Modern art

Modern art
Modern art includes artistic works produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era.[1] The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.[2] Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the narrative, which was characteristic for the traditional arts, toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called Contemporary art or Postmodern art. Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Czanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, Andr Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Henri Matisse's two versions of The Dance signified a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.[3] It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.

Pablo Picasso, Dejeuner sur l'Herbe

Initially influenced by Toulouse-Lautrec, Gauguin and other late 19th century innovators Pablo Picasso made his first cubist paintings based on Czanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube, sphere and cone. With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, At the Moulin Rouge: masks and his own new Cubist inventions. Analytic cubism was jointly Two Women Waltzing, 1892 developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism, the first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed by Synthetic cubism, practised by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Lger, Juan Gris, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s. Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier coll and a large variety of merged subject matter.[citation needed] The notion of modern art is closely related to Modernism.[4]

Modern art

Vincent van Gogh, Country road in Provence by Night, 1889, May 1890, Krller-Mller Museum

Paul Czanne, The Large Bathers, 18981905

Paul Gauguin, Spirit of the Dead Watching 1892, Albright-Knox Art Gallery

Modern art

Georges Seurat, The Models, 1888, Barnes Foundation

The Scream by Edvard Munch, 1893

Pablo Picasso, Family of Saltimbanques, 1905, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.

Modern art

I and the Village by Marc Chagall, 1911

Black Square by Kasimir Malevich, 1915

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917. Photograph by Alfred Steiglitz

Modern art

History of modern art

Roots in the 19th century

Vincent van Gogh, Courtesan (after Eisen) (1887), Van Gogh Museum
douard Manet, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le djeuner sur l'herbe), 1863, Muse d'Orsay, Paris

Vincent van Gogh, The Blooming Plumtree (after Hiroshige) (1887), Van Gogh Museum

Vincent van Gogh, Portrait of Pre Tanguy (1887), Muse Rodin Although modern sculpture and architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of modern painting can be located earlier.[5] The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking the birth of modern art is 1863,[6] the year that douard Manet showed his painting Le djeuner sur l'herbe in the Salon des Refuss in Paris. Earlier dates have also been proposed, among them 1855 (the year Gustave Courbet exhibited The Artist's Studio) and 1784 (the year Jacques-Louis David completed his painting The Oath of the Horatii).[6] In the words of art historian H. Harvard Arnason: "Each of these dates has significance for the development of modern art, but none categorically marks a completely new beginning .... A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years."[6] The strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment, and even to the 17th century.[7] The important modern art critic Clement Greenberg, for instance, called Immanuel Kant "the first real Modernist" but also drew a distinction: "The Enlightenment criticized from the outside ... . Modernism criticizes from the inside."[8] The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate. This gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a "self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects the pattern of a wallpaper."[9] The pioneers of modern art were Romantics, Realists and Impressionists.[10] By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: post-Impressionism as well as Symbolism.

Modern art Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly Japanese printmaking, to the coloristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix, to a search for more realism in the depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such as Jean-Franois Millet. The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the tradition-bound academic art that enjoyed public and official favor.[11] The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through large public exhibitions of their own work. There were official, government-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts. The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects but only the light which they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light (en plein air) rather than in studios and should capture the effects of light in their work.[12] Impressionist artists formed a group, Socit Anonyme Cooprative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of independent exhibitions.[13] The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement". These traitsestablishment of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoptionwould be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.

Early 20th century

Among the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, and Futurism. During the years between 1910 and the end of World War I and after the heyday of cubism, several movements emerged in Paris. Giorgio de Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known as Alberto Savinio). Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne where he exhibited three of his dreamlike works: Enigma of the Oracle, Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait. During 1913 he exhibited his work at the Salon des Indpendants and Salon dAutomne, and his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, and several others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to the early beginnings of Surrealism. Song of Love (1914) is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the surrealist style, though it was painted ten years before the movement was "founded" by Andr Breton in 1924. World War I brought an end to this phase but indicated the beginning of a number of anti-art movements, such as Dada, including the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design, and art education.
Henri Matisse, The Dance I, 1909, Museum of Modern Art, New York

Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon 1907, Museum of Modern Art, New York

Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I.

After World War II

Modern art It was only after World War II, however, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.[14] The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, Color field painting, Pop art, Op art, Hard-edge painting, Minimal art, Lyrical Abstraction, FLUXUS, Postminimalism, Photorealism and various other movements. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land art, Performance art, Conceptual art, and other new art forms had attracted the attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media.[15] Larger installations and performances became widespread. By the end of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "the end of painting" (the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp), new media art had become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art.[16] Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the rise of neo-expressionism and the revival of figurative painting.[17] Towards the end of the 20th century, a number of artists and architects started questioning the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works.[18]

Art movements and artist groups

(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)

19th century
Romanticism the Romantic movement - Francisco de Goya, J. M. W. Turner, Eugne Delacroix Realism - Gustave Courbet, Camille Corot, Jean-Franois Millet Impressionism - Edgar Degas, douard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley Post-impressionism - Georges Seurat, Paul Czanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau Symbolism - Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, James Ensor Les Nabis - Pierre Bonnard, douard Vuillard, Flix Vallotton pre-Modernist Sculptors - Aristide Maillol, Auguste Rodin

Early 20th century (before World War I)

Abstract art - Francis Picabia, Wassily Kandinsky, Frantiek Kupka, Robert Delaunay, Lopold Survage, Piet Mondrian Art Nouveau & variants - Jugendstil, Modern Style, Modernisme - Aubrey Beardsley, Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt, Art Nouveau Architecture & Design - Antoni Gaud, Otto Wagner, Wiener Werksttte, Josef Hoffmann, Adolf Loos, Koloman Moser Cubism - Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Lger, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier Divisionism - Jean Metzinger, Robert Delaunay, Paul Signac, Henri-Edmond Cross Fauvism - Andr Derain, Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck, Georges Braque Expressionism - Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde, Axel Trneman Futurism - Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carr, Gino Severini Die Brcke - Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Der Blaue Reiter - Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc Orphism - Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Jacques Villon Photography - Pictorialism, Straight photography Post-Impressionism - Emily Carr, Robert Antoine Pinchon Pre-Surrealism - Giorgio de Chirico, Marc Chagall Russian avant-garde - Kasimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov

Modern art Sculpture - Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Constantin Brncui, Joseph Csaky, Alexander Archipenko Synchromism - Stanton MacDonald-Wright, Morgan Russell Vorticism - Wyndham Lewis

World War I to World War II

Dada - Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Francis Picabia, Kurt Schwitters Synthetic Cubism - Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Fernand Lger, Pablo Picasso Pittura Metafisica - Giorgio de Chirico, Carlo Carr, Giorgio Morandi De Stijl - Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian Expressionism - Egon Schiele, Amedeo Modigliani, Chaim Soutine New Objectivity - Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz Figurative painting - Henri Matisse, Pierre Bonnard American Modernism - Stuart Davis, Arthur G. Dove, Marsden Hartley, Georgia O'Keeffe Constructivism - Naum Gabo, Gustav Klutsis, Lszl Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky, Kasimir Malevich, Vadim Meller, Alexander Rodchenko, Vladimir Tatlin Surrealism - Jean Arp, Salvador Dal, Max Ernst, Ren Magritte, Andr Masson, Joan Mir, Marc Chagall Bauhaus - Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Josef Albers Sculpture - Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Gaston Lachaise, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Julio Gonzalez Scottish Colourists - Francis Cadell, Samuel Peploe, Leslie Hunter, John Duncan Fergusson Suprematism - Kazimir Malevich, Aleksandra Ekster, Olga Rozanova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Ivan Kliun, Lyubov Popova, Nikolai Suetin, Nina Genke-Meller, Ivan Puni, Ksenia Boguslavskaya Precisionism - Charles Sheeler, Charles Demuth

After World War II

Figuratifs - Bernard Buffet, Jean Carzou, Maurice Boitel, Daniel du Janerand, Claude-Max Lochu Sculpture - Henry Moore, David Smith, Tony Smith, Alexander Calder, Isamu Noguchi,[19] Alberto Giacometti, Sir Anthony Caro, Jean Dubuffet, Isaac Witkin, Ren Ich, Marino Marini, Louise Nevelson, Albert Vrana Abstract expressionism - Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Lee Krasner, Joan Mitchell American Abstract Artists - Ilya Bolotowsky, Ibram Lassaw, Ad Reinhardt, Josef Albers, Burgoyne Diller Art Brut - Adolf Wlfli, August Natterer, Ferdinand Cheval, Madge Gill, Paul Salvator Goldengreen Arte Povera - Jannis Kounellis, Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz, Piero Manzoni, Alighiero Boetti Color field painting - Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, Adolph Gottlieb, Sam Francis, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Helen Frankenthaler Tachisme - Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Hans Hartung, Ludwig Merwart COBRA - Pierre Alechinsky, Karel Appel, Asger Jorn De-collage - Wolf Vostell, Mimmo Rotella Neo-Dada - Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, John Chamberlain, Joseph Beuys, Lee Bontecou, Edward Kienholz Fluxus - George Maciunas, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Nam June Paik, Daniel Spoerri, Dieter Roth, Carolee Schneeman, Alison Knowles, Charlotte Moorman, Dick Higgins Happening - Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, Nam June Paik, Charlotte Moorman, Robert Whitman, Yoko Ono Dau-al-Set - founded in Barcelona by poet/artist Joan Brossa, - Antoni Tpies Grupo El Paso - founded in Madrid by artists Antonio Saura, Pablo Serrano Geometric abstraction - Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Nadir Afonso, Manlio Rho, Mario Radice, Mino Argento

Modern art Hard-edge painting - John McLaughlin, Ellsworth Kelly, Frank Stella, Al Held, Ronald Davis Kinetic art - George Rickey, Getulio Alviani Land art - Christo, Richard Long, Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer Les Automatistes - Claude Gauvreau, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Pierre Gauvreau, Fernand Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau, Marcelle Ferron Minimal art - Sol LeWitt, Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Richard Serra, Agnes Martin Postminimalism - Eva Hesse, Bruce Nauman, Lynda Benglis Lyrical abstraction - Ronnie Landfield, Sam Gilliam, Larry Zox, Dan Christensen, Natvar Bhavsar, Larry Poons Neo-figurative art - Fernando Botero, Antonio Berni Neo-expressionism - Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Jrg Immendorff, Jean-Michel Basquiat Transavanguardia - Francesco Clemente, Mimmo Paladino, Sandro Chia, Enzo Cucchi Figuration libre - Herv Di Rosa, Franois Boisrond, Robert Combas New realism - Yves Klein, Pierre Restany, Arman Op art - Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz Outsider art - Howard Finster, Grandma Moses, Bob Justin Photorealism - Audrey Flack, Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, Richard Estes, Malcolm Morley

Pop art - Richard Hamilton, Robert Indiana, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Ed Ruscha, David Hockney Postwar European figurative painting - Lucian Freud, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Gerhard Richter New European Painting - Luc Tuymans, Marlene Dumas, Neo Rauch, Bracha Ettinger, Michal Borremans, Chris Ofili Shaped canvas - Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Ron Davis, Robert Mangold. Soviet art - Aleksandr Deyneka, Aleksandr Gerasimov, Ilya Kabakov, Komar & Melamid, Alexandr Zhdanov, Leonid Sokov Spatialism - Lucio Fontana Video art - Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Joseph Beuys, Bill Viola Visionary art - Ernst Fuchs, Paul Laffoley, Michael Bowen

Important modern art exhibitions and museums

For a comprehensive list see Museums of modern art.

Belgium
SMAK, Ghent

Brazil
MASP, So Paulo, SP MAM/SP, So Paulo, SP MAM/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ MAM/BA, Salvador, Bahia

Modern art

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Colombia
MAMBO, Bogot

Croatia
Ivan Metrovi Gallery, Split Modern Gallery, Zagreb Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb

Ecuador
Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo, Guayaquil La Capilla del Hombre, Quito

Finland
EMMA, Espoo

France
Lille Mtropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art, Villeneuve d'Ascq Muse d'Orsay, Paris Muse d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris Muse National d'Art Moderne, Paris Muse Picasso, Paris Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Strasbourg

Germany
documenta, Kassel (Germany), a five-yearly exhibition of modern and contemporary art Museum Ludwig, Cologne Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich

India
National Gallery of Modern Art - New Delhi, National Gallery of Modern Art - Mumbai, National Gallery of Modern Art - Bangalore,

Iran
Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran

Italy
Palazzo delle Esposizioni Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Venice Biennial, Venice

Mexico
Museo de Arte Moderno, Mxico D.F.

Modern art

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Netherlands
Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam

Norway
Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art, Oslo Henie-Onstad Art Centre, Oslo

Qatar
Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art, Doha

Spain
Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona, Barcelona Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa, Madrid Institut Valenci d'Art Modern, Valencia

Sweden
Moderna Museet, Stockholm

UK
Tate Modern, London

U.S.A.
Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Guggenheim Museum, New York City, New York & Venice, Italy ; more recently in Berlin, Germany, Bilbao, Spain & Las Vegas, Nevada High Museum, Atlanta, Georgia Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas Menil Collection, Houston, Texas Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts Museum of Modern Art, New York City, New York San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City, New York

Notes
[1] [2] [3] [4] Atkins 1990, p. 102. Gombrich 1958, p. 419. Russell T. Clement. Four French Symbolists. Greenwood Press, 1996. Page 114. "One way of understanding the relation of the terms 'modern,' 'modernity,' and 'modernism' is that aesthetic modernism is a form of art characteristic of high or actualized late modernity, that is, of that period in which social, economic, and cultural life in the widest sense [was] revolutionized by modernity ... [this means] that modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized society of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Social modernity is the home of modernist art, even where that art rebels against it." Cahoone 1996, p. 13.

[5] Arnason 1998, p. 10. [6] Arnason 1998, p. 17.

Modern art
[7] "In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries momentum began to gather behind a new view of the world, which would eventually create a new world, the modern world". Cahoone 1996, p. 27. [8] Frascina and Harrison 1982, p. 5. [9] Gombrich 1958, pp. 358-359. [10] Arnason 1998, p. 22. [11] Corinth, Schuster, Brauner, Vitali, and Butts 1996, p.25. [12] Cogniat 1975, p. 61. [13] Cogniat 1975, pp. 4349. [14] CIA and AbEx (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ world/ modern-art-was-cia-weapon-1578808. html) Retrieved November 7, 2010 [15] Mullins 2006, p. 14. [16] Mullins 2006, p. 9. [17] Mullins 2006, pp. 1415. [18] Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture Charles Jencks [19] David Lander (http:/ / www. americanheritage. com/ articles/ magazine/ ah/ 2006/ 6/ 2006_6_22. shtml) "Fifties Furniture: The Side Table as Sculpture," American Heritage, Nov./Dec. 2006.

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References
Arnason, H. Harvard. 1998. History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography. Fourth Edition, rev. by Marla F. Prather, after the third edition, revised by Daniel Wheeler. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-3439-6; Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-183313-8; London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-23757-3 [Fifth edition, revised by Peter Kalb, Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall; London: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. ISBN 0-13-184069-X] Atkins, Robert. 1990. Artspeak: A Guide to Contemporary Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 1-55859-127-3 Cahoone, Lawrence E. 1996. From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell. ISBN 1-55786-603-1 Cogniat, Raymond. 1975. Pissarro. New York: Crown. ISBN 0-517-52477-5. Corinth, Lovis, Peter-Klaus Schuster, Lothar Brauner, Christoph Vitali, and Barbara Butts. 1996. Lovis Corinth. Munich and New York: Prestel. ISBN 3-7913-1682-6 Frascina, Francis, and Charles Harrison (eds.) 1982. Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Published in association with The Open University. London: Harper and Row, Ltd. Reprinted, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, Ltd. Frazier, Nancy. 2001. The Penguin Concise Dictionary of Art History. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-051420-1 Gombrich, E. H. 1958. The Story of Art. London: Phaidon. OCLC 220078463 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/ 220078463) Mullins, Charlotte. 2006. Painting People: Figure Painting Today. New York: D.A.P. ISBN 978-1-933045-38-2

Further reading
Adams, Hugh. 1979. Modern Painting. [Oxford]: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0-7148-1984-0 (cloth) ISBN 0-7148-1920-4 (pbk) Childs, Peter. 2000. Modernism. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19647-7 (cloth) ISBN 0-415-19648-5 (pbk) Crouch, Christopher. 2000. Modernism in Art Design and Architecture. New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-21830-3 (cloth) ISBN 0-312-21832-X (pbk) Dempsey, Amy. 2002. Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements. New York: Harry A. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-4172-4 Hunter, Sam, John Jacobus, and Daniel Wheeler. 2004. Modern Art. Revised and Updated 3rd Edition. New York: The Vendome Press [Pearson/Prentice Hall]. ISBN 0-13-189565-6 (cloth) 0-13-150519-X (pbk)

Modern art Kolocotroni, Vassiliki, Jane Goldman, and Olga Taxidou (eds.). 1998. Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-45073-2 (cloth) ISBN 0-226-45074-0 (pbk) Ozenfant, Amde. 1952. Foundations of Modern Art. New York: Dover Publications. OCLC 536109 (http:// www.worldcat.org/oclc/536109) Read, Herbert and Benedict. 1975. A Concise History of Modern Painting. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20141-1

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External links
Tate Modern (http://www.tate.org.uk/modern/) The Museum of Modern Art (http://www.moma.org) Modern artists and art (http://www.the-artists.org) A TIME Archives Collection of Modern Art's perception (http://www.time.com/time/archive/collections/ 0,21428,c_modern_art,00.shtml) National Gallery of Modern Art - Govt. of India (http://www.ngmaindia.gov.in)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

Modern art Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567583552 Contributors: -Inanna-, 1717, 2008boy, 2T, 2degraff, 4twenty42o, Actio, Alansohn, Almost Anonymous, Amagumosteamship, AmericanLeMans, Anarchia, AndyM11, Andyjscrivenerwiki, Antandrus, Anton017, ArtDMaster, Artemis-Arethusa, Artery Gallery, Artethical, Arthollins, Artware, Atlant, Avoided, Aziz mathaf, BBrad31, BDD, Bawbag666, Benene, Benjiboi, Blotwell, Bluerasberry, Bm1992, Bobblehead, Brandt Luke Zorn, Burningflag, Bus stop, CSWarren, CalebNoble, Calvin 1998, Camembert, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Casa5tavira, Ceoil, Charvex, Cherubinirules, Chopchopwhitey, ChrisGualtieri, Christian Kreibich, Cikibli, Claudia7788, Claudia7878, Cmdrjameson, Coldcreation, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Computers132435, Cough, Cowboy456, Curps, Cyrusc, Czar, DVD R W, DancingPhilosopher, Daniela Delgadillo, DerHexer, Derekdsouza, Djparis, Dk321, Doldrums, Donner60, Donrad, Doom777, Download, Dr. Henri Monet, Dsp13, Ducio1234, Eddis2, Edsquided, Elexziona, EncMstr, Entertotheart, Ethicoaestheticist, Everyking, Ewulp, Fabiform, Farscot, Feineseideda, Feydey, Flwolf, Fram, Fratrep, Freshacconci, Gaius Cornelius, Geni, GeorgeLouis, Gogo Dodo, Goldburg, Granpuff, GumTree, HandsomeFella, Hgilbert, Hmains, Hoof Hearted, Hu, Hu Totya, Husond, I1990k, Indigoshades, J Di, J.delanoy, JHunterJ, JNW, Jahsonic, James317a, Jarnoldpe, Jeffmedkeff, Jerome Kohl, Jprg1966, JuneGloom07, Jurema Oliveira, Jusdafax, KGasso, Kesaloma, Khatru2, Kingpin13, Kmowery, Kubra, Kungfuadam, Kylekidwell, Lambeater, Lapskingwiki, LeoDV, Lhenriquez, Lightmouse, Lilac Soul, Linkspamremover, Lithoderm, LuLu B Lout, Lucinos, Lugia2453, Lukenigs, Lunakeet, MA3ARG, MB writer, MCB, Mafmafmaf, Magioladitis, Mah58@georgetown.edu, Mandarax, Marc Venot, MarcCountry, Martarius, Maurus Flavus, Merphant, Miamifish, Michael Hardy, Michael Zimmermann, Mike Rosoft, Modernist, Monkagain, Monkeynoze, Myanw, Naddy, Navstar, NawlinWiki, Ncik, NikoSilver, Northumbrian, ObjectivismLover, Oda Mari, Oliver Lineham, Oxydo, Oxymoron83, Palalalala, Patstuart, Pattimcletchie, Patxi lurra, Pcash, Percy Snoodle, Persian Poet Gal, Peter G Werner, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), Petufo, Philosopher, Phosphorescent secret, Piano non troppo, Postdlf, Prashanthns, ProfL, Prosurfer96, Psychonaut, Puckly, Qmax, Quill, R.P.D., RKDou, RL0919, Raccoon Fox, RedWolf, Reguiieee, Research Method, Rocksaid82, RogoPD, Rumpelstiltskin, Rdacteur Tibet, STLEric, Sanfranman59, Saxifrage, Scottysmith3, Sctechlaw, Sionus, Sjardon46, Sky Attacker, Sparkit, Spinster, Stakhanov, StarGazer, Stephane Simard, Stephenb, Stirling Newberry, Summer9081, Sylvia tardi, Symbolt, Taestell, Talude, Tancrede, Tassedethe, Tedw, The Man in Question, TheTrainEnthusiast, Theroadislong, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Timotab, Tlinsenm, Tobovs, Tombomp, Tommy2010, TonyTheTiger, Total-equilibrity, Tunebroker, Twoangels, Tyrenius, Uncle Dick, Usernamesarehardtoget, Vsmith, WarthogDemon, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, Widr, Wikiagogiki, Wikieditor06, XalD, Xompanthy, YUL89YYZ, Zanter, Zazaban, Zebracki, Zgystardst, Zigger, Zydecoanonymous, 392 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:Picasso Outside2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Picasso_Outside2.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Esquilo, FlickrLickr, FlickreviewR, G.dallorto, Gerardus, I99pema, Jameslwoodward, LX Image:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 028.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_028.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bukk, Deadstar, Diligent, Emijrp, Fg68at, G.dallorto, Irish Pearl, Judithcomm, Mattes, RafikiSykes, Sandik, Wolfmann File:Van Gogh - Country road in Provence by night.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Van_Gogh_-_Country_road_in_Provence_by_night.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bukk, Lna, Shakko, Szilas, W., Zolo Image:Paul Czanne 047.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paul_Czanne_047.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Boo-Boo Baroo, EDUCA33E, Mattes, Sumanch, Talmoryair, Zolo Image:Paul Gauguin- Manao tupapau (The Spirit of the Dead Keep Watch).JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paul_Gauguin-_Manao_tupapau_(The_Spirit_of_the_Dead_Keep_Watch).JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: ARTEST4ECHO, Andreagrossmann, Infrogmation, Jean-Frdric, Kilom691, Kjetil r, Mattes, Origamiemensch, Telim tor, Vriullop, Wst, Zolo, 1 anonymous edits Image:Georges Seurat - Les Poseuses.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Georges_Seurat_-_Les_Poseuses.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: ArmadniGeneral, Blaise Mann, Marianika, Nolan, Pierpao, Rl, TwoWings Image:The Scream.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Scream.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Edvard Munch (18631944) File:Family of Saltimbanques.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Family_of_Saltimbanques.JPG License: unknown Contributors: AgnosticPreachersKid Image:Chagall IandTheVillage.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chagall_IandTheVillage.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Alex Bakharev, Good Olfactory, Justin Foote, Manecke, Mechamind90, Modernist, Nard the Bard, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), Romanm, Sparkit, Stan Shebs Image:Malevich.black-square.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Malevich.black-square.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bastique, Emijrp, Kaganer, Rtc, Shakko, Svencb, Thuresson, Vincent Steenberg, Wizardist, Ysangkok, 1 anonymous edits File:Duchamp Fountaine.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Duchamp_Fountaine.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Abiyoyo, Bensin, DarkEvil, Eusebius, G.dallorto, Ignacio Icke, Infrogmation, Mircea, Mjrmtg, Piero, Progettualita, Ras67, Ronaldino, Talmoryair, Tillman, Yann, 7 anonymous edits File:Manet, Edouard - Le Djeuner sur l'Herbe (The Picnic) (1).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Manet,_Edouard_-_Le_Djeuner_sur_l'Herbe_(The_Picnic)_(1).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Diligent, EDUCA33E, Infrogmation, Javierme, LBE, Makthorpe, Mattes, Paris 16, Petrusbarbygere, Rlbberlin, Sparkit, Teox, Zolo, Zserghei, 1 anonymous edits file:Van Gogh - la courtisane.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Van_Gogh_-_la_courtisane.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ben, Cookie, Editr, Hailey C. Shannon, JoJan, Lin1, Lna, Mathematiks, Olivier2, Rekishi-JAPAN, Sparkit, Teofilo, W., 1 anonymous edits file:Van Gogh the blooming plumtree (after Hiroshige), 1887.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Van_Gogh_the_blooming_plumtree_(after_Hiroshige),_1887.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Editr, Fryed-peach, Mandeville, Nesnad, Olivier2, W. file:Van Gogh - Portrait of Pere Tanguy 1887-8.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Van_Gogh_-_Portrait_of_Pere_Tanguy_1887-8.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Avatar, Ben, LiaC, Lna, Olivier2, Teofilo, W. File:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Les_Demoiselles_d'Avignon.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Pablo Picasso File:La danse (I) by Matisse.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:La_danse_(I)_by_Matisse.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Fentener van Vlissingen, Mechamind90

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