Professional Documents
Culture Documents
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
) 1974 1977 (1983 )(1984
) (1986
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
)(CONTENTS
:
:
)(Notations
A
0B
3B
B
C
C p
d , D
J
db t
R
dp t
R
E
ET
- f
h
1B
H
2B
i
I
k
l.L
L e
R
4B
L p
R
m
n
P
P
Q
U
R.H
SHF
t
TR
v
V
V
W
X
E
N
S
W
8B
C
DM
F
H
HLT
LLT
NC
NO
R
RR
SV
T
V
VAV
A
AHU
CC
HC
BMR
BTU
CFM
CLO
db
FPM
kw
M
Met
NC
Pa
RPM
9B
T
7B
d
f
I
L
M
M
O
R
S
T
V
W
1-1
2-1
(Importance of air)
3-1
(Human comfort)
4-1
5-1
6-1
7-1
8-1
9-1
(Air conditioning)
(Ventilation)
(Comfort chart)
(Effective temperature)
(Physilogical effects)
(Body comfort)
(Metabolic heat production)
10-1
5B
6B
11-1
CONCEPTS & DEFINTTIONS
1 1
Air conditioning
1 2
Ventilation
1 3
Importance
1.2 2.7 16
.
.
) ( 16 - 8 .
2.5 /
.
0.5 / /
1.5
.%0.6
0.15 0.25
.
1 4
Human comfort
:
)( :
.
)(
.
)( :
.
)( :
.
)( : .
1 5 :
)1 (1
) ( 0.125 - 0.075 / .
) (2100 ) (CLO ). (0.8 -0.6
1 6
Effective temperature
.
) (%70- %30 ) (25 - 23 .
) (1-1 .
) (41 -38 ) (24 .
:
)(
Climatic conditions
.
) (20 ) (21 .
) (21 ) (22 .
)(
Occupancy duration
.
) (22
) (24 .
)(
Clothes
. ).(CLO
) ( CLO = 0 ) ( CLO = 1 :
0 CLO 1
)(
) ( 0.5 .
) ( 0.5 .
)(
.
Human activity
1 7 )(Physilogical effects
: .
.
.
) (Latent heat
). (Sensible heat
.
.
.
.
.
) 36.9(
.
.
:
:
) (Metabolism
.
:
.
1 8
Body comfort
) (37 .
) (37 -28 .
) (37 ) (36 ) (32 28 ) (34 31.
.
.
%60 : %25 %12 %3 .
.
.
) (Comfort range ) (27 22
). (%50 - %40
1 9 )(Metabolic heat production
.
.%25
.
.%20
. ). (2-1
) (Met 58 / 2 .
) (1-1 .
) (2-1 .
) (3-1 .
) (1-1 )(Met
10B
1B
0.7
2.0-1.6
1. 0
1.3-1.1
1.2
2. 0
4. 0
1.8-1.4
1.6
) (2-1
30
1.86
68
1.8
37
34 3.6 / .
41
84
250 /
200 /
80 / 120
65
12
6 /
) (3-1 )(W
)(W
)(m/s
80 70
115 105
140 115
0.1
1.1/
345 245
0.9
2 /
470 350
1.8
350 175
0.9
470 350
0.9
700 525
880 - 700
) (W
) (H ) (age ) (VR :
)(
)A = 73.8 W0.425 H 0.725 (m2
P
)(
BMR = 3.22 + 0.66 W + 0.12 H 0.33 age
)(W
)(
BMR = 3.15 + 0.47 W + 0.09 H 0.22 age
)(W
)(
= 0.028 W-0.3 H0.725 + 0.75
)(kg/m3
P
)(
)E = 12.07 VR 0.6 (W
10-1
)(Heat exchange between human body and enviroment
.
.
.
.
:
M QR QC QE = W + QS
R
=W/M
W .
Q s .
M .
R
Q E
R
.
R
Q R .
R
Q C .
R
. :
M QR QC QE = W + QS + QV
R
QV
)37(
:
M + QC + QR = W + QE + QS
R
1 11 :
) (Methods of heat exchange with human body
Q S Q L .
R
) (4-1
.
) (4-1
)(W
)(C
QS
QL
QT
20
87.2
29.1
116.3
40
25
58.2
34.9
93.1
50
30
40.7
52.3
93
75
35
11.6
81.4
93
115
20
98.8
52.3
151.1
75
25
64
81.1
145.4
115
30
40.7
104.7
145.4
155
35
5.8
139.6
145.4
200
20
104.7
98.9
203.6
140
25
69.8
127.9
197.7
185
30
40.7
157
197.7
230
35
5.8
191.9
197.7
280
20
127.9
162.8
290.7
40
25
93
197.7
290.7
295
30
52.3
238.4
290.7
355
35
11.6
279.1
290.7
415
)(g/h
.
25.
:
)(
):(Convection
:
) Q C = h c A c (t B t 0
R
:
t o .
t B .
R
A C 1.5 .
R
h C
R
)(W / m2 . C
h c = 2.05 t 0.25
)(W / m2 . C
h c = 3.66V 0.643
t :
V
) ) (t B t o(
R
(m/s)
.
%15 ) 0.1 (.
)(
)(Radiation
.
) (MRT
)
10( .
:
) Q R = h r A r e s (t s t o
R
:
t s 33.
h r ) 8.15/ (.
e s 0.65 0.082
A r 1.2 .
.
) (Givoni :
)(W
)Q CR = h .V 0.3 . (t o 35
R
h . 18.4 15
) 13.5/ .( .
)(
): (Evaporation
) (3-1 .
.
). (5-1
)1 (5 )(ml/day
350
350
350
200
1400
5000
350
250
650
.
.
:
P a .(mm Hg)
V .(m/s)
K 31.6 20.5
.
:
QE = hD AW ( HW - Ho) L
)(W
:
R
h D .
R
A W .
H w H o
R
.
L .
.
:
) m W = k e A W (P W P a
)(g/s
:
P a .
P w .
R
A w 1.5 .
R
K e 0.15 3
/ :
)(g/s. m2 . mmHg
P
K e = 10.17 V 0.37
P
PSYCHROMETRICS
1-2
2-2
(Psychrometric tables)
3-2
(Psychrometric chart)
4-2
5-2
6-2
(Introduction)
(Properties of atmospheric air)
(Importance of psychrometric)
(Problems)
19
21
PSYCHROMETRICS
)(Introduction
.
.
)2 (1 .
)2 (1
0B
2B
O2
32
20.9476
N2
28.016
78.084
Ar
39.944
0.934
CO2
44.010
0.031
Ne
20.183
0.0018
He
4.003
0.0005
H2
2.016
0.0005
CH4
16.043
0.0002
SO2
44.010
0.0001
0.0003
20
) (Standard air :
)(
)(9.807 m/s2
P
)(
)(1.204 kg/m3
)(
)(101.039 kpa
)(
2 -2
)(288.1 K
)2 1( . ).(d.b
)2 1( .
) (Wetted wick.
).(W.b
) Adiabatic saturation
(temperature
.
) (Psychrometer :
).(Sling
).(Osman
)2 (2 .
.
21
.
.
.
.
.
)(
. ) .(d.p
) (p v . :
R
)P v = f (d.p
R
1 .
)(
)(Humidity ratio
. ) (H:
) (1
H = mv / ma
.
7000 ).(Grain
.
Pa Va = ma Ra Ta
R
Pv Vv = mv Rv Tv
R
)(1
) H = (P v V v /R v T v ) (R a T a /P a V a
R
22
Va = Vv = Vm
R
Ta = Tv = Tm ,
R
B = pa + pv
R
:
T m .
R
V m .
R
B .
R
P v .
R
P a .
:
) H = (R a / R v ) P v / (B p v
R
R = 8.314/
R a /R v = v / a
R
a =28.9 . , v = 18
R
) H = 0.622 p v / (B - p v
R
) (B
) (H ). (Pv
:
) H = f ( pv
R
.
.
:
)H = f (p v ) = f (d.p
R
)(
) ( Relative humidity
23
) (P v
R
v,max
(P
.
:
)(
) ( Percentage humidity
.
:
): (2
]) = (p v / p v,max ) [(B - pv,max ) / (B p v
R
:
= p v /p v,max = R.H
R
.
)(
)(Specific enthalpy
. :
i = ia + iv
R
)(t = O
= C p,a (t = O) + H [L + C p,v
i = C p t + HL
R
)( t=0
) L = 2501 ( kj / kg
24
H
)(
)(Specific Volume
) v = R a T a / P a = R a (t+273)/(B-P v
R
2 3
) ( Psychrometric tables
) (B :
) (d.b ) (w.b ) (R.H
) (Pv ) (H ) (I
). (v
) (2 76 .
.
2 4
) ( Psychrometric dhart
) (B :
)(
)(Saturation
) (t
) (P v ) (1 ) (a ))2 (3
R
) (t ) (a .
)( )(Constant dry bulb temperatuer lines
) (3-2 )(t=c
)(
25
) (2 ) (B ) (H
) (P v
R
) (H ) (3-2 ). (H
)(
). (t
) (R.H = 0 ) (R.H=1
. ) .(t
) (H = C ). (4-2
)(
) .(t
) (H ) (4 ) (a ) .(5-2
) .(t ) (a ) (I = c
).(t
)( )(Constant wet bulb temperature lines
) (5-2 .
) (a . ) (a'a ) (5-2
). (t a = c
R
)(
) .(p v
R
) (t ) .(5 ) (a ) (6-2
. ) (a
) .(v=c
.
) (7-2
) (d.b & w.b ) (d.b & R.H ) (5 .
) (3 ) . (SI
26
2 5
) (Importance of psychrometry
) (Comfort condition .
). (8 -2
) (%35 - 30
) (24 -22 ) -45
(%50 ) (26 -24 .
) (3
.
.
)(Thermo-pane
) (Double glass pane .
) Chilled
(water.
) (s ) (9-2
) (I .
) (d.p ) (10-2 ) (s
.
) (9-2
) (s .
) (10-2
. .
27
6-2
)(Problems
1 24 %60 .
:
2 15 10 27 .
:
.
.
.
3 :
V
1B
m3/kg
P
R.H
KJ/kg
Kg/kg
d.p
W.b
0.85
13
21
95
0.85
d.b
State
-
26
21
38
C
D
40
0.01
4
28
16
70
16
27
27
4 10 21.
5 500/ 30 %60 .
/ .
29
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES
1-3
2-3
3-3
4-3
5-3
6-3
7-3
9-3
10-3
11-3
12-3
(Humidification process)
(Adiabatic humidification)
(Heating and humidification process)
(Cooling and dehumidification process)
(Apparatus dew point)
(By pass air)
(Sensible heat factor)
(Mixing process)
(Chemical dehumidification)
(Problems)
28
8-3
PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESSES
.
:
3 1 )(Sensible heating process
)(1-3
) .(12
) (Heating coil
) (t1 ) (t2 ) (R.H
) (H ) (d.p :
d.p = C/H 1 = H 2 C R.H 2 < R.H 1
t1< t2
) (12:
I1 + Q = I2
R
:
H.C = m a (i 2 i 1 ) kw
R
:
m a (kg/s)
I )(kJ / kg
2-3 )(Sensible cooling process
R
)(2-3
) (2-3 ) (12
)(
) (t1 ) (t2 ) (R.H
) (H ) (d.p . :
d.p = C , H 1 = H 2 = C
R.H 2 > RH I
t2 < t1
) (12I 1 = Q+I 2 :
R
:
KW
) C.C = m a (i 1 i 2
R
29
32
24.
) (2000 Ib )(32F
).(144 BTU/Ib
1
= 12000 BTU/h
24
:
:
:
3.5 . :
T.O.R = 2000X144X
:
T.O.R
) C.C m a (i 1 i 2
R
I1 + (H2 H1) Iw = I2
:
I 2 , I 1 .
H 2 , H 1
I w .
(H 2 H 1 ) I w ) (12
. ) (2 ) (t 2
.
R
30
)(5-3
) 5-3(
) .(132 )-3
5( H 1 H 2 t 1 t 2
.
R
i 2 = i 1 = C,
t2< t1,
H 2 >H 1
i = cp t + L. H = o
R
) CP (t 1 t 2 ) = L (H 2 H 1
R
Qa = Qw
R
Q w
Q a .
) Evaporative
(cooling .
:
R
)m w = m a (H 2 H 1 ) (kg / s
R
:
m a )(kg / s
H ).(kg / kg
) (Humidifier efficiency
) (2
)5-3(.
) 5-3( :
R
) H = (H 3 H 1 ) / (H 2 H 1 ) = (t 3 t 1 ) / (t 2 t 1
R
.
)(6-3
) (6-3 ) (Adiabatic cooler
.
.
.
3 5 )(Heating and humidification process
31
)(Heating coil
) (Air washer ).(Steam humidifier
)(7-3
) (7-3:
ma i1 Q + mw iw = ma i2
R
:
ma H1 + mw = ma H2
R
:
(i 2 i 1 ) / (H 2 H 1 ) = Q/m w + i w = Constant
R
.
.
) (8-3 .
. )(12
) 8-3 ( .
)(8-3
)(9-3
) (9-3 .
) (Preheater ) (Reheater
) (Humidifier .
) 9-3( ) (13 ) (42 ).(34
) 9-3(
) (1 3 ) (4 2 ).( 3 4
)(10-3
) (2 ) (10-3
) (13 ).(32
) (10-3
) (9-3
.
)(11-3
32
) (11-3 .
.
:
) m s = m a (H 2 H 1
kg/s
:
H.C = ma (i2 i1) ms
LKw
:
m a (kg/s)
L (kJ/kg)
)
( ) (Evaporation pan ) (
Air Washer
.
3 6 )(Cooling and dehumkdkfkcation process
) (12-3 ) Cooling
(coil ) (12 ) 12-3(
) ( .
)(12-3
R
:
ma i1 = Q + ma i2 + mw iw
R
:
ma H1 = mw + ma H2
R
:
m a .
M w .
I 1 ,i 2
i w
H 1 , H 2
:
R
:
) C.C = m a (i 1 i 2
) (12 ) 12-3( :
) (13 ) (32
R
33
) 13-3(
13-3:
) (1 .
) (2 .
) (S .
) (d.p1 .
) (t s
.
.
).(Chilled water system
R
)(14-3
) (14-3 ) Water
(chiller .
.
)(15-3
) (15-3 .
.
7-3 )(Apparatus dew point
) (Fins
.
.
.
8-3 )(By pass air
)(16-3
34
) (2
) (13-3 90 %94
)-3
.(16 .
.
. .
) (13-3 :
) By-Pass factor = (T 2 T s ) / (T 1 T s
R
t 1 t 2 .
T 1 .
0.01 0.03
9-3 )(Sensible heat factor
:
)(Sensible heat
. .
)(Latent heat
R
)(17-3
. .
) (12 ) (17-3
.
) (12 .SHF
Q s
Q L ).(17-3
R
QS = i3 i2
R
QL = i1 i3 ,
R
:
QT = QS + QL = i1 i2
R
:
SHF = Q S /Q T = (i 3 i 2 ) / (i 1 i 2 ) = tan
) ( .
SHF = 1
SHF = 0
0 < SHF < I :
R
35
) (3
)24 %50 ( .
) (Comfort conditions
0.5 SHF = 0.8 SHF = 0.6
36
) m 1 /m 2 = (H 3 H 2 ) / (H 1 H 3
) = (i 3 i 2 ) / (i 1 i 3
) (i 2 i 1 ) / (H 2 H 1 ) = (i 3 i 2 ) / (H 3 H 2
) (132
)(3 ) 18-3( ) (1 ) (2 )(12
m1 .m2
R
:
)m 1 / m 2 = distance (23) / distance (13
11-3 )(Chemical dehumidifidcation
R
.
)(19-3
) (12 ) (19-3
:
37
.
.
:
)(Ethylene glycool
: Silica get
Activated alumine Activated charcoal
12-3 )(Problems
1 15 10 27 .
:
.
.
.
2 5 40
%30 .
3 500 / . 32
18 . 5 3.5 .
.
4 24 %50
4 %50 .
.
%60 %40 .
.
5 .
15 / 35 24
31 . 38
20 /.
: .
.
6 940 / 32 23
2850 / 24 %50 .
%90
0.67
:
.
38
7 200.000 /
)
( . 24 %50 .
3.5 .%100
/ 4
. .
15.
: .
.
.
8 5.5 24 %50
35 27 3:1
.
10 .
15.
: .
.
.
9 1 / 10 %50
.
7.25 ) (UA 420/
108 .
38 %50 .
: .
.
.
.
10 950 / .
35 25 27
%45 . 0.72
.%90
:
.
39
PSYCHROMETRIC CYCLES
1-4
2-4
3-4
4-4
5-4
(Introduction)
0B
6-4
(Problems)
41
7-4
PSYCHROMETRIC CYCLES
4 )(Introduction
.
:
) (Window .
) (Split .
) (Package .
) (Central .
:
) (Summer .
) (Winter .
) (Round year
.
:
.
.
.
:
).(Heating coil
).(Cooling coil
).(Water sprayers
).(Fan
).(Air damper
) (Notations :
O )(Outside air
S )(Supply air
M )(Air mixture
R )(Return air
)(Inside air
I
E )(Exhaust air
42
B )(By-pass air
L )(Leaving air
A )(Apparatus dew point
2-4 )(Summer air conditioning system
) (1-4 )(O
) (R
) (B
).(S
:
) (Cooling coil .
) (Heating coil .
) (Fan Air ducts
1 .
) (Filter .
1 .
) (Air damper
.
3-4 )(Summer air conditioning cycles
) (1-4
:
) (2-4
)(Simple summer air conditioning cycle
. )(1-4
. ) 2-4( ) 2-4(.
) (O ) (S.
:
C.C = Coil cooling capacity
)(T.R
1
3.5
) = m s (i o i s
R
:
R.L Room load
)= m S (i R -I S ) (KW
R
43
m s )(kg/s
)(Simple summer air conditioning cycle with return air
) (1-4
) 3-4( ) 3-4(.
) (O ) (R ) (M
) (S %80 %90 ) (M
:
) (3-4
R
m o m R .
:
R
1
)(T . R
3.5
C.C = m S (i M i S ) .
R
:
) m W = m S (H M H S
)(Kg/S
:
) R.L = m S (i R i S
)(KW
m s :
R
mS = mo + mR
R
%30 %70 .
) 3-4( ) (SR ) (RSHF
) (MSA ) (GSHF ) (S
)12-10(
.
:
)(4-4
) (O ) (R
) (R %90
) (S %5
).(M
:
)(summer cycle with by pass and return air
) (1-4 .
44
) (5-4
) 5-4( ) 5-4(
) (O ) (R
) (M ) (L ) (S )(M
:
)M o /M R = distance (RM)/distance (OM
) (S :
)m B /(m o +m R ) = distance (LS)/distance (RS
mo mR mB
R
:
:
1
3.5
)(T.R
) C.C = (m o +m R ) (i M -i L
R
:
) R.L = m S (i R -i S
)(KW
MS = mO + mR + mB
) (R ) 5-4(
R
.
) (6*4
. ) (M :
)m o /(m s -m o ) = distance (RM) / distance (OM
R
) (S :
)m B /(m S -m B ) = distance (LS)/distance (MS
R
:
)(T.R
1
3.5
) C.C = (m S +m B ) (i M -i L
R
)(6-4
:
)(kW
) R.L = m S (i R -i S
R
:
)(Summer air conditioning cycles air and reheating
45
) (1-4
)7-4( ) 7-4( .
.
) (O ) (R
) (M ) (L
).(S
)(7-4
) (M:
)m o /m R = distance (RM)/distance (OM
) (L %90 ) (S
) (RSHF ).(L
R
:
) C.C = m S (i M -i S
)(T.R
:
) H.C = m S (i S -i L
)(kW
:
)(kW
) R.L = m S (i R -i S
R
) (7-4
.
).(8-4
)(8-4
) (S ) (R ) (L
) (S %90
)(Big summer air conditioning cycle
) (9-4 ) (1-4
) (O ) (M1
) (L ) (B
) (L ) .(M2
).(S
) (M 1:
R
) (M 2:
R
46
:
:
mS = mO + mR + mB
R
:
)(T.R
1
3.5
) C.C = (m o +m R ) (i M1 -i L
R
:
) H.C = m S (i S -iM 2
)( kW
:
) R.L = m S (i R i S
)(kW
:
)(kW
) V.L = m O (i O i R
R
47
)(kW
:
)(kW
) R.L = m S (i R i S
R
m s ) .(kg/s
. 28 .
R
48
.
)(Winter air conditioning cycle with return air
) (12-4
) (10-4 .
) 12-4( ) 12-4( .
) (O ) (R ) (M
).(S
:
) H.C = m S (i S -i M
)(kW
:
) R.L = m S (i S -i R
)(kW
.
:
)(Winter air conditioning cycle with return air and humidification
)(13-4
) 13-4( .
) 13-4( : )(O
) (R
.
:
) H.C = m S (i L -i M
)(kW
:
)(kg/s
) m W = m S (H S H L
R
:
) R.L = m S (i S -i R
)(kW
m s ).(kg/s
)(Big winter air conditioning cycle
R
)(14-4
49
) (14-4 )-4
.(10 :
) (OL ) (L ).(R
) (M 1 n .
) (nM 2 R ) (n ).(R
) (M 2 S .
) (M 1:
R
) (M2:
) m B /(m O + m R (= distance (nM 2 )/distance (RM 2
R
:
) H.C = m O (i L -i O
)(kW
:
) H.C = m S (i L -i O
)(kW
:
)m W = (m O + m R ) (H n H M1 ) (kg/s
R
:
) R.L = mS (i S i R
)(kW
m B , m R , m O , m S
R
.
:
mS = mO + mR + mB
R
) (14-4
:
50
)(Winter cycle with return air after air washer
)(15-4
.
:
) H.C = m O (i L i O
)(kW
:
) H.C = m S (i S i M
)(kW
m S , m O .
:
)(Big winter cycle without return air
R
)(16-4
) (16-4
.
.
:
)(kg/S
) H.C = m S (H S H O
R
:
)m W = m S (H S H O ) (kg/S
m S )(kg/s
R
6-4
)(Big round year air conditioning system
) (17-4
) (17-4
) (Preheater ) (Reheater
.
:
)(18-4
51
) (18-4
) 3-4(.
(19-04
) (17-4 ) .(19-4
).(14-4
)-4
.(17
%100
)(Air conditioning cycle with 100% fresh air
)(20-4
) (20-4 .%100
) (Colling coil ) (Reheater
) 2-4(.
)(21-4
) (O )(R
).(21-4
.
) 16-4(.
52
53
%90 6
.
)(
)( .
5
%100
. 35 17
27 21 30
15 .
) :( .
)(
)(
)(
)( .
6 200.
. 24 %56 .
. 35 24 .
1000 . 83
27 . .%90
) :( .
)(
7 26 0.55 .
3 %90
21
%95
.%60
) :(
)(
)( .
8 :
21 %70 38
28 %50
175 65
5.
) :( .
)(
)( .
54
9 .
. : 26 %50
4 %70 1700
/ 10
%95
) ( 7 .
.
) :(
)( .
)( .
)( /
10 18 6
. 21 %40
%90 %10 5 %20
. .
) :(
)( .
)( .
55
COOLING LOAD CALCULAIONS
1-5
2-5
3-5
4-5
5-5
6-5
7-5
(Heat of occupants)
8-5
(Heat of ventilation)
9-5
10-5
11-5
12-5
13-5
14-5
15-5
16-5
17-5
18-5
19-5
20-5
(Introduction)
(Factors influencing geat gain)
(Heat gain)
(Light heat)
(Heat of equipment and motors)
(Worksheet)
(Central Plant size)
(Check of cooling load)
(Survey pattern)
(Problems)
56
COOLING LOAD CALCULAIONS
1-5 )(Introduction
,
.
:
)( )(Heat gain
.
)( )(Cooling load
.
.
)( )(Heat extraction
.
.
2-5
)(Factors influencing heat gain
:
)(Sources of heat
:
) (External:
.
.
.
) (Internal:
.
.
.
)( ) (Outside design conditions
%2.5 %1 %5 ) 2928(
57
) (1-5 .
) (1-5
3B
0B
)( C
)( C
)( C
37
41
45
42
46
34
37
42
24
22
25
23
27
26
28
25
8
15
18
16
18
8
8
14
45
25.5
27
35
25.4
27
40
27.2
30
)( )(Building construction
.
.
.
16B
15B
58
R = K/
K
.
) (3-5 .
) (3-5 )(W/m. C
4B
K
5B
)(Common brick
)(Face brick
)(concrete
)(Tiles
)(Stone
)(Cement plaster
)(Gypsum plaster
)(Hard wood
)(Soft wood
)(Sand
)(Cork
)(Glass wool
)(Polystyrene
)(Polyurethane
)(Glass
1B
0.72
1.30
1.72
1.10
1.80
0.72
0.80
0.16
0.12
1.72
0.036
0.036
0.040
0.023
0.79
59
3 :
.
4 .
5 .
:
)(5-5
)(Latent heat
.
:
1 .
2 .
3 .
) (5-5 ) ( %
100
58
50
80
40
20-80
60
42
50
20
20
80-20
100
40
) Q T = UA (t o -t I
R
:
t o
.
T I
A .
U
:
R
60
:
.
K
).(3-5
C .
) (6-5 ) (Conductance
.
) (6-5 )(W/m 2. C
C
7B
6B
)100(
) 200(
37
13
17
8
5
)(Asphalt roofing
h o h I
:
R
)(W/m2. C
h = 6 + 4V
V : )(m/s
)(7-5
) (7-5 )(W/m2 .K
8B
6.7/
3.4/
10
6
8
34
23
) (8-5 .
) (8-5 ))(W/m2 .K
U
9B
13
6.4
3.2
61
13
2.2
) (9-5 .
) (9-5 ))(W/m2 .K
U
2B
10B
1.35
1.88
2.26
1.83
1.2
1.75
1.3
2.44
62
) q = I h o (tw o t o
) = (k/) (t wo t wI
) = h I (t wI t I
R
63
) (t o t wo ) = (q/h o ) ( I/h o
)(t wo t WI ) = q = ( / k
) (t wI t I ) = (q/h I
) (t o t I ) = q [1/h o + O/k + 1/h I ] - ( I/h o
) = (q / U) ( I/h o
R
:
]) q = UA [(t o t I ) + (I / h o
) = UA (t o t I ) + (UA) (i/h o
=UA t n + UA t s
R
t : .
tn = to - tI
R
t s :
TS = I/ho
I : 1.15
).(4-5
:
]) Q = UA [(t o t I ) + ( I/h o
] = UA [t o + ( I/h o ) - t I
) = UA (t e t I
R
t e : )Sol-
(temperature
R
.
:
) t e = t o + ( I/h o
) (t e t I
TETD :
) TETD = (t e t I
) (10-5 )(
R
) (10-5
64
0.7 0.55
0.5 0.4
0.5 0.3
0.65
0.9
0.9 0.8
) (11-5 .30
) (11-5 )(W/m2
P
1B
10
24
310
280
240
190
280
220
80
70
:
)(w
Q sum = UA t S
R
:
6-5 )(Light heat
:
Q sum = A Q
)(w
In F ) (Incandescent
) (Fluorescent .
R
%25
.
) (12-5 .
65
) (12-5 )(W/m2
12B
60
45
40
20
17
15
)(W
E .
).(13-5
) (13-5
13B
200
375 750
1 4
5 12 15
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.85
0.88
15
) (14-5 .
) (14-5 )(W
515
930
1050
2190
220
525
700
2190
150
290
350
875
66
)(W
n .
Q s /person
) (15-5:
) (15-5 )(W
R
66
72
73
73
73
81
81
110
88
170
170
31
45
59
59
73
81
139
183
204
255
255
97
117
132
132
146
162
229
293
292
425
425
.
:
)Q p,L = n.Q L /person (W
R
QL/person
).(15-5
9-5 )(Heat of ventilation
.
:
)(W
) Q V,S = m V i s = m V C P (t o t I
R
m V .
R
:
)(W
]Q V,L = m V i L = m V [(H o H I ) L
R
H o H I .
L 2501.3 .
R
)(g/s
m v = n. (L/s/Person) /v o
R
n .
V o .
R
67
) (16-5 )(L/S/Person
14B
7
5
5
12
2.5
3.5
12
12
14
7
7.5
7.5
3.5
2.5
9.5
7.5
7
15
3.5
5
14
14
24
12
12.5
10
6
5
) (L/S/Person
)(16-5
m V = A (L/S/m2) / v o
)(g/s
:
)m V = [(AH) /v o ](10-3 /60 60
)(g/s
:
A .
H 3.
3.
) (17-5 ) (L/S/m2
) (17-5
R
)(m2
8
)(L/S/m2
)(
1
1.4
1
1.5
1.8
68
2.8
3.7
4.6
3
4
5
6.7
8.3
10
7
9
11
)(W
m I .
:
R
)Q L,I = m I i L = mI [(H o H I ) L] (W
R
:
)(Crack method
:
)m I = [1. V I /v o ] (10-3 /60 60
)(g/s
I .
VI .
.
)(Air change method
:
)m I = [(AH) /V o ] (10-3 /60 60
)(g/s
:
).(19-5
H A .
) (18-5 )(L/S/m
)(m/s
69
0.19
0.70
0.16
5
10
2.87
0.82
15
1.4
1.4
2.8
5.7
) (19-5
)(
1.8 1.2
1.2
1.2
0.9 0.6
0.6
0.6
0.75
1.5
2
2
2
0.5
0.75
1
1
-
11-5 :
)(Heat gain through air ducts
.
:
Q d = UA t
)(W
A .
t .
U 7
. 1.25 2.5
0.7 5.
12-5
)(Heat transferred through contact surfaces
.
5.
:
)(W
Q=UAt
70
:
)(W
] Q E = n [ Q S,P + Q L,P
R
n .
Q s,p Q L,p
10.
14-5 )(Cooling load calculation procedure
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 :
.
.
.
7 .
8 :
.
.
: .
.
.
.
.
9 .
15-5 )(Cooling Load calculation methods
R
)(2-5
71
) (Precooling 4
.
.
) (2-5 .
:
)(Accurate method
) (Digital computor
.
) (Transfer function method
.
)(Approximate method
)
( 10 2 4
.
) (Average method
.
.
:
)-5
.(5
.
.
.
16-5 )(Worksheet
) (Trane ) (Carrier
.
:
:
:
:
:
:
72
QS
R
QL
R
E
W
S
N
73
QT
R
E
W
S
N
E
W
S
N
QS
R
QL
R
E
W
S
N
E
W
S
N
W/m2
QS
R
QL
R
E
W
S
N
E
W
S
N
QT
R
QT
R
W/unit
74
QS
R
QL
R
QT
R
)(5+4+3+2+1
Q S /p
Q L /P
R
QS
QL
R
QT
R
L/S/
P
QL
QS
QT
R
VR
1/Uo
QL
QS
QT
R
) 7+6 (8
:
.
.
3.6 :
(m3/kg) v o , (m3) V R , (m2) A, (K) t, (W) Q, (kJ/kg)I, (w/m2. K)U
P
75
.
) (Zones .
.
) (Diversity factor
.
) (20-5
) (20-5
0.9 0.75
0.6 0.4
0.9 0.8
0.95 0.85
0.85 0.7
0.5 0.3
1 0.9
0.9 0.8
76
) (21-5
:
:
:
) / (
45
40
35
40
25
9
24
18.5
15
9
10
6
15
15
8
24
20
10
16.5
11
22
20
19
22
14
30
28
28
17.5
17.5
35
34
36
38
40
50
55
60
77
8
10
10
12
13.5
15
22.5
15
28
18.5
11
15
37.5
20
9
28.5
24.5
34
28
13.5
22
50
26.5
15
34
35
40
34.5
18
30
62.5
33
24
77
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20-5 )(Problems
1 28
: 20 3 5
6 60 250.
2 2.666 1
350. 50
12
.
1.5 / . 24
37.
3 :
: 15 3.6.
: .
1 : . 150 120.
: . 240120
6.
24 : %40 .
33 : 27 5/ .
.
.
/ .
/
.
4 3 15 100
40 150
16 .
78
1.5 2 .
26 %45 .:
.
:
I 55 .
II 6
.
5 . :
24 : 18 .
35 : %50 .
10 : 10 20 )=A
21.4 1.2 = U / .(.
: ) 8.4 = A 3.19 = U /
.
: .
800 : .
: .
26 : %50 .
1.5 = U : / .
1.86 : . .
: .
40 : / .
3 : .
7 ) (4-5
.
: ) 0.5 = U / (
10 : ) 1.9 = U/ (.
10 : 10 5 15
) 0.7 =U / (.
6 : 3.
60 :
30 : .
5 : / .
: .
26 : %50 .
: 21090.
4.25 :.
79
10 8.
.
)(4-5
8 ) (5-5
:
24 : 26 .
20 :
2000 :
4.2 : . 31.2
2.11.5.
29.
1.4 :/ . 1.84
6 3.2 .
.
)(5-5
9 :
: 15 3.6 20 10
12 10 .
: 150120.
1 . .
: 30 20 .
: 25 .
100 :.
: .
: . 150 .
240120 6.
24 : %40 .
33 : 27 5 /.
.
.
.
.
.
80
10 ) (6-5
:
:.
1.08 = U :/ ..
: .
12 : 20 .
: 6 .
3 : . 1.4 .
)(6-5
81
HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS
4-6
2-6
3-6
4-6
5-6
6-6
7-6
8-6
9-6
10-6
(Introduction)
(factors influencing heating load)
(Heat loss)
(Heat transmission through the building)
(Heat of ventilation)
(Heat due to infiltration)
(Heat loss through air ducts)
(Heating load calculation procedure)
(Worksheet)
(Problems)
82
HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS
1-6 )(introduction
. :
)(Heat loss
.
)(Heating load
.
.
2-6 )(Factors influencing heating load
:
)(Heat sources
:
1 .
2
.
)(Outside design conditions
.
ASHRAE
%97.5 ) (.
5
10 4.4.
)(Inside design conditions
:
)t H = t + 0.06 (H 0.5
R
83
t H ) (H .
T 1.5
.
) (t
)(1-6
) (Tropical climates 22
%45 21 %30 .
R
)(1-6
)(%
35
23
24
30
24
35
22
23
30
23
24
40
22
23
35
23
24
35
20
21
30
22
23
0B
.
)(Building construction and wall orientation
.
)(Assisting factors
) (Stored
.
.
3-6 )(Heat loss
84
:
)(Sensible heat
:
1
.
2 .
3 .
)(Latent heat
.
4-6
)(Heat transmission through the building
:
) Q T = UA (t I t o
R
:
t o t I .
U
.
.
5-6 )(Heat of ventilation
.
:
:
R
:
]Qv,L = mv[(HI Ho)L
) (2-6
.
)(2-6
2B
)( C
85
)(W/m2 . C
0.33
20
18
18
0.33
21
0.33
20
0.25
16
0.25
0.17
:
]QL,I = mI[(HI Ho)L
.
.
%50
. ) .(3-6
.
) (3-6 )(L/S per m
)(Pa
1B
25
86
50
75
100
)(
3.1
3.9
0.7
1.1
1.5
1.8
:
)(
0.7
1.1
1.5
1.5
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.9
1.1
.
:
)(Air change method
) (4-6
) (5-6 .
87
)(4-6
3B
1
2
1 12
2
)(5-6
4B
0.5
0.75
)(Crack method
.
) (3-6 ) (6-6
.
)(6-6
5B
)(W
15090
770
21090
925
21090
6000
88
:
Q = U A t
:
A .
t .
U .
8-6 )(Heating load calculation procedure
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
9 .
10 7 8 7 9 .
9-6 )(Word sheet
:
:
:
:
:
:
Qs
QL
-
E
W
89
QT
S
N
E
W
S
N
E
W
S
N
6B
7B
I/v o
VR
Qs
R
QL
R
QT
R
L/s
8B
I/v o
R
Qs
R
QL
R
QT
R
Per
person
) 12+1 (3
) 2 (3
)(5+4
10-6 )(Problems
1 1.5
.
%25 )(U = 1.35
%50 )(U = 1.35
%10 15 .
90
2 160 1.6
/ . 140
0.42/ . .
. 4 22.
3 12090
1 / .
21090 1.7 / .
20 %30
.
4 22
.
20 : 2 9 4.5.
: 120 120 0.75 / .
: .
5 . 710
3.5 . 10
0.5/ . . 24
2 . 20.
.
6 ) (1-6
.
10 : 20 20 .
150120 : 2.75
20.
)(1-6
7 ) (2-6
.
:
10 : 10 5 2
. 3.65.
180 240 : .
240240 : 25 .
10 : 2 .
)(2-6
91
8 4 %60
15 /.
%40 18 .
.
9 ) (3-6
.
25 : 30 )(U = 1.83
20 : )(U = 0.62
: 10.
210 180 : 5 )(U = 2.26
240 240 : 3.
35 : .
5600 : .
1
:
2
3 20 %35 .
)(3-6
10 15 27 3 .
10 5.
10 10 .
20 5 . 6
. 90120 .
.
5 92210 .
.
11 ) (4-5 4.4
22 10.
.
12 ) (5-5 20
10 20/
%100 .
.
92
FLOW THROUGH DUCTS & FITTNGS
1-7
2-7
3-7
)(Friction chart
4-7
)(Duct fittings
5-7
6-7
)(Introduction
)(Friction loss for straight ducts
94
FLOW THROUGH DUCTS & FITTNGS
1-7 )(Introduction
) (Laminar ) (Turbulent
2
10 ) 6-1014.9 (V
:
R e = (Vd/V) = (20.1) /14.910-6
= 13423 >2000
R
) Friction
(loss ) Dynamic
(loss .
)(1-7
R
P S ) (Static Pressure
.
P V ) (Velocity Pressure
:
R
V2
1
2
= PV
R
= 1.204 kg/m3
P
pa :
V 2
)
1.29
( = PV
R
:
= V ) P f (m/s ) (Friction loss
.
R
95
) (pa :
1 mm H 2 O = 9.81 pa
1 in H 2 O = 249 pa
) (p s ) (P v
R
.
.
. :
Pf = PT,I PT,o
)(2-7
) (1
) (12 :
P s,1 > o , P s,2 = O
) (P f ) 12 > (P v,1 P V,2
R
).(Outlets
)(3-7
) (3-7 .
Q 3 , Q 2 , Q 1 :
R
Q 1 = Q A Q B , Q2 = Q B - Q C
Q A > Q B :
R
VA > VB
R
:
)(AB
) (P S,B P S,A ) = (P V,A P V,B ) (P f AB
R
96
:
:
:
) (3-7 : V s ) (P s
Vv ) (p v .V
) (3-7
90
. .
) (P s
.
). (Darcey Weisbach
(P f AB ) = O
P V,A > P V,B
P S,B > P S,A
R
L
d
v
f
= Pf
R
.
(m)
(m)
(m/s)
2.51
+
]
3.7 d Re f
.4
L V2
f
), (pa
d 2
) (1
[ = 2 log 10
1
f
0.15 .
Re ).(Reynolds number
f ) (Moody chart
( =Q
:
) (2
Q2
)
d5
97
()f
1
2
( (Pf/L) = ( ) 2
)(3
V2 V
Q
1
()
4 2
( )f
( = )(Pf/L
) 2 (3 :
)( ) (d ) (P f /L
).(Q
)( ) (V ) (P f /L
).(Q
)( ) (P f /L ) (Q
) (d ).(V
)2 (3 5
10 38
15 ) (Fully developed
) (5 P f /m , d , v , Q : )(Pa) , (mm
) , (m/s) , (L/S .
) (Q,P f /m) (Q,V .
:
R
P f = (P f /m) L
)(4
L .
) (Fibrous ducts
%10 30 %20
30 .
.
) (Aspect 8:1 ) (1 :
)( ) (V V = Q/A :
)( ) (d ) (d H:
R
)(5
W H .
) (Q ) (p f /m
) (d e
) (H,E :
)= (W.H) / (W+H
d2
4
=A
Q = AV
98
) . . V = Q / ( d2
) (f:
f = C/Re 0.2
P
(Q/ d 2 ) d/
= Re
) (1 :
4 Q d 0.2 1
) ( ) (4 Q/ d 2) 2
2
d 2
d
)(6
4.8
) /d
P
1.8
P
) (Q
0.8
P
0.2
P
( P f /L = C/
R
P f / L = (0.773 C) (
R
A = WH
)V = Q/WH , d H = 2 WH/(W+H
R
Q
2 WH
( )
) /
WH W + H
= Re
f = C/Re 0.2 :
P
) (1 :
2 WH
Q 2
( )
)
W + H 2 WH
(1 /
0.2
)Q(2 WH/(W + H
]
WH
[P f /L = C /
R
:
)d e = 1.3 (WH
)/(W+H)0.25 (8
6 ) (d e ).(W,H
4-7 )(Duct fittings
:
)(Transformations
) 2-7( ) 4-7(
) 4-7(.
%20
) (7:1 ) (4:1
.
P
0.625
P
99
)(4-7
):(Elbows
45 .90
.
) 5-7( ) 5-7(
) 5-7(
) 5-7( 90 ) 5-7(
.
100
)(Take offs
. ) (6-7 .
) 6-7( ) .(Splitter damper )
6-7( ) (Guiding vanes ) 6-7
( .T
) (5-7
) (6-7
)(Reductions
.
5 2010.
) 7-7( ) 7-7(
.
5-7 )(Dynamic losses for fittings
:
) (Reducers
) (Diffusors .
) Sudden
(enlargement )(Sudden contraction
) (7-7
)(Elbows
).(Take-offs
) (Secondary
.
:
V 2
) pa
1.29
( pd = Co
(1.29) 2
C o ) (Loss factor .
7 ) (C o .
5/ ) Equivalent
(length .
R
101
:
P f = (p f /m) [ L + L e ] + p d
R
Pf/m : .
L
L e
p d
.
6-7 )(Problem
1 15
300 . 500 / 20.
2 1.5/3 40
5030.
:
R
)(8-7
3 A B ) (8-7 5
A 37.5 .
.B
4 128 1 /.
400 .
5
)(9-7
) (9-7 . 4
1 2 . ) 12
15( 4 .
.
6 60 3030
5030 . 50.
.
7 90 3076 30.
2.5 /
.
102
8 10050 7.5 /
250 . 60 2
/ .
: 60 .
.
120 .
9
75150 50125 10
/ 375.
.
10 ) (10-7
. ) (bc 50 125 H/w = 2.5
.R/w = 1 ) (FG H/W = 0.4
.R/W = 0.5
.
DE .
5/.
11 100 50 9 / .
9/ 50.
12 46120 125
.
13 2850 1.5 / .
. 15 .
440 410.
. .
14 1.5 / .
30 8/
.
15 90 10/
7.5/ 5.3 / .
%60 .
.
103
AIR DUCT DESIGN
1-8
2-8
3-8
4-8
5-8
6-8
7-8
8-8
9-8
10-8
11-8
12-8
13-8
14-8
)(General considerations
)(Factors influencing duct layout
)(Classification of air duct systems
)(Air duct layout methods
105
AIR DUCT DESIGN
75 1 .
.
) (Fibrous glass
.
.
.
%1
.
2-8 )(Factors influencing duct layout
. .
:
.
) (Aspect ratio .
.
.
) (Initial cost ).(Operating cost
:
)C I = ( d L) D (C D / k g
= C1 d L
R
:
D, D .
106
L , d
C D / kg
C1 .
:
R
C o = C 2 T pQ
)= C 3 L T (Q3 / d5
R
T .
Q .
P
8
]
d4
2
p = f (L/d) [Q2
P
C 2
C 3
C 2
:
R
)C = C1 dL + C 3 T L (Q3/d5
d
P
5 C3
T Q 3 )1 / 6
C1
( = d opt
R
.
) (Aspect ratio
3-8 )(Classification of air duct systems
:
(V = e
)12 m/s
.(0.8
)0.5 pa
(V = 12
)20 m/s
.(3
)5 pa
:
)(P 900 pa
)(900 < P < 1600
)(1600 < P > 3000
107
108
.
.
.
.
) (1-8 :
)(1-8
)(pa
0B
25 1.25
90 25
90 50
100 50
100 10
50 25
25
400 - 250
:
)(Low velocity systems
) (2-8
) (Equal friction loss
).(Capacity balance
)(2-8
)(m/s
1B
)(Outdoor
)(Exhaust outlets
)(Filters
)(Heating coils
)(Cooling coils
)(Dehumidifying coils
)(Air washer
)(Fan outlets
)(Main ducts
)(Branch ducts
)(Duct risers
109
2.5 6
2.5
1.25 1.8
23
2.5
5 12
49
35
2.5 - 4
) (3-8
.
)(3-8
)(m3/s
)(m/s
28 18
18 12
12 7
7 4. 7
4.7 2.8
2.8 1.4
1.4 0.5
30
25
23
20
18
15
13
) Static regain
(method .
.
6-8 )(Equal friction method
) (P f /m
0.8 1.2/ .
.
:
) (V .
) (P f /m
) (V ).(Q
.
.
.
) (Dampers
.
)(P f /m
.
7-8 )(Balanced capacity method
.
R
110
L e
.
) .(Work sheet
) (4-8
.
)(4-8
R
Total
press
drop
Diameter
p
)(pa
Fitting
loss Coef
Length or
Equiva lent
Frictio
n factor
Velocit
y press
Velocity
Flow rate
Co
Pf/m
PV
)(mm
)(m
)(pa
)(pa
m/s
L/S
Duct or Fitting
Tupe
No
Duct
Elbow
Tee
( pd = Co
R
111
.
9-8 )(Static regain method
:
(P v,u P v,d ) = P f
R
:
P v,d ).(Downstream
P v,u ).(Upstream
P f
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8
60 1 60 120 2.
:
.
.
.
:
R
P = P L + P V,F + P T P V,T + P E
R
:
P L .
P V,F .
P V,T .
P T .
PE .
10-8 )(ASHRAE total pressure method
112
.
.
11-8 )(Assumed velocity method
.
) (5-8 /.
)(5-8
5
4
3
3
6
5
4
4
7.5
6
6
5
7.5
6
6
5
5
8.5
7.5
8
6
6
5
5
4
10
9
11
7
4.5
2.5
6
5/2.5
3
12
7.5
4
7.5/6
3.5
7.5
4
7.5
4
:
.
:
Q=AV
:
Q .
V .
A .
.
2
d
4
=A
d .
.
A = W.H
:
W H :
113
W/H=8
.
)(Control dampers
12-8 )(Return air systems
.
0.65
%80 .
:
L e / d = 50 C o
R
:
d .
C o ) (Loss coefficient
.
.
) (6-8 /.
)(6-8
R
)V , (m/s
4
23
34
1 1.5
)(mm
)(mm
)(mm
26
24
22
0.6
0.7
0.9
200
600 200
< 300
750 300
1500 750
114
20
18
1
0.3
1200 600
< 1200
2300 1500
2300
)(4-8
) (4-8 )( .
14-8 )(Problems
1 25 800/
. 200 10
. %55 %85
10.000 F = 0.02
2 ).(5-8
.
.
)(5-8
3 ) (6-8
. . 30
5 .
)(6-8
4 3000 / . 18
2000 / . 3
. 18 .
.
. 25
.
125 7/.
5 800/ .
6
3.6.
.
115
6 ) (7-8
. 25.
)(7-8
7 ) (8-8 .
.
25.
.
9+8 219
10 ) (11-8 .
25
12.5 .
)(11-8
116
FANS
1-10
2-10
3-10
)(Fan laws
4-10
)((Fan selection
5-10
6-10
)(Classification of fans
)(Fan performance
)(Fan installation
)(Problems
136
FANS
.
1-10 )(Classification of fans
:
)(Axial fans
.
) (1-10
) (1-10 :
-1 )(Propeller fans
) 1-10(
.
)(Window type
) (Split .
.
2 ):(Tube axial
3 ):(Vane axial
.
) (1-10
) 1-10( .
.
):(Centrifugal fans
.
) (Impeller
.
.
137
) (2-10
)(2-10
:
1 ) (Straight ) 2-10 (.
2 ) (Forward ) 2-10(.
3 ) (Backward ) 2-10(
) 2-10( ) 2-10(
).(Airfoil
2-10 ):(Fan performance
) (Pressure ) (Power
) (Discharge ).(Efficiency
) (Static pressure ).(Velocity pressure
:
)P T = (m / ) P T (W
= QPT
R
:
)P S = (m/ ) P S (W
= Q.p s
R
:
m (kg/s)
( kg/m3)
Q )(m3/s
P T
P s :
R
:
P T,O
P T,I
P V,O
:
) = (P S / P sh
R
P .sh : .
) (1-10 .
)(1-10
R
138
0B
:
:
:
40
65-.6
75-70
55-45
60-50
75-70
85-80
) (3-10 )(
)( )(.
) (2-10 .
)(2-10
)(3-10
.
.
.
3-10 )(Fan laws
:
.
) (Q 1 /Q 2 ) = (R.P.M. 1 /R.P.M 2
R
.
(P 1 /P 2 ) = (R.P.M 2 )2
R
(P 1 /P 2 ) = (R.P.M 2 )3
P
.
(Q 1 /Q 2 ) = (D 1 /D 2 )3
P
139
(P 1 /P 2 ) = (D 1 /D 2 )2
P
(P 1 /P 2 ) = (D 1 /D 2 )5
P
= )(R . P . M 1 /R . P . M
) ( 2 / 1
) (Q1 /Q 2 ) = (e1 /e 2
) (P1 /P2 ) = (e 2 /e1
P : P Q
.
R.P.M D
4-10 )(Fan selection
) (P S
) .(Q
.
5-10 )(Fan installation
.
.
:
R
:
] Gain = 0.75 [ (V F /1.29)2 (V d /1.29)2
P
:
V F .
V d .
R
)(4-10
) (4-10 .
6-10 )(Problems
1 2500/ 375 900
1.5 .
140
1050
.
2 125 / 280 .
0.19 1100
.
: .
.
.
3 500 2500
/.
35000/.
4 4000/ 375 650
1700 . 700
.
.
5 . :
50 820 575/
180.
825/ 135
575 .
6 1500 / 250 20
0.84 / .
.
.
%60
.
7 8750 :/ 250
256 3.4 . 300
.
8 700/ 18
50 75.
74 .
9 1200 3100/ 810
1310 . 55 6.1
. 590.
.
141
10 . 4000
.%86 5 .
10.000/ . 400 .
5 95.
2000
%61
1120
%58
1100
%55
11 15 . 11
15 / .
.
.
12 : 20 5.2 /
18 / 4.1 .
50 .
.
13 4000/ 900
5 .
4500/.
.
14 54 580
3600/ 312 2 .
8.5/
610
.
2 :
.
.
.
142
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
1-11
2-11
3-11
4-11
5-11
6-11
7-11
8-11
9-11
10-11
(Introduction)
11-11
12-11
13-11
14-11
15-11
16-11
17-11
18-11
19-11
20-11
21-11
(Induction unit)
(Coil /fan unit)
(Heat recovery systems)
(Problems)
144
AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
1-11 )(Introduction
.
) .(H V A C
:
.
.
.
.
.
:
)(Heating equipment
:
1 .
2 )(Furnaces
3 ) (Steam boilers ).(103 k pa
) (1-11
) (1-11 .
) (Strainer ) (Steam trap ) (Tank
.
4 ) (120 C
).(1.1 Mpa
) (2-11
) (2-11 .
.
).(Expansion tank
)(Refrigeration equipment
) (Condensing units
) (Intercooler ,
145
50 112
350 3500
350 .
)(Absorption water chillers
)Li.Br-
(H 2 O 50 1500 ) Chilled
.(water
)(Cooling towers
. 5
500 200 4000 .
)(Pumps
:
) (Condensate .
)(Piping
:
.
)(Instrumentation
) (Pressure gauges
) (Thermometers ) (Flow meters ) Balancing
(devices ).(Air dampers
2-11 :
R
:
)(Central equipment
)(Unitary equipment
:
)(Coil equipment
)(Washer equipment
.
) (Single zone )(Multi zones
.
.
) (Water sprayers
) (Baffles ) (Water eliminators
.
.
3-11 )(Unitary equipment
146
) (Assembly
.
:
) (Self contained ) (Split
) (Cooling unit ).(Condensing unit
.
.
.
5 25 .
4-11 )(Window units
) (3-11
.
. 1 4
. .
) (Air throw
.
) (3-11
147
25 .
) (1-11 .
) (4-11
)(1-11
1
2
3
4
5
) ( .
) (Solar collectors
.
:
)(Divided
:
.
)(Packaged
.
6-11 )(Adiabatic cooler
) (6-3
) (Aspin wood
.
.
.
7-11 )(Split unit
148
: ) (Cooling unit
)(Condensing unit
.
) (5-11 .
. 1 4 .
) (5-11
8-11
)(Classification of central air conditioning systems
.
:
)(All air system
)(All water system
)(Air water system
) (6-11
) (6-11 ) :(
) ( ) ( .
9-11 )(Direct expansion system
) (DX
.
).(7-11
) (DX .
. ) (DX .
.
.
) (7-11
10-11 )(All air system
) (8-11
149
.
).(8-11
.
.
.
) (Clean rooms
.
:
:
)(Constant air volume & variable temperature
.
:
)(Variable air volume & constant temperature
.
:
.
.
.
1-11 :
)(All air constant volume induction system
) (9-11
) (9-11
Sound absorper .
%100 ) (Nozzle
) (Induction unit .
.
.
) (Perimeter system
.
:
.
150
.
)(Primary air
.
12-11 :
)(All air variable volume and constant temperature system
) (10-11
) (Terminal .
%20 .
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
13-11 )(Dual duct system
) (11-11
.
:
.
. ) (Mixing box
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
:
151
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
14-11 )(Reheat system
.
) (Terminal units
).(12-11
) (12-11
.
.
ASHARE
.
15-11 )(Multi zone system
.
) (13-11
) .(13-11
) (Dampers
.
16-11 )(All water system
) (All water ) (14-11
) (Terminal units ) .(Fan coil
. .
152
.
) (14-11
.
) (14-11
. .
.
.
.
.
17-11 )(Air water system
.
.
).(15-11
) (15-11 /
) (15-11 ) (Induction units
.
. ) (Primary air 20 %25 .
.
.
) (16-11 / /
) (16-11
. .
) (17-11
).(Ceiling diffusers
153
0B
.
:
).(Water chillers
154
) (Water pumps .
).(Water heaters
.
.
)(Cooling towers
18-11 )(Induction unit
)(19-11
) (19-11 .
) .(Nozzle
. .
.
.
19-11 )(Fan coil unit
) (20-11
) (20-11 .
. .
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
20-11 )(Heat recovery systems
155
.
.
)(21-11
) (21-11 . )(
. )(
. )(
.
)( .
21-11 )(Problems
1 8 Fin/in 6000/ 28 21
13 12 3/.
2 ) (DX 22 : 1800
/ 29 : 20
39 27 7
0.65 .
.
3 : :
26 %50 32 : 24
106 69
2450/.
.
4 28 11 4.5 .
1.9
340/ . 12 2.
5 . :
35 26 24 %50
75 25
14 28.5
1750/ 22
0.084
) (DX .
6 ) .(22-11
.
156
.
. .
)(22-11
7 ) (22-11
. .
8 .
:
: 444 340
26
11 30.
: 666 24
13
52.
13
.
9 19.4 : 16.6
21 .
2500 .
.
10 ) 21-11( . 2500/
38 2000/
24 .
31
.
.
.
18.3 .
) 21-11(.
157
CONTROL OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
1-12
2-12
3-12
4-12
5-12
6-12
7-12
8-12
(Electronic control)
9-12
(Sensing elements)
10-12
(Controllers)
11-12
(Relays)
12-12
(Actuators)
13-12
14-12
15-12
16-12
17-12
18-12
19-12
20-12
21-12
(Introduction)
(Definitions)
(Basic components of control systems)
(Basic functions of control systems)
(Control action)
(Energy sources for control systems)
(Pneumatic controls)
(Electric controls)
22-12
159
23-12
24-12
CONTROL OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
1-12 )(Introduction
) (HVAC
. ) (
) (
.
.
:
) (.
.
.
) Operating
.(control
.
)(Safety control
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
2-12 )(Definitions
)(Set point
160
.
)(Control point
.
)(Deviation
.
)(Differential gap
.
)(Offset
.
)(Lag
.
)(Primary element
) (Bellows )(Bimetal
.
)(Direct action
) (Output .
)(Reverse action
.
)(Feed back
).(Sensor
3-12 :
) (1-12
: ) (Sensor
) .(Controlled device
) (1-12 .
4-12 :
)(Basic functions of control systems
:
.
161
) (Controller
.
.
.
.
.
5-12 )(Control action
:
) (Tow position control
) (2-12
) (2-12 )
( :
.
) (Timer device
.
).(Time two Position control
)(Floating action
) 3-12(
.
) 3-12(
) (Proportional action ).(Modulating action
) 3-12(
) 3-12(
6-12
)(Energy sources for control systems
:
)(Electric systems
.
)(Electronic systems
) 15(
.
162
)(Pneumatic systems
1.02
1.35.
).(Hydraulic systems
7-12 )(Pneumatic controls
)(4-12
.
) (4-12 1.02
.
.
.
) (5-12
) (5-12 ) (Bleed controller
) 1.02( ) (Nozzle
).(Sensor action
) (Direct action
).(Reverse action
8-12 )(Electric control
) ( :
) ( V = 15 ).(V = 220
) (6-12
) (6-12 ) (Balancing relay
) (Armature .
.
) (7-12
163
) (7-12 :
) 220 24( ) (Switch )(Load
.
) (8-12
) (8-12
.
9-12 )(Electronic control
) (Wheatstone bridge
.
) (9-12
) (9-12 .
5 15 ) Amplifier
(relay R 4 , R 3 , R 1
1000 .
. R 2
.
10-12 )(Sensing elements
:
R
164
165
) (Granulated carbon .
.
)(Pressure sensing elements
) (Bourdon tube ) (Bellows )(Diaphragm
.
.
.
11-12 )(Controllers
:
)(Direct acting
.
)(Reverse acting
.
)(Graduate acting
. 1.02.
)(Positive acting
)(P = O
) (P = 1.02 bar .
.
) (Switch
) (Solenoid ) (Dampers ) .(Valves
.
12-12 )(Relays
) (Controllers
) (Actuators
. 15
220 110 48 24 480
) (11-12
) (11-12 ) (DPDT )(Poles
) (Throws .
.
166
.
13-12 )(Actuators
) (Dampers
.
) (12-12
) (12-12
)( )( .
.
) 13-12(
) 13-12(
) 13-12 ( :
) (Normally open ) (N.O
) (Normally closed ) (N.C
.
) 13-12( :
) Modulating
.(control
) (14-12
) (14-12 :
) (NO
) (NC .
) (15-12
) (15-12 .
.
14-12 )(Outside air control systems
:
)(Minimum outside air
167
) (16-12
) (16-12
. ) (N.C .
)(Economy cycle outside air
) (17-12
) (17-12 %10 %40
.
.
) (T 1
.
) (T 2
.
)(Enthalpy control
R
) (18-12
) (18-12
.
)(Static pressure control
) (Clean rooms
) (Chemical labs
) (19-12
) (SP 25
.
)(19-12
) (Snubber
).(19-12
15-12 )(Heating coils control systems
.
:
)(Preheat
168
) (20-12
) (20-12
) .(T
4.
) (21-12
) (21-12
).(A.H.U
) (T 2 ) (T 1
.
R
) (22-12
) (22-12
) (NO ) (NC ) (C
. ) .(T
.
)(Normal heating
) (23-12
) (23-12 .
) (T 1 ) (T 2
.
R
)(Air reheating
)(24-12
) (24-12 .
) (T 2 .
16-12
)(Electric heating control systems
R
) (25-12
169
) (T 1 ) (25-12
) (R
.
R
) (16-12
) (26-12 ) (Proportional
) (Variable autotransforme
.
) (25-12 ) (Timer
1
2
.
) (27-12
) (Solid state time proportional controller
) (27-12 ) (PC
.
) (28-12 ) Sequence
(control .
. ) (PC %50
) (SC .
) (PC
.
) (28-12
) (29-12
. ) (T1
) (29-12
.
18-12 )(Cooling coils control systems
) (Refrigerants ) Chilled
(water :
)(Direct expansion coils
170
) (30-12
) (30-12 .
. ) (Expansion valve
. ) (T 1
) (SV ) (T 2 .
R
) (31-12
) (31-12
. ) (T
. .
) (32-12
) (32-12
.
. ) (T
. ) (RR
.
)(Chilled water coils
) (33-12
) (33-12 ).(Modulatig valve
) (T .
) (34-12
) (34-12
. .
) (34-12
. ) (DP
.
19-12 )(Humidity control systems
:
171
)(Air washers
) (35-12
%70 %90
. )(35-12
) (H .
)(Tow stage evaporative cooling
) (36-12
) (Precooler
) (Cooling tower
) .(36-12
.
) (H .
.
)(Air washer with preheating
) (37-12
) 37-12(
. ) (H
. ) 37-12(
.
.
)(Air washer with hot or chilled water
) (38-12
) (H ) 38-12(
) (HE
. ) 38-12(
(SL) : ) (WL.
)(Air washer with cooling coil
) (39-12
172
) (39-12 .
.
) (T1 .
.
) (T1
.
) (T1
.
) 40-12( .
).(T1
.
) (T1 .
) (40-12
) 40-12( .
)(Steam humidifiers
) (41-12
. ) (H
.
) (41-12
)(Pan humidifiers
) (42-12
) .(42-12
. .%40
20-12 )(Dehumidifiers control systems
:
)(Chemical dehumidifiers
) (43-12
173
) (Silica gel
) (43-12 .
.
) (H
) (T ) (Precooler .
)(Air washer
) (44-12
. .
) (H
).(44-12
)(Dehumidification by refrigeration
)(45-12
.
) (H .
) (R
. ) (T .
) (45-12
21-12
)(Elementary control systems for refrigeration equipment
)(Reciprocating compressor
) (46-12
.
) (Loading ) (Unloading
) (46-12 .
) (47-12
) (Pump down cycle.
) (T ) (47-12
.
.
174
) (T .
.
)(Water chillers
) (48-12
) (48-12
) (Modulating capacity controls %20
%30 . ) (T
) (DM
) .(CAP %20
.
)(Air cooled condensers
) (49-12
.
) (49-12 ) (P
.
) (Flooding principle
.
)(Water cooled condensers
.
.
) (T ) (V1
) (V2 ) (50-12 .
) (Set point
) (V1 ).(V2
) (50-12
) (51-12
) (51-12 )(T
.
.
175
)(Evaporative condensers
) (52-12
.
. )(P
) (25-12 .
)(Evaporator
) (53-12
) (53-12 ) (T1
) (F ) (T2
).(S.V
)(Cooling tower
) (54-12
.
) (T .
.
) (54-12
.
.
22-12 :
)(Elementary control systems for air conditioning equipment
)(Variable volume air terminal
) (55-12
) (T
) (55-12 .
)(Mixing box
) (56-12
. )(T
) (56-12 .
176
177
)(61-12
) 61-12(
. ) 61-12( .
) (H
) (T .
)(Round year systems with return air
)(62-12
) 62-12(
. ) 62-12(
.
) (T
) .(LLT ) (H
) .(T2 ).(DM
178
)(Round year system with by-pass
)(63-12
) 63-12(
. ) 63-12( .
)(T1 ) (LLT
. ) (H .
)(Air handling unit
) (64-12
) (64-12 .
) (T1 .
) (T2
.
).(64-12
)(65-12
) (65-12 . ) (T1
) (T3 .
) (T2
) (T4 ) (T4 .
)(Round year system with reheat
) (66-12
) (66-12
. ) (T4
) (Reheater . ) (T3
. ) (T1
) (T2
.
24-12 )(Problems
179
1 .
.
.
2
21 . 1 0.5
.
.
3
.
4 ) (DX .
.
5
26 . 1 1.
.
6
. ) .(67-12
24 %50
. 28 55 48 67 .
.
.
)(67-12
7 8 30 .
20 100 .
1:2 28 55 .
8
.
.
9 ) (68-12
.
)(68-12
180
10 ) (69-12 %100
13
13
13 .
%20 .
: .
)(69-12
181
NOISE & VIBRATIONS
1-13
2-13
3-13
4-13
5-13
6-13
7-13
8-13
9-13
10-13
(Introduction)
(Definitions)
(Sound levels)
(Noise criterion curves)
(Sound level meters)
(Noise sources)
(Fan noise level)
(Factor affecting on noise level)
(Noise and vibration reduction methods)
(Problems)
183
NOISE & VIBRATIONS
1-13 )(Introduction
.
) (Frequency 15 ) (HZ 20
) .(KHZ .
.
.
.
.
2-13 )(Definitions
) :(Vibration .
) :(Sound .
) :(Noise .
) :(Sound power
.
) :(Sound intensity
.
) :(Sound pressure
.
) :(Decibel X Y
:
)db = 10 log 10 (X/Y
3-13 )(Sound levels
R
) (10-12 w/m2 ) (10 2w/m2 .
).(db
:
P
)(db
) L W = 10 log 10 (W s /W R
R
:
W S .
R
184
W R )(10-2W
.
:
R
) L I = 10 log 10 (I S /I R
)(db
:
I S
I R )(10-2 W/m2
) (r
:
R
I = W/4 r2
P
:
)(db
P
L p = 10 log- 10 (P S /P R )2
P
:
P S
P R )(210-5 N/m2
) (r
.
) (1-13 .
)(1-13
R
)(W
)(db
10
1
0.1
310
910
160
140
120
80
60
40
20
185
) (2-13
)(2-13
)(db
25-20
30-25
40-30
45-35
65-40
) (NC 30
50 .
5-13 )(Sound level meters
) (db ) db (A
.
6-13 )(Noise sources
:
:
.
:
.
186
:
.
:
.
:
.
.
7-13 )(Fan noise level
.
.
:
L W = 40+10 log 10 Q+20 log 10 P S
L W = 11.5 + 10 log 10 P
R
:
Q )(m /S
P S )(N/m2
P )(W
8-13 )(Factors affecting on noise level
:
)(Noise source
.
.
) (3-13
.
3
P
187
)(3-13
)(db
4-2
9-5
10
)(db
)(Noise carrier
.
)(Noise reflection & absorption
.
0.01 0.05
%20 %80
.
.
)(Sound attenuation
.
.
25 .
).(4-13
)(4-13
0B
0.1 db/m
0.05
0.01
1 db
2
3
% 10
%20
%30
%50
10 db
7
5
3
:
1 )(.
188
2 )(.
3 .
4 ) (2+1 ) (3 .
5 .
6 ) (5 ) (4 .
7 )(.
8 ) (6 ) (7 ) (6 )(7
.
9-13
)(Noise and vibration reduction methods
.
:
.
. ) (5-13
.
)(5-13
)(m/s
1.75 2.5
2.5 4
4 5
5 7.5
.
.
.
.
) (2-13 .
)(2-13
189
.
) (Sail cloth ).(3-13
.
.
)(4-13
) (4-13 . )(
. )( ) (Spring
.
10-13 )(Problems
1 :
).(1 nw
).(10 MW
2 db A NC .
3 52 db 49
.db
4 ) (Octave band 125 HZ
75 db
:
c- 85 db
b 80 db,
a 77 db,
.
5 L P
.
.
6 25 0.55
95 0.12
.75db
3
R
)(5-13
190
7 ) (5-13 44db
.40 db
.
8 db
8
.78 db
:
1:4
9 .
:
72 db
17 db
51 db
10 db
40 db
10 ) (6-13
0.15 d P .3 db
)(6-13
11 100 .
3
12 )(6-13
6 . 15
.
)(6-13
)(HZ
)(db
31
72
1B
191
75
68
61
50
47
40
30
22
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
NC = 30
NC = 30 . 10 db
.
192
AIR CLEANING
1-14
2-14
3-14
(Types of filters)
4-14
(Dry filters)
5-14
(Fine filter)
6-14
7-14
8-14
9-14
10-14
11-14
(Air sterilization)
12-14
(Odor absorption)
13-14
14-14
(Introduction)
(Air contamination)
(Viscous filters)
(Electronic filters)
(Air washers)
(Filters performance criteria)
(Selection of filters)
(Problems)
193
AIR CLEANING
1-14 )(Introduction
.
.
.
) (Filters .
. %75 %95
.
:
.
.
.
2-14 )(Air contamination
:
:
) (Dust ) (Sand 0.001
30.
) (Fumes
.
) (Smoke 0.01
13.
:
) (Mists .
) (Fogs .
:
.
:
.
.
.
194
:
.
.
0.01 200.
. ) (1-14
.
)(1-14
)(mg/m3
0.5 5
0.1 1.0
0.2 5.0
0.5 1.0
195
50 50
125 62.5
50 25 50 25 100
50 50
196
) (
. %90
%65 .%80
:
)(Washable filters
.
)(Changeable filters
.
)(Self cleaning filters
.
)(
.
.
.
.
8-14 )(Electronic filters
) (Precipitators :
) (lonizing type ).(Charged media type
.
11 13 .
. %70 .%90
.
) (1-14 .
) (1-14
240 300
/ .
.
.
9-14 )(Air washers
197
.
) (2-14 :
)(2-14
)( .
)(
.
) (Over flow drain
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
1.5 2.5/ .
4 12 / .
10-14 )(Filters performance criteria
:
.
)(Filter efficiency
.
:
= (C 1 C 2 ) / C 1
R
:
C 1 .
C 2 .
.
:
.
) (3-14
.
%90 %95 .
:
.
.
R
198
) (Discoloration .
.U
)(Resistance
).(N/m2
P
)(3-14
1
4
. ) (2-14
)(NPS
.
)(2-14
)(N/m2
37.5
62.5
87.5
100.0
175
200
225
250
0B
%40
%60
%85
%95
.
%10
.
11-14 )(Selection of filters
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
)(3-14
199
200
)(4-14
)(m/s
) (N/m
)5(
)20(
0.3
0.15
30-20
35-30
0.95
3.3
101
1.5
0.1
300-125
17.6-9.5
7.6-5.9
)5(
) 10(
)20(
1.5
1.5
2.5-1.5
30-15
60-30
30-10
0.55
0.8
10
1.45
20
10
2.5
125-75
8-3.6
3-1.9
1B
2-1.5
2.5-2
0.18
21.3-12.4
31.1-17.8
14.2-10.7
75-37.5
80-50
30-7.5
5.9-2.9
7.2-4.3
3.7-2.9
5-14
)(5-14
N/m2
)(m/s
2.5-1.25
2.5
25
30
250
175
2.5-1.5
2.5-20
20
30
150
125
2.5-1.5
40
125
.
.
.
.
12-14 )(Air sterilization
:
)(Ultraviolent ray lamp
201
.
14000 .
.
13-14 )(Odor absorption
)(4-14
) (4-14
) (Activated charcoal
) (Activated alumina
).(Potassium permanganate
%50 .
0.7 .
.
14-14 )(Problems
1 20 /
(0.60.60.3) M-15 ) .(6-14
70.
)(6-14
P
606030
606020
)(Pa
306030
306020
Cm
4B
Size
)Q, (L/S
37.4
87.2
100
100
Standard
Rated cap.
940
940
800
560
810
810
620
430
480
480
410
290
420
420
300
210
3.87
2.69
1.93
1.35
M 2A
M 15
M 100
M 200
Effective
)area (m2
P
202
20
35
50
80
1000
/ 1.75
/
Mm
0.32 0.16
0.8 0.26
1.2 0.4
1.7 0.53
10 5
15 5
20 5
25 - 10
50 20
75 50
80 60
85 - 70
25
45
64
100
203
3B
) (4-5 )(W/m2
P
21
23
24
N
E
S
W
Diff
Hor
N
E
S
W
Dif
Hor
N
E
S
W
Dif
Hor
N
22
35
115
15
115
25
345
25
115
30
115
25
340
5
110
70
110
20
315
95
E
130
S
95 W
20 Dif
255 Hor
6
150
395
20
130
45
365
20
110
45
245
10
50
7
155
600
35
245
12
595
35
320
30
565
30
255
8
90
635
40
560
55
640
40
540
645
50
40
480
9
15
555
45
745
565
25
45
735
580
140
45
680
10
410
45
50
900
420
90
50
980
430
215
50
835
11
220
90
55
1000
225
140
55
990
230
265
55
940
12
105
55
1025
155
55
1020
285
55
985
13
90
220
55
1000
140
225
55
990
265
230
55
940
14
45
410
50
900
90
420
50
890
215
430
50
835
15
15
555
45
745
25
565
45
735
140
580
45
680
16
90
635
40
560
55
640
40
540
50
645
40
480
17
155
600
35
345
120
595
35
320
30
565
30
255
18
150
395
20
130
115
365
20
110
45
245
10
50
450
60
25150
605
175
35
375
570
285
40
575
425
370
45
735
230
425
50
835
445
50
870
370
425
45
735
370
425
45
735
285
570
40
575
175
605
35
375
60
450
25
150