. REBAR RLS OB YAMPA A 5 (68 SSH J) Ag A A ES, BE 9G EE HR BRE HER. Ah, HSMM OIA, TR 59SRR MOMS. BAA. BSMLRERSRARTRRERE, FEM TRAARR. AN, Oi MFLRHS, TL ‘gE MME, WR. ME. TR, RMS. Ste ROH ODICATARASASS. RR TA WR, MER MR. SEMA CRE LMA HT He. RES A) eae. CEP, 1978 ELD 766 65 Wh TL IN TH tt — 8) MEH] (Nolan and Dong, 1990). ARAB WOH FE A J BER AY AT RE, A RERA ie PR A. EH, PPI TK FRAKESHAHHR, ATAWRRAHRS. RAZ. H RHERK, KRMRARAS MENS HEA KALE ERS. AWIERTRN. ERKRNS EP RAReT FRAT BER. EERIE LE AE Be BE A HE TH-BS, i ABB, (basic-needs-approach) AHF T+ ERS ENS. He, REA TER MHARMRRZK, D-MRA CM MER PH. A MEREREW, Eee MCR heavy industry first) AY CSR EARS SER HET BR, =H ERD AN AE TERA, (take—off) WAR. ARES TL light industrialization) #35 MLA PB, TG AE TBE ER BB ap IH 9 J] A fo] — RE ROR A ok AE —— BATE. BNE ER eA RH, PARAM R ARRAN, CETERHG J, BOAR EAE ERE GET, HBR, ASS HE EID eM. (i, ER-ABRERARENABR-BMEA UR Bit. (enabling state) HBB WEAR. HBR 60Sam RAORR WU RAH RAB, He. RAZ PUUIKKHL RNR RRERRR), LRRGMR BHR A SR, AP RH. RN RH a HRAKAZNRGE—-EZARUA, AMREEMAL, ME OBL, le RBS I A ab A eR — fe, i, RRM, RR RAP, WA i BOF, IE OBR BR TH a) 5 Ry ap a BBB SE] 4E FA HE CWade, 1990), AIR E— ER LERRA ‘ae BE A) HS BEE 2B HS Ee A AP ARH BR Behe RR a I TE. BRAT ERM OMARAR, RES BABE RY ARR A BHA A. MAM, STR RA MRA RAH RR. BG, WEAR R, BB RON, RENE R. MT TR. eT BH. RRMA R, SPE, REA KAMHRRRR, FMA DK, AR, STATS AA RR BR AY WSR Ae. PARR. Be A BEG. ML, TRS APP PEATE» ROSA HS wd A RIE 6 AS Je AE FB RE BEE PZ SE A — (RS HE TS? Sh BE BART RARRNRA, CTA ARR, MER . BE» HBB 4 ATG Se 0 Eh A EEF FE 1880 AF 1950 4 KABMA—-ARREB PEARY. AM, ERR ER fy At a a ASABE EA 1990 2 Og Sa 3 Se BP Hk SE AA) 97 76 SLB WS Be FB BA HR BS 1 RD» J th O B-MRAB RA, RAK. RR. KA, BERT Aa ate LT A HH 61GRR FT SMA SRE, A GBS BAKA 8 KA fA 7K-F CEasterlin, 1971) , 32 PRA BE LA — 1 EN BF, (HL JET AA EBL FT — AD ae A SG MR, BAR A > CR J AR Al) AARRESS, CERAM, MH, WI AS Ht Fe Be RCS), HB RURAL, GRAAL As, FEB, =tERON ON TRE SR. RW, EARRBL, ORE, RAR PR BREA LMH, WAMRMTR, RRR EHH RhZ, BHREMRER. HR, AGAR ROR 2, RAL EKER, WA, WIHTRHhMRBE RER., APPRERCKAMER, RRMA RIE TSSME, ARPMREA A. BOR, RAG ee ERR BE , A Be RE HE. 2 A th BB 2, KBPARACMERAN, CRABB. RGERALR MR, Be AG Be LA, ASE FARE. PERE, FEARLAN A ORHWRAAR, rts MEER I, A REE BT AR AE PR. TE EF 0 BU FR EG JT 9 A se TR, AE BLIMP ee AOE MO, {Ee tT A NT Pr — ERE. LRA — eR BE AE He DD J] 1994 FLLRTEE a ME em eA, HRA. HPRESHRAA, RAXNRRMTOAR, WEA FESS BB, BIH: LER EA. ABE Be TESA. 1944 4 CUE MEN), Te A 28% AMEE LR, 244 DHS HR, 15% 5 TER 62Fak RAHM LH. GRRE HIT RIMBRAR 21%, BAM HNR, JU 5 RE Te dS TR COONS A A, 1986: 105). Pei, REAM EER Te ERE IT AS TT RA BR RABAT DRAKA, ee LRA A, 2 ERHRARBRAAT. Bi, CaM Le, Bee V5) a Or BR RE a 3 BE RARE, HE 1903 AF BREA MR, Bl 1945 FRA EM. RT RRA RN, a Ae WH OE, TA RF RE EO, EEE RL isabella) HBR (Bird, 1985) PRAMAS BRE SRK, PERSO SRS >A, BRO RAND TEARS Et LA TE (Pai, 1939), FEAR A ER KK. BE 1939 AFB 1944 AE, pak BUTS FW A a ae FR BP, ZT RA 65%, way 1940 FB) 80% (G. Q. Zhong, 1986: 83), H EMME, BA eR eee | et BEA > Fat. SAY ZS Be HR HE J] SS fo Bee — He, ERE A HN, 1945 FARE T . MRR A PME SKE. BOERS ay a A tHe, BLABY RR, LA JR TEE TH AS I RtKCHRS, EMRRERAAT. POSE AK BG SCTE SAN Sy AE I i. OO | HEM ERR RITE BERRIES. AA PR eM He ABET PFD BY a AR UL PSE ME, REDS b PES, TED ae A he 7 eR. HE hy » BET. ED J ABT: i DRAMREGRT RIO RH. (Gu, 1985, 480) LT EAR BE ZEB BA A A BE BB Sel — 63SHR ATR AUG. Ze 38 — 1 AF (1953—1957 4), EDS ER HBA Bl 3% CH RR At A, 1987: 342), MSR. 2% (ZGTINJ, 1987; 53) TEAL HH WS JI BY eae Be SE AF BA) RA, LJ a eH — BRE, TACK, BREW RRORARR, 1H AAP ae A. RAR, A eee Re FRALAKTHAN. DMS RHE eR, RAR Se SE ESS, BOA RAAB, UIA RE FR A SOE BRE FE BEE , yt HS FB, 1978 SERA AEA EA 10 FE AY HN AS 5 HT RE aT HA 28 WB Be, CY LL FB ch Be A A eS. A Ae RESRMECAHEET REAR LEH, BEAR {8 00 J A EB AE RE RT ARTE, MAA A= + AETG RAYE BED ASE 1978 4E LAB BEAT OY ES — CHR, AR PAR Bi eg Tp 2 GE BH, OE th PTHOMBER, METH RMR EMRE. Ay SL, AAS TR SEB AR EE A A P| Ee PR AS OK A HE Fe A, RM EO PE ZB I A BG RA SRRKERNRRAHEKREERARMERRE, 0 JUN SBR AR BEAT ASE AR RS BB BS AS BE AY SRB 4 ne BE BB REPRERN SARREHAABS PRED IRER ER th Hi, HBR ERMER ERK HHT RM. DAA Rs RE — + eR I SCH HE Hh AH) BT. BE WSEAS A MOM Ee, ML, MERERRKARSARERAM RTH. 64SEK BRO et Hl: Hie AR EASABR, PREPARE SKRABARBS FL, APSE AR DASA «HP BB ARC 1 Ba THs Hh 1s, BHBRARRE RMA. 1978 4FUK, eA TRI EAS, GERM. MARTLACKALR, RH PR il A i OT EAR. ARR EK. FER. REASHT, RM MLAS. WRAL HVA RS RY HEB Te BT, CRIES PILBARA me SL). PRT AM A. A WR, aE BR HAR, WOKE. RAMA. RA SPT RR RK, AMAR. MRR RZ PRES EA AR Be BL aT BA A BE RT EES BT P Rae mR SEM SIS ASA A EWR. HA BEER, HUME, PME RRP GUE BK, LRERRROREER REN WE, PARRA RMR FURR. HR. RAAWERRR, CMEARHER-KR, KABRAER RA, CMAP RARE AN AREER, TR HAA. CET ARERR, CT AM RAE. — ES OER ME TP AE A. aS Bi, Fextwei (Ma Hong, 1983: 93, 95): PRATOLA LR PONT, ERR ES H—-RMAMABA LLM AAEM ORME. a= te 6 LA no A 65SEP PRE HAE ERA RES. CHR Be Hy BT A A AR Bot Eb Sal] $s DB 2S Re A 0 BS 2 J tC Aganbegyan, 1988: 20): ORACRRAARAET REP NEEM, ABA SH ABLST RY. AM, SAAR RAROAAKS RR, RRA CE WR CAR A AY A a ET, A TB a Ay Ci EME Ie. CRM RRM, ARR AE. Sat RO EE. A, a A ERAS. TWHNRME, RAT RWFRRREA, CM AEH. AT PA Rata: ARM, ToS ATT AEB CHE. PERE. MORAL A A, BRAN AR LE AOL A BEDE TERE 5 REA Tae ABT WA GW A ER, REN FE, RAMA T CMBR A: RAKLA-MHB-REANRRARRRTR. RAM FR AS SEBS A i BT» BR PEE WE — Be BH HEX. A-MRARAK, CHARA, EABLESTIURA, £ RS , RO TA, RAB Ala, RAP PR AO Hs eS HS ECan, 1984: 114), AE, RADE RRA SR @- BRAARED —— Bi — 1 EY tt, — A BB (general competitive equilbrium) BY #¢ EAR TE (4045 A — SS a Be WS, REET EET) WU, DBT A. 4 FL RE Je: LK AE (second best) PARA. TE KL BEBE. HAST RERDATRERAR I BHRRAK. RA {9 BB SARA (Friedman, 1980; 51, 2); 66HSK BROOK RE 9 Rt AT IB = AeA. oth HBB external) AUB AR' RE 38) (neighbourhood) 308512209 "BURAK s (Government feilure) 3 AH TMM (market failure) > —He--- A, BOR AR ARE MEA, BRR T MAR, MR, RCPS PAAGL, MASSA FRAO M. AHEMERAR, HL DRE, BAR RE BBM A— LE-GRS SAM. MAI TEP, SA MATERD BRAK (state fail- ure) (USHA RIA. Bi Ct THA SHA MAK) MBA (rent-secking) KBWHBE HHIE RRO (AREER, HARE SAR ARB, TEBE BUR F FEAR HS 2 A To. ET EA EA HE TBE SORTRAAWSL, BRET THSAGR RAN BUA BA ERA AE ABREU FABRA A ERE JAF BY, Fe PS EE ERED TBR HE A AF EL 6 AMAVARHMRM. BMRA, BRN, bh HRHRE, SAAR ARMA, BR Ree TERA FA Bho te web all A Se — AL PE » eT BAAS Be HES RHCME., Alt, WEMANARAER (-RBRK) & ME, TERE RAM. Th, A AR FLBRKN ERAS AE, NOB. MARA PFHBH ARS ERRAR PS, MR LERERA OT RE. AMARA ARE AGWER, RECEMBAT. HEERAAH EM. RARE ABR-MRR. FE, RADA, LEAATROMAMK, MAR H, USAF eM — BA — ARAKKRRBASEEAKAAR FRA, RERAAMERAR OMAR LAAT HAR sarid (329. (Schumpeter, 1951; 65) 2, EROSER, SRB MR A — REP 67SHRRR A 4234145 (new combination of productive means) #945|#24 — BAA eR a 2S ‘SEY FR Bh ED FR RR oo AY, A EA i EK FURA BES ABA OT HR) SEM, RHE RRA MEMRAM ELH. RERERARK, CRRA TRE tem. (ML, 92) WHERRRR ARAL A RA ES A A, ROR GRRE), RE KK, B ATLRHEE, RACH EH. RH ACLHAES, RERER Bh RT BATA A AR IE TB SR RO AMG. RAMSAY, RERMRA REAM RS. CAL, 93) SRA a EMRE RH, (LE, AER iw ee, WA, AARP, “SRAM (entreprereur ship) BAH HY: SOR BA EH RE ALT RE HEAR RE ER. BRAN BES AE 20 Bim -- BAPT AT VA is — a oD eR I BET A FE, BRSFRA, RSLARRLAM ROMA RARER LO, CALE. 197) AR GK OS RR A eA 1 A A fH BERE ARAN 1 CETERA, THT FE Ha BE TI. A FE, SALE A A a a A RB Wet HY 4 BL BR Tl ae De EC a A SO SER A K Ri BRAWN, FURPEET MAHAR. BS, tt HHARERRAR, TAARHES ARE. HR $5 Hal BCA So Bic PP SR CES YS BEMER. RO NAR i — wT BR BHA RAG BF HNRAARAMRERAMA SRR MR: RO HCPARARRARAKEN ERMA, Wee 68KSk RAHM BATRA AE Ri, CLAM HH. E-PSRS RECARO R, CACM ASO ARF MMT EI (SE pe A AL A Be TP. (Hanson, 1981: 49) (soft) AAR, SPRRUREBTR, PRRSARBREN RGAE. HMR. Te MMS FE SE Hil BE A A BRI SRR CRAB) BLT JE PIE IT BG AOR J HET J Rt EA HRA, PAH RRARRRERAR, BH ACHRRRREMA—T. ROREPRUEANSREHARR ay AA» RP Fs — AS ee GY A A feM MTR, WAKA. (Nolan, 1988; 36) BY (HR wa Ta) at Bd a A, BE A ARES. SRM ARR— HH. A, BRB Wa, RSE Ra TE Aa eT PAK AFD ALA FR, URE ah, RRA ENS HH , WH RARRERBRRAHHRSR, MAE R AMA RA. (HAE 60 EARL, MER FMT, RA TRE, Tah eeTRRMBRREE. LA-AeR, BT BR A He A PE FO Ie PE CR, RRRHBERRANMR, MP Ra RRA BRAEMAR, PARMAR. SHREBRE SR PRs (unlimited) fT (Lewis; 1954), AWARE SAIS. fhe. Be #, (perestroika) fl "A PAtE1 (glasnost) BHR MAA (extensive) BEMBR RAT (intensive) CRMMREH: AMAR AtACEPARAMA PARANA MMS —, FE BA He BE HE BR BES Be A eo 69PER RANATHKSE, ARCA HAAAK OAR RE KIT Y, RAS AY AR Seth, AAO P REAR, OP ae An Ay AA FR BPE CAganbegyan, 1988; 67, 76) BBM RR TM. He — ee TESA: i> 483% (command economies), HR AEM H REM AHAAMR, ATES Ae. AAA H-BRAWRER TERME. Ret, Meroe Re BATA SPE BA FR ES PEAR RA], HK a, BAA, BC. TSE RARA MET TAKER, HUMANS LAL. GE, FBR RHR, RRR AAA RE, Beat Dy BE REO AM. BD A I a A SO, AE Sa. merece, RECTAL BS 5 My A SAY eR RS BEBE ARM AR RE. AR AE AS A He RE 9 FA Ee , RRR AR EZR VA. EH EE RR RAK TR, IBA OR A A A MRBAGAAERA AER EMM RT. (Gomulka, 1986: 52, 53) BZ, UES p Rete TP. ee Me, BRAKES HMR, HRA RRB FARES AAA, Ti He FRR A BR Se A BR, DOJ AY PEL AB 2 es AA, OO BRRAKT. ERFECASHRA, MEHRARSM OH Be aS het fl BT. BH RATHAA HME, RRA, WAM RA Hi, (BIR ANG. AAS PS Bea — fl FRB, RBM A oe FE — A eR 70REE FROM ARAL» FAT ata AE 18 4952 — AGHA, Gmobilizational) ff A. RRS NTI, AR Ree ATER EET ER, US OR Ae AAR AR Be BT A HE ETRtFORARMR, AM eee Ao eA RR BHA (RRR SR, FOS). Wo JIL, SERA A HE A Bk, SEIRSER, RR AUTARH TRE, RHA A) SHNBATAA K. RH, FT DA A RAE Ee — 14 RR LL RREDAAKE HHA. CET, ROY A HER LR ATO. EAR, CM ESTA» RABI SHARD Ss, RAE LA ET WEAK, BAAR MLA, RSL OR A, IAA SORA SHB. (Brown and Li, 1926: 1067—8) 1949 AK, FEDO II tH BR, A A HR HO, BEI Hh Hy We HE 1953 4E AY 3260 BEIM IMF) 1982 AF AY 5400 M (Liu, 1988: 250), PERRHR OWA, SHELAGH, SHASRELAT. GHREATER, SHAT SHAR. RET, BASHA ATEN HEHE 1949 ERY 42% HH IMB 1957 SFA 44. 9% CRE, 277). HAMA BRER, PHSBATUERRH a A, a eh BO BAY BB PY PA) YB Cintersectoral migration) AU BRA VAG. (ASE, BERR Ea ee ER, ERREERSH ANT R, DMBRE. REG BTR BRSBARBHEAMR. MA, RATRRA— MH HF HORRRECARA +, MRASM ERIK, BREN T eH Ba kT RAB AR BRE — 1 RR A i Ry eB ay 71SE RA fe, ABR i BE ET. TERRE FURL» AA ADL SF RGR HOE» (Baa FRR IG Se HR OY A, BL HOPRRKPE LA, MARRS MATa. HME. Ze RMSE BDERGRARRERRE) BERFER ABA A. A ABP SE A AE, te RERALBAAGHE HL, AHH, EDT, SRYHSREBRPEBEANHER. PD. WRAP RiMETRE, RMRWRHRAE ES, DRA ANE fe ROK (static inefficiency) BMEREE. WRAB, EH Sg he Ee BB PS DA, ABATE TT TAR TRE, RBM RT eT — able. CTR, BR PY A EL AR, AST, MEANT. PRA RR AB A BERT. RAPA SMO NLATR, ETL RAS BREM, RERALCLESN OARS, PHARMA i RE. BR, WTR T PRR, SS ABET PRERKAARANA, PRERAAMSARS EH. BRHARSERA, BERR, MRR, V RAMSOARERAMS. BR, HARRAHSRAE IH, WR SAR RBI, AE, ARS ASE FE EI GY BY hijacked) A PMD WAR G Bi, AARPRCE, PAB BH, PERARAR HERR, KASAM EREBAA PAH AMER, Ti FRRAAORNERER. ADH, HARA BA HERRERA, HR, BARBRA DARTH RRR Pie Py A EY. A, A BE a aN it A "HE ARR (market solution) SrA AY BAF AR AR TAR, 72RE SAHA BHAT BRARRRAR, RL. BRICK, HMR MRA. CREP, MPRA TAAL AR ARAB AE REE AC HS BB PB A A, AAA (MITD MEM HBA M (Commissariat du Plan) A NMRA TEE T i — ae Bh aT SA A A GD) Bp A A BH AE, EL SE Ag BL TOS AR ABS PIE AO HE 2B YP A TF AE Ath a8 7a Sab aE TEA BP a A RURKT AT DA, TE TA, ALA a AT AM NESD. HAMRAM ANH - REMADE ESR, — FETA BE LL PR, AR ORR EA Be BUOER. AMR, SHARK PSRRHAADH Sot, MN ERS RT AT ABER. Sh, RAT — KBD ACA PRUE SEs OPT ELA a A A A RIM IEA OR. EK AC — 08 a BRE HRMa AR a ROL HARA. Ae SAE ER BEE FLALDL ALA Ss RAAETER EAM RORE, CEDRPA MES eB — BRA fie TE re ee a a eR. FABRA RMA RRR. ASAE. BA MMR, ARS ANAT URR AR . (Chakravarty, 1987; 43—4) A DB we mel , at HE AN Ae ee A Be. URATRERER, ARMA RRA BT AMMAN A BR, AMIE Bs wR a A. FR BR AG a) TE FP BE BL BL PB PA AE Bey Sr Sk A a DA A THRE EAE 73SRR FS 3K 4 — BIE = PA ek SB) EB HAR AMM, BETTS RR "a SR a SR 4 Bk ED EE, TE BANARAS VEMNR HEEL, RRR BRR EMM WEB A ML. (Amsden, 1989; 4) PEM, CATH, HRA ME ES, MR #, TARR HOPRR ABER MLS, RH, TH HORRAA AEA ARMA, BR, RR RETER). Ban, A ADB IS, SH A He OF eS A AR BAWEM, ARRRERRAEKRERY, BPR, Bt ARA. TA, HHH, REMRRNRRSRAR. 7B HATA ARe BAN, LAME. Auk, BAM THA SHR RE, RGR. MTR. FSO TARR. HNMR. THEME RARER. He, FSSA, WEA, FRERBE. AER ERAS BRS, HA AA Ati —BEHRPA HARK ES SE RAR. KE BCT EB A) OE eB FT 38: BA CES 4 EGR, HRREAERAHES, HRARTATARRRLE ABE? VAHMBRRERSRRHEL, AAFSHMARK HARCALS, RABHMARRAR. HLA, MERE, © AHEPHAHRARA, LARP RHEE RH RARE A. BE (Chen et al. , 1988) SAGM, ERE RMT RMAL RO RAE BELA BIT AS BEA ABT DRT AH GL — Bp AR A RAC BA ORAS — AKON E KERN ORR TE FERTAP IL. ORAS A Bert a a ee, A HS — BP VES ERROR OEE, WARM ER. aAHak BAHAR BA. RHELMRAE ROR SE-B, AMAT ES PEM TERM REE, REBELS. MA, Awe BERR RUE 7A TRE» REALE TAP RELA BG RE AAFHHRAHRRARRAA AE. HRB CRRE EM. BR, THE MNMRHES BEA A AEN, Te ABP AE aT PE He SAT ARR RP Sa EP RET BARAK ED S,. TLARHMBR, K PRMABRRHRAEDS e, HMBER, KRTRAESS 2 fe CA BR PTT AE BGP BB PA HBG BE aT HAE HE PE ERA A OR CALLA A © WAR att BY BB A AY BR TS TH RRLARARRH EME ARA— AH). Bem Rt BR EAC BA AOR REL TT He Pa EE (surplus) MATA Ws (profit ) MEAT BE FHC AM AR Ae RRA eB . TE WS HH (1957), RAKAMMMA, WEAR, CARE Rt ATHEEBKEEEERSH. RR. RS. THR. WK BEPRSE 5 SAB De BBL FH AR SR a TAA BR 0 TL (Pagano, 1985, Bowles, Gordon, and Weisskopf, 1984). RALAR Sia AERA — FHOARAES RIE ACME YE FAR. ia eee BER Ee a Bede + IU AY Re BNE, OS. SMAAK ARAR AAR MAAS. TH, DOS], PAK ft sh De a tO a ARUT-2REGA MRE, BRAM AR a RPL), RAH Ala Ra A BH. RMR DIRAHEGHAS MOM PEAARRMEH, RAE ARBAB, RAM TEA BS ABETBy BZ, THOMA RS EM, TEMPE BL. Ze DARBRADA AAA RA ARR BARA BNE ERAR I T, URE MAAR, (RB E TB AWRREA, MAXRTRTUMRE-MEME. MH, HK ae EBB PA A AB Ec eR BE ARMOR BEM Ee Hit Hl A AY. AR SC "hh RIGA AE (Pareto—inefficient) , (Bi 33 Me 4 18 to wk s TT PE A, A ae Baw, WAC MKF BR. REICH, ERARAREROESE. TH, SRN ORT TT Ee . M i B B B] Bi) A EF A EAN TY. a J HB ROHS, LARK BR. LKR AAA ib DS A TAT HBR RS J aa A PJ 3 FER, E—-BRRAB I A OAT A REM. HAR TEBE Ap BE AY AAG wR a A eg by AW, 1 AERA NRAERED, AMES +, AH , ATT TMM AA. , MMAR BREAN, MUARA, PCE 1931 FURAN RMP EA) SL A HC 4) ae SE AN BG Ba ea AE. BLE Be A wa ee Ha. RY at a) BR AY DD JI] WU JU SB — ie ak a a Be a of 1937 2 1945 4F, RRR, AR, |e RR. RRA RAR. RRA RE, EAT 76RK BEN UPEMAEB. HUE, RHR R, AE 1937 4, ee APKRUFRRUPH AAEM, HRP RAM BAAR ARBUABWIR., HRB, ARE A CT ARGH RIL, COD OS FIO), POA ST RABAB Rh AKT ARUBA. TRB DBL, ELAS ME: TE PEF RF 5 i tH ik SHH. RR BE TED, HE, A-BRM RIC LA RMT AM AM. A AAULEOI, KORO, We, MR. 1937 EE 1938 49), REDE AYA AC Re A WHE, MEERA, AMAA ARAL TT. 1 (Chin Feng, cited in Chi, 1939; 5) SSARHNE, MEA 4 BOORMAN A dh (Chi, 1939, 5), 31) 1942 423, 12 MRAM 446 HT RRB T Ask, Heb 9 PMA 214 TET I C00 JI op Ee BP, 1986, 10), 1944 EE, DONA 2371 RU, Hepa 98 ae 1937 AE aie AY, PE 1942 AEE LT 609 K (ll, p. 108)®, BME, CARAS RAHAT T PRAT SB), DAR AS ee ALA BPA B33 Fy. 1942 AF, EDINA 1694 HEME KPAA 165 RERSER, ACMA L RAAB 63% ClE, p. 104), MARMARA PHRBETARRK ( CPR 4S), 1939-45; 376). MA, aH TAME. Cp © HRM MAMMAL 1932—1937 MMR, — HE RA 7a BPRS Hit BOE AE 30 OL AR A — E03 8 I — DTK:BRI ED) RABKEBARMES COMBA SMART (ie Bil), 761938 4641 1943 FE, ATT Sl. RTH, PRTDORTRAPRMRE. SRR T SR Hii. H-, RRARKER, LAT AMM MH-RWLMMH. BO, RMARA, LRAT FERS. F=, RHBMRRAH. BHHER Seo PAR AR A A ES A PR EBA TA HOM CLA. in, $1944 47 AB) 1945 HEA, BOSAL WT 1930 RHBAK, ARK RNA SDE CCD 4698) 1939-45: 199), ARR MDA. (AFL, MAT . A A, IEA, FE MORALE — BE. ABR LR 3. 1, Wop LAS. SE RR. BOR AE REO. ERP, AKT RAR TMT. (ele Kh, HRRAKRESAX, ALOK, DM PAS RAEI. HBOS, Cm a RERMBACEAK, HARE RFR, SAR EHR PR, Fi 5S A LAS ih AY a AE ALARA (Eastman, 1986; 596-9), HH RRR EE TMA KAD A RS. A REPO, PARE RMAR. PARSER CRE STE Bi A BT) AY. ES TAR A BeKALEWAMRZERS, SMP RE. CRRA RRB RARE = Fh. MER TL Oy HD A RAE PR KOE ARR FE RRM —R2 TASKED URE RAGE — ABUTS RAPD Hm.RK BKHAM 323. 1 AOR BER (1931-1945 $E) ADDER spy SO ORT vee we Se : A IA cass7 4 937% sare RR UE . (1937 4 Rt CA =100) 1-6 1-6A =100) =100) ~100) Mie) FED (FED 1981-116 R oR a a OR 1932 106 cd & ok 247.5 w& 1933 2B i we fk 245.1 BR we 193451 3 a fk 236.5 BR fie 1935 58 ik me fe 222.8 11944 2595 1936 95 Ey ah fk 200.5 10278-2365 1937 100 104 102 100 207.7 9176 2106 1938 95 194 155 95 224.1 8307 1988 1939 142 348 18 64 228.2 8616 1826 1940 490 208 80 26 «6-198. 3 86531875 19411748 126 55 15-181. 1 8712-1808 1942 3992 211 50 12-179, 2 8380-1790 1943 12100 231 42 14-1922 © 8384-1761 1944 45929 fk 43 sk = «197.8 8166 1770 1945 154168 & 37, & cs oe ok a+ 1931— 1937 SF AF SA 60 55 HS OK, 1937 SE Be A ie ARAHEAR, KLAR, ARMA ERR. b. BREE BERT A POR -— ROR RT RE, EE RAHRERRARG SEM. c. MEMREREM— KK, DE. EXARHH. RHMR ERE S AT SR LATRARERER, d. = ih FORFOR, Xu (1983, 299); CHM FHY, 1937-43, 579-86. BRERBRNRRL ARH RAZ -BRRERA WHS. LARISA, ERMA KONE RNE B BRE = TAR BBR PERS PB, TA TEARS . GBA, BAB) A A Fy BOE FB, TE BS TAA, NS eR >. AR Se 79SHRAR AR BARGE LSPS PEROT IN A, A SES EMR EEOC. BARA Oe HH PRR, HAS RAARRER, DARA EA J, EBA ACH AB BLL. DE PP PS ata 6A tS RE — BE OS RE BE Ag Ta J Fh BB (power-driven) HHA BL Aaa EA) PR GE RT EA 115 SE A) 1942 AER 1654 HR, SME) 1944 HH) 2382 KR. MHLRRRA PETRY, Wi RALROF TRB. BR, B19, CA ee RA TTR EE, A 66 SE PTE BR He AUR SAM COLI AH BM, 1986: 96-120), He SPERRARANERBR PS. Le ey Eee ep a>) AR ARE BE GE = SERENA 37 AEP hn Bl 1940—1942 4e A) AR 50 BM CAA MOTT. 1985, 212), ERE RA TT AY HE HR Ge = + ER EY 1200 A FT HF) 1940 4E 2200 MJT (M. H. Wang, 1985; 193. 4), HHS +-4E (RIA) 1940 SF, BtRE RN 7 4 4 CP RR BY Hl 2 ET Ps 1936: 255 Zhou, Hou, and, Chen, 1946b; 108); 4 1934 24F 2] 1942 4, +: UE RH TG f% (Zhou, Hou, and Chen, 1946b; 108—9; Freyn, 1941: 419). (A, CREAT. REROBE 1942 FR, 323] 609 X, BI) 1944 ERE ABER) 290 BE (Zhou, Hou and,Chen, 1946; 108), ARENA, PSEA IE, SRAM BITE 1945 SEE ERE. Goh, BEM E 40 FE 4h ayy eB ee A BF O AR-LP REAR ER A OM itt, SA Liv (1988: ch. 2) MI Li (1989: ch. 7). 80Bak BRO Bi, ATLA GE A 1940 ELAM ME, BI 1945 AER A 830 MTs Ae A Ze 1939 SES, Ue Fe. ERMA MRA. B—, 1938 FL. RE PTFE» i MSE T AS FR (Eastman, 1986: 196), =, SACRE FAL WS 3 4 BA 3c 4 SE BB) HE 193 7— 1938 EY 62% F Sl 1939 FM 33%, RF RES 1944 4H 13% (G. Q, Zhang, 1986: 81—3). ACBR> BA Se BRAM FE Re HR RC, TE REORRBE, VAR PLEA, MP Ca. RE HK I eG). 1944 SEAN IES Hi oh A Tae ES ak A A IK) WE. BS , RRR ROM, PRR MRE, BE By Ti a TS aR. AEH St a A HAA ES ESI EN KHRR—KARB— '—FEBSH (operation Ichigo) Be 4 Oe ic Sy BEAN A, ie eS ee DB WSs RE A TEE, 19444612 A, PRA HORE, BRAM GEEY, WR ROR, SE, oh TR BS EE AOFM, DI Be AR SR EG HE HARE LRA '— HE MRR. MRR, HES HH BT A DEJO] 2 A a a 4 ED Se RS — i AY ES DA EE fay REA, PEARY. LBAMETRS, HAAMM TRS, RRELERRRERT OH. MURATA. DRA ME RHR, MATH RRA MR. LRM, RHR HE, TARA GSH, BUA. JE aR HSE Be. {ELS JI] 8) Bp Os AS BE BaP) OW AS J ‘HO Bh ek — FA BD a A BB BEE, RWB NHRMM, sR AAT TORR. Hom 81BRRSR aR Bl — 2 ER, RA ET A EI, RA A — a, (ETE A ARR AR FT SE 6 BY PST RE. DA, CET WELT ad Ps SEAL BEE AA DAL AS BE Aa RH Ws EO 2 ASR MA COP RESIN A RAED BR, PR SHURE BEMNS , HABER RRBUEF Hh, RCSA, EA OT A A, ARTHAS » HESG TE ALE Bip J BR BR BS FAL Vd J) eM ee ar 5 a Ss AN AI SR, TT AN BB wT | SP Or a BB AE A AE OR I RAMHH: BER DONE Hh PAC BE RARE. SAE eR eA AOE, DAB RE 1958 4F 1975 Ae AY Me C5 FPR) ALL» BE a A VO) AE — RPA A ETT Ta, PRAHA 3. 2, R32 ATERMERREREMN DM ar 4EF SE (4) 1952/1954—1956/1958 1962/1965—1975/1978 BRKA 10.8 5.8 BR 5.1 2.4 L# 21.7 10.6 AS 8 Be HE It 3.1 1.0 FEAF, Me — SCJIN] (1986, 285), RAR— PR RRA A (1987; 343) . RPMS TUES HATER RRA A Be BAS Al Bag 5 Ap AN HE WB BE 1958 AE LA Be BA PS BB 82BER BRORM TA RAE BY) A Se — A,B Pe — Sa TWA R RR 1958—1978 AF ye I AE, RRBBERH. HTL, APRA RREPRBRN OH. ER, PERRRRA RM, HARB. W4, RE ARAB FE 1953—1958 4F 95 BA ey SE OE al BE BE ae Ea AEE HC Uk 5 ta — A a) FL A ek a, DEARRAT PROEMH, BARMAN T PRR ERR BUS T Bish? te yb, WR AB a, ae BEAL op ST BY CME, WO JI] A) A a OS TB a, MR ST 2 Ss — TB PAD BES SS EB RY ESA So, AER, ZE 1953—1958 2E MA — BRD Ee BE SS RLAMRRM, HEBER, RAPED HH A AAR ELT EAR A AE BE LE AG OE BY, BL Bp Ra A], RRL, BRO JI CBP) By AL AR TT SRE Be LAB PS A PE BL HT A HR HH KER, QETAREROHH, PHARM. RR— BLE, ARM RMA RS pA REBMALAZS MAME Re. TH, RARE FE RE RH BE TT EE CBU RE st (Walrasian) 71 R AAUPE FA, Ti ch HOR RE PU). BURA BRAS, REBZME, EMSA, — Ae 7h EB AY A AN SHS HT HS. RA eT, A HE HRA. KLHWRRMTLAAS A. SHAM CAKE RR @Eh, tA HERAMLAG-ARA, 2-H Pes RACER, EAR ARRABERRT RM. Rah 83SERA PR H, RRGLERBE LA, ROAR. ARR Bb tas HR, LAF, A, Bou BAAR MR, KR TA ON LER RTH. TAK BER SEA CT RA el A A PR tL FEST A FARE PAO GR 5, BHR 105 FT AMAT, RPM LAB i: ASA ALL OE BT AC A GS HE A SETA. A, KRAL, RAGAN LARANEEKT, BA TEAE BAG EA «i OLR SBS eS BO 9 BE A — 4 — EH ‘RR APL YB SHEA A NS Hh a NARA NMS RAM ERT RRR BA RRA Me RAM ERT HE. HK, RM LAS Bee TEI ER HE RAR — A. BD EET A SM — MOR, COE B. CMS the ae OE mE, ERS 4 AIO A «eG SAF SM A, SUTRA EE SS, AS, RARE MB RTS TE CYA SE EO EE OP A AT A, Re HH C CERRER) PTB PRM, 181-182H, SRAM ABH) KR ERO AE IB, R PO aR Ee EB IR —RMERR THREES RAR. SR PR DRE ACRE Rg. ft, +FAR, WARLERSE, DRERAB, HAART AZAMK LH, RAHHLH. CHARORMCRRT ER AP BA BS) Ae AY BRD RR — Ke — HR, oo EY, AP ER MBBS FA REM RR. o DRA. ERA PRE SE el HE FO ETA BE HK. (ALE, 187 w) ERTL EAR, fae yA ia BE — a a ay 1, SHEAR EMA, RRM TOBA ELM MRA AL. i 1956 84 42, R—-RARER Ee POET hEKEK SARNRM ) CRASERTASR, PRP hBAT AROMA, MR RR RC GER) RABE, KAO ROA Tate. MRM, ROAR RAS + Ee A. PMR MAES (Nolan, 1976), CELRAMNUAG, BRRRECRHEM, RM 7 ESE ALAE AY (Nolan, 1976; Selden, 1982; Friedman, Pickow- ica, and Selden, 1991), ANH HHS 4H Hi, — HEU BE A me KET RET (Nolan, 1981), CEERAMMRRH ERM hABLE, HLA, ZRERHSHRNK, BER RARGEH. H-RMEVERORRHSRL, B-, + SHOE, AK 1954 FURR A RR, KART 1949 EVA BFE TE A Ze i), Bee ER He, WHEVRARLOH, BREET REMAPES, BE RATU Fi HAA RAE: REL HAUTSHRRRA, MARAE. PRA AME. THRE. PRARRALBRR ERLE E ARR L, BURT RRMA RMT, BRK EER. AM, A Tet GR AE, TR A EA i, (Ee a AUER RKAASKKS, AR KE PORMAT. Bh BAT PRTANER, BO RREERE, BRERA THA HEA BER, RABE ED, Get RE A a (Walker, 1984), RAR, MH, aA, ARR, AL, HERRERA. BM SRT ARMM (1988, 80—2), TTR UR, Aa ka A Be OY Ee PE, ER BRT A AAA» aS Ba BRE eT PBR AT EE BLA. ARO PRA Da A A A 85ERR PL RRAOKMARM, RALARKBACHHH BAO. fE, PERM CERARRA. HK, GRRE AE P-L RUMATBARS WILMA, RE, WR TE —ARREZRRAKRRR, RERE RNR ERR We COA BERL RA UE). EEL, Be AA RARRK. SRA, WEARDRETBH. BRS A BS Hal, BRE AAS RIE PU APSE A WTA, EM SHE HAY (Bramall, 1991), @fEehe BPS tt. HMRRRALR, TURE RABAT RA, BME ‘Sib RL VA i Wee A BaF SA TA BE RARRHERERRKT. HE, HRPM. Baek AT TH His RBH A, PRORRAE RETR, BRERURKGHRCEE RAMS. CEEREHD BR PTE 1952—1954 FA Sw il BEE 1958 ELL, Bt MR, ELM, ER AHL ee PE PRA, TL, SR Ol BER A RB, SAN RAG, MAAS RE MH — BD. fae, 1952-1954 AF BURA TT» A ALA BP te FE fa ae. A 1958 AF VRHMEBASARRA AMAR, GMMR, WU AGRA REA XCKH HR, RS BM. ROI MT SRR, ATER PRN RRARS HA, RRR te ORL TAD ch BAR AD. ARE 1954 SE BR 1955 4 HR FP. tec — RE, A PE EE 877 FTF BEB 568 Fry ASS RE 0. 32 TP BEB 0. 28 A, EAE WHE 2140 AEA F PEE! 1910 BSR. 1955 F, RAR RHR, B) 1954 AERA 9400 (8H. B44 Cmutual-aidteam) (ER WM AL — 86Rk FAO A), 3B) 1955 AEG EHH MB 17400 fH (ZSSWY, 1984, 207). MELE» (5 EBL TEL A TH ER A a. EL AY KEEN MRERVSHAKR, ATVRERGAR, BY DAF SAAS SEC AR 5 SAN ak fl EE AY. TL, SAPENR, MRENCHERAARRRER, Hee PULA FE. TMB TERA ES ER ERK BOR. RZERHR, ERE ER, OMB RBA. MA, REMARKED ARE Be KEBLE LE ASG (1988) MR (BARE AEA — A) OBESE LR RHR, 1955 FURN RRR RR, HR PARA. HATER REAL. A—-B—- BRR CELE 3. 3) AB BAR ABE» PLU BAD RE Es BB 3 ak PEF Jl ARERR MR, GRETA. a A Se, BUSCA AA UC, VO) ASR es Pe HER. Ste (1986: 70), 1956 4F 6A RAK OIBPMA TR Bak, TEBE 63%, RiF 11 AWSOME. R TT» SG rg: YE) aR A | GRR Be SA A SR E33 ATFEROHRRAR fin LAT en ASRS ER AM GA) CURR, 3) 48 Bi +k ol £8 Bil 1952—1954 CFSE) 283 276 95.9 17-5 59 43 1955 299 «285 «87.9 «19.1 62S 1956—1958 (FH) 304 31212167 23.1 6389 SOMA: SCIINI (1986: 283—5)» LSTJ (1990: 690, 693—4)5 ZGJJINT (1989: 30, 87, 1988) LSTJ (11990; 1, 6, 12). HEE 87CRSA AH BR, AA AMES TREE. IR, 5 Be) ST eA ha BB BO , CRMRELEMRT PRRBA MN, A, A SD RL AP ad BE SAB Sa A PR RE. WA, H1+AFR BBR IT 1958 4, AERIS 4e, GAH EE OM. RM. AA, RL ERD AE RCA A IB, 1978 ELAR REA Ae A OITA CRREMHN CARMEN, Mt, AR, SROKA HERRA, HEP RURAL AMIE BWA BMH. ET Et Be PO RTE sd HHT SARS. AER, Re Shy ER TRO, eT MRE ER RAFT REE RA. (I, aE RRL MAL Ta. BEER, RERMRE, Th +E BABE A RS AEE I, HEA Ea —S. ED), RRERTH RADNER, ET RAL, BT LOT RMA AM. 1955 4K, ERA. RANA, ST RAPA WE EC, PR, EE RHE 10% WPS 1957 EK 4% ( CAH RRR) 1986; 71-3), REEL RAAB. 19494, HOA Hh KRG, UK EMBARK, MPH EAR (BE) AMM, RM RSEM. 1949 FB, BRT HH TRAP ALN EO, TESA POA BIA, 8) 1955 4, MMR BEE OD EONAR. BAR (1988.41), ARR RRSHAe HR, RISER, RIE RTE PR BERR AR HL. 88Kak RRHAM SHINE 4130 AB, Hi 1949 ELTA 330 A. AER — BP, 7K SAGE 3 55H) 54 WE CAfanas’ yeskiy, 1960: 70). B&R, WARE MMS NBM. ACR, ate EE DR ABE RATED. EE LA, ME 1949 Ee IE HF oH — Wi AS HAS A RK EA A ES PAE SL BHU (1989: 6—7): EFaAH, GRHBR, HRAAREANME EER EN, A Ti BMA STEM MIs (planning by direction) MARR WH, BD ARTE Te eM A ae ea H.R EY BUS A i FE BP ER A A TR Be a EW. Pe PR RE, A HARA, RARER. WI eR RA. ATER, ARERR TAR, Ta BPR] (1978—1985 4E), BAPE PR 6. 8%, TR Bi PUG EF SAA 1. 4% CCG J SRE), 1986 307— 2. BR, KNB TRENHEBE. FU, EAR LIAR RRRRM, A-ERAARMR. HE, ER CREB, HRS MARR, lio, 1965—1978 FRRRMRAE, A-PH, LRM He (ELE ah a ES A 1%, TE SR HE 1966 SE, TERA ARRON, 1952—1958 4, BR EE HME 4. 8%, MOR ABRAR I. AER EB HORI TA HZ YR A a, AGL JE > Cea HE eh RIEL ALA. LEE FRG IH ab Sl Bf) as ea Se a AH. 1949 FUR, DA-HRRRH, FERRY 89ER RM a BHF. WRAARERN SH. HCN SRD APRUARARAE- FRR A, RERAKE. AE, DOIN DART MAAR FES A ERE. BALE AEA IE ER SRSARRABERE, HREM, RAMA ‘Bi ak he SS A ee, FT AR BS AR-HOBRGK, APSE OS, ERARAREAR, + HSH "HUR, BREAK BRN. AML, JN) 8) 3 PA AK MR AE JAN RA A RS. ER, POI AY DATARS Ae ABR By TG BP A a UA DP A: BLK TOWED. EtTFRESRRMA HNKERABE RM T Al eR BEG. AGURRARRR AHL. | — Hs WA FESO se PR Ra 6. 1 fa, AMS EC He SIE sae PE BE Be AR ny 75 94 «Se — Bap BO J] BA eH fH) 23.26 , OB Ble a a et BY SS — a » Fa GJ | A HB A AE FE DARE RL a HE Se He A TY. GE — Pa Sf ALPE, A RRR KER oY TBE 1949 FLAT RMR PRE, MRA RAS BE, MER RTT SRE SEY . BUM REF RRR AE. 1952 467 1 A eB. F — Be HE BLE AS RB Oe ARR Ee I — RE AIS e 670 AA RM, RAS. SLI, DE EA TA RS Pa ARE SH, TARE ARE, A ToT MHL, FEAL WR MEH 3000 Ae LAE , ee BR Be DAL THT SES HH aR Be PRE TLA2—, HRA ARE SAAE AMA © BRHASRERRA ABARAT ETS RR BRAARSTUNAERERA, TRAE PRAM E. 90KK BRN BRAS 120 Mat, MERRIE 3 1FZ (Gao, 1987: 73). (i A BE, DER Re TE 1956 4E 7 A 13 ABA BRT CHEHR 12 ATS), OR Hl, MUA T HB HF. A-WMBGKERAKARREARAEROR. HRT R-HBAT 3. SRAM ARA 5M 13%), KP KADAREALR, =]PL-RARROR. BRU HARA, HERRERERTERERABEMRT. 195247, REI AB HE HE 340 BO CO RET MR —— BH), B) 1957 FFT 780 BOR. Ze 1958 FM 1959 F, HAE AARTAKEDRR, REE R RBI. RI, BME 1952 EA) 250 MF LY i Bl 1957 EA 680 BF (SCJINJ, 1986: 293). ii BLAA, BREACH ADEA AREY, th RUMERMERT. ARERR, CLRTMHRARERKAT. HR — fe at a BT RP 156 MTA, RAC TARR, FERS 694 VN Tah, OA 16 RR. aw AS? ABR A EF BR OJ BLA Oe aR ee, A GP A | AI A ER, RETERD MRM CRAR BAR ARAEREK, A, RRRPERTR., RRR, EVM + RE PHA PRAUBE ACHE. FETS PA RTA OR A HE BR EL RRRAN, RRMA ER Sia REET ER, Ue i AAD RE A me a HE APAB ECB, A, RARE), a TRIB AT RE BRAC RIA, HE ER, RRA fe aT RENRARELGAN. AR, PRR, RRL KER 91SR A J. QNFBRARR. RA, A-OK OA FREER. HAARERURAM, HRERTER, fit RATER A AR nT GOR TE RE ETT BE, hy eh] L. GEHAMERT, AARMKRASHERBE RH APUREH, RPHRERKSANB LR, PARE AHR CRBRARE. BRARERAMM RAR, HEIR PRASHRRAA RN. Fi. BOMBA A PRN, iQ, TARHERH Re, URES, BRR ARERR, MH. MEF MMI 1984) BR, HER, A AHUREPCRABVELLR, AMES RRMEE PRARRAKHRARTHET. HE, RNR RS A, A TR. AAR AS Ae 109% ee A BAKERS ARM EE, BRORMAT, AM ba FAR AE LIZ. UAB, ATERRRE LRA eRARAE SAORI. A 31. SHUT ae RE RT I , 1958—1980 4¢ 35 fe #058 A 18 HE at A] (19811985 4F) BY FAKE PRE 29. 3908 27. 7%) BEB (Gao, 1987: 478 —9), WA, CBC RH ANMS. 2B, MAHAL RAO AeRES Se. HRANa AM, RAR RIBAS. WIR 1953—1957 FAN BE PERE ES 1949—1985 4F HEAR MER, AERA RR RNA CHR, OHLRAKRLR, Re TRAM EAAKSH Hk. Alb, BPR aE A. ER TER RRLARR, POMBO AR, RR, BL 92RE PRM FAAMERAAS. MACH RTRG MN KHIR, FEA BRE BT, 00 1] IRA HS TA SERA, EA SHEE RaTFRMRRA LRM. HST ERARNL RRR de. BG EAM 16. OAR RRR ee RPC BL, TUBER CEL AG TR. VS NN PCR LE aR Ba RRM, BRAKE REESE, BATRA eG J BVA: EL BK AS) 5% 1987 4, SACRE T ARTE. APH ARE RE. (DRE TE, ARR ACE RM A HT. ET FRRMRE THERA T KM ZH, Bl 1958 4, Me REBHA, MER RT. RICA LRT, PRS PMR — MT. AS, bE dik An aR TE wT = Ae WRAP, CAMB. RAE, RAR BRK 4h. SEK. TE Ak A oh A TR, ARAWCRT . RAM TCHR F, RAE T BAA EBA, RR, APE RERT ME. HIRI Rk PEMA HET OF MFT RB K HE), (A, TRC BEANE ER BRE T PEAS Ad ASHE AR IB RP RE SK, HN ES A TT A, REA TER, RATT KARE, MERLE, SRR AE. PMBRMGAA, ARM REKF HR BT. ARTA, DBR R—- RRR, PEAR GIT EKRR . 93ERR OL REER, ERXARAMHAB 1958-1975 © FE 1958 ELA BRAY — “14H, A BR AY PR ait a A EE AAALAEAR ASH RBSET A, CE, FT SEE BE MTR ER, 1962 FE RAM ETE BET tA. HARE ASS A A B.A DTKRE, ARAMA. KEEN, PEO), R AF EAR RMP CAAA), 1962 FURR ARE MERHKKE ALAA GERMS. RRRE, RPM ERR, FRERS A MART Ee Wem — fate HREERRAERMRR. R-FORAEN THE. 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HRT KRRKRMADRR., EAA PRADA AE, PIG FRA BT DR), CRRA PAL i, RM MKLRA., MKARMARTRT ADH: WAL A CE) NAL a MBE 1200 AKL. MAE, 1951 AF TATE A BRAK RR 15800 BR, SEALER 43.6. LEME 1958 “FB 1963 BARS — J1), MULE, SEA AL AY BRAK BEML P T IE 10000 sete RADARS T 63. 3%, KABRERS T 98% AMO ch mR Ae A A a 1957 AEA 54% FEB) 1963 AFA) 33%. CZKCDY, 1988, 202) TERY BF Ee OL. FERED), BRARTRTBEGE 1949 AE AY 1. 6 RISE) 1979 AEA 1. 1 RR. TER 58 AR, ERE PRR AA 4 OK, Ke 19 RAB 1% (Xie, 1984: 206). FNAB SF Ra A RAR, REESE RUER, REGRN TEED. 1949 LATO BR AR B@ER. HE, MARBHEM, 1965 HU RBSRAAR EM, PANT BEG 54 AIH NF 1977 4F AY 395 AM (SAG, 95SERRE 1986: 40), (A, RBATATERM, RAIN RBR REPRE REL: $8778 Cdouble-crop) MBEZEPAI| F(A MT RRO 8% REA, SG 7 A EA AY 13.94 A — A He. ( CPI SHED 519 SRT 1949 ELA, UN RRKMSS A, WERE 4 RABSER ES RRA, 1981 FA SE pew —Mi (SAG, 1986: 174), 1982 46, MJP MEL BA Rae ARRSSR ERT PRA EH, (CARA) 1982: 38), # £1979 1A, MAAR PS RAE A. 25 LM - A P AR TRE. SHA AURDAM—ENSAME MRL S) KB. PN SJ Le a A SH, IS HLL] — NA, SL, RS, AE EA AL, RA AO A RHE A RS C8. KRSM, SSA RAR BLA LAE, Bt, # CARER. MKMSFR— ORAM META. RADAR FORME, (Fei 1979, 61-2) RW, dE Rs, MLA ee ah RSER, SERRA AAR. tt 1977 FH 395 MBS 1983 4FH) 80 A, RMA MRR 1. 6%. MIHRER FATA BE BR LE J BH PB Be a A Be i we Zh (Gan, 1986: 70). FETA MAAKA AAS RRR MT ERR. An, ATtT#RAMRRAARREBH PER. AR, BR BKRERTALAR RSE, RHBAARE. He, w ROKR ARAH PRE, LAPEER EN SH A BH, Dee BAAR, HR. RRA 96SSR SHH TRE 1965 4 AY 530 MET > Sl 1971 ZF AY 370 BTC COI HALHH), 1985; 160-1), WR A— AR Hl ER AT SEF PBB SRE Se HEE BE IR A) AF. eA BO A hE AB HH EH SRAR ARIA, BST RAMI . eB RH. 1976— 1977 48 7 RR AB Hs BY BE, ae RD 20% (AE » 137-7). TE ARAR Hea GEESE Bae ed Ef Me i HT BB JE D> SO Jae SOB PF ZY Fe — BJ a SE BFRZ— HSBhAAR R, PER LRAT ARD BRAA, AUHRARSRRAT MM. Hee PERRHR. WHR, SH. BAO, AS Yd 228 9 TAL SAL 5 AE ak EET CA 38k J SAFER ER (Smil, 1988: 120), WilkzmRAe 2 AE a A> Et KRSM. AE. BCT, PONE BRE MR, TART BAA, ATA FI BIR GARR REE SEE a RE 9) RE LM a RT 5, AE EM. ALA DOL RAR, (CKin, 1984: 179) Ul 1] 5) Se ae Sl eS ea A Bl BAY Me 10 SEARS » HE Fe AR SABE A) HL AG AR BS AE BT BR Se 2] UALR SE GE BRE. LRG, BAD TS TOO, — REP, FA. REN, ARARRR RRR A. SEFC, HR MER BERS AG SR ZY FG ITI THEIR SY RIF. CRHSHH ARN RAK, READ MAR M, 1979 UK, ARAER EEE, ARARRR EAMETS, RS LR REE Hop eS eS BAK INS A EH. 1979 FF, 16 AF 1 TCU EER, 14 RRR, 39 OESRB 5000 METER! 1 MICA MN EH, A 29 RK RM (Gu, 1985; 484), AHAB FAP ERE ERA RE. RE EP ERTOSRRLE, ATERPRRR Tam, BRR SARE RA ABS 8 TE EA. ER, Ho, FAS SE 1974 ERED 3 REIS 1977 AEN AY 430 A {A Smil, 1988; 54). HST RAMMME, RETHER fh RBS EAT. (AL HR RR RRA EA. WARMER Sb, Saba RHE. LRRD RR AER, 1977 FUR, AA HRRRRAA TBH CAML, 62). Fi i) PE 1965 EL ETT = eR. AR US 2, ORARSH, =#) GRERBARRENSM, A THREAT. eR RR (sheet shit) Ay AY (Gu, 1985, 484), CRRA HI Ree Bee A LSB) re. EUR AOC HO a FSB fey A BA, RAR CT FS dt PE RA, RARER RRMA EB SI. AM 20% AE MRANREMREE. WH, NOTE REM, KEM T= , LARA, AMARA. MR 1978 EMMA, Be BHCRRE, RHBKW 113 ff. PARARBERK, AAEANRA RA, Bit, WRIA MB RH, Inte. SRA DIE, GS 50—60 fe (lal, 484—5), BL, 1949 EK, PRE 1965 FAK, ARAB RNK MBH, RVG PERT, BE Se tt Ae A Ab re i aS BTHARERPENM RRR tHe ER . Hol, AWM RH. BULA: 98HER SKK AE 0 Ae Ee» AN ee a ee ROR LR, 6M SEG, a A AT MS kB 0G, SAME 9 ZA AW I UL ERE 609% , MEN ME Hy IE tn 1957 *F. (Zhang and Ceng, 1984, 158) EAE RAG BL ST TH TP EHH aT EE — HON MHCRAROPRRR, ERAS +E, OCR RRS A ARH A ARH. AO, MHC RHR ERS ALAR RHA, HAARBABAR. RH. MS. KI MORKRBL. Ri MARAT RAR. SRR. KRERRABA BR BAR, MARARAA RDA. ORL, RM RT AR BRAHAM ATES A TR, thee AAMAS BEE, «=| (Gan and Yang, 1984; 219) Feet BF BAC A TA LT A os RE AR A SSR. PFT HEIL — IRA AT BE A eS et BB a 5S A: AS A BRL RRM ZB Ma Dy. 1958—1962 HHRERAR ARORA WM. HIE 1958 ERAT TRAD HAR te OB TR 29 a SB eT A BT Jy eM FBG eS I AS a BAG RE HG OE SL, TE — PR LAE 1S Pa BAY A ZEB eA, AS A A ST TH EM at BE TERRE, AMARA J ROSES RAPE EE AREY. AEA BBS RZNTAKNEA, BRM RB MB) PET Hee eH RRIRERNARKE. KEM, RAR A) 5 ABU AS BE fs PD 0 Bs AS 5 SE AA EY AR SB Di], (LRA REA BLP APA ET TE PSS T ER 99ERR OF REBRLGRAN NA it BRAN OF BIBT, SPH aRTRBAT. SERRE ARM WMH 8%. KEREAKRRBEAN HARSH (1961 fe) BAA 0. SY, ERMA BAKA HAL HH ER, HRB REHATERA TERN RR RRA BAKE ®. ROR REEL THT By Cleft to the market), Af REx +3 WBE R SER, ARB, HEA ERMA EK eS ® , Td EL th RERE 1958—1975 FOIA ELH RES SETHE. TIM R. RES MEE F Ret ee ROM. ATER CTR) RED RRR En, RHR ARR, HPA. WR —BPRERWESHD GNA, PEAMKROREBRER REET RR FR. EHR, SROERG, B BIT RABAT. EAE ARB 5 eh HB A WME. ARAM, RRHRRREATE LER THRELAR, T-LRRARE ASP RART RR WAG. Ri, CRKARMRRAEREH. HTM PEE (Raa ERA LAE AT). MB SERRA, BERT EN AE NS ERS TTT kee fi, RATMREH, PRAT RR, IE. MARE Gr (1966—1976 4F) BER T i — EAA, LR TE A AT BAR HIE SELMA, RAR—-A, ASDEREHT ERM ARE © BERRRAART—BAAMH. DRRAR RAM, Ba BARKER, ALARM A RHR A OS MP RA ALMA FRERR RARER ROS, AMPED RM, MRE AKALE + AA A-KERARR. 100RL FEHR AE RE, AERA ATE EE OEP LE BR HSER. CHAM), RT-ATR. (A, TEMA, OP RRS ADL EH. ARKH: PRET TARRE, XBT RRL, WRRE A aT SR, RE SOLAS YE? TA A , a a LF, WRALSAMN PHOMEA—-AS, BER, BK ARLHRRRPRE, HARRARRARE. A A ea SR. RE BERG , Tel EL RB PY A Me MR BO PS HL A AE I, HEU, ERAS HO Hh, BRM RAAR A, BB FPL TA) eS et Oy Bk, BA OE AL A]. A 1950 2 A ZEAE 100, 1957 FH 164, MF) 1975 ER EABIT 277 (SCJJNJ, 1986: 307-8). MA, MEMBER], 1965 4 LLG ie Re SRR OS RA AIT FE RH fy Sth, ES A A TO AE KO I Ft A 3 46 0B (oF it E1957 4E A My 1 2S 7 HH BY 1975 FEA 21. SAF (ZSSWY, 1984; 186; Liu, 1988: 74), He, i SRA MOB) SB PS A Se, aS PE BHRBARAMT. SRE, TREERH Rae aee iT TK YF EERE (Dong, 19825 Riskin, 1987). HL, M5875 MB) 1949 FF DA ee OG JU] a be a A Sh, Ae a BU a A SE OD SBE He, Bh i A BAS. FE, 1978 SEL RE MARE RARE LE REE AY ee ee LRA TKRRD RA. DEPP at. HER-RACR. GAGFTUMRRLR. RANE a 101BRS BE BR a a a BE, EL ft ANT I BA A FEOMRE . FE, LIRR RR ERE, TL RR AME. WRATH, A A, REE E MR AGMA? RAZ, BRAC TERN, RELL FRRBERGRERR, LHR HHAAR RY FRRE TAY 4S FAROE, CAREER BB PA AM) OG HWAMBORAANASE ARAM RRAALES. SEMI Be TE PE AE TA. AR RR A GE BAT, WAAR PORR ERA A, BPE KEE RAPP EE, RAR MR KH ATE AY OE ARABI A. AN EAE TER — OL BOR RERAY, BTR OBE AE FRAME EAWLA BABE ERB ee Aes RB £, RARRMR NE —-RRRKRER, BAS VOI BR ey AO. a EME SKHhEABABK., BARN "=B, eR BHI GE 1964—1965 42 BAMA BET » PRD RE REA TE PEGMS RA TRO RRRSAAR ACMA, BBA PHNRRA ERR MT. RUCIRR, 1964 48 A, SME ME, SP Mee. He BERRA REHM, Lee RARN EM Wd, Ji elt BS SCAG AR OH AE SP A, AE. BE BOA RB P,P TY A ERS. PE E> DO) FLA EC ig HT Be, PSHE, FAR ASE AEB A 3 BBE A Hh, A eh FA) DL 25 BE “PG 3 BM) EE MR Hy RU hh, AMmERSRRARRARRN. A-AH, PAE 102Ran RANA LAARMEARAEGIR HORE, Rey, PERM Why RS SED BE 2 9) AS BS Ss Ue . CELLA, EAR, PRYOR RALTNRRRKE WEZ ATs CEU ALARA A), VJ Jk BR A A AR. Bit, #2 =i) SRRADEAAHDRE. TH 8, SRO) | REHY BRE: PO AAS MT HA 1965 FELL eR AY, HE 1965 AER, aE 1 A) BPR BS oH ES A A HE BE FER ROR, ZETE 1965 FB) 1979 EM TE, REO RBA RTS. iT 1949 FB) 1979 FEO SBRAWADZ=. HP. OPZEREELR, MHL RASRAR ENR. CHM, RAMS SMB, MRT 250 SAAS Ok SRTBCRH+EARRERAR, RGLARPARGHARE. B ARR TO CRA AMM. (Gu, 1985: 480) Se | FB Ay EB BH +, “AR RPGERAMRRA-PRAKHAR ET. RR FARM, B-PPEG | HRERRAREORS. B-OA HE (ZSSWY, 1984: 488), 1980—1981 4F, BURP HE Rat 545. 62 fic. BURA AH CSCIINJ, 1983; Gao, 1987), #3. 4 ah TT RMR. A AS LETH, GRRASAER AER RRA 20K UE. WS th BCH Wwe, MT ot eRe RE BHPRA RAS EMME. HPS RA SS AR Re AN. FR aE EA RAMHADRRRAR-AS. EARS RTUBANS PY FA Ba Oe BBY Ay ee ee 1950—1981 AF A Be ROHRLRHRAMB CZSSWY; 1984: 489). RPE 103SR R34 1965 FU SON MAEM BARR BPE AB AAS BRE Hel C%)* RHR BLK CCK WHR 1953-1957 11.9 24.2 1.9 29.9 9.5, 1958—1962 17.5 54.3 1.6 14.1 18.1 1963-1965 19.9 40.1 0.6 13.6 11.8 1966—1970 20.7 39.2 1.3 24.8 24.7 1971—1975 21.7 45.6 1.7 12.6 20.7 1976—1980 14.4 45.8 0.6 7.2 12.6 1981-1985 9.6 36.3 1.0 8.3 8.6 a, MAE BACB, RH. OASHERR, ARS BR, BH He, AAR RA. TE Sey BP, ae PERE RE A 75% EG. b. RAE RE RBH SUSPR Bi: Gao (1987; app.) 85. 06 fc . Wi Ze Te] — Papa FS BF a 23. 454870. Aik, ME LRWRAR AERA, SRRASL FAR} GE A EET. DRA (Gu, 1985: 482), KR) 50% MAEDA S— Ob AY eH ae a BIRT EN. RRA, Re ER A PEAY SP Hk — ARB HE EBRD EG TH OY RA i — AE, PERM AU RAHA EERE AM SN, TREAMRRAX, FRIRRESARRABE, DER TAHSM. CKEHSAMA, PRHERSRRE— SRERRHALRM RU MARERZHO. WERK J PEARY, EOI, AR A. RD, BOT RARER ME, BSI 104Blk BEMRE CB TAG AR 48 AS At ab Be Sk TW A BB Oh HER SE, ERE R RAT BA. BRE TS RE ARBRER, CAMA EKAR PRBS. BR, BR GRU ACA HH BS BE rE AE TE KO, ACB oP BE RACER MBARRET. WR, RAMEE, A UOJ SH Bi HB eA BE Ee EA FWHARAYHAR RE ARREN, ARRARARA IH PKS EE ART RRR, A EBA AGH HARE ORR. BAR HREM EREK, ARABIA EN AN, ABE AP RM. PREAAR. YK Moy Tee ST A EA AT Ea PRT BE GR GE SANT REM. ACTER, PRO MRAT MRR SRE AD, ETD AY eA AE KG PRR, WE BO A BE A I SE Ti PEA HE 7. 9 ROK, 60 A 120 EE A AT, AR BB A AT TE GE 1965 AE AS 1980 AE TE ‘A, RHMRT MAR BARM. 197046 6 A 24. FES NEE ASAT 1979 2 11 A 26 Fs BH PR Be 2h, 1980 4F, TEP)! BRAN — A 33 RMT AK. (Gao, 1987; 136-7) Fy Sit Ae > BE (SSA Naughton, 1988; Kirkby and Cannon, 1989), iii Hit ®ALAREE ACH: EXD—-ROMAM ERAS A MRBICMWA BH, PRB HAR RRR. AR, SSAC RERE- PRN. RA ETFEEER AMET RKANR. RTMTATER PR ARBAMEAORA, LT +HFP RRS RE MRM a eK SEM BADE RAN, FRANCA AR LAN. (Naughton, 1988: 372—3) 105EER BEF BL AURE, SUES, RA- MARAT. AR, ARRERARMA SH HTH TARE TRE. FEED HM WR) BARR. Bn, LAIKA, BERBERS A HO ARR SH, ACR TIM, MORI, 3: OM at B, RATE MAE eA MX BH BRS iM ICBM) AURAL, LAR AMAR HMA Me. WE HAH, Te AR, A ER W, BEREAN, PREVA N KAY, RRA T. REP PRESRACHRAR RNR, Bs RARE TAP CAB AIG RE; A | EH He (A A, RES MRA TR pB Re, EA HE RIB 7K 5 FRR 2 — (BG AE BTA AMA PROACH), RMB T 1963 #, PHO MATRRE, RE PMRKM, RMR, K THREW A, LAS, KREME HT. BAG 56 LH SH HY BH HE EH-HEARERSREAHH ARES. B POA BRE Aa BR TT EN Hh EMER SE AE PR BSE ERAARRHKG HERA AN GSH, RRMA RHA, REARH, ACRES RAAKAA, RHAK MAMMA, EN. OPERA, FEL RORRAER, BEAR, CARA GMURUNR, SRR MALT Ris th. WA, HATER ERE RMR, BORN BURA EAM TER DBT AAR ae a A HL 1 OR a a, AT PR oO. 106RSk SANA WRB 1968—1975 AF iy at a AF — a PR RE RAMA T ACMA, TILT HA AA RBS BABE, BR, AMR RAH, (A. JRE LA He SF A A. Dr A EO PR YB a 7 A) Ad SFE A BE SR ET Ra Hd BEAN EE HAAS. A, MRE. ARK, Cee BACMHANAMRAT RAM RH. APSAH ASS RA, RATS PRL AB MG SE JRE AL LE HL RH GE He» BO JIL HE STRELA GEA EAE DSF RY — HE ¥, BASPATURUR EH eRERN. Dy ARR £ TARAS THRO Pe FB BE T RR ERER. TRRERMMARKA ARS Pee RTE FART pe RR, TRA Pt VAZE 1949 4S RECA AY A A A RA. SEE ££, —ff ABR RERA (nationalist) HAERERKERA BLE-HEBKRERANANK, MEP RRReLW— KEM. 1949 ELBE, HP BSE EK TIER ANTS BA BR Te HEBAR, RAP MERA RRR EA Fo EDS BAY OBE LA De GE BEB A OF EP SEE ETRAAR. OMe RERERH pe eR om. J | sO eae er a A ea 2) wp DS we TE SARRATRAH RD. SHG, HHH RPKMRAA TE RA AB, Aa, RB By ES FAB PY A Be AY HE RR A. BRR, FE 1958 SEL ANRET , RCAT MEA, HOARE EEK 107BR EZR. HE, HOE RN, ERS PE WH, TERT MHAK. KM B. 1975 HORA Il DEN] AE 1975 EA 48g A) A Hk AE He a) A ZED] FETA BY AB SE BE. 1975 AE EE Ey A ES, 3. 5, KEPSFERAEA TRB eA RR SCERUR HRN AB (spontaneous) HR. WHT CRAB. HR RRR TIER, FPR T LR AAD il, BA eel FR AKOTA NtawR, ERARRATRReREH, ATER ROA eR TRAM. 3.5 1975-1980 FON tEKE RRS EMR BAT RI 59.8 (1973-1975) EEA BUR ae hr GRD 68.0 (1987) 64. 4 (1981) BRE (%o) 79.4 (1973-1975) a 57. 7 (1981) oh RE K Cho) 8.1 (1975—1978) 7.1 (1990) ASSREEOHR CATT) 204 (1975 4F AL 1978 AEF SY) 242 (1984—1987) ASA TAR CAF) 8 (1975 4A 1978 FIG) 19 (1984—1987) 4% 100 P AGRA CH" 8.9 (1980) 41.8 (1988) 4§ 100 PORE CE)® 0.2 (1981) 25.6 (1988) Ass AEE Go)* 238 (1978) 569 (1989) a. FALE MEAL be AH BU FNIAER, SCSHTJZL (1989), LSTJ (1990) 108HIE BeMAM (ASE, A TB Hh 1975 HA, HP ERE, Sh PB Ah Fs AR Be a] A) — 4 Ae MY AR. TEAR FE SBA DUS» HP Bd BS SP BB BEE NS TEAS THB BS FERRE. T SPCR, A RE, TT LK ARC MAD ER. WR, AE RRR AKER, BHERE, LEURROAERHDMOR. AMM FEUER RNHAT. CR, PRUE ERHEARE, Se Wh SE EE RA SB Re RAT TARE, ATER Ie AA FES PS RA AD, GEA BS a WA, SORSHRHE, WHERE "AS, Be HY, BAS Aa RH AE. HY AS He Fa ALA BB iy a AT BI. AR PEA A CARR, HRAF LR. HHR RW, 1979 FE TOME T 2008. FT RT A i Le BUTE Ra POG. TEER T BR F. BARRE HAE PD THES He FA. RU DAK I ER, OMIT A RE. FRE Ae ALA IT ERR TEA EE A ALA, HE TiO TEM SLICER. A A, ARE ASWARRM TA. (HE, AKER R MERE di — ESE EP Ta BE BE {E52 , WR ANTETE GLAS (supply-side slack) , AK MERERG FHP EERE BBA ER. SRE, BEN] AS Aa Be PB A SS BE AKG RT. 1975 FRR SHRM, SBR AE BLPT IT AR IH BR SETI Ba DA EH RR eT A eR 109BREATH GFA || A A FR AE ASS OBE BR ER BT SE CRRA, ATER PRET (EHR, Set B, ROBT RNR, RARERRRTREMEA US — » Ti BAT BAL RA eB TIKIT ARE). 1978 FUR RA RE LZ 3.6. PMH MRRRABATH. AR "Be SE firs ERE, MRERPRAT RR, PARKER, F FE PALI Be EAE EH OG HS — TRA 3.6 DI RREHARAVMR (1978—1987)° aR (ARR) CRORE a BE et Bt CAR) (wy 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 4.65 5.81 6.65 7-26 7.63 8.14 8. 66 9. 33 10.13 10. 88 11. 66 128.5 151.4 165.8 181.2 180.5 205-5 204.8 211.5 247.1 234.0 237.2 15.0 14.8 11.8 11.0 11.5 9.6 91 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.8 as BF TTF BE A Ba PE SA DB yy ARR ERRPARRA RD. AAA. KBEE ROR MR. He, DAR AR AREA Sb Bf Pia RR AE th RE HEAHR: SCIIN] (1986), ZGTINJ (1987—1989) 110 +. REPRE RARE — Hae ARAM BRE RS BAA. 1984 FL MRE RH,