‫)‪: (1‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪   ‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪Mameluks Slave Ruling Class‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫_‪< ‚é‰<‚Û¦<^‘<͆‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪< <h†ÃÖ]<°è…]ý]<íéö<ç–Â<æ<ê−…^i<ou^e‬‬
‫)‪: (2‬‬
‫<<]‪< NLLS Ûjf‰ I ì†â^ÏÖ‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א (‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫–‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪−‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‪.‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪−‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א ‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪،( ١٣٨٢ −١٢٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪ .( ١٥١٧−١٣٨٢‬א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א ‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫אא א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫]‪< www.fustat.com<íé−…^jÖ]<½^ŞŠËÖ]<í×¥<VíÛÒ^£]<ÐéΆÖ]<íÏf<ÔéÖ^Û¹‬‬
 ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬
‫(‬ ‫א )‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪  : ‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א )א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪  :‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪  : ‬‬
‫‪ :‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪ :‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫]‪< www.fustat.com<íé−…^jÖ]<½^ŞŠËÖ]<í×¥<VíÛÒ^£]<ÐéΆÖ]<íÏf<ÔéÖ^Û¹‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪. ١٢٥٠ / ٦٤٨‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(١٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫]‪< www.fustat.com<íé−…^jÖ]<½^ŞŠËÖ]<í×¥<VíÛÒ^£]<ÐéΆÖ]<íÏf<ÔéÖ^Û¹‬‬
 ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫؛‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬
‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛א א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬
‫"‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א )א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪(٤‬‬ ‫]‪< www.fustat.com<íé−…^jÖ]<½^ŞŠËÖ]<í×¥<VíÛÒ^£]<ÐéΆÖ]<íÏf<ÔéÖ^Û¹‬‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‰‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‰‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‰‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‰‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א א‬ ‫"א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(٢٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬
‫‪/‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫"‬ ‫" א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٨٧٣‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪٨٣٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)‪(٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫" א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٠−٢٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬
‫)‪(٧٠−٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫)‪(٥‬‬ ‫]‪< www.fustat.com<íé−…^jÖ]<½^ŞŠËÖ]<í×¥<VíÛÒ^£]<ÐéΆÖ]<íÏf<ÔéÖ^Û¹‬‬
 .١٩٦٧ ، ‫א‬ ‫ א א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‰א‬ ‰

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‰

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬، ، : ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬
.١٩٥٨ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
. (٨٠٠)
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‰

.١٩٥٤ ‫א‬، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،" ‫א "א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‰
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.٢٠٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، − ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‰ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
.١٩٩٠ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬
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،" ٨٧٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ": ‫‰א‬
‰ Lane-Poole, A history of Egypt in the middle ages,
London 1925. ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫ א א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
‰ Ziada (M.M),''Mamluk sultan to 1293'', in setton, a
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history of the crusades, Vol. II, Pennsylvania 1958.
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‰ http://www.alghoraba.com/hadara/9_tahreem_alraqe .١٩١٤ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
eq_fi_alislam.htm (Cited In 24/9/2007). ‫ א‬،" ٨٤٥ ‫א‬ ": ‫‰א‬
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