2-1

2:

2:
2.1:

5
(Democritus: ca. 460 BCE ca. 370 BCE) (Leucippus) ...
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

"" (atom atomos: )

(Epicurus: 341 BCE 270 BCE)

(Aristotle: 384 BC 322 BC)

18
...
1.

2.

(Law of Definite Proportions) (Joseph Louis

Proust: 1754 1826) .. 1799

(Antoine
Lavoisier: 1743 1794) . . 1789

(Law of Conservation of Mass)

(John Dalton: 1766 1844)

...
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2.1:

1.
2.
3.
4.

2-2

3
(Law of Multiple Proportions)


4
2.1:

2

88.1% : 11.9%
78.7% : 21.3%

100 g
1.

______________ g

2.

______________ g

3.

1 2 ______________

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2-3

2.1:

2.1: ( : Chetvorno
wikimedia)

1890 (cathode ray tube)

() ()
1897 (Sir Joseph John Thomson: 1856 1940)



(q/m) 1.76108 C/g
2.2:
(V) 2.500104 V
(E) 100 N/C (B)
1.066 T q/m
?
:

FE
qE
E

=
=
=

FB
qvB
vB

( )

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2.1:

2-4

v ()

UE

qV

v2

Ek
1
mv 2
2
2qV
m
2qV
m

v () q/m

(plum-pudding model)
(electron: e)

2.2:
(Robert A. Millikan: 1868 1953) (oil-drop experiment)

(X-ray)


() ()
Marvin 5.5.0
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2-5

2.1:

1.602210-19 C
1.602210-19 C
q/m

9.1010-31 kg
9.1010-28 g

2.3:

2.3:
1.685 m
( 800 kg/m3 (E)
163.8 kN/C)

1.
2.
3.

(alpha () ray)
(beta () ray)
(gamma () ray)

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2.1:

2-6

(Ernest Rutherford: 1871 1937)

(Hans Geiger:
1882 1945) (Ernest
Marsden: 1889 1970)
(gold foil experiment)

( )
2.4:

1.

()

2.

(nucleus) fm pm (
)

3.

(
)

(proton)
1.6726210-24 g 1.6726210-27 kg +1.602210-19 C


1840

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2-7

2.1:

2
4
2
(James Chadwick: 1891 1974)

1.6749310-24 g 1.6749310-27 kg
(neutron)

(nucleon)

(proton: p+)

1.6726210-24 g

+1.602210-19 C

(neutron: n0)

1.6749310-24 g

0C

9.1093810-28 g

1.602210-19 C

(electron: e-)

1.
2.
3.

2.2:

Z (atomic number)
Z
(mass number:
A)
1

(2.1)

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2.2:

2-8

...
A
Z

X
Z
A

(
)
- C-12 126C

(isotope)
(isotone)
(isobar)

12
6

12

14
6

14

19

39

20

Ca

20

40

20

He

39
19
40
20

3
1
3
2

(/ . 6)
2.1:
1.

20
11

Na

22
11

Na

16

Carbon-14
186
74

Fe

28
207
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2-9

2.2:

11

23

28

64
112

186

121

201

Uranium-235
***Deuterium
***Tritium
2.3:

(average atomic mass)
(atomic mass)

SI
atomic mass unit (amu: u) (dalton)

1 dalton = 11H

-16
1 dalton =

1
( 168O )
16

-12
1 dalton =

1
( 126C )
12

1
126C
12

1.6605410-24 g

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2.3:

2-10

*** 1 dalton

( .6)

2

12
6

13
6

12.00000 amu 98.90%

13.00335 amu 1.10%

= 100%
mass of C atom i n 100 %
=
100 %
massisotope %
=
100 %
12.00000 amu 98.90 % 13.00335 amu 1.10 %
=
100 %
= 12.01 amu

2.2:
1.

65
29

2.

Cu

6329Cu (62.93 amu)

(64.9278 amu) 30.91%

11
5

105B (10.0129
(11.0093 amu) 80.22%
2

69.09%

amu) 19.78%

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2-11

2.3:

3.

2 63Li (6.0151 amu) 73Li (7.0160 amu)

6.941 amu

4.

2 3517Cl (34.968 amu) 3717Cl (36.956 amu)

35.452 amu

(molecular mass)
(H2O) 2 1

atomic mass of each atom

amount of each type of atom atomic mass

=
= (21.0080 amu) + 16.000 amu
= 18.016 amu

(formula mass)

ethane (C2H4)

(NaCl) Na Cl

1 C 2 H 4

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2.3:

2-12

2.3:
1.

phosphoric acid: H3PO4

methane: CH4

nitrogen dioxide: NO2

benzene: C6H6

acetic acid: CH3COOH

calcium phosphate: Ca3(PO4)2

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2-13

2.4:

2.4:

1 10 1000


(mole: mol) 1 12 g
C-12
2.4:
1 mol
: amu ...
1
126C
12

1.6605410-24 g

(Avogadro constant: NA) 6.022141023
1 mol 6.022141023
He 1 mol He
6.022141023 , H2O 1 mol H2O 6.022141023
2.4:
1. H2O 1 mol H mol?

2.

C2H4 1 mol C H mol?

3. C2H4 1 mol H2 mol?

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2.4:

4.

2-14

g?

C-12 1 mol

O 1 mol

Li 1 mol

Cl 1 mol

Ne 1 mol

H2O 1 mol

NH3 1 mol

CH3COOH 1 mol

1 mol
g
g/mol (molar mass: M) C-12
12.000 amu C-12 12.000 g/mol

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2-15

2.4:

1. 1 mol 6.022141023

2. 1 mol

amu

3. 1 mol

0C (273.15 K) (760
mmHg 101325 Pa) 22.414 L ( .4 2)
*** 10000 Pa 22.711 L

2.5:
1.

5.10 mol

6.00109

(pheromone)
C19H38O 1.010-12 g

[Urea: (NH2)2CO] 1.68104 g

N, C, O, H

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2.4:

2-16

N, C, O, H

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