-:

-:

(sigma )


:
E )(Volt / meter
J

)( Ampere/ m2

( ( Ampere / m. volt
) (.

-:
-1 Conductors
)
( ) 8-10 10 6- /(
.

-2 Semiconductors

) 10 6 4-10 / (
.

-3 Insulators

) 10 7 1018 / ( .

Electrical Receptivity


) (
) (
) (E ) (J -:

)(1

).........(2

J = n e vd

-:
) (n ) ( .
) (e .
) (vd .

E = nevd
nevd
E

(3).
) (
.
vd
E

= ne

)(4

Hall Effect

.



) .(Hall Effect

.


. -:
IB
d

Vh = Rh

-:
) (Vh
) (Rh
) ( .

)(I

(B) .

) (d .
1
ne

= Rh

.
.

.
.
1879.
Piezoelectricity




.

.

Bax Sr1-x Tio3

( ((Pbx Zr1-x Tio3 .

 Ferro electricity



)
(
.

.
-:

( BaTio3 ,, SrTio3

( .