Doc4-LTE Workshop TUN Session3 LTE Overview

ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010
ITU/BDTArab Regional Workshopon 4GWirelessSystems

LTETechnology
Session3:LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies

Speakers Date M.Lazhar BELHOUCHET M HakimEBDELLI M. 27 29January 2010
LTEOverview
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Agenda
Standardization MotivationforLTE LTEperformancerequirements LTEchallenges LTE/SAEKeyFeatures LTEtechnology basics AirInterfaceProtocols
LTEOverview
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Standardization
LTEisthelateststandardinthemobilenetworktechnology previously yrealizedtheGSM/EDGE / andUMTS/HSxPA / treethatp networktechnologiesthatnowaccountforover85%ofall mobilesubscribers.LTEwillensure3GPPscompetitiveedge overothercellulartechnologies. 3GPPworkontheEvolutionofthe3GMobileSystemstarted inNovember2004. 2004 SpecificationsscheduledfinalizedbytheendofDecember 2009. Currently,standardizationinprogressintheformofRel9and Rel10.
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LTEOverview
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MotivationforLTE
Needforhigherdataratesandgreaterspectralefficiency
CanbeachievedwithHSDPA/HSUPA / and/ornewairinterfacedefinedby3GPPLTE
NeedforPacketSwitchedoptimizedsystem
EvolveUMTStowardspacketonlysystem
Needforhighqualityofservices
Useoflicensedfrequenciestoguaranteequalityofservices Alwaysonexperience(reducecontrolplanelatencysignificantly) Reduce R d round dtrip t i delay d l
Needforcheaperinfrastructure
Simplifyarchitecture, architecture reducenumberofnetworkelements
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LTEOverview
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LTEperformancerequirements
DataRate:
Instantaneousdownlinkp peakdatarateof100Mbit/s / ina20MHz downlinkspectrum(i.e.5bit/s/Hz) Instantaneousuplinkpeakdatarateof50Mbit/sina20MHzuplink spectrum(i.e. (i e 2.5 2 5bit/s/Hz)
Cellrange
5km optimalsize 30kmsizeswithreasonableperformance upto100kmcellsizessupportedwithacceptableperformance
Cellcapacity
upto200activeuserspercell(5MHz)(i.e.,200activedataclients)
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LTEOverview
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LTEperformancerequirements Cont.
Mobility
Optimized p forlowmobility(0 y( 15km/h) / )butsupports pp high g speed p
Latency
userplane<5ms controlplane<50ms
Improvedspectrumefficiency Improvedbroadcasting IPoptimized Scalablebandwidthof20,15,10,5,3and1.4MHz Coexistencewithlegacystandards

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LTEOverview
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ThewaytoLTE:3main3Glimitations
1.Themaximumbitratesstillarefactorof20andmorebehindthe y like802.11nand802.16e/m. / currentstateofthesystems 2.Thelatencyofuserplanetraffic(UMTS:>30ms)andofresource assignmentprocedures(UMTS:>100 100ms)istoobigtohandletraffic withhighbitratevarianceefficiently. 3.The 3 TheterminalcomplexityforWCDMAorMCCDMAsystemsisquite high,makingequipmentexpensive,resultinginpoorperforming implementationsofreceiversandinhibitingtheimplementationof otherperformanceenhancements. www.cert.nat.tn
LTEOverview
LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
LTECHALLENGES
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LTEOverview
WhataretheLTEchallenges?
The Users expectation Best price, transparent flat rate F ll I Full Internet t t Multimedia ..leads to the operators challenges reduce cost per bit provide id hi high hd data t rate t provide low latency
User experience will have an impact on ARPU

Latency
Price per Mbyte has to be reduced to remain profitable
Throughput
Cost per MByte
HSPA
LTE
HSPA
LTE UMTS HSPA I-HSPA LTE
LTEOverview
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ComparisonofThroughputandLatency
Peak data rates around 300Mbps/80 Mbps Low latency 10-20 ms
Enhanced consumer experience: drives subscriber uptake allow for new applications provide additional revenue streams
Latency (Rountrip delay) delay)*
GSM/ EDGE Downlink Uplink HSPA Rel6 R l6 HSPAevo (Rel8) LTE
min max Evolved HSPA (Rel. 7/8, 2x2 MIMO) LTE 2x20 MHz (2x2 MIMO) LTE 2x20 MHz (4x4 MIMO)
350 300 250
Max. peak data rate
Mbps
200 150 100 50 0

HSPA R6
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200 ms
DSL ( (~20-50 ms, , depending p g on operator) p ) * Server near RAN
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ScalableBandwidth
Scalable bandwidth
of 1.4 20 MHz
Easy to E t introduce i t d on any f frequency band: b d Frequency Refarming (Cost efficient deployment on lower frequency q y bands supported) pp )
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LTEOverview
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IncreasedSpectralEfficiency

2.0 18 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 04 0.4 0.2 0.0
Allcasesassume2antennaterminalreception HSPAR7,WiMAXandLTEassume2antennaBTStransmission(2x2 MIMO)

Downlink Uplink
bps/Hz/ /cell
ITU contribution from WiMAX Forum shows downlink 1.3 and uplink 0.8 bps/Hz/cell
HSPA R6 12
HSPA R6 +
HSPA R7
WiMAX
LTE R8
Reference: - HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960 - HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335 - HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia simulations
LTEOverview
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ReducedNetworkComplexity
Flat, scalable IP based architecture Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture IP based Interfaces
Flat, IP based architecture

Access Flat networks are characterized by fewer network elements, lower latency, greater flexibility and lower operation p cost
Evolved Node B GateWay
Core
Control
MM E
IM S
HLR/H SS
I t Internet t
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LTEOverview
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LTE/SAEKEYFEATURES
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LTEOverview
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Overview
EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) / SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) / LTE ( Long Term Evolution ) EUTRAN ( Evolved UTRAN ) EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )
IP Network
IP Network
IP Network OFDMA/SC-FDMA MIMO ( beam-forming/ spatial multiplexing) HARQ Scalable bandwidth

(1.4, 3, 5, 10, .. 20 MHz)
Evolved E l d Node N d B / No RNC IP Transport Layer UL/DL resource scheduling QoS Aware Self Configuration
PS Domain only, No CS Domain IP Transport Layer QoS Aware 3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) Prepared for Non-3GPP Access
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LTEOverview
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures
EvolvedNodeB
NoRNCisprovidedanymore TheevolvedNodeBstakeoverallradiomanagementfunctionality. Thiswillmakeradiomanagementfasterandhopefullythenetwork architecturesimpler
IPtransportlayer
EUTRANexclusively yusesIPastransport p layer y
UL/DLresourcescheduling
InUMTSphysicalresourcesareeithersharedordedicated EvolvedNodeBhandlesallphysicalresourceviaaschedulerand assignsthemdynamicallytousersandchannels Thisprovidesgreaterflexibilitythantheoldersystem
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LTEOverview
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
FrequencyDomain Scheduling:
Frequencydomain schedulingusesthose resourceblocks bl k that th tare notfaded NotpossibleinCDMA basedsystem
Carrier bandwidth Resource block
Transmit on those resource blocks that are not faded

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LTEOverview
Frequency
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HARQ
HybridAutomaticRetransmission onreQuest HARQhasalreadybeenusedfor HSDPAandHSUPA. HARQespeciallyincreasesthe performance(delayand throughput) g p )forcelledge g users. HARQsimplyimplementsa retransmissionprotocolonlayer 1/2thatallowstosend retransmittedblockswithdifferent codingthanthe1st one.
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LTEOverview HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
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QoS awareness
Theschedulermusthandleanddistinguish g differentq quality yofservice classes OtherwiserealtimeserviceswouldnotbepossibleviaEUTRAN Thesystemprovidesthepossibilityfordifferentiatedservice
Selfconfiguration
C Currently tl under d investigation i ti ti PossibilitytoletEvolvedNodeBsconfigurethemselves
Itwillnotcompletelysubstitutethemanualconfigurationand optimization. www.cert.nat.tn
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LTEOverview
PacketSwitchedDomainonly
Nocircuitswitcheddomainisprovided IfCSapplicationsarerequired,theymustbeimplemented viaIP
Non3GPPaccess
Th TheEPCwill illb beprepared dalso l to t b beused db bynon3GPP accessnetworks(e.g.LAN,WLAN,WiMAX,etc.) Thiswillprovidetrueconvergenceofdifferentpacketradio accesssystem
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LTEOverview
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MIMO
MultipleInputMultipleOutput LTEwillsupportMIMOasanoption, Itdescribesthepossibilitytohavemultipletransmitterand receiverantennasinasystem. UptofourantennascanbeusedbyasingleLTEcell(gain: spatialmultiplexing) MIMOisconsideredtobethecoretechnologytoincrease spectralefficiency. www.cert.nat.tn
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LTEOverview
LTETECHNOLOGYBASICS
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LTEOverview
LTEkeyparameters
FrequencyRange Channel b d id h bandwidth, 1Resource Block=180kHz UMTSFDDbandsandUMTSTDDbands 1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz
6RB Modulation Schemes MultipleAccess MIMO technology PeakDataRate
15RB
25RB
50RB
75RB
100RB
DL:OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess) UL:SCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess) DL:OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess) UL:SCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess) DL:WidechoiceofMIMOconfigurationoptionsfortransmitdiversity,spatial multiplexing,andcyclicdelaydiversity(max.4antennasatbasestationandhandset) UL M UL: Multi ltiusercollaborative ll b ti MIMO DL:150Mbps(UEcategory4,2x2MIMO,20MHz)300Mbps(UEcategory5,4x4 MIMO,20MHz) UL:75Mbps p (20 ( MHz) )
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OFDM/OFDMA/SCFDMA
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LTEOverview
OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
LTEusesOFDMfortheDL thatis,fromthebasestationto q forspectrum p theterminal.OFDMmeetstheLTErequirement flexibilityandenablescostefficientsolutionsforverywide carrierswithhighpeakrates. ThebasicLTEdownlinkphysicalresourcecanbeseenasa timefrequencygrid.Inthefrequencydomain,thespacing b t between th thesubcarriers, b i f, f is i 15kHz. 15kH In I addition, dditi the th OFDM symboldurationtimeis1/f +cyclicprefix.Thecyclicprefixis usedtomaintainorthogonality betweenthesubcarrierseven foratimedispersiveradiochannel. QPSK, ,16QAM Q or64QAM. Q OneresourceelementcarriesQ
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LTEOverview
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OFDM Cont.
Single Carrier Transmission O th Orthogonal lF Frequency Division Di i i M Multiplexing lti l i
OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) operation on transmitter side. side On receiver side side, an FFT operation will be used used.
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PulseshapingandSpectrum
Twocharacteristicsare importantforaSignal:
Thetimedomain presentation:
Ithelpsrecognizehow longthesymbollastson air
Fourier Transform Th ti The time d domain i presentation t ti
Thefrequencydomain presentation:
tounderstandthe requiredspectrumin termsofbandwidth
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The frequency q y domain p presentation

LTEOverview
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TherectangularPulse
Itisoneofthemostsimpletimedomainpulses. Itsimplyjumpsattimet=0toitsmaximumamplitudeand afterthepulsedurationTsjustgoesbackto0.
amplitude Ts
fs =
1 Ts
FT
Frequency Domain
Time Ti Domain
time
IFT
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LTEOverview
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MultiPathPropagationandInterSymbolInterference
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LTEOverview
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MultiPathPropagationandInterSymbolInterference
Thecancellationofintersymbolinterferencemakesmorecomplexthe hardwaredesignofthereceivers. InWCDMAforinstancetheRAKEreceiverrequiresahugeamountofDSP capacity. Oneofthegoalsoffutureradiosystemsistosimplifyreceiverdesign. design Intersymbolinterferenceoriginatingfromthepulseformitselfissimply avoidedbystartingthenextpulseonlyafterthepreviousonefinished completely, l l therefore h f introducing d aGuard dPeriod d(Tg) ( )after f the h Pulse. l Thereisnointersymbolinterferencebetweensymbolsaslongasthe multip pathdelay yspread p (e.g. ( g delay ydifferencebetweenfirstandlast detectablepath)islessthantheguardperioddurationTg.
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LTEOverview
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Multi-Path Propagation p g and the Guard Period

2 1
Time Domain
TSYMBOL
Tg Guard Period (GP)
1 TSYMBOL 2
time Guard Period (GP) TSYMBOL ti time Guard Period (GP) time
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LTEOverview
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Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period

1 2 3
TSYM when the delay p of the spread multi-path environment is greater than the guard period duration (Tg), then we encounter inter-symbol interference (ISI) 1
Tg
time 2 time 3 time 4 time
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LTEOverview
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ReuseoftheGuardPeriod
ThereisthepossibilitytousethelosttransmissiontimeduringtheGuardPeriod byrepeatingpartofthesymbolduringthisperiod. This h isachieved h d b byf filling ll the h guard dperiod dwith heither h oneorboth b hof fthe h following f ll twosolutions:CyclicPrefic (CP)andCyclicSufix (CS). CP:Thecyclicprefixisfillingthefinalpartoftheguardperiod.Itsimplyconsistsof thelastpartofthefollowingsymbol.CyclicprefixesareusedbyallmodernOFDM systemsandtheirsizesrangefrom1/4to1/32ofasymbolperiod. CS:Thecyclicsuffixfillstheinitialpartoftheguardperiodanditissimply occupiedbythebeginningpartoftheprevioussymbol.
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LTEOverview
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CyclicPrefix
Inmulti l path hpropagation environmentsthedelayed versionsofthesignalarrivewith atimeoffset,sothatthestartof thesymboloftheearliestpath fallsinthecyclic y prefixes p ofthe delayedsymbols. AstheCPissimplyarepetitionof theendofthesymbolthisisnota intersymbolinterferenceandcan beeasilycompensatedbythe f ll i decoding following d di b based don discreteFouriertransform.
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LTEOverview
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LimitationsoftheSingleCarrierModulation
Usingasingleradiofrequencycarrierwithrectangularpulseshapinghasamajordrawback: Thecyclicprefixdurationisfixedbythemaximumexpecteddelayspreadoverthemultipath propagationmodelsforthesystem.
delaymax = TCP
Thesymboldurationcanbemadeassmallasthecyclicprefixsize,butthenonlyonehalfof th ti the timei isused dfor f data d t transmission, t i i the th other th half h lfis i for f the th cyclic li prefix, fi providing idi avery lowefficiency(E) TSYMBOL E= TSYMBOL + TCP Alsoshortersymboldurationmeanabroaderspectrumbandwidth(fS)tobeusedfora carrier. 1 1 fS = = TS TSYMBOL + TCP Toincreaseefficiencythesymboldurationmustbemadelonger, longer butthenthesymbolrateis reduced.
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LTEOverview
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Multi-Carrier Multi Carrier Modulation

Subcarriers Guard Bands
011
001
011
100
101
001
011
101
Slow Data Serial-to-Parallel Fast Data Converter
frequency
011001011100101001011101
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LTEOverview
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Multi-Carrier Modulation Cont.

Thecenterfrequenciesmustbespacedsothatinterferencebetweendifferent carriers,knownasAdjacentCarrierInterferenceACI, isminimized;butnottoomuch spacedasthetotalbandwidthwillbewasted. Eachcarrierusesanupperandlowerguardbandtoprotectitselffromitsadjacent carriers.Nevertheless,therewillalwaysbesomeinterferencebetweentheadjacent carriers. fsubcarrier fsub-used b d
f0
f1
f2
f3
fN
ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

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LTEOverview
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Forthe h rectangular l pulse l there h is abetteroptionpossibleanditis eveneasiertoimplement. Wemustjustnoticethatthe spectrumofarectangularpulses showsnullpointsexactlyat integermultiplesofthe frequencygivenbythesymbol duration. duration Theonlyexceptionisthecenter frequency(peakpower)
Single carrier
f/fs
fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs
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LTEOverview
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ThusOFDMsimply Th i l places l the h nextcarrier i exactly l in i the h first fi null llpoint i of fthe h previousone. Withthiswedontneedanypulseshaping. B Between OFDMcarriers i using i the h Orthogonal Subcarriers: it samesymboldurationTs, means that at the noguardbandsarerequired. f
s
subcarriers center frequencies, there is no Adjacent Carrier Interefence ( (ACI) )
Two carriers
f/fs
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LTEOverview
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Spectrum Overlapping of multiple OFDM carriers

f n = f 0 + nf
s
= f0 + n
1 Ts
n = K 1 , 0 ,1 , 2 . K
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference)

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OFDMallowsatightpackingofsmallcarrier calledthesubcarriers intoagivenfrequencyband.
Power Den P nsity
Po ower Dens sity
Saved Bandwidth
Frequency (f/fs)
Frequency (f/fs)
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LTEOverview
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TheOFDMSignal
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LTEOverview
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OFDMandMultipleAccess
Uptoherewehaveonlydiscussedsimplepointto pointorbroadcastOFDM. Nowwehavetoanalyzehowtohandleaccessof multipleuserssimultaneouslytothesystem, system each oneusingOFDM. OFDMcanbe b combined bi dwith ithseveral ldifferent diff t methodstohandlemultiusersystems:
Plain l OFDM TimeDivisionMultipleAccessviaOFDM
OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccessOFDMA
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LTEOverview
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PlainOFDM
PlainOFDM: NormalOFDM hasnobuiltinmultiple accessmechanism. mechanism Thisissuitableforbroadcast systemslikeDVBT/Hwhich transmitonly ybroadcastand multicastsignalsanddonot reallyneedanuplink feedbackchannel(although suchsystemsexisttoo).
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LTEOverview
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TimeDivisionMultipleAccessviaOFDM
Time i Division i i i Multiple l i l Accessvia i OFDM:Thesimplestmodeltoimplement multipleaccesshandlingisbyputtinga ti multiplexing time lti l i ontop t of fOFDM. OFDM Thedisadvantageofthissimple mechanismis,thateveryusergetsthe sameamount tof fcapacity it ( (subcarriers) b i ) anditisthusratherdifficultto implementflexible(highandlow)bitrate services. services Furthermoreitisnearlyimpossibleto handlehighlyvariabletraffic(e.g.web t ffi )efficiently traffic) ffi i tl without ith ttoo t much h higherlayersignalingandtheresulting delayandsignalingoverhead.
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LTEOverview
UE 2
UE 3
common info
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OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccessOFDMA
The h basic b i idea id is i toassign i subcarriers b i to usersbasedontheirbitrateservices. Withthisapproachitisquiteeasyto h dl high handle hi hand dlow l bitrate t users simultaneouslyinasinglesystem. Butstillitisdifficulttorunhighlyvariable trafficefficiently efficiently. Thesolutiontothisproblemistoassign toasingleuserssocalledresource blocks orschedulingblocks. Suchblockissimplyasetofsome subcarriersoversometime. Asingleusercanthenuseoneormore Resourceblocks.
1 UE 1 2 46 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info
LTEOverview Orthogonal Frequency Multiple Access OFDMA
time ... 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 . . RB . 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 . . . 3 3 3 2 2 2 . . . ... ... ...
subc carrier
... ... 3 ... 3 ... 3 ...
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DifferencebetweenOFDMandOFDMA
OFDMallocatesusersintime domainonly y OFDMAallocatesusersintime andfrequency q ydomain
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SCFDMA
SCFDMA:SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess SCFDMAisanewhybridmodulationschemethatcleverlycombinesthe lowPARofsinglecarriersystemswiththemultipathresistanceand flexiblesubcarrierfrequencyallocationofferedbyOFDM. SCFDMAsolvesthisproblembygroupingtogethertheresourceblocksin suchawaythatreducestheneedforlinearity,andsopowerconsumption, inthepoweramplifier.AlowPAPRalsoimprovescoverageandthecell edgeperformance performance. SCFDMAsignalprocessinghassomesimilaritieswithOFDMAsignal processing,soparameterizationofDLandULcanbeharmonized. SCFDMAisoneoptioninWiMAX(802.16d)anditisthemethodselected forLTEintheuplinkdirection.
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LTEOverview
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Comparaison ofCCDFofPAPRforIFDMA,LFDMAandOFDMA (a):QPSK (b):16QAM

localized mode (LFDMA) is used in LTE
IFDMA = Interleaved Interleaved FDMA FDMA = Distributed SC-FDMA LFDMA = Localized FDMA = Localized SC-FDMA 49
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HowdoesaSCFDMAsignallooklike?
SimilartoOFDMsignal,but
inOFDMA,eachsubcarrieronly ycarriesinformationrelatedtoonespecific p symbol, inSCFDMA,eachsubcarriercontainsinformationofALLtransmitted symbols. y
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ComparingOFDMA&SCFDMA
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LTEOverview
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LTEdownlink:conventionalOFDMA
LTEprovidesQPSK,16QAM, 64QAMasdownlink modulationschemes Cyclicprefixisusedasguard interval different interval, configurationspossible:
Normalcyclicprefixwith5.2s (firstsymbol)/4.7s(other symbols) Extendedcyclicprefixwith16 16.7 7s
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
15 kHz
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15kHzsubcarrierspacing Scalablebandwidth www.cert.nat.tn
OFDMAtimefrequencymultiplexing
*TTI = transmission time interval ** For normal cyclic prefix duration

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spectrumflexibility
LTEphysicallayersupports anybandwidthfrom1.4 MHzto20MHzinstepsof 180kHz(resourceblock) CurrentLTEspecification supportsasubsetof6 differentsystem bandwidths AllUEsmustsupportthe maximumbandwidthof20 MHz
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Channel BW [MHz] Number of RBs
1.4 6
3 15
5 25
10 50
15 75
20 100
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BandwidthScalability
Scalable S l bl bandwidth b d idth1 1.4 4 20MHz MH using i different diff tnumber b of fsubcarriers b i LargebandwidthprovideshighdataratesSmallbandwidthallowssimpler spectrumreframing,e.g.450MHzand900MHz
Bandwidth
1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Narrow Spectrum Reframing
High Data Rates
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LTEOverview
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LTEFrameStructure
LTEframesare10msecinduration.Theyare di id di divided into t 10subframes, bf each hsubframe bf being1.0mseclong.Eachsubframeisfurther dividedintotwoslots,eachof0.5msec duration.Slotsconsistofeither6or7ODFM symbols,dependingonwhetherthenormalor extendedcyclicprefixisemployed
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LTEOverview
LTESlot
TheLTESlotcarries:
7symbols b l with hshort h cyclic l prefix f 6symbolswithlongprefix
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LTEOverview
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OFDMResourceBlockforLTE/EUTRAN
EUTRANcombines b OFDMsymbols b l in socalledresourceblocksRB. Asingle g resourceblockisalways y 12 consecutivesubcarriersduringone subframe (2slots,1ms):
12subcarriers*15kHz=180kHz
Itisthetaskoftheschedulertoassign resourceblockstophysicalchannels belongingtodifferentusersorfor generalsystemtasks. Asingle g cellmusthaveatleast6 resourceblocks(72subcarriers)and upto110arepossible(1320 subcarriers) subcarriers).
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LTEOverview
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LTEDLframestructuretype1(FDD),DL
# 00 # 01 # 02 # 03 # 04 # 05 # 06 # 07 # 08 # 09 # 10 # 11 # 12 # 13 # 14 # 15 # 16 # 17 # 18 # 19
1 slot = 0.5 ms 1 subframe = 1 ms
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LTEDLframestructuretype2(TDD)
1 subframe = 1 ms 1 slot = 0.5 ms
# 00 # 01 # 02 # 03 # 04 # 05 # 06 # 07 # 08 # 09 # 10 # 11 # 12 # 13 # 14 # 15 # 16 # 17 # 18 # 19
Special subframes containing: DwPTS: downlink pilot time slot UpPTS: uplink pilot time slot GP: guard period for TDD operation g Possible UL-DL configurations
ULDLconfig 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Subframe number 2 3 4 5 6 U U U D S U D D D S U U U D D U U D D D U D D D D U U U D S
0 D D D D D D
1 S S S S S S
7 U U D D D U
8 U D D D D U
9 U D D D D D
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ModulationSchemesforLTE/EUTRAN
Each hOFDMsymbol b levenwithin h aresource blockcanhaveadifferentmodulation scheme. EUTRANdefinesthefollowingoptions: QPSK,16QAM,64QAM. Noteveryphysicalchannelwillbeallowedto useanymodulationscheme:Control channelstobeusingmainlyQPSK. Ingeneralitistheschedulerthatdecides whichformtousedependingoncarrier quality q yfeedbackinformationfromtheUE.
16QAM b0 b1b2b3 Im 1111
QPSK b0 b1 Im 01 00
11 10Re
Re 0000
64QAM b 0 b 1b 2b 3 b 4 b 5 Im
Re
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LTEOverview
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MIMO
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LTEOverview
MultipleAntennaTechniques
MIMOemploysmultipletransmitandreceiveantennastosubstantially enhancetheairinterface. Itusesspacetimecodingofthesamedatastreammappedontomultiple transmitantennas,whichisanimprovementovertraditionalreception diversity yschemeswhereonly yasingle g transmitantennaisdeployed p y to extendthecoverageofthecell. MIMOprocessingalsoexploitsspatialmultiplexing,allowingdifferentdata streamstobetransmittedsimultaneouslyfromthedifferenttransmit antennas,toincreasetheenduserdatarateandcellcapacity. Inaddition,whenknowledgeoftheradiochannelisavailableatthe transmitter(e.g.viafeedbackinformationfromthereceiver),MIMOcan alsoimplementbeamformingtofurtherincreaseavailabledataratesand p efficiency y spectrum
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LTEOverview
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AdvancedAntennaTechniques
Singledatastream/user Beamforming
Coverage,longerbatterylife
SpatialDivisionMultipleAccess (SDMA)
Multipleusersinsameradioresource
Multipledatastream/userDiversity
Linkrobustness
Spatialmultiplexing
Spectralefficiency,highdataratesupport
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LTEOverview
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MIMO Beamforming
Enhancessignalreception throughdirectionalarraygain, whileindividualantennahas omnidirectionalgain Extendscellcoverage Suppressesinterferencein space p domain Enhancessystemcapacity Prolongsbatterylife Providesangularinformationfor g usertracking
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AIRINTERFACEPROTOCOLS
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LTEOverview
RadioProtocolsArchitecture ItisquitesimilartotheWCDMAprotocol stack t kof fUMTS. UMTS Theprotocolstackdefinesthreelayers: thephysicallayer(layer1) data d li link kand daccessl layer(l (layer2) layer y 3( (hosting gtheAS, ,theNAScontrol protocolsaswellandtheapplicationlevel)
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LTEOverview
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RadioProtocolarchitecture Userplane
UE PDCP RLC MAC PHY eNB PDCP RLC MAC PHY
Headercompression(ROHC) InsequencedeliveryofupperlayerPDUs DuplicateeliminationoflowerlayerSDUs Cipheringforuser/controlplane Integrityprotectionforcontrolplane Timerbaseddiscard AM,UM,TM ARQ (Re)segmentationConcatenation Insequencedelivery Duplicatedetection SDUdiscard Reestablishment
Mappingbetweenlogicaland transportchannels (De)Multiplexing Schedulinginformationreporting HARQ Priorityhandling Transportformatselection

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Controlplaneprotocolstack
Broadcast/Paging RRCconnectionsetup RadioBearerControl Mobilityfunctions UEmeasurementcontrol
EPSbearermanagement Authentication ECM IDLEmobilityhandling ECM_IDLE PagingoriginationinECM_IDLE Securitycontrol
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PhysicalLayer
Itprovidesthebasicbittransmissionfunctionalityoverair. thephysicallayerisdrivenbyOFDMAinthedownlinkandSCFDMAinthe uplink. Physicalchannelsaredynamicallymappedtotheavailableresources (physicalresourceblocksandantennaports). ports) Tohigherlayersthephysicallayeroffersitsdatatransmissionfunctionality viatransportchannels. LikeinUMTSatransportchannelisablockorientedtransmissionservice withcertaincharacteristicsregardingbitrates,delay,collisionriskand reliability. y incontrastto3GWCDMAoreven2GGSMtherearenodedicated transportorphysicalchannelsanymore,asallresourcemappingis dynamicallydrivenbythescheduler. scheduler
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MediumAccessControl(MAC)
MACisthelowestlayer2protocol. Itsmainfunctionistodrivethetransportchannels. FromhigherlayersMACisfedwithlogicalchannelswhichareinoneto onecorrespondencewithradiobearers. EachlogicalchannelisgivenapriorityandMAChastomultiplexlogical channeldataontotransportchannels(demultiplexinginreception) FurtherfunctionsofMACwillbecollisionhandlingandexplicitUE identification. AnimportantfunctionfortheperformanceistheHARQfunctionality whichisofficialpartofMACandavailableforsometransportchannel types.
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RadioLinkControl(RLC)
ThereisaonetoonerelationshipbetweeneachRadioBearer andeachRLCinstance RLCcanenhancetheradiobearerwithARQ(Automatic RetransmissiononreQuest)usingsequencenumbereddata framesandstatusreportstotriggerretransmission. ThesecondfunctionalityofRLCisthesegmentationand reassemblythatdivideshigherlayerdataorconcatenates higherlayerdataintodatachunkssuitablefortransportover transportchannelswhichallowonlyacertainsetoftransport blocksizes.
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Layer3RadioProtocols
PDCP(PacketDataConvergenceProtocol)
EachradiobeareralsousesonePDCPinstance. PDCPisresponsibleforheadercompression(ROHC:RObustHeaderCompression;RFC 3095)andciphering/deciphering. ObviouslyheadercompressionmakessenseforIPdatagram's,butnotforsignaling. ThusthePDCPentitiesforsignalingradiobearerswillusuallydociphering/deciphering only.
RRC(RadioResourceControl)
RRCisthe h accessstratumspecific f control lprotocol lf forEUTRAN. Itwillprovidetherequiredmessagesforchannelmanagement,measurementcontrol andreporting,etc.
NASProtocols l
TheNASprotocolisrunningbetweenUEandMMEandthusmustbetransparently transferredviaEUTRAN. ItsitsontopofRRC,whichprovidestherequiredcarriermessagesforNAStransfer
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Layer1/2RadioProtocols Summary
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RRCProtocol
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LTEMBMSConcept
MBMS(MultimediaBroadcastMulticastServices)isanessentialrequirementfor LTE.ThesocalledEMBMSwillthereforebeanintegralpartofLTE. InLTE,MBMStransmissionsmaybe b performed f dassingle l cell lltransmissionoras multicelltransmission.Incaseofmulticelltransmissionthecellsandcontentare synchronizedtoenablefortheterminaltosoftcombinetheenergyfrommultiple t transmissions. i i Thesuperimposedsignallookslikemultipathtotheterminal.Thisconceptisalso knownasSingleFrequencyNetwork(SFN). TheEUTRANcanconfigurewhichcellsarepartofanSFNfortransmissionofan MBMSservice.TheMBMStrafficcansharethesamecarrierwiththeunicast traffic orbesentonaseparatecarrier. ForMBMStraffic,anextendedcyclicprefixisprovided.Incaseofsubframes carryingMBMSSFNdata,specificreferencesignalsareused.MBMSdataiscarried ontheMBMStrafficchannel(MTCH)aslogicalchannel.
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LTEvs WiMAX
BotharedesignedtomovedataratherthanvoiceandbothareIPnetworksbased onOFDMtechnology. WiMax isbased b donaIEEEstandard d d(802.16), ( ) and dlike l k that h other h popular l IEEEeffort, ff WiFi,itsanopenstandardthatwasdebatedbyalargecommunityofengineers beforegettingratified.ThelevelofopennessmeansWiMax equipmentisstandard and dth therefore f cheaper h to t buy. b Asforspeeds,LTEwillisfasterthanthecurrentgenerationofWiMax. However,LTEwilltaketimetorollout,withdeploymentsreachingmassadoption by2012.WiMax isoutnow,andmorenetworksshouldbeavailablelaterthisyear. Thecrucialdifferenceisthat,unlikeWiMAX,whichrequiresanewnetworktobe built,LTErunsonanevolutionoftheexistingUMTSinfrastructurealreadyusedby over80percentofmobilesubscribersglobally.Thismeansthateventhough developmentanddeploymentoftheLTEstandardmaylagMobileWiMAX,ithasa crucialincumbentadvantage.
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Summary
The3GPPLongTermEvolution(LTE)representsamajor gy advanceincellulartechnology. LTEisdesignedtomeetcarrierneedsforhighspeeddataand mediatransportaswellashighcapacityvoicesupportwell intothenextdecade. LTEiswellpositionedtomeettherequirementsofnext generationmobilenetworks.Itwillenableoperatorstooffer highperformance,massmarketmobilebroadbandservices, throughacombinationofhighbitratesandsystem throughput inboththeuplinkanddownlink withlow y latency.
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Summary Cont.
LTEinfrastructureisdesignedtobeassimpleaspossibleto p yandoperate, p ,through g flexibletechnology gythatcanbe deploy deployedinawidevarietyoffrequencybands. LTEoffersscalablebandwidths,fromfrom 1.4MHzupto 20MHz,togetherwithsupportforbothFDDpairedandTDD unpairedspectrum. TheLTESAEarchitecturereducesthenumberofnodes, supportsflexiblenetworkconfigurationsandprovidesahigh levelofserviceavailability. availability Furthermore,LTESAEwillinteroperatewithGSM, WCDMA/HSPA TDSCDMAandCDMA. WCDMA/HSPA, CDMA www.cert.nat.tn LTEOverview 79
Summary Cont.
Technologies/Features OFDMAwith CP/SCFDMAwith CP Benefits + Equalizer simpler Scheduling time/frequency Better PAPR(SCFDMA) ISIsuppression(CP) + Higher bitrates Adaptative p modulation + Variable traffic Better capacity + Better response tochannel variation Higher bitrates Scheduling is needed Requirements
QPSK,16QAM,64QAM Canauxcommuns TTI=1ms
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Summary Cont.
Technologies/Features TTI=1ms Flatarchitecture AllIP MIMO Bandepassanteflexible(1 flexible(1.4 4 20 MHz) Universal frequency reuse (1/1) Benefits Better response tochannel + variation Higher bitrates + + Simpler Architecture Better latency Architecturesimpler p Convergence Scheduling g with priorities is needed
+ Higher bitrates + + Better spectral efficiency ICIC
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Thank you foryour Attention
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ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010

ITU/BDTArab Regional Workshopon 4GWirelessSystems

Session3:LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies

Improvedspectrumefficiency Improvedbroadcasting IPoptimized Scalablebandwidthof20,15,10,5,3and1.4MHz Coexistencewithlegacystandards

LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies

User experience will have an impact on ARPU

Price per Mbyte has to be reduced to remain profitable

Cost per MByte

LTE UMTS HSPA I-HSPA LTE

350 300 250

Max. peak data rate

200 150 100 50 0

DSL ( (~20-50 ms, , depending p g on operator) p ) * Server near RAN

Allcasesassume2antennaterminalreception HSPAR7,WiMAXandLTEassume2antennaBTStransmission(2x2 MIMO)

Flat, IP based architecture

LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies

IP Network OFDMA/SC-FDMA MIMO ( beam-forming/ spatial multiplexing) HARQ Scalable bandwidth

Transmit on those resource blocks that are not faded

Itwillnotcompletelysubstitutethemanualconfigurationand optimization. www.cert.nat.tn

LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies

6RB Modulation Schemes MultipleAccess MIMO technology PeakDataRate

LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies

The frequency q y domain p presentation

Multi-Path Propagation p g and the Guard Period

Tg Guard Period (GP)

Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period

time 2 time 3 time 4 time

Multi-Carrier Multi Carrier Modulation

Slow Data Serial-to-Parallel Fast Data Converter

Multi-Carrier Modulation Cont.

ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

subcarriers center frequencies, there is no Adjacent Carrier Interefence ( (ACI) )

Spectrum Overlapping of multiple OFDM carriers

No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference)

Power Den P nsity

Po ower Dens sity

time ... 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 . . RB . 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 2 . . . 3 3 3 2 2 2 . . . ... ... ...

... ... 3 ... 3 ... 3 ...

Comparaison ofCCDFofPAPRforIFDMA,LFDMAandOFDMA (a):QPSK (b):16QAM

15kHzsubcarrierspacing Scalablebandwidth www.cert.nat.tn

*TTI = transmission time interval ** For normal cyclic prefix duration

Channel BW [MHz] Number of RBs

Narrow Spectrum Reframing

High Data Rates

1 slot = 0.5 ms 1 subframe = 1 ms

LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies

LTEOverview DesignTargets andMultipleAccessTechnologies

Mappingbetweenlogicaland transportchannels (De)Multiplexing Schedulinginformationreporting HARQ Priorityhandling Transportformatselection

EPSbearermanagement Authentication ECM IDLEmobilityhandling ECM_IDLE PagingoriginationinECM_IDLE Securitycontrol

QPSK,16QAM,64QAM Canauxcommuns TTI=1ms

+ Higher bitrates + + Better spectral efficiency ICIC

Thank you foryour Attention

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