Mt s ng dng

ca cc ng nht thc c in
Trnh o Chin, Trng Cao ng S Phm Gia Lai
Bi vit ny cp n mt s ng dng ca ng nht thc Lagrange tng qut
v ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut trong chng trnh ton ph thng.
1 ng nht thc Lagrange tng qut
1.1 ng nht thc Lagrange tng qut (dng 1)
Vi n b s thc (a
1
, b
1
, u
1
, v
1
) , (a
2
, b
2
, u
2
, v
2
) , ... (a
n
, b
n
, u
n
, v
n
), ta c kt qu sau
nh l 1.
_
n

j=1
a
j
u
j
__
n

j=1
b
j
v
j
_

_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
__
n

j=1
u
j
v
j
_
=
n

1j<kn
(a
j
v
k
a
k
v
j
) (b
j
u
k
b
k
u
j
).
(1)
ng nht thc trn c gi l ng nht thc Lagrange tng qut (dng 1).
Chng minh. Ta c
_
n

j=1
a
j
u
j
__
n

j=1
b
j
v
j
_

_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
__
n

j=1
u
j
v
j
_
=
n

j,k=1;j=k
a
j
b
k
u
j
v
k
+
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
u
j
v
j

_
n

j,k=1;j=k
a
j
b
j
u
k
v
k
+
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
u
j
v
j
_
=
n

j,k=1;j=k
a
j
b
k
u
j
v
k

j,k=1;j=k
a
j
b
j
u
k
v
k
=
n

1j<kn
(a
j
b
j
u
k
v
k
a
j
b
k
u
j
v
k
a
k
b
j
u
k
v
j
+ a
k
b
k
u
j
v
j
)
=
n

1j<kn
(a
j
v
k
a
k
v
j
) (b
j
u
k
b
k
u
j
).
nh l c chng minh.
11
- Vi n = 2, th (1) c dng
(a
1
u
1
+ a
2
u
2
) (b
1
v
1
+ b
2
v
2
) (a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
) (u
1
v
1
+ u
2
v
2
)
= (a
1
v
2
a
2
v
1
) (b
1
u
2
b
2
u
1
) .
(2)
- Vi n = 3, th (1) c dng
(a
1
u
1
+ a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
) (b
1
v
1
+ b
2
v
2
+ b
3
v
3
) (a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
) (u
1
v
1
+ u
2
v
2
+ u
3
v
3
)
= (a
1
v
2
a
2
v
1
) (b
1
u
2
b
2
u
1
) (a
1
v
3
a
3
v
1
) (b
1
u
3
b
3
u
1
)
(a
2
v
3
a
3
v
2
) (b
2
u
3
b
3
u
2
) .
(3)
- Vi u
j
= a
j
v v
j
= b
j
, th (1) c dng
_
n

j=1
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
_

_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
_
2
=
n

1j<kn
(a
j
b
k
a
k
b
j
)
2
.
(4)
(4) chnh l ng nht thc Lagrange.
- Vi n = 2, th (4) c dng
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
) (b
2
1
+ b
2
2
) = (a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
)
2
+ (a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
)
2
. (5)
- Vi n = 3, th (4) c dng
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
) (b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ b
2
3
)
= (a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
)
2
+ (a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
)
2
+ (a
1
b
3
a
3
b
1
)
2
+ (a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
)
2
.
(6)
Trong (6), cho b
1
= b
2
= b
3
= 1, ta c ng nht thc
3 (a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
) = (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
+ (a
1
a
2
)
2
+ (a
1
a
3
)
2
+ (a
2
a
3
)
2
. (7)
hoc rt gn, ta c ng nht thc quen thuc
(a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
= a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
+ 2a
1
a
2
+ 2a
1
a
3
+ 2a
2
a
3
. (8)
Trong (7), nu 3 (a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
) = (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
th
(a
1
a
2
)
2
= (a
1
a
3
)
2
= (a
2
a
3
)
2
= 0
hay a
1
= a
2
= a
3
.
Ta c bi ton sau:
Bi ton 1.1. Cho 3 s a
1
, a
2
, a
3
tha mn 3 (a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
) = (a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
)
2
. Chng
minh rng khi a
1
= a
2
= a
3
.
Trong (7), nu thay a
1
bi a
1
a
2
, a
2
bi a
2
a
3
, a
3
bi a
3
a
1
, th a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
c
thay bi (a
1
a
2
) + (a
2
a
3
) + (a
3
a
1
) = 0. Do , ta c ng nht thc
3
_
(a
1
a
2
)
2
+ (a
2
a
3
)
2
+ (a
3
a
1
)
2

= (a
1
2a
2
+ a
3
)
2
+ (a
2
2a
3
+ a
1
)
2
+ (a
3
2a
1
+ a
2
)
2
.
12
T ng nht thc trn, nu cho
(a
1
a
2
)
2
+ (a
2
a
3
)
2
+ (a
3
a
1
)
2
= (a
1
2a
2
+ a
3
)
2
+ (a
2
2a
3
+ a
1
)
2
+ (a
3
2a
1
+ a
2
)
2
.
th
3
_
(a
1
a
2
)
2
+ (a
2
a
3
)
2
+ (a
3
a
1
)
2

= (a
1
a
2
)
2
+ (a
2
a
3
)
2
+ (a
3
a
1
)
2
,
hay
(a
1
a
2
)
2
+ (a
2
a
3
)
2
+ (a
3
a
1
)
2
= 0.
Do a
1
= a
2
= a
3
. Ta c bi ton sau:
Bi ton 1.2. Chng minh rng t ng thc
(a
1
a
2
)
2
+(a
2
a
3
)
2
+(a
3
a
1
)
2
= (a
1
2a
2
+ a
3
)
2
+(a
2
2a
3
+ a
1
)
2
+(a
3
2a
1
+ a
2
)
2
suy ra a
1
= a
2
= a
3
Trong (5), cho b
1
= b
2
= 1, ta c ng nht thc quen thuc
(a
1
+ a
2
)
2
+ (a
1
a
2
)
2
= 2
_
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
_
T ng nht thc trn, tip tc thay a
1
bi a + b v a
2
bi c + d, ta c
(a + b + c + d)
2
+ (a + b c d)
2
= 2
_
(a + b)
2
+ (c + d)
2

v thay a
1
bi a b v a
2
bi c d, ta c
(a b + c d)
2
+ (a b c + d)
2
= 2
_
(a b)
2
+ (c d)
2

Cng 2 ng thc trn theo v, ta c

(a + b + c + d)
2
+ (a + b c d)
2
+ (a b + c d)
2
+ (a b c + d)
2
= 2
_
(a + b)
2
+ (a b)
2
+ (c + d)
2
+ (c d)
2

= 2 [2 (a
2
+ b
2
) + 2 (c
2
+ d
2
)] = 4 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
) .
Ta c bi ton sau:
Bi ton 1.3. Chng minh ng nht thc
(a + b + c + d)
2
+ (a + b c d)
2
+ (a b + c d)
2
+ (a b c + d)
2
= 4 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
) .
T (6), ta c bt ng thc sau:
_
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
_ _
b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ b
2
3
_
(a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
)
2
. (9)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a
1
b
2
= a
2
b
1
, a
1
b
3
= a
3
b
1
, a
2
b
3
= a
3
b
2
hay
a
1
b
1
=
a
2
b
2
=
a
3
b
3
(nu b
1
, b
2
, b
3
khc 0).
13
T (9), nu cho a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
= 1 v b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ b
2
3
= 1, ta c th sng tc bi ton sau:
Bi ton 1.4. Chng minh rng t cc ng thc a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
= 1 v b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ b
2
3
= 1,
suy ra rng 1 a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
1.
By gi, gi s thm rng cc s a
k
, b
k
u l s dng v tha mn

a
k
b
k
, k = 1, 2, 3,
vi v l cc s dng no .
Th th, ta c
_
a
k
b
k

__

a
k
b
k
_
0, hay (a
k
.b
k
) (.b
k
a
k
) 0,
hay a
2
k
+ .b
2
k
( + ) .a
k
b
k
, vi k = 1, 2, 3.
Suy ra (a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
) + . (b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ b
2
3
) ( + ) . (a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
).
Ngoi ra, theo Bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c
_
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
_
+ .
_
b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ b
2
3
_
2.
_
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
.
_
. (b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ b
2
3
).
Do
2.
_
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
.
_
.
_
b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ b
2
3
( + ) . (a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
) ,
hay
_
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
.
_
b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ b
2
3

+
2

. (a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
) .
T , ta sng tc c bi ton sau:
Bi ton 1.5. Gi s rng cc s a
k
, b
k
u l s dng v tha mn
a
k
b
k
,
k = 1, 2, 3, vi v l cc s dng no . Chng minh bt ng thc sau
_
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ a
2
3
.
_
b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ b
2
3

+
2

. (a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ a
3
b
3
) .
Nhn xt: Bt ng thc trn, v c bn, khc hn Bt ng thc (9) quen thuc thng
gp, t nht l v k thut chng minh, v du bt ng thc i chiu.
Ta tip tc tm kim nhng bt ng thc khc.
T ng nht thc Lagrange (4), ta c
H qu 1. Nu a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
) v b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) l hai b s thc th
_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
_
2

_
n

j=1
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
_
. (10)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a v b t l vi nhau, ngha l tn ti mt s thc r sao
cho a
k
= rb
k
, vi mi k {1, . . . , n} .
Bt ng thc (10) chnh l Bt ng thc Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz.
By gi, vi a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
), c = (c
1
, . . . , c
n
), d = (d
1
, . . . , d
n
) l cc b
14
s thc v p = (p
1
, . . . , p
n
), q = (q
1
, . . . , q
n
) l hai b s thc khng m. T bt ng
thc hin nhin a
2
i
b
2
j
+ c
2
i
d
2
j
2a
i
c
i
b
j
d
j
, vi mi i, j {1, . . . , n}, suy ra
p
i
q
j
a
2
i
b
2
j
+ p
i
q
j
c
2
i
d
2
j
2p
i
q
j
a
i
c
i
b
j
d
j
,
vi mi i, j {1, . . . , n}.
Thc hin php ly tng tt c cc bt ng thc trn, ta thu c
nh l 2. Gi s a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
), c = (c
1
, . . . , c
n
), d = (d
1
, . . . , d
n
) l
cc b s thc v p = (p
1
, . . . , p
n
), q = (q
1
, . . . , q
n
) l hai b s thc khng m. Th th,
ta c
_
n

j=1
p
j
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
q
j
b
2
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
p
j
c
2
j
__
n

j=1
q
j
d
2
j
_
2
_
n

j=1
p
j
a
j
c
j
__
n

j=1
q
j
b
j
d
j
_
.
Nu p v q l cc b s thc dng th ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a
i
b
j
= c
i
d
j
,
vi mi i, j {1, . . . , n}.
H qu 2. Nu a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
), c = (c
1
, . . . , c
n
), d = (d
1
, . . . , d
n
) l cc
b s thc khng m, th ta c
i)
1
2
__
n

j=1
a
3
j
c
j
__
n

j=1
b
3
j
d
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
c
3
j
a
j
__
n

j=1
d
3
j
b
j
__

_
n

j=1
a
2
j
c
2
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
d
2
j
_
;
ii)
1
2
__
n

j=1
a
2
j
b
j
d
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
a
j
c
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
c
2
j
b
j
d
j
__
n

j=1
d
2
j
a
j
c
j
__

_
n

j=1
a
2
j
b
2
j
c
2
j
d
2
j
_
2
.
H qu 3. Nu a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) l cc b s thc khng m v c =
(c
1
, . . . , c
n
), d = (d
1
, . . . , d
n
) l cc b s thc dng, th ta c
i)
1
2
__
n

j=1
a
3
j
c
j
__
n

j=1
b
3
j
d
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
a
j
c
j
__
n

j=1
b
j
d
j
__

_
n

j=1
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
_
;
ii)
1
2
__
n

j=1
a
2
j
b
j
c
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
a
j
d
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
b
j
c
j
__
n

j=1
a
j
d
j
__

_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
_
2
.
H qu 4. Nu a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) l cc b s thc dng, th ta c
1
2
_
_
_
n

j=1
a
3
j
b
j
__
n

j=1
b
3
j
a
j
_

_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
_
2
_
_

_
n

j=1
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
_

_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
_
2
0.
Vi phng php tng t nh trn, ta c kt qu sau
nh l 3. Gi s a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) l cc b s thc v c = (c
1
, . . . , c
n
),
d = (d
1
, . . . , d
n
) l cc b s thc khng m. Th th, ta c
_
n

j=1
d
j
__
n

j=1
c
j
a
2
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
c
j
__
n

j=1
d
j
b
2
j
_
2
_
n

j=1
c
j
a
j
__
n

j=1
d
j
b
j
_
.
Nu c v d l cc b s thc dng th ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = k,
trong k = (k, . . . , k).
15
H qu 5. Nu a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) l cc b s thc khng m, th ta c
i)
1
2
__
n

j=1
a
3
j
__
n

j=1
b
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
a
j
__
n

j=1
b
3
j
__

_
n

j=1
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
_
;
ii)
1
2
__
n

j=1
a
j
__
n

j=1
a
2
j
b
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
b
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
a
j
__

_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
_
2
.
H qu 6. Nu a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) l cc b s thc dng, th ta c
i)
n

j=1
a
2
j
+ b
2
j
2a
j
b
j

_
n

j=1
1
a
j
__
n

j=1
1
b
j
_
n

j=1
1
a
j
b
j
;
ii)
_
n

j=1
a
j
__
n

j=1
1
b
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
1
a
j
__
n

j=1
b
j
_
2n
2
;
iii) n
n

j=1
a
2
j
+ b
2
j
2a
j
b
j

_
n

j=1
1
a
j
__
n

j=1
1
b
j
_
.
nh l 4. Gi s a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) l cc b s thc v c = (c
1
, . . . , c
n
),
d = (d
1
, . . . , d
n
) l cc b s thc khng m. Nu > 0, > 0 v l s thc tha mn

2
th ta c bt ng thc sau

_
n

j=1
d
j
__
n

j=1
a
2
j
c
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
c
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
d
j
_
2
_
n

j=1
c
j
a
j
__
n

j=1
d
j
b
j
_
.
H qu 7. Gi s a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) l cc b s thc khng m. Nu
> 0, > 0 v l s thc tha mn
2
, th ta c
i)
_
n

j=1
b
j
__
n

j=1
a
3
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
a
j
__
n

j=1
b
3
j
_
2
_
n

j=1
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
_
;
ii)
_
n

j=1
a
j
__
n

j=1
a
2
j
b
j
_
+
_
n

j=1
b
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
a
j
_
2
_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
_
2
.
nh l 5. Gi s a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) l cc b s thc v p = (p
1
, . . . , p
n
)
l b s thc khng m tha mn
n

j=1
p
j
> 0. Th th, ta c
_
n

j=1
p
j
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
p
j
b
2
j
_

_
n

j=1
p
j
a
j
b
j
__
n

j=1
p
j
a
j
__
n

j=1
p
j
b
j
_
n

j=1
p
j
. (11)
16
Mt trng hp ring ca bt ng thc (11) l bt ng thc
_
n

j=1
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
_

1
n
_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
__
n

j=1
a
j
__
n

j=1
b
j
_
.
By gi, gi s rng a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) l cc b s thc khng ng b,
ngha l (a
i
a
j
) (b
i
b
j
) 0, vi mi i, j {1, . . . , n}. Th th, bi Bt ng thc
Chebyshev
_
n

j=1
p
j
a
j
__
n

j=1
p
j
b
j
_

_
n

j=1
p
j
__
n

j=1
p
j
a
j
b
j
_
,
vi trng hp c bit l
_
n

j=1
a
j
__
n

j=1
b
j
_
n
_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
_
,
ta thu c bt ng thc cht hn Bt ng thc Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz nh
sau
_
n

j=1
p
j
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
p
j
b
2
j
_

_
n

j=1
p
j
a
j
b
j
__
n

j=1
p
j
a
j
__
n

j=1
p
j
b
j
_
n

j=1
p
j

_
n

j=1
p
j
a
j
b
j
_
2
, (12)
vi iu kin
n

j=1
p
j
a
j
b
j
0.
Trng hp ring ca bt ng thc (12) l
_
n

j=1
a
2
j
__
n

j=1
b
2
j
_

1
n
_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
__
n

j=1
a
j
__
n

j=1
b
j
_

_
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
_
2
,
vi iu kin
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
0.
2 ng nht thc Lagrange tng qut (dng 2)
Gi s a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
s
; b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
s
l 2s s thc v
M
m
:=
m

k=0
(1)
k
C
m
k
_

a
m+1k
b
k
__

a
k
b
m+1k
_
,
trong

a
k
b
m+1k
l k hiu thu gn ca
s

i=1
a
k
i
b
m+1k
i
.
Ta c kt qu sau
17
nh l 6.
M
m
=
_

i<j
(a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
)
2r
, khi m = 2r 1;

i<j
(a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
)
2r
(a
i
b
j
+ a
j
b
i
) , khi m = 2r.
ng nht thc trn c gi l ng nht thc Lagrange tng qut (dng 2).
Chng minh. Ta c
M
m
:=

a
m+1

b
m+1
C
m
1

a
m
b

ab
m
+ ... + (1)
m
C
m
m

ab
m

a
m
b.
1) Vi m = 2r 1 :
M
2r1
:=

a
2r

b
2r
+
r1

k=1
(1)
k
C
2r1
k
_
a
2rk
b
k
_ _
a
k
b
2rk
_
+
(1)
r
C
2r1
k
(

a
r
b
r
)
2
+
2r1

k=r+1
(1)
k
C
2r1
k
_
a
2rk
b
k
_ _
a
k
b
2rk
_
=

a
2r

b
2r
+
r1

k=1
(1)
k
C
2r1
k
_
a
2rk
b
k
_ _
a
k
b
2rk
_
+(1)
r
C
2r1
k
(

a
r
b
r
)
2
+
r1

l=1
(1)
l
C
2r1
2rl
_
a
2rl
b
l
_ _
a
l
b
2rl
_
=

a
2r

b
2r
+
_
r1

k=1
(1)
k
_
C
2r1
k
+ C
2r1
2rk
_ _
a
2rk
b
k
_ _
a
k
b
2rk
_
_
+(1)
k
C
2r1
r
(

a
r
b
r
)
2
=

a
2r

b
2r
+
_
r1

k=1
(1)
k
C
2r
k
_
a
2rk
b
k
_ _
a
k
b
2rk
_
_
+
1
2
(1)
k
C
2r
k
(

a
r
b
r
)
2
=

i,j
__
r1

k=0
(1)
k
C
2r
k
(a
i
b
j
)
2rk
(a
j
b
i
)
k
_
+
1
2
(1)
r
C
2r
k
(a
i
b
j
)
r
(a
j
b
i
)
r
_
.
Bi s hon v ca cc ch s i v j, ta c
M
m
:=

i<j
__
r1

k=0
C
2r
k
(a
i
b
j
)
2rk
(a
j
b
i
)
k
+
r1

k=0
C
2r
k
(a
j
b
i
)
2rk
(a
i
b
j
)
k
_
+
_
1
2
C
2r
k
(a
i
b
j
)
r
(a
j
b
i
)
r
+ C
2r
k
(a
i
b
j
)
r
(a
j
b
i
)
r
_ _
=

i<j
__
r1

k=0
C
2r
k
(a
i
b
j
)
2rk
(a
j
b
i
)
k
+
1
2
C
2r
k
(a
i
b
j
)
r
(a
j
b
i
)
r
_
+
2r

l=r+1
C
2r
l
(a
i
b
j
)
l
(a
i
b
j
)
2r1
_
=

i<j
(a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
)
2r
.
2) Vi m = 2r :
18
M
2r
:=

a
2r+1

b
2r+1
+
r

k=1
(1)
k
C
2r
k
_
a
2rk+1
b
k
_ _
a
k
b
2rk+1
_
+
2r

k=r+1
(1)
k
C
2r1
k
_
a
2rk+1
b
k
_ _
a
k
b
2rk+1
_
=

a
2r+1

b
2r+1
+
r

k=1
(1)
k
C
2r
k
_
a
2rk+1
b
k
_ _
a
k
b
2rk+1
_
+
r

l=1
(1)
l+1
C
2r
2rl+1
_
a
2rl+1
b
l
_ _
a
l
b
2rl+1
_
=

a
2r+1

b
2r+1
+
_
r

k=1
(1)
k
_
C
2r
k
+ C
2r
2rk+1
_ _
a
2rk+1
b
k
_ _
a
k
b
2rk+1
_
_
.
Ch rng C
2r
k
C
2r
2rk+1
=
2 (r k) + 1
2r + 1
.C
2r+1
k
.
Do , ta c
M
2r
:=
r

k=0
(1)
k
2 (r k) + 1
2r + 1
C
2r+1
k
_
a
2rk+1
b
k
_ _
a
k
b
2rk+1
_
=

i,j
_
r

k=0
(1)
k
2 (r k) + 1
2r + 1
C
2r+1
k
(a
i
b
j
)
2rk+1
(a
j
b
i
)
k
_
.
Bi s hon v ca cc ch s i v j, ta c
M
m
:=

i<j
_
2r+1

k=0
2 (r k) + 1
2r + 1
C
2r+1
k
p
2rk+1
q
k
_
=

i<j
_
2r+1

k=0
2 (r k) + 1
2r + 1
C
2r+1
k
p
2rk+1
q
k

2
r + 1
2r+1

k=1
kC
2r+1
k
p
2rk+1
q
k
_
=

i<j
_
2r+1

k=0
C
2r+1
k
p
2rk+1
q
k

2 (2r + 1)
r + 1
2r+1

k=1
kC
2r
k1
p
2rk+1
q
k
_
=

i<j
_
(p + q)
2r+1
2
2r

l=1
kC
2r
l
p
2rl
q
l+1
_
=

i<j
_
(p + q)
2r+1
2q (p + q)
2r

i<j
(a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
)
2r
(a
i
b
j
+ a
j
b
i
) .
nh l c chng minh.
Vi m = 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., ta thu c cc ng nht thc c th nh sau
(

a
2
i
) (

b
2
i
) (

a
i
b
i
)
2
=: M
1
=

i<j
(a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
); (ng nht thc Lagrange)
(

a
3
i
) (

b
3
i
) (

a
2
i
b
i
) (

a
i
b
2
i
) =: M
2
=

i<j
(a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
)
2
(a
i
b
j
+ a
j
b
i
) ;
(

a
4
i
) (

b
4
i
) 4 (

a
3
i
b
i
) (

a
i
b
3
i
) + 3 (

a
2
i
b
2
i
)
2
=: M
3
=

i<j
(a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
)
4
;
(

a
5
i
) (

b
5
i
) 3 (

a
4
i
b
i
) (

a
i
b
4
i
) + 2 (

a
3
i
b
2
i
) (

a
2
i
b
3
i
)
=: M
4
=

i<j
(a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
)
4
(a
i
b
j
+ a
j
b
i
) ; ...
H qu 8. i) M
m
0, vi m = 2r 1, r nguyn dng;
ii) M
m
0, a
i
0, b
i
0.
By gi, xt a thc P (x) =
n

i=1
(x
i
),
i
R. R rng bc ca a thc l n
(deg P (x) = n) v
1
,
2
, ...,
n
l n nghim ca P (x).
19
Vi cc s p, q nguyn dng xc nh, p dng H qu 8 vi
a
i
= (|
i
|)
p
0 v b
i
= (|
i
|)
q
0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n,
ta c
m

k=0
(1)
k
C
m
k
_
n

i=1
a
m+1k
i
b
k
i
__
n

i=1
a
k
i
b
m+1k
i
_
0

k=0
(1)
k
C
m
k
_
n

i=1
(|
i
|)
(m+1k)p
(|
i
|)
kq
__
n

i=1
(|
i
|)
kp
(|
i
|)
(m+1k)q
_
0

k=0
(1)
k
C
m
k
_
n

i=1
(|
i
|)
(m+1k)p+kq
__
n

i=1
(|
i
|)
(m+1k)q+kp
_
0.
Vi iu kin (m + 1 k) p +kq v (m + 1 k) q +kp l cc s nguyn dng, t
T
n
=
n

i=1
(|
i
|)
n
, ta c bt ng thc sau
m

k=0
(1)
k
C
m
k
_
n

i=1
T
(m+1k)p+kq
__
n

i=1
T
(m+1k)q+kp
_
0. (13)
Vi m = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., t (13), ta thu c cc bt ng thc c th nh sau
T
2p
T
2q
T
2
p+q
0;
T
3p
T
3q
2T
2p+q
T
p+2q
0;
T
4p
T
4q
4T
3p+q
T
p+3q
+ 2T
2
2p+2q
0;
T
5p
T
5q
+ 2T
3p+2q
T
2p+3q
3T
4p+q
T
p+4q
0;
T
6p
T
6q
+ 15T
4p+2q
T
2p+4q
6T
5p+q
T
p+5q
10T
2
3p+3q
0...
3 ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut
3.1 Kin thc chun b
3.1.1 H thng k hiu
ABC : tam gic ABC.
A, B, C : cc nh hoc gc nh ca tam gic ABC.
a, b, c : cnh BC, CA, AB.
h
a
, h
b
, h
c
: chiu cao tng ng ca cc nh A, B, C.
m
a
, m
b
, m
c
: trung tuyn k t cc nh A, B, C.
l
a
, l
b
, l
c
: phn gic ca cc gc A, B, C.
R : bn knh ng trn ngoi tip.
r : bn knh ng trn ni tip.
p : na chu vi tam gic.
r
a
, r
b
, r
c
: bn knh ng trn bng tip ng vi cc gc A, B, C.
O : tm ng trn ngoi tip.
I : tm ng trn ni tip.
H : trc tm tam gic.
G : trng tm tam gic.
20
3.1.2 Mt s quy c

: tng hon v.
V d :

f(a) = f(a) + f(b) + f(c)

f(b, c) = f(b, c) + f(c, a) + f(a, b)

(p a) = (p a) + (p b) + (p c)

: tch hon v.
V d:

(bc) =

bc = bc.ca.ab

GA = GA.GB.GC
3.1.3 Mt s h thc lng trong tam gic
- H thc Euler: OI
2
= R
2
2Rr
H thc khc: OI
2
= R
2

abc
a + b + c
- Trung tuyn: m
a
=
_
2 (b
2
+ c
2
) a
2
2
, GA =
2
3
m
a
Suy ra : 1) m
2
a
+ m
2
b
+ m
2
c
=
3
4
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2) GA
2
+ GB
2
+ GC
2
=
1
3
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
- Phn gic :
l
a
=
2bc cos
A
2
b + c
=
2
_
bcp (p a)
b + c
- OG =
1
3
_
9R
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) , HO = 3GO, GH = 3GO
- HI
2
= 4R
2

a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ abc
a + b + c
- IG =
1
3
_
9r
2
3p
2
+ 2 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
- Din tch :
S =
1
2
a.h
a
= pr
=
1
2
bc. sin A = 2R
2
. sin Asin Bsin C =
abc
4R
=
_
p (p a) (p b) (p c) = r
a
(p a) (r
a
bn knh ng trn bng tip)
=

r.r
a
.r
b
.r
c
=
a.r
b
.r
c
r
b
+ r
c
Suy ra : 1) h
a
=
2
_
p (p a) (p b) (p c)
a
2)
1
r
=
1
r
a
+
1
r
b
+
1
r
c
=
1
h
a
+
1
h
b
+
1
h
c
21
- Bn knh ng trn ngoi tip: R =
a
2 sin A
=
abc
4S
=
abc
4
_
p (p a) (p b) (p c)
- Bn knh ng trn ni tip: r = (p a) .tg
A
2
=
S
p
=
_
(p a) (p b) (p c)
p
- Bn knh ng trn bng tip: r
a
= p.tg
A
2
=
S
p a
=
_
p (p b) (p c)
p a
- H thc :
1
p a
+
1
p b
+
1
p c
=
4R + r
pr
1
r
=
1
h
a
+
1
h
b
+
1
h
c
1
r
=
1
r
a
+
1
r
b
+
1
r
c
r
a
+ r
b
+ r
c
= 4R + r
3.1.4 Mt s im c bit trong tam gic
3.1.4.1 im Lhuilier - Lemoine.
ng i trung ca mt tam gic ng vi mt nh l ng thng i xng vi
trung tuyn qua phn gic tng ng vi nh .
Cc ng i trung ca mt tam gic ng qui ti mt im .im ny c gi
l im Lhuilier - Lemoine (k hiu l K).
3.1.4.2 im Gergonne.
Cho tam gic ABC . ng trn ni tip (I) ca tam gic tip xc vi cc cnh
BC, CA, AB ln lt ti A, B, C .
Cc ng thng AA, BB, CC ng qui ti mt im . im ny gi l im
Gergonne (k hiu l J).
3.1.4.3 im Nagel.
Cho tam gic ABC. ng trn bng tip ca tam gic tip xc vi cc cnh tng
ng nh A, B, C ln lt ti A
1
, B
1
, C
1
Cc ng thng AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
ng qui ti mt im. im ny gi l im
Nagel (k hiu l N).
3.1.4.4 im Crell - Brocard.
Trong tam gic ABC cho trc, c hai im
1
,v
2
tha mn

1
AB =

1
BC =

1
CA =

2
AC =

2
CB =

1
BA =
Cc im ny c gi tng ng l im Crell - Brocard 1 v im Crell - Brocard
2. Gc c gi l gc Crell - Brocard.
3.1.5 Mt s h thc vect c bn trong tam gic
Cho tam gic ABC. P l im ty trn mt phng (ABC) . t
22
S
a
= S
BPC
, S
b
= S
CPA
, S
c
= S
APB
.
Ngi ta chng minh h thc vec t c bn sau

S
a
.

PA =

0 (14)
Xt cc trng hp ring ca h thc trn:
- Khi P G, h thc tr thnh

S
a
.

GA =

0 .
Nhng v S
a
= S
b
= S
c
, nn h thc tr thnh

GA =

0 (15)
- Khi P I, h thc tr thnh

S
a
.

IA =

0 .
Nhng v S
a
=
1
2
ra ,S
b
=
1
2
rb, S
c
=
1
2
rc, nn h thc tr thnh

a.

IA =

0 (16)
- Khi P O , h thc tr thnh

S
a
.

OA =

0
Nhng v S
a
=
1
2
R
2
sin 2A , S
b
=
1
2
R
2
sin 2B, S
c
=
1
2
R
2
sin 2C nn h thc tr
thnh.

sin 2A.

OA =

0 (17)
- Khi P H , h thc tr thnh

S
a
.

HA =

0
Gi s AH, BH, CH ct BC, CA, AB ln lt ti A

, B

, C

.
Do S
a
=
1
2
.HB.CB

, S
b
=
1
2
.HC.AC

, S
c
=
1
2
.HA.BA

.
Ngoi ra, ta c HA.HA

= HB.HB

= HC.HC

.
Vy

S
a
.

HA =

0
1
2

HB.CB

HA =

0

S
a
.

HA =

0
HB.CB

HB.HB

HA =

0
CB

HB

HA =

0

tan

HC.

HA =

0

tan A.

HA =

0 (18)
- Khi P K, h thc tr thnh

S
a
.

KA =

0 .
Ngi ta chng minh rng, h thc trn suy ra:

a
2
.

KA =

0 (19)
- Khi P J, h thc tr thnh

S
a
.

JA =

0
Ngi ta chng minh rng, h thc trn suy ra:

1
p a
.

JA =

0 (20)
23
- Khi P N, h thc tr thnh

S
a
.

NA =

0
Ngi ta chng minh rng, h thc trn suy ra:

(p a) .

NA =

0 (21)
- Khi P
1
, h thc tr thnh

S
a
.

1
A =

0
Ngi ta chng minh rng, h thc trn suy ra:

1
c
2
.

1
A =

0 (22)
- Khi P
2
, h thc tr thnh

S
a
.

2
A =

0
Ngi ta chng minh rng, h thc trn suy ra:

1
b
2
.

2
A =

0 (23)
3.2 ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut
Cho tam gic ABC . Ta bit rng, vi ba s thc x
1
, x
2
, x
3
xc nh tha mn
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
= 0, lun tn ti duy nht im P thuc mt phng (ABC) sao cho

x
1
.

PA =

0 .
Vi mt im M bt k cho trc trn mt phng (ABC), im P nu trn c xc nh
bi h thc sau

MP =

x
1

MA

x
1
.
Bnh phng hai v h thc trn , p dng cc h thc
a
2
= MB
2
+ MC
2
2

MB.

MC,
b
2
= MC
2
+ MA
2
2

MC.

MA,
c
2
= MA
2
+ MB
2
2

MA.

MB,
v rt gn, ta thu c ng nht thc sau
(

x
1
)
2
MP
2
= (

x
1
) (

x
1
MA
2
)

a
2
x
2
x
3
.
ng nht thc trn c gi l ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut.
Vi mt s b gi tr c bit ca x
1
, x
2
, x
3
th P s trng vi cc im c bit ca
ABC . Chng hn, t cc cng thc (1) - (10) phn 1.5, ta bit rng :
- Nu (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (1, 1, 1), th P G;
- Nu (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (a, b, c), th P I;
24
- Nu (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (sin 2A, sin 2B, sin 2C), th P O;
- Nu (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (tan A, tan B, tan C), th P H;
- Nu (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (a
2
, b
2
, c
2
), th P K;
- Nu (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (
1
p a
,
1
p b
,
1
p c
), th P J;
- Nu (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (p a, p b, p c), th P N;
- Nu (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (
1
c
2
,
1
a
2
,
1
b
2
), th P
1
;
- Nu (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = (
1
b
2
,
1
c
2
,
1
a
2
), th P
2
.
Thay cc b gi tr c bit ca x
1
, x
2
, x
3
v thay P bi cc im c bit tng
ng vo ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut, ln lt ta c cc ng nht thc trong
trng hp ring, biu din di cc on thng MG, MI, MO, MH, MK, MT, MN,
M
i
Chng hn nh sau :
9.MG
2
= 3

MA
2

a
2
;
(

a)
2
MI
2
=

a.MA
2
abc;
(

sin 2A)
2
MO
2
= (

sin 2A) (

sin 2A.MA
2
)

a
2
sin 2B. sin 2C.
(

tan A)
2
MH
2
= (

tan A) (

tan A.MA
2
)

a
2
tan B. tan C.
Sau chn im M ln lt trng vi cc im c bit G, I, O, H, K, , M,
i
v p dng mt s h thc bit cng vi mt s bc bin i, ta thu c cc ng
nht thc biu din di ca cc on thng ni cc im c bit ca tam gic. C
th nh sau :
AG
2
=
2
9
(

a
2
)
a
2
3
AI
2
=
bc(p a)
p
AO
2
= R
2
AH
2
= 4R
2
cos
2
A
AK
2
=
b
2
c
2
(2

a
2
3a
2
)
(

a
2
)
2
AJ
2
=
pr
4R + r
_
c
2
pb
+
b
2
p c
_

4p
2
r(R + r)
(4R + r)
2
AN
2
= (b c)
2
+ 4r
2
25
A
2
1
=
c
4
b
2

b
2
c
2
; A
2
2
=
c
2
b
4

b
2
c
2
GI
2
=
1
9
(p
2
+ 5r
2
16Rr)
GO
2
= R
2

1
9

a
2
=
1
9
(9R
2
+ 8Rr + 2r
2
2p
2
)
GH
2
=
4
9
(9R
2
+ 8Rr + 2r
2
2p
2
)
GK
2
=
1
9 (

a
2
)
2
_
6 (

a
2
) (

b
2
c
2
) (

a
2
)
3
27a
2
_
GJ
2
=
4
9
.
p
2
(4R
2
+ 8Rr 5r
2
) r (4R + r)
3
(4R + r)
2
GN
2
=
4
9
(p
2
+ 5r
2
16Rr)
G
2
1
=
2
9

a
2

1
(

a
2
)

1
3
(

a
4
b
2
)
(

a
2
b
2
)
;
G
2
2
=
2
9

a
2

1
(

a
2
)

1
3
(

a
2
b
4
)
(

a
2
b
2
)
;
IO
2
= R(R 2r)
IH
2
= 4R
2
+ 4Rr + 3r
2
p
2
IK
2
=
4Rr
2
(p
2
r
2
4Rr)
2
[p
2
(R + r) r(4R + r)
2
]
IJ
2
= r
2
_
1
3p
2
(4R + r)
2
_
IN
2
= p
2
16Rr + 5r
2
I
2
1
=
a
b
1
1
a
2
4Rr
26
I
2
2
=
b
a
1
1
a
2
4Rr
OH
2
= 9R
2

a
2
= 9R
2
+ 2r
2
+ 8Rr 2p
2
OK
2
= R
2

3a
2
(

a
2
)
2
OJ
2
= R
2

4p
2
r(R + r)
(4R + r)
2
ON
2
= (R 2r)
2
O
1
= O
2
= R
2

1
(

a
2
)
= R
2
_
1 4 sin
2

_
HK
2
= 4R
2

a
2
+
[2 (

a
2
) (

b
2
c
2
) 3a
2
]
(

a
2
)
2
HJ
2
= 4R
2
_
1
2p
2
(2R r)
R(4R + r)
2
_
HN
2
= 4R(R 2r)
H
2
1
= 4R
2

1
(

a
2
)

(

a
4
b
2
)
(

a
2
b
2
)
H
2
2
= 4R
2

1
(

a
2
)

(

a
2
b
4
)
(

a
2
b
2
)
KJ
2
=
2 [p
2
(

b
2
c
2
) + 4Rrp
2
(

bc) +

b
3
c
3
]
r(4R + r)(

a
2
)

3a
2
(

a
2
)
2

4p
2
r(R + r)
(4R + r)
2
KN
2
=
2
(

a
2
)
[p
4
2p
2
r (6R r) + r
3
(4Rr + r)]
48p
2
r
2
R
2
(

a
2
)
2
4r(R r)
K
2
1
=
1
(

a
2
)

3a
2
(

a
2
)
2
= 4R
2
_
sin
2
3
_
sin A

sin
2
A
_
2
_
27
NJ
2
=
16R
(4R + r)
2
_
p
2
(R + r) r (4R + r)
2

N
2
1
= 2p
2
+ 2r
2
8Rr
1 +
_
b
a
_
2
_
1
a
2
_
N
2
2
= 2p
2
+ 2r
2
8Rr
1 +
_
a
b
_
2
_
1
a
2
_
J
1
=
rp
4R + r
_

_
b
2
c
4
p a

b
2
c
2
4p
R + r
4R + r
_

_
J
2
=
rp
4R + r
_

_
b
4
c
2
p a

b
2
c
2
4p
R + r
4R + r
_

2
2
=

a
4

b
2
c
2
_
bc
a
_
2
Hn na, khi M hoc P trng vi cc im c bit ca tam gic, ta thu c cc
trng hp ring ca ng nht thc Leibniz tng qut. T , d dng suy ra c mt
s bt ng thc quan trng. Di y l mt s v d .
- Khi M O : ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut tr thnh :
OP
2
= R
2
(

a
2
x
2
x
3
) / (

x
1
)
2
Suy ra bt ng thc :
R
2
(

x
1
)
2

a
2
x
2
x
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi P O.
- Khi P G : ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut tr thnh :

MA
2
= 3MG
2
+
1
3

a
2
Suy ra bt ng thc

MA
2

1
3

a
2
28
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi M G.
- Khi P I : ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut tr thnh :

aMA
2
= 2p.MI
2
+ abc
Suy ra bt ng thc

aMA
2
abc
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi M I.
- Khi P K : ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut tr thnh :

a
2
MA
2
= (

a
2
) MK
2
+ 3 (

a
2
) / (

a
2
)
Suy ra bt ng thc

a
2
MA
2
3 (

a
2
) / (

a
2
)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi M K.
- Khi P J : ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut tr thnh :
MA
2
p a
=
4R + r
pr
.MJ
2
+
4p (R + r)
4R + r
Suy ra bt ng thc:
MA
2
p a

4p (R + r)
4R + r
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi M J.
- Khi P N : ng nht thc Leibnitz tng qut tr thnh :

(p a) MA
2
= p.MN
2
+ 4pr (R r)
Suy ra bt ng thc:

(p a) MA
2
4pS (R r) .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi M N ./.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, Bt ng thc - nh l v p dng, NXB Gio dc, 2006.
[2] D. S. Mitrinovic, J. E. Pecaric and V. Volenec, Recent advances in geometric
inequalities.
[3] S. S. Dragomir, A survey on Cauchy- Bunyakovsky-Schwarz type discrete in-
equalities, Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 4, 2003.
29