EARTHQUAKEDISASTERSININDIA

MANAGEMENTANDMITIGATIONMEASURES

RamancharlaPradeepKumar EarthquakeEngineeringResearchCentre InternationalInstituteofInformationTechnology Hyderabad

OVERVIEW
Introduction Summaryofpastearthquakes Integrateddisastermanagement Research Promotionofretrofitting Awareness Conclusions

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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PARTI
Introduction

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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NATURALDISASTERS
Earthquakes liquefaction tsunami landslide Volcano Fire Floods Cyclone Drought
Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 4

Canwepredictanearthquake?
PredictionofSize Predictionofplace Predictionoftime Itispossibletoestimatewherebigearthquakesarelikelyin thenext50to100years,basedongeologicalinvestigations andthehistoricalrecordofearthquakes. However,itisnotyetpossibletoaccuratelypredictthetime andlocationofthenextearthquake. Averysmallnumberofearthquakeshavebeensuccessfully predicted.ThemostnotablesuccesswasnearHaicheng, Chinain1975,where90,000peoplewereevacuatedafew hoursbeforeanearthquakethatdestroyed90percentofthe buildings.
Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 5

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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EARTHQUAKES
Thereisnowaythatonecanstopearthquake. Weshouldlearntolivewithit. Thesenaturalcalamitiescauseintensivelossto propertyandlife. Propertylosscanberecoveredtosomeextent butlifelosscannot. Lifelossismainlyduetostructuralfailure. Itisveryimportanttoknowthatwhenandhow thestructurefails.
Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 7

 Latursep19934:00amM6.210,000people diedbecausetheyareinsidehome Northridge1995morningM7.930people becausetheywereinside 196030%developed70%developing 20001%developed99%developing

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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An earthquake is essentially a sudden and transient motion or series of motions of the earths surface originating in a limited underground region, due to disturbance of the elastic equilibrium of the rock massandspreadingfromthereinalldirections. Causes Tectonicactivity Volcanicactivity Landslides Burstinginmines Nuclearexplosions
EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 9

Ramancharla Pradeep

Fig.from:USGS

Age

SOMEFACTS

4.5billionyears 6370km

Radius

Temperature:38700c (200/km)
Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 10

CONTINENTAL DRIFT

2900 km wide collision 300 km compression Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 11

 Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Fig. from: USGS

Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 13

Fig. from: USGS

Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 14

Source: from internet

Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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FREQUENCY OF EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE

M >8 2 20 100 3000 15,000 >100,000
From: Bolt, B.
Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 16

7 - 7.9 6 - 6.9 5 - 5.9 4 - 4.9 3 - 3.9

PART III
Summary of past earthquakes

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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List of LISTOFSOMESIGNIFICANTEARTHQUAKESININDIA Significant Earthquakes in India ANDITSNEIGHBOURHOOD and its Neighborhood

DATE 1819JUN16 1869JAN10 1885MAY30 1897JUN12 1905APR04 1918JUL08 1930JUL02 1934JAN15 1941JUN26 1943OCT23 1950AUG15 1956JUL21 1967DEC10 1975JAN19 1988AUG06 1988AUG21 1991OCT20 1993SEP30 1997MAY22 1999MAR29 2001JAN26 EPICENTRE Lat(DegN) Long(DegE) 23.60 68.60 25.00 93.00 34.10 74.60 26.00 91.00 32.30 76.30 24.50 91.00 25.80 90.20 26.60 86.80 12.40 92.50 26.80 94.00 28.50 96.70 23.30 70.00 17.37 73.75 32.38 78.49 25.13 95.15 26.72 86.63 30.75 78.86 18.07 76.62 23.08 80.06 30.41 79.42 23.40 70.32 LOCATION KUTCH,GUJARAT NEARCACHAR,ASSAM SOPOR,J&K SHILLONGPLATEAU KANGRA,H.P SRIMANGAL,ASSAM DHUBRI,ASSAM BIHARNEPALBORDER ANDAMANISLANDS ASSAM ARUNACHALPRADESHCHINABORDER ANJAR,GUJARAT KOYNA,MAHARASHTRA KINNAUR,HP MANIPURMYANMARBORDER BIHARNEPALBORDER UTTARKASHI,UPHILLS LATUROSMANABAD,MAHARASHTRA JABALPUR,MP CHAMOLIDIST,UP BHUJ,GUJARAT MAGNITUDE 8.0 7.5 7.0 8.7 8.0 7.6 7.1 8.3 8.1 7.2 8.5 7.0 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.4 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.8 6.9

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Casualties during past events

14000 12000 14000

Numberofdeaths

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1004

(1988)

8000

Muzafaraba d (2005) Where

(1997)

Uttarkashi

Jabalpur

Chamoli

(1999)

(2001 )

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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(when?)

38
(1993)

Killari

Bihar

(1991 )

Bhuj

768

63

IS 1893:2002

More than 60 % area is earthquake prone. Zone V Zone IV Zone III Zone II 12 % 18 % 26 % 44 %

Fig. courtesy: nicee

Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 20

A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON THE 26 JAN, 2001 BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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BHUJ EARTHQUAKE
Date: Magnitude: Duration: Epicenter: Kms Focal Depth: Casualty: Injured: 26th Jan, 2001 6.9 on Richter Scale 110 Seconds Near Chaubari, 30 from Bhachau 23.6 km 14,000 167,000

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Satellite view of Kachchh

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS

Common site destruction in meizoseismal area

Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 24

Why the difference in damage pattern ?

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Damage in Anjar situated on hill

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Essentials of Earthquake Resistant Design

Configuration Strength Stiffness Ductility

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Extensive damage occurred in nonengineered structures Many casualties occurred in stone masonry buildings
Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 28

Large blocks piled up using weak bond

Out of plane failure of brick masonry walls

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Soft bottom storey

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Pan cake collapse

Surprise for common man: Adjoining buildings with radically different performances
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Poor reinforcement detailing

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Insufficien t detailing

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Weak joint
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Spalling of cover
Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 35

Elevated water tanks performed well where as the adjacent buildings collapsed

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Earlier too it was the same story only the places were different like Bihar, Uttarkashi, Killari, Jabalpur, Chamoli, etc.

No social impact due to the previous events.

More attention: Middle and upper middle class people affected.

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 37

Ramancharla Pradeep

REASONS FOR HIGH CASUALTY

Increasing urbanization / higher densities Habitat into unsuitable vulnerable areas Poor constructions no traditional skill Belief that it will not happen here Unauthorized vertical buildings Code is not mandatory Construction as such is governed by municipal bye-laws
Ramancharla Pradeep

Seismic provisions are not Hyderabad incorporated yet EERC@IIIT,

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Post-disaster reactive approach to Predisaster pro-active approach

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Problems after an earthquake

Casualties Disruption of community Refugee camps Temporary shelters Psychological problems of people Demolition and disposal of collapsed structures Ill function of social and lifeline systems due to heavy demand Local economy and business interruption Problems during recovery and reconstruction and many more
Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 40

Time when the casualties were killed due to Kobe Earthquake (in Kobe City)
Timeofdeath 1/17 6:00 9:00 12:00 23:59 unidentify 1/18 1/19 1/20 1/21 1/22 1/24 1/25 1/26 1/27 1/28 2/4 Norecord TotalNumber
byMedicalExaminers byOrdinaryDoctors 2,221 2,221 ( 91.9%) 719 719 ( 58.2%) 16 2,237 ( 92.6%) 58 777 ( 62.9%) 47 2,284 ( 94.5%) 61 838 ( 67.9%) 12 2,296 ( 95.0%) 212 1,050 ( 85.0%) 110 2,406 ( 99.6%) 84 1,134 ( 91.8%) 5 2,411 ( 99.8%) 62 1,196 ( 96.8%) 2,411 ( 99.8%) 13 1,209 ( 97.9%) 2 2,413 ( 99.9%) 8 1,217 ( 98.5%) 1 2,414 ( 99.9%) 6 1,223 ( 99.0%) 1 2,415 ( 100.0%) 1 1,224 ( 99.1%) 2,415 ( 100.0%) 1 1,225 ( 99.2%) 1 2,416 ( 100.0%) 1 1,226 ( 99.3%) 2,416 ( 100.0%) 2 1,228 ( 99.4%) 2,416 ( 100.0%) 1 1,229 ( 99.5%) 2,416 ( 100.0%) 1 1,230 ( 99.6%) 2,416 ( 100.0%) 1 1,231 ( 99.7%) 2,416 ( 100.0%) 4 1,235 ( 100.0%) 2,416 1,235 EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

No.ofCasualties

TotalNumber 2,940 ( 80.5%) 3,014 ( 82.6%) 3,122 ( 85.5%) 3,346 ( 91.6%) 3,540 ( 97.0%) 3,607 ( 98.8%) 3,620 ( 99.2%) 3,630 ( 99.4%) 3,637 ( 99.6%) 3,639 ( 99.7%) 3,640 ( 99.7%) 3,642 ( 99.8%) 3,644 ( 99.8%) 3,645 ( 99.8%) 3,646 ( 99.9%) 3,647 ( 99.9%) 3,651 ( 100.0%) 3,651
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Ramancharla Pradeep

PART IV
Integrated disaster management

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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IntegratedEarthquakeDisasterReductionSystem Threemajor Hazard countermeasures

Mitigation Preparedness OptimumRecovery/ ReconstructionStrategy

Disaster Time

Effectsof Mitigation Earthquak e Event

ImplementationandReinforcementof

Mitigation Preparedness OptimumRecovery/ ReconstructionStrategy

Emergency

DisasterfreePeriod

Effectsof Preparedness

Medicine

Science Engineering Recovery NGO,NPO

& y er v o ec t egy Reconstruction R m Stra u timtion p fO truc o ts ons c fe c Ef Re
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SocialScience Inhabitants Governments

Utilities

Research of Hazard and Disaster

MassMedia

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

Disaster Management vision

Mitigation Risk analysis Hazard assessment Vulnerability Preparedness Awareness Warning Evacuation Disaster response plan Recovery Rescue Rehabilitation Reconstruction

rather than Technology up-gradation crisis management EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Ramancharla Pradeep

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Converting Research level Ideas to Application Products

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Some Application areas

a) Building response during earthquake. b) Furniture behavior. c) Human evacuation behavior.

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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System for promotion of retrofitting of existing pre-code revision structures

Promotion of retrofitting

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Who is responsible ?
Scientists? Engineers ? Architects ? Builders ? Bureaucracy ? Legislation ? People ?

Earthquake itself never kills people, its the badly planned and constructed buildings that kill.
Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 48

CHAIN OF EARTHQUAKE SAFETY

Sensitization of public and the decision makers to earthquake safety Mandatory nature of earthquake codes Technical competence for design and construction Enforcement mechanisms A vibrant academic system
Ramancharla Pradeep EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad Slide 49

Donotkeeptoomanyhopesfor future. Thingswhichareinyourhand, youcaneatthemasandwhenyou want. Similarly,ourlifeisinthehands ofYAMRAJandhecanhaveit wheneverhewants. Whocanseethefuture? Sopreciousishumanbirth,nota singlemomentofitshouldbe wasted JaiJinendra

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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CONCLUSION

Let us all work aiming to achieve

A Disaster Resistant India

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

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Thank you

Ramancharla Pradeep

EERC@IIIT, Hyderabad

Ramancharla Pradeep Kumar

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