Endocrinology - Scientific study of function & pathology of the endocrine glands Endocrine System - Release their secretions (hormones)

directly into the circulatory system o Endocrine glands o Chromaffin system o Neurosecretory system Hormone - Produced by ductless internal glands that are directly discharged into the bloodstream in response to a stimulus - 10-7 to 10-12 mol/L - Exert specific regulatory effects on selected target cells (hormone receptors) Exocrine glands - Discharge their secretions via ducts Autocrine - Mode of hormone action - Hormone binds to receptors on or in the cell type that produced it affects the function of that cell Paracrine - Type of hormone function - Hormone synthesized in and released from one type of cell binds to the hormone receptor in nearby cells of a different type and affects their function Classification of Hormones 1. Polypeptide or Protein - Pancreas & pituitary gland Insulin Parathyroid Hormone Adrenocorticotropin - Water-solube & circulate freely in plasma - Half-life: 10-30 minutes or less - Bind to cell membrane receptors or intracellular effects mediated by second messenger system to initiate their response

2. Steroid (structurally related to cholesterol) - Sex glands & adrenal cortex Cortisol Aldosterone & Estradiol Progesterone Testosterone - Hyrdrophobic & insoluble in water - Circulates reversibly bound to transport proteins - Half-life: 30-90 minutes - Enters cell by passive diffusion & binds to intracellular receptors 3. Amino Acid (Tyrosine) Derivatives - Adrenal medulla & thyroid gland Catecholamines Thyroxine - Water-soluble but circulate in plasma either free (catecholamines) or bound to proteins (thyroxine) - Half-life of thyroxine: 7-10 days - Half-life of free catecholamines (epinephrine): 1 minute or less - Interacts with membrane-associated receptors & uses a second messenger system Action of Hormones: 1. Growth & Development - Gonadotropins (Luteinizing Hormone & Follicle-stimulating Hormone) o regulate the development, growth, & function of the ovary & testis o regulate pubertal growth o development & maintenance of secondary sex characteristics o growth, development, & maintenance of the skeletons & muscles o distribution of body fat - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) o regulates the growth of the adrenal glands & secretion of adrenal hormones - Thyrois-stimulating Hormone (TSH) o regulates the growth of the thyroid glands o regulates the iodination of amino acids to produce thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine & thyroxine ** NOTE: Production & release are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system.

2. Homeostatic Control of Metabolic Pathways - Regulation of blood glucose o Insulin Regulates the dispersal of glucose into cells (fat, muscle, liver, brain) o Counter-regulatory hormones: Glucagon Corticosteroids Catecholamines (Epinephrine / Norepinephrine) Growth Hormone HORMONE Insulin Glucagon Catecholamines Growth Hormone Corticosteroids GLYCOGEN Synthesis Breakdown Breakdown Breakdown Synthesis GLUCONEOGENESIS Decrease Increase Increase (indirect by Insulin Inhibition) Increase GLUCOSE UPTAKE Stimulates No Effect Decrease (indirect by GH Insulin Inhibition) Decrease Decrease GLUCOSE Decrease Increase Transient Increase Increase Increase

Homeostasis of calcium o Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) On the parathyroid gland Recognizes the ambient concentration of ionized calcium Regulates synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone Regulation of water, and electrolyte metabolism o Regulated by: Aldosterone adrenal gland Rennin kidneys Vasopressin (Anti-diuretic Hormone, ADH) posterior pituitary gland

3. Regulation of Energy Production & Storage - Neuro-endocrine hormones participates actively in the integrative metabolic process that affects most organs in the body The Pituitary Gland - spit mucus - Master gland - Hypophysis undergrowth unique position under the hypothalamus - 3 Parts: o Anterior pituitary or Adenohypophysis o Intermediate Lobe or Pars Intermedialis o Posterior pituitary or Neurohypophysis

Functions: o Feedback loops o Pulsatile secretions o Diurnal rhythms o Environmental or external modification of its performance Pituitary function can be detected between the seventh & ninth weeks of gestation Hormones produced by Anterior Pituitary: o Go - Growth Hormone - Bones & Tissues o Look - Luteinizing Hormone - Ovaries & Testes o For - Follicle-stimulating Hormone - Ovaries & Testes o The - Thyroid-stimulating Hormone - Thyroid Gland o Adenoma - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone - Adrenal Cortex o Please - Prolactin - Mammary Glands Hormones produced by Anterior Pituitary: o Oxytocin - Mammary Glands o Vasopressin / Anti-diuretic Hormone - Kidney Tubules

Hormones Produced by Glands: - Pineal Glands (Epiphysis) o Melatonin - Thyroid Gland o Free T4 o Free T3 o Calcitonin - Adrenal Glands o Cortisol o Aldosterone o DHEA-SO4 - Ovaries o Estradiol o Progesterone - Testes o Testosterone o Testosterone Free - Pancreas o Insulin o Glucagon - Parathyroid Gland o Parathyroid Hormone

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) o Growth Hormone o ACTH o TSH o FSH o LH o Prolactin o ADH

Control of Hormone Secretion: The Concept of Feedback Mechanisms a. Short Feedback Loop o Feedback of thyroxine at the level of the pituitary b. Long Feedback Loop o Feedback at the level of the hypothalamus c. Ultrashort Feedback Loop o Feedback between the pituitary & hypothalamus

HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY THYROID