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-Iأﻧﺸﻄﺔ و ﺗﺬآﻴﺮ
-1أﻧﺸﻄﺔ
(1اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ داﻟﺔ fﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻨﺴﻮب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻤﻨﻈﻢ ) . (o ; i ; j
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎت ) ( Dو ) ∆ ( و ﻣﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎرﺑﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ . C f
اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ C fﺣﺪد
; ) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x
x →−4− x →−4+
; ) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x
∞x →− ∞x →+
) f (x
lim )) ; lim (f ( x ) − ( 2x − 4
x →+∞ x ∞x →+
هﻞ fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ 0؟ هﻞ fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ -2؟
(2أﺣﺴﺐ
2x 2 − x − 6 x +5−2
lim lim
x →2 x −2 x →−1 x +1
1 1 1 − cos 2x
lim 2 − 3 lim
x →0 x x x →0 x2
2 x2 +x −2
lim x + 2x + x lim
∞→ x ∞x →+ 2x
f ( x ) = ax 2 + 3 x ≤1
x −1 ﺑـ (3أ -ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ fاﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
= ) f (x x 1
x +2
ﺣﺪد aﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ
sin 2 x
. = ) f (x ب -ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fاﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ب
2x 2
أﻋﻂ ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪا ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻟـ fﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ 1
(4أ -ﺑﻴﻦ أن ∞lim x sin x + 2x = +
∞x →+
1
lim+ sin x + sin ب -ﺣﺪد
x →0 x
-2ﺗﺬآﻴﺮ) ﻣﻠﺨﺺ (
(Aﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ
أ -اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎت
* ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fداﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﻣﻨﻘﻂ ﻣﺮآﺰﻩ . x 0
lim f ( x ) = l ⇔ ( ∀ε )0 ( ∃α )0 ) ( ∀x ∈ D f 0 ≺ x − x 0 ≺ α ⇒ f (x ) − l ≺ ε
x →x 0
* ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fداﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع [∞. ]a; +
lim f ( x ) = +∞ ⇔ ( ∀A )0 ( ∃B 0 ) ∀x ∈ D f x ) B ⇒ f (x A
∞x →+
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى . ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ∞ ±أو ﻋﻨﺪ x0ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ أو ﻋﻨﺪ x0ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر.
sin π x
lim cos ﺣﺪد ﻣﺜﺎل
x →0 4x
-2ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺠﺎل ﺑﺪاﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ
أ -أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺣﺪد ﻣﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﻴﻦ Iو Jﺑﺎﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ
−π π
= J ; I = ; ; f ( x ) = sin x -1
2 2
J = ]−∞;0] ; I = [ −1; 2] ; f ( x ) = x 2 -2
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
ﺻﻮرة ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺑﺪاﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ هﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ.
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
و βﻣﻦ ] [a; bﺣﻴﺚ α * إذا آﺎﻧﺖ fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ] [a; bﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ
f ] ( [a ; b ] ) = [ m ; M و ) ) m = f ( β ) = inf ( f ( x ) ) M = f (α ) = sup ( f ( x
] x ∈[a ;b ] x ∈[a ;b
ﻓﺎن fﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ I و ) f ( Iﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻ ﻣﻦ * إذا آﺎن Iﻣﺠﺎﻻ ﻣﻦ
* ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮط fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺷﺮط آﺎف وﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻻزﻣﺎ أي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﻮرة ﻣﺠﺎل ﺑﺪاﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ
هﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل
f ( x ) = x + 2 [x ∈ [ −2;0
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ fاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ] [ −2.3ﺑـ:
f ( x ) = x − 1 ]x ∈ [ 0;3
f ]([ −2;3]) = [ −1; 2
و ﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ fﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ] [ −2;3ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ0
-3ﻣﺒﺮهﻨﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﻴﺔ
* ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ][ a; b
ﻧﺒﻴﻦ أن ﻟﻜﻞ λﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺑﻴﻦ ) f ( aو ) f ( bﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻋﺪد cﻣﻦ ] [ a; bﺣﻴﺚ f ( c ) = λ
f ﺣﻴﺚ ] ([a;b ]) = [ m ; M ﺑﻤﺎ أن fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ] [ a; bﻳﻮﺟﺪ mو Mﻣﻦ
) ) m = inf ( f ( x ) ) M = sup ( f ( x
] x ∈[a ;b ] x ∈[a ;b
] [m ; M [ m ; Mو ﺑﻤﺎ أن ) f ( aو ) f ( bﻳﻨﺘﻤﻴﺎن اﻟﻰ ] و ﻣﻨﻪ fﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ] [ a; bﻧﺤﻮ
ﻓﺎن ] λ ∈ [ m ; M
و ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ cﻣﻦ ] [ a; bﺣﻴﺚ . f ( c ) = λ
x
= ) f (x
ﺑـ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
x +1 2
g −1 ﺑﻴﻦ أن اﻟﻘﺼﻮر gﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ fﻋﻠﻰ ] [ −1;1ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ] [ −1;1ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺎل Iﻳﺠﻴﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺛﻢ دد
-IVداﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ n
-1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ و ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ
+
إﻟﻰ +
ﺑﻴﻦ أن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ x → x nﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻴﻜﻦ * ∈ n
) (
n
∈ ) ∀( x ; y +2 n
x =x
n
x =n y ⇔x =y
n
x ≺n y ⇔ x ≺ y
+
* اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ x → n xﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
lim n
∞x = + *
∞x →+
∈x -2ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ x n = a
x 4 = 5 ; x 7 = −8 ; x 5 = 243 اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت ﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ x n = a ﺣﻞ وﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﻓﻲ ∈a ∈ nو
*
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﻜﻦ
-3اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺬور
∈ ) ( a ;b +2
; ∈) (n; p *2
ﻟﻴﻜﻦ
) (
n
p a na
) (b ≠ 0
np
n
a = n ap ; n
=a ap ; n
=
b b
n p np
= a a ; n
a × n b = n ab
p
⇔ )( a = ap ⇔ ap = ap
np p np p n
n n pn pn n
=a )a ⇔ ( a ) =( a اﻟﺒﺮهﺎن
∈ ∀a +
∈ ) ∀( n; m *2 n
-1ﺑﺮهﻦ أن a m a = nm a n + m ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ
3
1024 5 32
-2ﺑﺴﻂ
4 3
64 256 18
5
-3ﻗﺎرن 2 ; 7 3
-4اﺗﺼﺎل وﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ داﻟﺔ و داﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺪر اﻟﻨﻮﻧﻲ
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎت
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fداﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل Iو x 0ﻋﻨﺼﺮا ﻣﻦ I
n fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ I إذا آﺎﻧﺖ fﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ Iﻓﺎن
lim n إذا آﺎﻧﺖ lim f ( x ) = lﻓﺎن f ( x ) = l
n
x →x 0 x →x 0
) (
'r
) a r a r ' = a r + r ' ; a r b r = ( ab
r
; ar ' = a rr
r
1 ar a ar
r
= a −r ; = ; ' = a r −r
a br b a 'r
pm + nq
q qm pm mq nq qm p n
= ar ar ' = a p m a n a a = a pm + nq = a qm
= rوﻣﻨﻪ ' = ar + r ='; r اﻟﺒﺮهﺎن ﻧﻀﻊ
q m
-Vدوال ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺪوال ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ
أ -داﻟﺔ ﻗﻮس اﻟﻈﻞ
-1ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ و ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
π π
و ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ داﻟﺔ ﻗﻮس اﻟﻈﻞ و ﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑـ arctan اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ x → tan xﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ − ; ﻧﺤﻮ
2 2
π π
∈ ∀x ; ∀y ∈ − ; arctan x = y ⇔ x = tan y
2 2
-2ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ
و ﻓﺮدﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ * -اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ x → arctan x ∈ ∀x tan ( arctan x ) = x
*-
π π
π π ∀x ∈ − ; arctan ( tan x ) = x
= lim arctan x ; lim arctan x = − 2 2
∞x →+ 2 ∞x →− 2 ∀ ( x1 ; x2 ) ∈ 2 arctan x1 = arctan x2 ⇔ x1 = x2
∈ ) ∀ ( x1 ; x2 2
arctan x1 ≺ arctan x2 ⇔ x1 ≺ x2