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3 ......................................................
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4 .................................................. :
5 ................................................. " : !
6 ................................................ # $ : ! !
6 ....................................... ' % & $ : %
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11 ......... D a t a E d i t o r 1 2 3 4 0 $ % 31
13 ............................... ( 5 6 7 6 % 41
16 ..................................... D a t a V i e w ( )
16 ................................................ V i e w ) 12
20 ................................................ D a t a ) 22
20 .................. D e f i n e D a t e 5 8 + % .1
21 ........................................ In s e r t V a r i a b l e 9 .2
21 ............................................ In s e r t C a s e 9 .3
21 ............................................ G o t o C a s e 9 .4
21 ............................................. S o r t C a s e s 9 .5
23 ............................................. Tr a n s p o s e 9 .6
24 .....................................M e r g e F i l e s .7
24 .................................... A d d C a s e s . 3 : .
26 ............................ A d d V a r i a b l e s 3 : . &
31 ........................... S p l i t F i l e s ( 5 6 ) 4 3 .8
35 ............................. A g g r e g a t e D a t a 7 6 .9

37 ................................. Select Cases
. 10
40 ............................. W e i g h t C a s e s . = 6 .11
42 ......................... D a t a Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n .
42 ............................................... C o m p u t e 9 .1
45 ............................. R a n d o m N u m b e r S e e d 9 .2
45 .................................................. C o u n t 9 .3
47 ................................................. R e c o d e 9 .4
47 ...................... R e c o d e i n t o S a m e v a r i a b l e s 9 .
4
49 ................... R e c o d e i n t o d i f f e r e n t V a r i a b l e 9 .&
50 ................................ C a t e g o r i z e V a r i a b l e s 9 .5
51 ......................... A u t o m a t i c r e c o d e 2 ) 5 .6
52 ............................................ R a n k C a s e s 9 .7
56 ................................ Ti m e S e r i e s 5 > .8
6 0 ...............R e p l a c e m i s s i n g V a l u e s * ) ) ) .9
62 ........................... ? 6 4 @ 4 .

62 ............................................... F r e q u e n c i e s 9 14
66 .............................................. D e s c r i p t i v e s 9 24
68 ................................. P i v o t Ta b l e s . 6
68 ................................... P i v o t Ta b l e A . 6 15
6 8 ....................... E d i t P i v o t Ta b l e . 6 = ) 25
72 ..................................... B o o k M a r k s % ' 35
74 ................................. E x p l o r e 9 + ' ?
74 ................................. E x p l o r e 9 + ' ? 16
79 .................................. S t a n d a r d e r r o r A % B C

79 ................................ µ 7 6 C ) ! * 3 ( ?
7 9 ........................ Tr i m m e d M e a n &- ' 2 . C
80 ................................................. %
81 ............ @ % ( 2 % C 7 5

81 .......................................... S t e m -a n d -L e a f C C

82 ..................................... H i s t o g r a m A ? D
82 .................................................. B o x p l o t C C

8 2 ........................... N o r m a l i t y P l o t s w i t h Te s t s

82 ............................... Ko l m o g r o v -S m i r n o v
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83 ................................... N o r m a l Q -Q P l o t C C
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84 ..................... D e t r e n d e d N o r m a l Q -Q P l o t C C
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86 .... Te s t o f H o m o g n e i t y o f V a r i a n c e s ( / 6
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86 ................... S p r e a d v s . L e v e l w i t h L e v e n Te s t

89 .. L e v e n e 4 . C ( / 6 2 4 .
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9 6 ......................................... C r o s s t a b s 7 C ) 6

10 3 ............................ C o m p a r e M e a n s C )
10 3 ......................................... M e a n s C . 18
10 8 ..................... O n e S a m p l e T-Te s t * . % T
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111 In d e p e n d e n t S a m p l e s T-Te s t ( $ 2 C ( E T
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113 ........ P a i r e d S a m p l e s T-Te s t 6 5 F ' T
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115 ............................A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e ( .

115 .................. O n e w a y A N O V A . % ( . 19
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119 ................. O r t h o g o n a l C o m p a r i s o n s ) ) 119
122 ............................... Tr e n d A n a l y s i s F 6 . 219
123 ...................To w W a y A N O V A ( % ( . 29
129 .................. C o v a r i a n c e A n a l y s i s G ' ( . 39
132 C o r r e l a t i o n a n d R e g r e s s i o n A n a l y s i s . C .
132 .............................................C o r r e l a t i o n C 110
132 .......... S i m p l e L i n e a r C o r r e l a t i o n C 2 C
C 210
135 .......................... P a r t i a l C o r r e l a t i o n 2 5 6 C 310
138 ......................... R e g r e s s i o n A n a l y s i s . . 410
138 ..................................... C 2 C
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146 ...W e i g h t e d L e a s t S q u a r e s M e t h o d 5 H 4 % ) C 2410
149 ..................................... % 2 C
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159 ................................ F a c t o r A n a l y s i s 2 % .
159 ..................................................... 2 % . 111

159 ... P r i n c i p a l C o m p o n e n t s M e t h o d 9 ? ) C 211
168 ............... F a c t o r A n a l y s i s M e t h o d s 2 % . E C 311
171 ...................N o n P a r a m e t r i c Te s t s % >

171 ...............................................C h i -S q u a r e
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175 To w In d e p e n d e n t S a m p l e s Te s t s ( ) ( $
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177 K-R e l a t e d S a m p l e s Te s t s C % ( K
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180 .................................... C H A R TS C C

180 ..................................... B a r C h a r t s * $ 9 113
192 ........................C h a r t Te m p l a t e 2 C C
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193 ............................... L i n e C C
0 B a r C C
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195 ................................ P i e C C
0 B a r C C
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20 5 .................................... H i s t o g r a m A ? D 513
20 8 ................................................ B o x P l o t C C
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213 ............................... S c a t t e r p l o t ' ? ' C C
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214 .................................. S i m p l e C ' ? ' .1
218 .......................................... O v e r l a y ' ? ' .2
220 .......................................... M a t r i x ' ? ' .3
221 .................................3-D % 9 2 ! > ! ' ? ' .4
223 ................................... D a t a E x c h a n g e

223 ......................... Im p o r t i n g D a t a F i l e s 114
230 ......................... E x p o r t i n g D a t a F i l e s 4 214
233 .............................. S y n t a x C o m m a n d s 9 ?
233 ....................................... S y n t a x F i l e 9 + 115
233 ...... C o m m a n d S y n t a x 9 @ 2 3 * $ E C 215
233 ................ D i a l o g B o x e s . E 4 ( 9 ? 1215
235 ...................... 6
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236 ................................... J o u r n a l F i l e ( 9 8 3215
237 .............. To R u n C o m m a n d S y n t a x 9 + ' 315
241 ..... M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e A n a l y s i s * % 6 .
241 M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e F r e q u e n c i e s 6 * % ? & 116

241 .... M u l t i p l e d i c h o t o m y m e t h o d ( - * % & .1
243 ........M u l t i p l e C a t e g o r y M e t h o d * % & .2
245 ........ M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e C r o s s t a b s 7 C ) 6 & 216
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V a lu e V a lu e L a b e l
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+ & Ext e rn a l Da t a F i l e C ( " 1 ( &
: " 1 U n pa i re d V a ri a b l e s E $ ,
. 2 ! H 6 ! ( " 1 •
; ? C ( # & " 1 ( - # " 1 2 " 1 •
. & " 1 " 1 !
. ( ' # U n e q u a l W i d t h = $ 6 - & " 1 •
% G ro u p2 C ( # pa i n t G ro u p1 C ( # mu si c 1 - 3 ' $ . / #
. ( # - H 6 2 L E 5 . / # I
& E 2 ( ? K & 5 E ) 1 , J E 5 . / % 1 4 - 2 - 1 :1 3 '
. 1 . 2 - ) 6 * R e n a me
# So u rce 01 2 J 1 # I * 2 . / , J : I ndic ate C ase sourc e v ariab l e
. C ( " ! 1 E $ C ( " ! 0 E . J C (
# C ( 3 ( 2 A d d C a se s F ro m H
# o k & E
: (Sa v e A s ? ) L= 2 ! 7 6 * ; ( Da t a e d i t o r , ,
M e rg e d F i l e
n a me ma t h ch e m ph ysc
Sa mi r 100 9 0 9 5
L u b n a 9 5 8 7 9 0
Y o u si f 8 5 9 0 7 7
A mma r 9 5 8 3 8 2
Si n a n 9 0 9 2 8 6
V a ri a b l e s i n N e w % 9 * U n pa i re d % # " 1 M & 4 - $ E :2 3 '
C ( ? ∗ $ C ( 1 - - 6 , 9 ( W o rk i n g Da t a F i l e
A d d ` H
# U n pa i re d % # 3 . ( pa i n t mu si c ( $ E ( # +
: " 6 < C a se s fro m
. ( 1 2 - 9 ( E < C T R L \ 6 1 I - 2 $ ? 1 E -) 1 ' .1
A d d C a se s H
3 ; mu si c & pa i n t / 2 ( 1 $ E P a i r & E - .2
: ( fro m
36
: ( ( 2 5 ' - H
= O K & E .3
M e rg e d F i l e
Sa mi r 100 9 0 9 5 8 7
L u b n a 9 5 8 7 9 0 8 5
Y o u si f 8 5 9 0 7 7 8 8
A mma r 9 5 8 3 8 2 9 0
Si n a n 9 0 9 2 8 6 9 5
. ( 1 ( mu si c 2 - ) 6 * 2 7 - 3 '
V a ri a b l e s i n N e w % # / ' - pa i n t mu si c 1 4 - I : 3 3 '
# & E 2 ( ? K & 5 E ) L( 6 1 W o rk i n g Da t a F i l e
9 ( $
( 1 ' I = . -) O K & E / A d d C a se s F ro m H
1 4 ! 4 . C ( # I " ! ( @ E % 4 4 . C (
: (
M e rg e d F i l e
n a me ma t h ch e m ph ysc mu si c pa i n t
Sa mi r 100 9 0 9 5 8 7 .
L u b n a 9 5 8 7 9 0 8 5 .
Y o u si f 8 5 9 0 7 7 . 8 8
A mma r 9 5 8 3 8 2 . 9 0
Si n a n 9 0 9 2 8 6 . 9 5
A d d V a ri a b l e s " 1 # I - .L
" ! K . ( C ( < ( ) $ C ( * ? . / F
. ( " 1
1
2
# 6 K " 4 Su b 2 C ( < I - # 6 " I G ro u p1 C (
: ( - I
37
G ro u p1
Sa mi r 100 9 0 9 5 8 7
L u b n a 9 5 8 7 9 0 8 5
su b 2
n a me a ra b i c e n g l i sh
Sa mi r 8 0 9 8
L u b n a 8 5 9 5
: " 6 < ($ ? C ( " 1 9 C ( " 1 # I * ) (
. ($ C ( ) o pe n ? N E & G ro u p1 C ( F # -
3 # Da t a M e rg e F i l e s A d d V a ri a b l e s - 2 E 6 ,
C ( ) N E & Su b 2 C ( 7 A d d V a ri a b l e s : R e a d F i l e H
. (
A d d H
3 A d d V a ri a b l e s : R e a d F i l e H
# o pe n & E
: ( V a ri a b l e s F ro m
: ( H
I
C ( # I C " 1 ) J % / : N ew W ork ing data F il e
. ( ' # 2 ! 7 , ! " 1 # I 2
@ C ( " 1 ) J % / : Ex c l uded V ariab l es
G ro u p1 $ C ( " 1 ) - 7 , su b 2 C ( " 1 ) - I
. ( ' # 5 N 3 (+ 5 & ) Su b 2 C ( n a me 1 I E 3 '
6 ( > ? 2 3 . # % E C $ . 2 3 L - F % :
Key Variables
# L 7 - N ( . @ E " ! - , = " ! D 9 ( ( ) N'
. K e y V a ri a b l e s # 6 ,
. 2 ! K ( ' # K e y V a ri a b l e I - L .1
38
.K e y V a ri a b l e L So rt i n g A sce n d i n g N
( L L .2
.K e y V a ri a b l e \ 1 9 * M ! $ .
( C ( 3 A d d V a ri a b l e s F ro m H
# O K & E
: (
M e rg e d F i l e
n a me ma t h ch e m ph ysc mu si c a ra b i c e n g l i sh
Sa mi r 100 9 0 9 5 8 7 8 0 9 8
L u b n a 9 5 8 7 9 0 8 5 8 5 9 5
(K ey v ariab l e
* 5 6 ) : 2
2
C ( < (5 ' -1 $ ) 6 " 4 4 . G ro u p1 C ( - D #
: ( L' 6 " 4 4 . Su b 3
Su b 3
Y o u si f 9 0 8 5
A mma r 8 7 9 2
Si n a n 8 5 9 1
Sa mi r 8 0 9 8
L u b n a 8 5 9 5
: ( 3 K e y V a ri a b l e $ 2 #
n a me ma t h ch e m ph ysc mu si c a ra b i c e n g l i sh
Sa mi r 100 9 0 9 5 8 7 9 0 8 5
L u b n a 9 5 8 7 9 0 8 5 8 7 9 2
. . . . 8 5 9 1
. . . . 8 0 9 8
. . . . 8 5 9 5
" 9 * Su b 3 C ( # ( 6 " C I 2 ;
= ( - 3 '
: " 6 L K e y V a ri a b l e $ L 7 ( R G ro u p1 C ( # ( 6 K
? 6 n a me 1 L So rt A sce n d i n g N
su b 3 G ro u p1 ( L
SSu b 3 SG ru o p1 2 ( & < Da t a So rt C a se s
: (
39

SG ro u p1
L u b n a 9 5 8 7 9 0 8 5
Sa mi r 100 9 0 9 5 8 7
SSu b 3
A mma r 8 7 9 2
L u b n a 8 5 9 5
Sa mi r 8 0 9 8
Si n a n 8 5 9 1
Y o u si f 9 0 8 5
1 / (L 1 ) n a me 1 ? ? C L % ( - 3 !
. 4 &
. SG ro u p1 L C ( F # -
H
3 # Da t a M e rg e F i l e s A d d V a ri a b l e s - 2 E
: $ , 9 ( 7 2 E 4 . A d d V a ri a b l e s F ro m
B o t h F i l e s < M a t ch C a se s o n K e y V a ri a b l e i n So rt e d fi l e s , J •
. P ro v i d e ca se s
9 * 6 7 ( E - 2 @ , J n a me 1 E Excl u d e V a ri a b l e s % # •
: $ , 9 ( A d d V a ri a b l e s fro m H
3 # K e y V a ri a b l e s
: ( ( 2 5 ' - H
# o k & E
M e rg e d F i l e
n a me ma t h ch e m ph ysc mu si c a ra b ic e n g l i sh
A mma r . . . . 8 7 9 2
L u b n a 9 5 8 7 9 0 8 5 8 5 9 5
Sa mi r 100 9 0 9 5 8 7 8 0 9 8
Si n a n . . . . 8 5 9 1
Y o u si f . . . . 9 0 8 5
40
; C a se s " ! @ 4 C ( / : K ey ed T ab l e T ab l e L ook up f il e 7
8
# . C ( @ ! ; - C ( # " ! @ (H 6 ) $ E - $ -
# - " ( @ / N' @ " ( 6
" - "
.@ ?
( 7
8 ) 3
2
$
R A g e R n a me 2 ! ) @ ? # - " ( 4 h o u se h o l d C (
: ( ( h o u sn o 2 % R Ed u
h o u se h o l d
n a me A g e Ed u h o u sn o ( ?

A h ma d 20 Se c 10 1 0
Z e k i 35 B sc 10
Sa b a h 30 se c 10
Z a in a b 15 P ri m 10
I b ra h i m 17 Se c 12 ( ?

Sa mi r 40 M a 12 1 2
Se l ma 36 B sc 12
< % R Si z e @ ? 2 I ( @ ? " ( 4 # h o u se C ( -

: h o u sn o 2 % RL o ca t i o n
h o u se
Si z e L o ca tio n h o u sn o
4 B a g h d a d 10
3 B a g h d a d 12
k e y V a ri a b l e / 4 . h o u sn o 1 L N
5 ' - ( % - N (
. ( # 6 E 5 . / Da t a so rt C a se s ?
# - # $ (h o u se C ( ) " ( % - ( 5 ' - ( -
: " 6 L 8 . . h o u se h o l d $ ? C ( # @ ?
W o rk i n g F i l e $ C ( F
4 . h o u se h o l d C ( F # -

C ( - 2 Da t a M e rg e F i l e s A d d V a ri a b l e s 2 E
Ext e rn a l F i l e 4 . A d d V a ri a b l e s : R e a d F i l e ` H
h o u se
H
3 A d d V a ri a b l e s : R e a d F i l e ` H
# o pe n & E
Excl u d e d V a ri a b l e s % I h o u sn o 1 9 ( 4 4 . A d d V a ri a b l e s F ro m
: ( ) J 2 E ;
Ext e rn a l F i l e < M a t ch C a se s o n K e y V a ri a b l e s i n So rt e d F i l e s , J •
. T a b l e L o o k U p fi l e ; C ( / C ( - i s K e ye d T a b l e
41
7 ( E 2 5 , J C ( h o u sn o 1 E - Excl u d e d V a ri a b l e s % # •
H
3 ; \ 1 5 K e y V a ri a b l e s 9 6
: ( @ . " ) * A d d V a ri a b l e s F ro m
: ( ( 2 H H
# O K & E
M e rg e d F i l e
n a me A g e Ed u h o u sn o Si z e L o ca t i o n
A h ma d 20 Se c 10 4 B a g h d a d
Z e k i 35 B sc 10 4 B a g h d a d
Sa b a h 30 se c 10 4 B a g h d a d
Z a in a b 15 P ri m 10 4 B a g h d a d
I b ra h i m 17 Se c 12 3 B a g h d a d
Sa mi r 40 M a 12 3 B a g h d a d
Se l ma 36 B sc 12 3 B a g h d a d
Spl i t F i l e s (" ( & ) $

# .8
.
$ ( D = ? " C ( ($
# ) & D 1 ? . / $
1
2
: K L G , ? L $ $
w a g e g e n d e r
60 m
30 f
7 0 m
35 f
65 m
40 f
" 6 < f ; ? L $ m . L $ $ ? -& 9 * C ( &

:
Da t a Spl i t F i l e 2 E 6 ,
42
: $ , 9 ( 7 % 4 . Spl i t F i l e H
3
: - ;
. C ( & 2 : A nal y se A l l C ases, do not C reat G roup s
- 1 . / ) 1 " # L C ( & 2 : C omp are G roup s
E $ , 9 (
* ( D 2 ( G ro u ps B a se d o n # " 1
. & 1 ( <
2 C o mpa re G ro u ps E K / . / : O rg aniz e O utp ut b y G roup s
. / 2 $ . / # ) & 1 < $ ( E @
D
$
E 6 7 , . / L C ( $
# E 6 -. ( g e n d e r & 1 ( %
? N'
" ( D E 6 # C ' ! C o mpa re G ro u ps
. F re q u e n ci e s
(" 1 ) 1 < L C ( L 2 : S ort T h e F il e b y G roup ing V ariab l e
. &
@
" - 9 5 ! L L 9 M ! C ( :F il e is A l ready S orted
9 ( So rt L ( 2 & ' " %
! / . / @ # . & 1 L
. ( So rt T h e F i l e b y G ro u pi n g V a ri a b l e ) H * . / 2 ! L( = ?
m . ( / - -& 9 * C ( & 2 Spl i t F i l e H
# O K & E
: ( g e n d e r 1 ( ? C L So rt L 2 % f ; ] ?
w a g e g e n d e r
30 f
35 f
40 f
60 m
7 0 m
65 m
43
H C o mpa re g ro u ps , J # L K 9 $
- N (
? w a g e 1 ( 6 L ( #
" ( " # 3
L $ < $
3 -)A n a l yz e De scri pt i v e St a t i st i cs F re q u e n ci e s
: " ( F re q u e n ci e s ? 6
O rg a n i z e O u t pu t b y G ro u ps " .1
Frequencies
G E N D E R = f
Statisticsa
WAGE
N V a lid 3
M is s in g 0
M e a n 35 . 00
a . GEND ER = f
G E N D E R = m
Statisticsa
WAGE
N V a lid 3
M is s in g 0
M e a n 6 5 . 00
a . GEND ER = m
: co mpa re g ro u ps " .2
Frequencies
Statistics
WAGE
f N V a lid 3
M is s in g 0
M e a n 35 . 00
m N V a lid 3
M is s in g 0
M e a n 6 5 . 00
H 6 L 2001 2000 # $
M ? $ : 2
2
( R , )
pro d ye a r re g i o n
800 2000 N o rt h
600 2000 So u t h
1400 2001 N o rt h
900 2000 N o rt h
44
1090 2001 So u t h
950 2000 N o rt h
1350 2001 N o rt h
1180 2001 So u t h
700 2000 So u t h
975 2000 N o rt h
1290 2001 N o rt h
1000 2001 So u t h
750 2000 So u t h
1310 2001 N o rt h
1150 2001 So u t h
. E 6 L (pro d M 1 ) C ( & L( 6
< $ I H 6 L $
pro d 1 " ! - ; C ( & D 1
: " 6
2 E 4 . Spl i t F i l e H
3 # Da t a Spl i t F i l e - 2 E
: $ , 9 ( 7
: $ , # < - 9 C ( & 2 5 ' - H

# O K & E
pro d ye a r re g i o n
8 00 2000 N o rt h 1st G ro u p
9 00 2000 N o rt h
9 50 2000 N o rt h
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9 7 5 2000 N o rt h 2n d G ro u p
600 2000 So u t h
7 00 2000 So u t h
7 50 2000 So u t h
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1400 2001 N o rt h 3rd G ro u p
1350 2001 N o rt h
129 0 2001 N o rt h
1310 2001 N o rt h
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
109 0 2001 So u t h 4t h G ro u p
45
118 0 2001 So u t h
1000 2001 So u t h
1150 2001 So u t h
$ ( . / J # pro d 1 6 M ! fre q u e n ci e s ?
$ ( ) -
: ( O rg a n i z e O u t pu t b y G ro u ps ? < 9 ( &
F r e q u e n c ie s
Y E A R = 2 0 0 0 , R E IG O N = N o rth
Statisticsa
PROD
N V a lid 4
M is s in g 0
M e a n 9 06 . 2 5
a . Y E A R = 2 000, RE I G ON = No r t h
Y E A R = 2 0 0 0 , R E IG O N = S o u th
Statisticsa
PROD
N V a lid 3
M is s in g 0
M e a n 6 8 3. 33
a . Y E A R = 2 000, RE I G ON = S o u t h
Y E A R = 2 0 0 1 , R E IG O N = N o rth
Statisticsa
PROD
N V a lid 4
M is s in g 0
M e a n 1 3 3 7 .5 0
a . Y E A R = 2 001 , RE I G ON = No r t h
Y E A R = 2 0 0 1 , R E IG O N = S o u th
Statisticsa
PROD
N V a lid 4
M is s in g 0
M e a n 1 1 05 . 00
a . Y E A R = 2 001 , RE I G ON = S o u t h
46
A g g reg ate Data

9 .9
@ # ca se s " ! E ( " ( G ( ? . / $
L' 6 " ! 4 % " # . - $ $ 9 ( # . C (
- # L 6 N! (
@ / ) < $ # L= E # K
C ( # N' 4 C ! - $ # L' 6 " ! 6 D
. K # L' 6 < " ! D N!

2
4 , ? d e g re e 3 2 3 ) - 4 sa l a ry C (
: ( Da t a Ed i t o r , , # 3 sa l a ry
sa l a ry C (
n a me d e g re e sa l a ry
A h ma d 3 40
Sa me r 3 35
L o a y 3 50
M a h mo o d 1 8 0
A ya d 1 7 0
Y a ssi n 2 66
Sa t a r 1 8 5
R a z a k 1 7 7
K a ma l 2 59
A b a s 3 45
M a h d i 1 9 0
Sa l i m 2 62
Sa b a h 2 57
F a la h 2 55
I ma d 1 8 2
.d e g re e 3 L ( 6 M ) L 1 < L( 6
: " 6 < 8 . .
A g g re g a t e ` H
3 # Da t a A g g re g a t e - 2 E 6 ,
: ( 7 4 . Da t a
47
: - ;
(" ! ) < C $ b re a k d o w n V a ri a b l e (s) & (" 1 ) 1 / :B reak
. < d e g re e 3 1 ( $ . / #
" ! < # L= 4 . (" 1 ) 1 / : A g g reg ate V ariab l e(s)
. & 1 L
A g g re g a t e V a ri a b l e (s) % 9 7 ( E sa l a ry / 1 J # $ . / #
: 7 N ( 3 $ 4 , Q 6 $ sa l a ry_ 1 / I # 2 J 3 7 J #
2 E N a me & L a b e l & $ 7 1 ( I # ! 2 ? 1 •
. A g g re g a t e V a ri a b l e s % % 1
1 2 E F u n ct i o n & E ( M e a n 6 ) I # ! 1 •
Su m R St a n d a rd De v i a t i o n $ Y - $ - ; A g g re g a t e V a ri a b l e s % %
. T …N o . o f C a se s Ro f C a se s
2 7 < , J : S av e N umb er of c ases in b reak G roup as v ariab l e
9 ? 3 ( N' # $ " ! N _ B re a k / I # 2 J 1
. 4 ( 5 3 ( 6 E 1 . J
I # 2 J " ( 4 C ( F . / : C reat new Data F il e
1 7 N ( .
:
( sa l a ry (
? C ( 7 # < E 4 . $ K # A g g r/
. F i l e & E 7 % C ( 2 -
8 . - N ( sa l a ry C ( $ C ( $ ' ! : R ep l ac e W ork ing Data F il e
. 2 J 7 & 2 2 & ! C ( - (
? C ( & 1 ( !
? 7 # L 7 @ ) E R A G G R C ( & 2 O k & E
: ( C ( 3 F i l e O pe n Da t a
A G G R C (
d e g re e sa l a ry
1 8 0.67
2 59 .8 0
3 42.50
; " % K # " @ A g g re g a t e V a ri a b l e (s) % 9 * sa l a ry 1 $ *
L " ! < $ sa l a ry_ 1 1 N' … sa l a ry_ 2 R sa l a ry_ 1 ( ( 2 % . J
. . / … 4 C ? L < $ sa l a ry_ 2 1 6
48
$ ( # I " ! ) & # ? . / :Se l e ct C a se s " ! - .10
( ( D . " ? 6 , # E ? O 3 K / .

. 2002 – 1990 @ $ ' , " $ &
B: " 6 < 8 . . R 2002B1997 " $ E " ! - # L=

Se l e ct C a se s H
3 # Da t a Se l e ct C a se s - 2 E 6 ,
B: (
C ( " ! # - A l l C a se s - ;
49
2 I f C o n d i t i o n i s Sa t i sfi e d E - 2002B1997 " $ E " ! ?
: ( 7 2 E 4 . H
3 # I F & E-
# & ? $ ? K & 5 ' - H

# & ? 9 ( E 8
.
# " ! E - (2002B1997) ( 6 " ! 2 O K & E
" ! ( 1 E . J 4 . fi l t e r_ $ 2 J C ( 9 1 # I * 2 Da sh e d 6 ,
B: ( @ " ! ( 0 E @
% - ;
$ ( $ ! C ( C . 2 @ " ! - 3 !
- . * Se l e ct C a se s H
# U n se l e ct e d C a se s A re # F i l t e re d , J
50
B: 9 ( $
; De l e t e d , J 2 E N @ " ! C .
B a se d o n , J N I - 2 (2002B1997 )" $ E " ! - -

@ " ! ; H
3 # R a n g e & E 2 T i me o r C a se R a n g e
. (13B8)
:
0 1
" ! ( 1 E 6 ; C ( 9 fi l t e r v a ri a b l e # I * $ ' " ! - .1
2 % H $ ( # / # L= ! " ! ( 0 E / % L=
B: ( ( N' X ) 1 . /
51
B: ( Se l e ct C a se s H
L 2
i f co n d i t i o n i s sa t i sfi e d (
. 9 ( $
;
8 . 2 " ! 6 , F R a n d o m N u mb e r o f C a se s .2
. " ! ( F
- (" ! % 5 N' ) ( -
. Se l e ct C a se s H
# A l l C a se s , J 2 E " ! ) 1 .3
C ( C a se s " ! & - ) 6 * * ? . / F : W e i g h t C a se s " ! F .11
6 , # E ? O 3 K / / ? # ' ! N 3
. E " ?
/ - - N & $ - N ( )
@ # ( 6 - $ 2 E :
2
.SP SS Da t a Ed i t o r , , # " ( - % "
w e i g h t & d e g re e !
10 7 0 $ ?
30 60
10 75 ;
50 55 <
52
: ( L( 6
. ? " ' 6 L .1
. ? " ' F 6 L .2
2 E 6 , 6 L .1
A n a l yz e De scri pt i v e St a t i st i cs F re q u e n ci e s
9 ( $
; M e a n , J < (F re q u e n ci e s ? $ < $
< )
:
Frequencies
Statistics
DEGREE
N V a lid 4
M is s in g 0
M e a n 6 5 . 00
: " 6 < < ? " ' w e i g h t 1 F 6 L .2

W e i g h t C a se s H
3 # Da t a W e i g h t C a se s 2 E 6 ,
: $ , 7 2 E 4 .
, , # 1 4 - 3 ' 8 - N ( ) w e i g h t 1 C ( " ! & 2 O K & E

. ( Da t a Ed i t o r
: 9 ( $
C F re q u e n ci e s ? 6 L
Statistics
DEGREE
N V a lid 1 00
M is s in g 0
M e a n 6 0. 00
H
# Do n o t w e i g h t ca se s , J 2 E C ( " ! F ) 1 : 3 '
.W e i g h t C a se s
53

Data T ransf ormation
" # # " < \ R o w Da t a (
? " 9 ( $ &
. 6 , b
" ! 9 ( ! @ " 1 9 *
: ? 3 T ra n sfo rm % 2 I
70 2 @ " 1 L * ? . / F : C o mpu t e ? .1
. ( " & R
* R $ ) I
:
2
: ( Da t a Ed i t o r , , 9 * * 2 . ( x2 x1 1 $ $
x1 x2
60 9 0
8 7 8 8
7 0 43
9 0 8 0
57 55
7 3 47
9 5 9 0
66 50
40 55
55 8 0
8 5 7 5
8 8 8 6
35 7 0
2 % # x2 x1 1 " ! (
* ) M e a n 6 L L( 6
: " 6 < 8 . . . X 1, X 2 ≥ 50
H
3 # Transform comp u te 2 E 6 ,
: $ , 9 ( 7 2 E 4 . comp u te variab l e
54
: " ( -%
. X2 X1 6 @ / 4 . Targ et Variab l e C 1 2 .-
.( X3 C 1 2 L - 2 Targ et Variab l e $ - $ 6 E - )
. & 6 1I 2 F u nctions % M ean / .L
# & E 2 @ 9 ( $ X2 X1 / ( " 1 ."
. 5 ' - H
# F I / @ < % # M ean
typ e & H
3 # Typ e & L ab el & E - C 1 > .;
: ( 5 % L ab el
: - ;
- ) l ab el ( @ @ E X3 1 ( ) 6 * 7 ' : label
- M ean(x1, x2) % ( & 120 1 $ 6
u se exp ression @ @ E X3 1 / N u meric exp ression
. as l ab el
N & 1 # - nu meric 4 / 1 ( I # ! > -: t y p e
. w id th 1 $ 6 > L # S tring
" ( ( Y cases "! ) & ! .continu e & E ) !
comp u te H
# if E ( x1, x 2 ≥ 50 # "! L ) L !
if cases H
3 variab l e
55
incl u d e al l cases E "! # I •
incl u d e if case satisfies cond ition E "! ) & I •
6 , $ * 2 ? E 2 E "! ) & L -
$ 6 , G $ 6 $ # @ & ? ! ( x 2 ≥ 50 x1, )
: $ , 7 if C ases H
3 ; @ #
H
# O K & 2 I f C ases H
# continu e & E
x3 / - 1 # I * 2 ; L ! 9 ( $
2 C omp u te Variab l e
: ( Data E d itor 9 * ( x2 x1 1 ( 6 )
x1 x2 x3
60 90 75
8 7 8 8 8 8
70 43 .
90 8 0 8 5
57 55 56
73 47 .
95 90 93
66 50 58
40 55 .
55 8 0 68
8 5 75 8 0
8 8 8 6 8 7
35 70 .
9 ( $
* F S P S S # @ # ! " & $ : ' 0 1
$ 2 1 # 8 . # ? " & 4 - 1 2 E ( E "! !
C DF 9 ( $
' # (T … t < & R 6 < & $ ) " &
8 . p arameters 2 H 6 < & , 1 2 % % 4 ? ( E
: $ , # < &
56
CDFZ=CDFN O R M [Z] CDFb i n o m =CDF.B I N O M [x , 10 , 0 .5 ] CDFt=CDF.T[t,15]

b i n o m i a l r .v . n p

t-d i s t. r .v . d f
: . Deg rees of F reed om " $ : d f

. , ? 6 I $ : R and om N u mb er S eed ? .2
: C ou nt ? .3
E K " L
" ! #
/ - ? . *
4 - # "' $ > ' 6 . $ $ 9 ( # . $ " 1
L 4 . 1 ; ! / 2 $ O L ; E "'
. $ @ ) E "' # yes "
# ( Data E d itor # " $ * 2 ) y2 y1 1 D :
2
: $
y1 y2
1 8
15 3
14 7
9 1
1 1
4 10
6 7
11 6
15 9
9 1
6 6
20 9
16 3
57
25 22
8 5
7 7
# # 20 6 1 2 % ? " L 4 . y3 ; 1 # L=
B: " 6 H 6 8 . . . 1
Transform C ou nt 2 E 6 ,
7 2 E 4 . C ou nt O ccu rrence of val u es w ithin cases H
3
: (
: ( L( 6 ;
1 $ * y3 / Targ et variab l e C 1 2 $ * .-
.( ) C
9 ( " 1 - ) " 1 % y2 y1 1 .L
. N u meric variab l e $ 6 9 * ( E 2 ( & - ) > K
3 Define val u es & E / " L 2 E C D 1 ."
2 J # 1، 6، 20 2 E $ J L= - ; Val u es to cou nt 2 E G H
: " 6 L 8 .
# I A d d & E 2 1 E $ val u e ( $ 6 E 1 E $ •
. # val u e to C ou nt $ 6 9 * E
E # I A d d & E 6 E $ val u e ( < E 6 E $ •
. # Val u es to cou nt % 9
( $ $ 6 E 2 ( H
$ - ) R ang e @ E # 20 E $ •
: $ , 9 ( - 4 - 20 L R ang e
58
; . # Val u es to C ou nt % 9 * J # 20 Y # I A d d & E 2
: ( val u es to C ou nt H
$ ,
K & / , J % C . R emove & % 1 $ C hang e & - N (

. Val u es to cou nt % # ?
cou nt occu rrence of val u es w ithin H
9 * > ( C ontinu e & E
y1 y2 y3 1 C I ? . / # O K & E 2 cases
1 8 1
15 3 0 : Da t a E d i t o r y3
14 7 0
9 1 1
1 1 2
4 10 0
6 7 1
11 6 1
15 9 0
9 1 1
6 6 2
20 9 1
16 3 0
25 22 2
8 5 0
7 7 0
; 1 2 % % $ (& ) cod e ) 6 * # ? . / : R ecod e ? .4
: & ? I " $ #
@ 7 % 1 # ? . / : R ecod e into same variab l es ? .
. 2 E 1 2 - K 1 . / . J 2 % 1 2 E &
2 E . J 4 . sal ary 1 D :
2
sal ary : 20 16 95 8 8 65 53 35 46 90 22 30 28 51 60 8 5
% $ C od e & ) 6 * / L( 6 . Data E d itor , , # 1 2 % "( - %
: L L 1 2 %
= ' <
1 $ % # 24
2 49-25
59
3 74 B50
4 # 75
: " 6 < 8 . .
Transform R ecod e into same variab l es 2 E
: ( 7 4 . R ecod e into same variab l es H
3 #
9 ( 1 7 N ( ) % & 4 . sal ary 1 E

.( & ) > K (
H
3 # 2 E & E 6 O l d and N ew Val u es & E
: 2 E 3 ' ; O l d and N ew Val u es
H 6 - @ E 2 % - @ % ) % & ) 6 * 2 E / : o ld v alu e
.( 2 E
.@ E N % - E 2 E ( 9 6 & / : n ew v alu e
$ * 2 rang e @ @ E ol d val u e % # $ % # 24 9 ? $ •
: ( "
( $ % # 24) ( $ E & $ val u e $ 6 E N ew Val u e % # •

.1 /
. ol d new % 9 * $ E & < # I * 2 # A d d ` & E •
ol d and new H
3 ; / - < " E $ * 2 E 6 K
: ( val u es
6 0
: " & * # , J 7 N (
E $ - O l d Val u e % # E E $ - / , J # 1 C hang e &
. N ew Val u e % # @
.N ew O ld % # / , J # C . R emove &
F
; & & C ontinu e & E " $ * ) !
B: $ , 9 ( Data E d itor # sal ary 1
sal ary : 1 1 4 4 3 3 2 2 4 1 2 2 3 3 4
& ( $ Data E d itor E C & $ % S al ary (
? 1 2 % - 4
C ( 2 - K C ( 3 2 2 E (
? 1 4 4 . C ( - N ( R C od es
. 2 E
& 1 & ) 6 * ? . / : R eced e into d ifferent variab l e ? .>
K 9 * & < < 7 / L( ? 2 E 1 9 ( 3 < ^ 1 #
. 1
& & @ . " L H $ # S al ary 1 & # L= :
2
. C ( 1 #
" 6 < C ( 1 9 * sal ary 1 &
2 E
Transform R eced e into d ifferent variab l es
: ( 7 4 . R ecod e in to d ifferent variab l es H

3 #
2 - ( - / N u meric Variab l e O u tp u t % 9 S al ary 1 $ E % %
& E < sal cat 2 ! 2 N ame # $ 6 E H 6 1
. 8 . = 2 ? 1 E 6 K C hang e
E 6 K @ E 2 E $ * 2 O l d and N ew Val u es & E •
$ R ecod e into d ifferent variab l es H
3 " 1 K 9 * &
: (
6 1
H 6 ( 9 6 2 ) 1 ( E 2 E 3 ! : ' 0 1
.new val u e cop y ol d val u es ol d val u e A l l other val u es
R ecod e into H
# C ontinu e E
Data # sal cat 2 1 C I d ifferent variab l es
s a la ry s a lc a t
2 0 1
16 1 : $ , # E d itor
9 5 4
8 8 4 (" 1 L ) categ oriz e variab l es ? .5
" $
9 1 $ 2 E ) . /
6 5 3
5 3 3
C
? ( " 1 ) 1 2 H
L( 6
35 2
4 6 2
9 0 4 sal ary 1 ( 4 9 * " 2 . * ' # categ ories
2 2 1
30 2 $ % 2 E L ) $ ? < # 1 2 E 1 2 % G
2 #
.( % 25
2 8 2
5 1 3
6 0 3
% 50 9 % 25 ) 1 2 E 2 2 % G

8 5 4
.(
.( % 75 9 % 50 ) 1 2 E 3 2 % G

.( # % 75 ) 2 E 4 2 % G

: " 6 < (sal ary 1 ) H $ K 5 . / .
Transform C ateg oriz e variab l es 2 E
: ( 7 4 . categ oriz e Variab l es H
3 #
6 2
: ( Data E d itor 9 nsal ary 1 # I * 2 O K & E
nsal ary
. ! :
1
1
4 A u tomatic R ecod e E ( & .6
@ 7 % 1 E ( & # 2
4
3
3 " 1 " ) ) 2 E 1 ( ( & -
) % -
( & 2 -
2
2
4 1 ) name ( 4 1 ) sal ary 1 I C ( :
2
1 name sal ary : ( ( 4 &
2
A hmad 40
2
S amer 35
3
L oay 50
3
M ahmood 8 0
4
A yad 70
Y assin 66
S atar 8 5
: " 6 < 8 . . . E ( & # L 1 & L( 6
3 # Transform A u tomatic R ecod e 2 E
# name sal ary 1 $ 0 2 E ; A u tomatic R ecod e H
N' (& ) 1 - 6 2 Variab l e N ew N ame %

rname rsal ary
$ * 2 ? K & 1 , J H 6 1 2 ( 1 -) $ * •
. N ew N ame & E 2 N ew N ame & $ 6 # 1 2
-
R ecod e starting from L ow est val u e
"
R ecod e starting from H ig hest val u e & "
H @ C - C ( ? $ ( L & " 1 & 2

. @ 1
C
6 3
: ( 3 Data E d itor 9 * 1 C I O K & E
name sal ary rname rsal ary

A hmad 40 1 2
S amer 35 5 1
L oay 50 3 3
M ahmood 8 0 4 6
A yad 70 2 5
Y assin 66 7 4
S atar 8 5 6 7
R ank C ases: ? .7
5 . / " 1 L @ / @ " 1 5 . / 6
. Y - " 1 6 1 L ) 6 * . &
L
reg ion E 6 g end er K sal ary ? " 1 4 C ( :
2
: Data E d itor # 3
reg ion g end er sal ary
1 2 30
1 1 70
1 1 100 ? 1
N ) 6 * - D
1 1 50 " # I g end er K " # I sal ary
. reg ionE 6
1 2 45
1 2 36
1 1 70 : " 6 < 8 . .
1 2 25 Transform C ases 2 E
1 2 22
1 1 42 7 4 . R ank C ases H
3 # R ank
2 2 15 : (
2 1 100
2 1 110
2 1 8 8
2 1 92
2 2 55
2 2 32
2 1 47
2 2 20
G end er 1 - Variab l es # S al ary N 5 O 6 * 4 . 1 $ 0 % E

# * 2 # G rou p ing Variab l es < " 1 # L 2 . ( reg ion
. N
L ) 6 S mal l est Val u e , - A ssig n R ank 1 to # B y
6 4
H
3 R ank cases H
# R ank Typ es & E > !
R ank L ( 6 > 7 R ank C ases:Typ es
9 * rsal ary 2 ( L 1 ) 1 C I O K & 2 continu e & E

: $ # Data E d itor
reg ion g end er sal ary rsal ary
1 2 30 3
1 1 70 4
1 1 100 5
1 1 50 2
1 2 45 5
1 2 36 4
1 1 70 4
1 2 25 2
1 2 22 1
1 1 42 1
2 2 15 1
2 1 100 4
2 1 110 5
2 1 8 8 2
2 1 92 3
2 2 55 4
2 2 32 3
2 1 47 1
2 2 20 2
R eg ion " # I (; -R . ) G end er " # I sal ary 1 ( L ) 6 * 2 7 - 3 !
. (2 1 )
:" 3 '
& " 1 ( L ) 6 * ! 6 E # " 1 ( L ) 6 * .1
. ^ # 4 1 ? L ) 6 *
G rou p ing < " 1 $ 9 * 1 L ) 6 * .2
< 4 1 $ S al ary 1 ( L ) 6 * H $ # Variab l es
6 5
R ank C ases H
# B y 5 . / # reg ion g end er
. " 1
% 4 - ) (
? 1 ( 2 E K "! ( L 2 3 D 1 .3
H
3 ; R ank cases H
# Ties & E 2 ( " @ 1 (
: @ 2 E ( " - 4 4 .
: , 2 E ( ? H 6 L G
$
Val u e M ean L ow H ig h seq u ential
10 1 1 1 1

15 3 2 4 2
15 3 2 4 2
15 3 2 4 2
16 5 5 5 3
20 6 6 6 4
R ank C ases : Typ es H
# / L > ? .4
I 7 1 2 % % $ ) 6 * 2 ; ) 6 / : R ank
. (
. 9 ? < & L 1 2 E L 6 : S avag e S cores
& ? > 9 ( 1 2 E 6 % / : F ractional R ank
.( 9 * & 4 - & - 2 # "! - ) "! #
. 100 # E L I $
5 . / 9 ( $
2 : F ractional R ank as %
"! # & ? > $ "! # : su m of cases w eig hts
. ( & - 2 # "! - )
) $ 9 6 < 9 * 1 2 % 2 E L ) 6 * 2 : N til es
2 E ( 1 ) 6 * 2 7 # (4
L ) 4N til es . 0 # ( & -

% 75 9 * % 50 2 E ( 3 % 50 9 * % 25 2 E ( 2 9 6 % 25 $ %
.H # # % 75 4
: > - - / " E : p rop ortion estimates
1
L 1 2 E ) 6 * 2 : B l om
(r − 3 8) ( w + 1 4)
$ r "! & - > $ w * ;
6 6
1
L ) 6 * 2 : Tu k ey
( r − 1 3) ( w + 1 3)
1
L 9 6 : R anK it
( r − 1 2) w
/ r " / , / w ;
1
L 9 6 : Vand er w aerd en
r ( w + 1)
$ r "! & - > / w ;
x 1 ( "! ) 2 E ( H 6 L F I $
- ;
X : Variab l e 1
rx : R ank (simp l e)
sx : S avag e S core
nx : N til es
rfr001 : F ractional R ank
6/7= 0.8 571 ( (N' ) L
p er001 : F ractional R ank as %
0.8 571*100= 8 5.71 ( L
n001 : S u m of case W eig hts
p x : P rop ortion E stimate (B l om)
(6-3/8 )/(7+1/4) =0.7759 ( L
P ro001 : P rop ortion E stimate (Tu k ey)
(6-1/3)/(7+1/3) =0.7727 ( L
P ro002 : P rop ortion E stimate (R ank it)
(6-1/2)/7 = 0.78 57 ( L
P ro003 : P rop ortion E stimate (Vand er W aed en)
6/(7+1) = 0.7500 ( L
1 2 % @ / N ormal S cores L - : N ormal S cores

E stimated C u mu l ative " E $ E Z S cores E 6
@ . ? H 6 " - H "! @ / P rop ortions
: ? H 6 N ormal S cores L $ $ (… R Tu k y R B l oom )
6 7
B lo m T u k e y R a n k it V a n d e r W a e d e n
P rop ortion " E 9 ( ! B l om 1

N ormal S cores L - N'
"! @ / 1 . / 2 % - ; ( p x 1 ) B l om 1
E stimates
C u mu l ative p rob ab il ities
( "! ! ) 2 E 5 . ( E Z E 6 < & 1 2 % -
6 6 < & ( I DF 2 2 E 6 , Transform C omp u te
9 ( $
; I DF .N O R M A L (p x, 0, 1) ( ( 4 4 C
( 4
. 5 ' - $ # nx 1 2 % K
: C reate Time S eries & $ ' .8
- 2 ? & " # $ ' 1 2 % @ / Time S eries & ( (
? $ ' & ( ( ) , * ( % . - , ?
Data Define Dates

* $ @ $ ' & ( ( 9 (
" ( D ) * # c L=
" 6 R M oving A verag es 6 ? R Differences H B: I
. l ead fu nctionR l ag & " 1 R ru nning M ed ians
O # , 17 $ ' & ( @ & - , " $ tv 1 * D : 1 $
H # $ # L= ( Data Define Date ? & ( ( ( T ) , * 2 )
. 1 . 9 ? Differences
year_ month_ d ate_ tv
2002 1 J A N 2002 274
2002 2 F E B 2002 207
2002 3 M A R 2002 255
2002 4 A P R 2002 350
2002 5 M A Y 2002 38 2
2002 6 J U N 2002 38 3
2002 7 J U L 2002 351
2002 8 A U G 2002 268
2002 9 S E P 2002 38 0
2002 10O C T 2002 409
2002 11N O V 2002 445
2002 12DE C 2002 455
2003 1 J A N 2003 460
2003 2 F E B 2003 48 2
2003 3 M A R 2003 449
6 8
2003 4 A P R 2003 38 9
2003 5 M A Y 2003 398
: " 6 < 8 . .
H
3 # Transform C reate time series 2 E
8 . N ew variab l es $ 6 # tv 1 2 $ 0 2 E ; C reate time series
. ( 9 ? " % 4 - ) ( O rd er Difference
t v _ 1% & t v # $ o rd e r
(
? 1 2 9 ? L @ / 1 ( I # ! 2 ! *
.( tv_ 1 7 - 4 -) ( ( 2 % 7 ( ( u nd erscore ) N tv
: ( Data E d itor 9 * tv_ 1 2 1 C I O K E
year_ month_ d ate_ tv tv_ 1
2002 1 J A N 2002 274 .
2002 2 F E B 2002 207 -67
2002 3 M A R 2002 255 48
2002 4 A P R 2002 350 95
2002 5 M A Y 2002 38 2 32
2002 6 J U N 2002 38 3 1
2002 7 J U L 2002 351 -32
2002 8 A U G 2002 268 -8 3
2002 9 S E P 2002 38 0 112
2002 10O C T 2002 409 29
2002 11N O V 2002 445 36
2002 12DE C 2002 455 10
2003 1 J A N 2003 460 5
2003 2 F E B 2003 48 2 22
2003 3 M A R 2003 449 -33
6 9
2003 4 A P R 2003 38 9 -60
2003 5 M A Y 2003 398 9

0 1
@ K # (
? 1 % @ / & @ # # H 1 % - .1
H 4 - 1 4 " . * E @ ( (
? 1 % 7 N 6
1 / tv 9 ? H 1 / tv ∗ ) tvt∗ = tvt − tvt −1 $ ,
. * - . 9 ? # @ E % H 1 . ( & @ $ t (
?
N! 9 ? H 1 9 ( H 6 H J # 2 4 H "
. 9 ? # E % H 1 . (
? 2 E
& E 2 N ame # 2 ! H 6 tv _ 1 H 1 2 - 1 .2
F u nction # 2 E F u nction > 1 . C hang e
. O rd er 1 2 E 6 K C hang e & E 2 E
: ( ' = ?
3 ) 2
2
3 = c & * # M oving A verag es 6 ? $
.S p an @ $ 6 E L( 6 6 E # 2 5 ! N
( 2000B1990 " ( P rod u ct M E & ( ( 9 ( 4 C (
year_ d ate_ p rod u ct
1990 1990 50.0
1991 1991 36.5
1992 1992 43.0
1993 1993 44.5
1994 1994 38 .9
1995 1995 38 .1
1996 1996 32.6
1997 1997 38 .7
1998 1998 41.7
1999 1999 41.1
2000 2000 33.8
& ( ( ( C entered M oving A verag es & 6 ? L L( 6
: " 6 < 8 . . . S p an=5 @ $ 6 -
C reate H
3 # Transform C reate Time series 2 E
: 9 ( 7 4 . Time series
7 0
" 6 $ Data E d itor 9 P rod u c_ 1 2 J 1 C I O K & E
: ( p rod u ct ( ( (
year_ d ate_ p rod u ct p rod u c_ 1
1990 1990 50.0 .
1991 1991 36.5 .
1992 1992 43.0 42.6
1993 1993 44.5 40.2
1994 1994 38 .9 39.4
1995 1995 38 .1 38 .6
1996 1996 32.6 38 .0
1997 1997 38 .7 38 .4
1998 1998 41.7 37.6
1999 1999 41.1 .
2000 2000 33.8 .
7 - 3 ' (S p an @ $ 6 $ n ) n/2 / ( ( # @ E 2 E - ;
( 5= @ $ 6 - # ) 8 6 L . ? ? 8 2
: (
50 + 36.5 + 43 + 44.5 + 38.9 212.9
M1 = = = 42.6
5 5
36.5 + 43 + 44.5 + 38.9 + 38.1 201 212.9 − 50 + 38.1

M2 = = = = 40.2
5 5 5
@ $ 6 # L ( 6 E 8 6 $ E ;
H 6 L 8 6 J # sp an is even & @ $ 6 # - 4 #
$ # U ncentered M eans & = " 6 M & $ 6 L
. ( S p an = 4 - # )
p rod u ct 2 % 4 6 p rod u ct_ 1
4 & = % 6
S p an=4
8 6
50.0 .
36.5 .
43.0 43.500 42.113
44.5 40.725 40.925
38 .9 41.125 39.8 25
38 .1 38 .525 37.8 00
32.6 37.075 37.425
38 .7 37.775 38 .150
41.7 38 .525 38 .675
41.1 . 38 .8 25
33.8 .
7 1
R ep l ace M issing Val u es @ E 2 E E .9

* L( - H 6 7 @ E N - " 1 D @ E 2 % -
. 5 . / S P S S # ; @ E E E 5 . / # L
: $
: ( E % income 1 4
: " 6 < 8 . . . 1 . E E E L( 6
in c o m e Transform R ep l ace M issing Val u es - 2 E
R ep l ace M i s s i n g V a l u e s H
3 #
9 5
10 0 : ' ( ) *
11
12 0 Method

10 0
14 0
.
14 5
14 7
15 0
16 6
17 0
19 0
2 10
19 9
.
2 15
2 17
2 30
@ / 1 ( I # 2 - ) 6 0 2 E ;
( ( 2 % 7 ( ( u nd erscore ) N (
? 1 2 9 ? L
. C hang e & E 2 N ame # 2 ! 2 ! . / 1
: $ Q 7 2 E E > - - M ethod #
. & ( ( ( ( 6 @ E 2 E E 2 : S eries M ean .1
; @ 2 E 6 9 ( ! @ E E E 2 : M ean of N earb y P oints .2
. @ E E $ - 9 ( - 6 L # @ 2 E $ 4 . S p an L
. @ 2 E ( 6 9 ( E : M ed ian of nearb y p oints .3
. @ E 2 E E # 6 $ ! L( - : l inear I nterp ol ation .4
(
P red icted Val u es O 2 E @ E 2 E E : l inear trend at p oint .5
( ( N % . J 4 . ($ E 1 ) 9 ( ( 1 ) @ # ( ( 2 %
. n 9 * 1
. E # M ean of nearb y p oints L( ? %
: I E # ( @ 2 E $ : S p an of nearb y p oints
7 2
. @ 2 E : N u mb er .1
$ $ @ % 8 / 7 - . / E # ( ( 2 % # $ : A l l .2
. & ( ( # @ E 2 E #
. S p an =2 2 $ . / #
2 J 1 C I R ep l ace M issing Val u es H
# O K & E
: ( Data E d itor % 9 income_ 1
income income_ 1
95 95.0
100 100.0 : 7 + . + , -
11 11.0 (100 + 140 + 145 + 147) / 4 = 133
120 120.0
100 100.0
140 140.0
. 133.0
145 145.0
147 147.0
150 150.0
166 166.0
170 170.0
190 190.0
210 210.0
199 199.0
. 210.3
215 215.0
217 217.0
230 230.0
7 3

D e s c r i p ti v e S ta ti s ti c s
Frequencies ( 1 4 )
T a l l L 1 % $ D ? . / $
Tall
8 0
D D < " " " , & K E D
8 4
7 1 . " 6 6
: 1 $
7 2
3 5
" @ E 6 E " N 80 $ 6 - $ Tal l 1

9 3
9 1
D < " / , " L # F req u encies ? 2

7 4
6 0
: " 6 L 1 .
K E
6 3
7 9
- 2 E 6 ,
8 0
7 0
6 8
9 0 A nal yz e Descrip tive S tatistics F req u encies
$ , 9 ( 3 4 . F req u encies H
3 #
9 2
8 0
K & 5 E H 6 Variab l es % # Tal l 1 $ *

7 0
6 3
& E 2 ( 9 E # ) ?
7 6
4 8
9 0
9 2
8 5
8 3
7 6
6 1
9 9
8 3
8 8
7 4
7 0
6 5
5 1
7 3
7 1
7 2
9 5
8 2
7 0
3 3
3 7
3 2
: - ;
4 1
4 4
, J 4 $ D : Display frequency table

4 9
4 7
. 7 <
5 0
5 9
L
" , O D D : S tatistics
5 5
5 3
5 6
5 2
6 4 % S tatistics H
3 5 E R
: ( D ( " , O
6 0
6 6
: - ;
7 4
B oxp l ots 6 6 < ) p ercentil es " Q u artil es " $ , P ercentile V alues
% . ( L ! E 6 $ K $
( 1 B 6) # " "(
< # 2 % L N' $ ? . R R K R $ ?
& $ P ercentil es $ - $ 6 9 * 1 2 % # I * 2 # A d d & E 2 P ercentil es
. & R emove & % 1 C hang e
" 9 * " 2 E 2 E # C u t p oints for E q u al G rou p s -
. $ % $ 6 #
. " , K E D : Dispersio n
. & & K E D :C entral T end ency
. F 6 ) ! $ , < & K E D : Distributio n
2 E S P S S J # Val u es are g rou p mid p oints < , J # :3 '
" ( " & $ 1 " - P ercentil es Val u es M ed ian L
.
… P ie R B ar " 6 6 D : ch art
: H
3 5 E : fo rm at
: - ;
- val u es 2 E L N & - N
4 $ # " / , L : O rd ered by
. 2 E L 4
L $ . / # C ou nts "
7 5
variables

: Multiple Variables
: " # $
F req u en c ies

!
.
#
% " ! & % $ ' ( ) : C o mp are variables
. # #
# % $ ' ( ) :O rg an iz e o u t p u t by variables
. .

+ , - #
% " + #
/ 0 - :supress tables w ith m o re th an c ateg o ries
. 0 # 12 ) 3 , 3 4
: 5 , 6 F req u en c ies

! O K 4 3
Frequencies
Statistics
TALL
N V a lid 56
M is s in g 0
M e a n 6 8 . 16
S td . E rro r o f M e a n 2 .2 9
M e d ia n 7 0. 00
M o d e 7 0
S td . D e v ia tio n 17 . 17
S k e w n e s s - . 3 14
S td . E rro r o f S k e w n e s s . 3 19
K u r to s is -.6 3 9
S td . E rro r o f K u r to s is .6 2 8
M in im u m 3 2
M a x im u m 9 9
S u m 3 8 17
P e r c e n tile s 1 3 2 . 00
5 3 4 .7 0 Q u a r tile s ( 2 5 ,5 0 ,7 5 )
2 5 55. 2 5 P e r c e n tile s ( 1 ,5 ,5 0 ,9 0 )
50 7 0. 00
7 5 8 1. 50
9 0 9 1. 3 0
: 7
( 9
0 ) ! # : V alid
. 9
0 # : Missin g
76
TALL
C u m u la tiv e
F re q u e n c y P e rc e n t V a lid P e r c e n t P e rc e n t
V a lid 32 1 1. 8 1. 8 1. 8
33 1 1. 8 1. 8 3. 6
35 1 1. 8 1. 8 5 .4
37 1 1. 8 1. 8 7 .1
41 1 1. 8 1. 8 8 .9
44 1 1. 8 1. 8 10 . 7
47 1 1. 8 1. 8 12. 5
48 1 1. 8 1. 8 14. 3
49 1 1. 8 1. 8 16 . 1
5 0 1 1. 8 1. 8 17 . 9
5 1 1 1. 8 1. 8 19 . 6
5 2 1 1. 8 1. 8 21. 4
5 3 1 1. 8 1. 8 23. 2
5 5 1 1. 8 1. 8 25 . 0
5 6 1 1. 8 1. 8 26 . 8
5 9 1 1. 8 1. 8 28 . 6
6 0 2 3. 6 3. 6 32. 1
6 1 1 1. 8 1. 8 33. 9
6 3 2 3. 6 3. 6 37 . 5
6 4 1 1. 8 1. 8 39 . 3
6 5 1 1. 8 1. 8 41. 1
6 6 1 1. 8 1. 8 42. 9
6 8 1 1. 8 1. 8 44. 6
7 0 4 7 .1 7 .1 5 1. 8
7 1 2 3. 6 3. 6 5 5 .4
7 2 2 3. 6 3. 6 5 8 .9
7 3 1 1. 8 1. 8 6 0 .7
7 4 2 3. 6 3. 6 6 4. 3
7 6 2 3. 6 3. 6 6 7 .9
7 9 1 1. 8 1. 8 6 9 .6
8 0 3 5 .4 5 .4 7 5 .0
8 2 1 1. 8 1. 8 7 6 .8
8 3 2 3. 6 3. 6 8 0 .4
8 4 1 1. 8 1. 8 8 2. 1
8 5 1 1. 8 1. 8 8 3. 9
8 8 1 1. 8 1. 8 8 5 .7
9 0 2 3. 6 3. 6 8 9 .3
9 1 1 1. 8 1. 8 9 1. 1
9 2 2 3. 6 3. 6 9 4. 6
9 3 1 1. 8 1. 8 9 6 .4
9 5 1 1. 8 1. 8 9 8 .2
9 9 1 1. 8 1. 8 10 0 . 0
T o ta l 5 6 10 0 . 0 10 0 . 0
. t all 2 ; < 3 ! % 1 2 #
% $ 6 =
77
Descriptives ( 2 4 )
?
#
% 3
0 !
/ ! & > ( 3 0
. z sc o res ) % ( 3
2 #
S P S S 5 1 D at a E d it o r , A
x1, x2, x3 % @ #

x1 x2 x3
9 0 50 12
7 0 52 15
56 55 19
6 5 6 0 22
8 5 6 5 20
6 0
6 9
57
50
7 5
6 2
51
8 5
: %
. ? 1 D esc rip t ives 1 0 !
> B (
An aly z e D esc rip t ive st at ist ic s D esc rip t ives
. $
: # $ C " 3 D 1 1
+ D esc rip t ives

! , 6
: 7
D at a C ) % @ & : S av e stan d ard iz ed v alues as v ariables

x−x
s
.
? 1 ( ) $ E 3 E d it o r
:

! , 6 F 3 : O ptio n s
78
C " 3 # ) D isp lay O rd er 1
G 0 !
% $ ' 7
: % ; % " 0 !
> ( 3 ;
variables
% # " ; 0 !
> ( ) : V ariable L ist
. D esc rip t ives

!
. % " 1 H ; ; 0 !
> ( ) : Alp h abet ic
. % " 1 .
I + 3 ! ; ; 0 !
> ( ) :Asc en d in g mean s
. % " 1 .
I 4 ; ; 0 !
> ( ) : D esc en d in g mean s
: B ( ) D esc rip t ives

! O K 4 3
D e s c r ip tiv e s
Descriptive Statistics
N M in im u m M a x im u m M e a n S td . D e v ia tio n
X 3 5 1 2 .0 0 2 2 .0 0 1 7 .6 0 0 0 4 .0 3 7 3
X 2 5 50 6 5 56 . 4 0 6 .1 1
X 1 1 3 50 . 0 0 9 0 .0 0 6 7 .3 0 7 7 1 3 .2 1 8 6
V a lid N( lis tw is e ) 5
variables % ; ; 9 0 !
% $ ' ( 3 7
: "
D at a E d it o r C A % " ) % @ A J D esc rip t ives

!
x1 x2 x3 z x3 z x2 z x1
9 0 50 12 -1.38 7 -1.0 4 8 1.7 17
7 0 52 15 -.6 4 4 -.7 20 .20 4
56 55 19 .34 7 -.229 -.8 55
6 5 6 0 22 1.0 9 0 .58 9 -.17 5
8 5 6 5 20 .59 4 1.4 0 8 1.338
6 0 . . . . -.553
6 9 . . . . .128
57 . . . . -.7 8 0
50 . . . . -1.30 9
7 5 . . . . .58 2
6 2 . . . . -.4 0 2
51 . . . . -1.234
8 5 . . . . 1.338
79

Pivot Tables
Pivot Table

( 1 – 5 )
S P S S $ $ , 6
, " # S P S S 5 1 % #
6 )
= 3 9
! 1 +
#

#
) 0 5 V iew er
: %

. R o w s H
0! .1
. C o lu mn s 9 3 .2
. L ay ers % 1 . .3
+
-
<
0 ! +
, " F = 3 %
+
#
+
+
@ >
7 " 3 0 #

+
#
. , <

% 1 . +
2
> ) 1
9 3
% #
F E
D % 1 .
9 3 J H
0 ! ; 9 3 A

( @ ) #
% 1 .
9 3
H
0 ! 1 ; K

S P S S 5 1 )
5 1
#
J 0 , ! 1 (D 1 9 3 A ) #
9

,
K 1
0 # 1 2 <-
, ! ;" .
S P S S #
D 1 $ , E xc el
. <= 1
E d it P ivo t T a b l es

( 2– 5 )

#
L # ) 0 S P S S V iew er $ $ F 1 +
#
L
9 ! >
4 1 #
.
P ivo t T ables E d it o r
#
C " 3 9 3 % ) / 7 S P S S P ivo t T able O bj ec t E d it
. +

: 1
;
" . " ) An aly z e D esc rip t ives C ro sst abs 5
#

.S P S S V iew er $ $ , 6
( ? 1 # ! 0 #
# #

TREAT * RECOVER Crosstabulation
Count
R E CO V E R
a1 b1 T otal
T R E A T a 8 2 1 0
b 3 9 1 2
T otal 1 1 1 1 22
: %
. ? 1 F = 3 #
L
8 0
. D " ) 0 #
5
9

! , 6 - P ivo t P ivo t in g T ray s +
#

2 . $ 5
: "
P ivo t in g T ray s
C o lum n ic o n
L ay er ic o n
C o lum n tray
L ay er tray
R o w ic o n R o w tray

: = ) 1 +
#

.# , T reat %
H ! (%
)
C " 3 +

H
0 ! ! .1
.# , R ec o ver %

) (%
)
C " 3 +

9 3 ! .2
9
1 .
# 1 . (%
)
C " 3 +

L ay ers % 1 . ! .3
E xp ec t ed 2 - #
) 2
# 1 .

O bserved 9 $
# 7 . (? 1 # ! 0
1 # #
;
" . ) 1 5 2 6 = ? )
1 .
M
9
(9 3
H
0 ! ) ) 1 % 1 . 3 9 1 3 D E 1 #

.

" )
P ivo t in g " 1
1 % 1 .
9 3
H
0 ! <=
3 , 6 A & 1 :
?
)
3 R ec o ver
) , 6 A " ) 5
<= # 0 C A ; ? t ray s
. # 0 I ;
: (#
# ) 0 ) 1 ) . 1 > ) 1
H
0 ! 1 9 3 # 1 1
4 1
) ! C H !
; P ivo t in g T ray s 9

! 1 : C
.
. H ! ! C
)
;
>
"
P ivo t T ran sp o se R o w s & C o lu mn s +
#

2 . $ : .
: #
. # 5

Count
T R E A T
a b T otal
R E CO V E R a1 8 3 1 1
b1 2 9 1 1
T otal 1 0 1 2 22
8 1
P ivo t in g T ray s H ! ! C (T reat )
)
" A F = 3 #

: #
, 6
Count
R E CO V E R a1 T R E A T a 8
b 3
T otal 1 1
b1 T R E A T a 2
b 9
T otal 1 1
T otal T R E A T a 1 0
b 1 2
T otal 22
( >
4 1 F 1 D " ) 0 ) 1 )#
" " ! % 3 & N A :
.S P S S V iew er $ $
. $ P ivo t R eset P ivo t s t o d efau lt s
) An aly z e D esc rip t ives C ro sst abs 5
#
: 2
.S P S S V iew er $ $ , 6
( ? 1 # ! 0 #
# ;
" . "
TREAT * RECOVER * GENDER Crosstabulation
Count
R E CO V E R
G E N D E R a1 b1 T otal
f T R E A T a 2 1 3
b 1 4 5
T otal 3 5 8
m T R E A T a 6 1 7
b 2 5 7
T otal 8 6 14
: " #
, P ivo t in g T ray s , 6
% 1.
9 3

(S t at ist ic s ) (R ec o ver )
H
0!
H
0!

(G en d er ) (T reat )
8 2
; . T reat " M
G en d er " A H
0 ! "

6 =
G en d er
; 1
E f 7 O M
m
" A 1 . K
7 1 #

1 . ! L 1 ! % 1 . ! C H
0! !
1 .

G en d er
-
C o u n t 1 . 9
1 .

S t at ist ic s
: " (D " ) 0 ) 1 )#
, 6 7 I M -

"
N 1 m
1 . <= ) 1 . , 6 & f 7 O #
, 6 1 .
: .
F = 3 #
G en d er " f 0 "
# 0 I D , : C
.
. m 1.
1 . # = # )
, , % 1 . !
# 6 = : .
(#

) 1 . C # - % 1 . ! G en d er
, ) M C
. ( 1 1 . C # = ,
= 1 . C # = , ) m

( #
# ) 0 ) 1
) S P S S V iew er $ $
2 . $ : .
1
D
G o t o L ay e r C at e g o r y

! , 6 P i v o t G o t o L ay e r
( 1 . ) 0 f 7 & 1 .
< ( ) ( 1 . ) 0 D @ 1
(G e n d e r )
. m
1 .
, @ 3 ;G
: #

F = 3 . + 5
: (#
# ) 0 ) 1 ) %
. ? 1 +
#

3
H ! / 0 - :
#
" a
) @ + H ! <= D 0 P 1 ;G H !

) " 0
3 5
.<= F = 3
.
)
H ! # " 6 C t r l +A l t +C l i c k 1 . 5
8 3
. a 0" ? 1 H ! 0 . V ie w H id e +
#

2 5
. L 0
D e l Q 0 H ! H
: %
. ? 1 D 0 A 1 + H ! , 6 &
. T r e at " b
) 1 #
" . ( ) 1 ) > 0
3 + 5
5
. V ie w S h o w A l l c at e g o r i e s i n T r e at +
#

2
+
#

2 J > 0
3
1 M .
V ie w S h o w A ll
Book Marks
( 3 – 5 )
#
% 1 . 1 . 4 +
#
" 0 " N @
4 " ) % $ A 0
.
)
H ! @ ! ) 1
9 3
H
0 ! " ) ;

: 3
5

x1, x2, x3 % = ! A % $ ' +
#

An aly z e d esc rip t ive st at ist ic s F req u en c ies
Descriptive Statistics
N M in im u m M a x im u m M e a n S td . D e v ia tio n
X 1 13 50 . 0 0 9 0 .0 0 6 7 . 30 7 7 13. 2 18 6
X 2 5 50 6 5 56 . 4 0 6 . 11
X 3 5 12 . 0 0 2 2 .0 0 17 . 6 0 0 0 4 . 0 37 3
+
#
@ 1 . > % $ ' $ ' # # 7 1 #
9
1 2 2
: (K 0 1 K 0 #
) "
: %
. ? 1 Mean 1 . B o o k mark s " ) 9 $ A ? @

. S P S S V iew er $ $ #
1 +
#
# ) 0 1 2 5
: " Mean # 1 . , 6 P 1 2 5
8 4

! , 6 P i v o t B o o k mark s S P S S V i e w e r $ $
2 5
- H @ A d d 4 (<= me an - ) " ) 9 $ - # J B o o k mar k s
: " bo o k mar k s
! , 6
# 0 C me an

C 1 . F N
. mean 1 " ) 9 $ P Mean 1 . 4 2
K 1
. # $ + C #
9

: %
. ? 1 (mean 1 . ) " ) 9 $ A (N ) ( )
. S P S S V iew er $ $ #
1 +
#
# ) 0 1 2 5
. B o o k mark s

! , 6 P ivo t B o o k mark s
5
.

! # mean " ) 9 $ A 5
.G O T O 4 5
. mean 1 . ( ) 1 5 1

8 5

Explore
E x plore
( 1 6)
% 1 " ! A < ! "
, % 1 ? # ) C
9
. ) E xp lo re ;
"
. , ) ?
% - # % . . 3
1 J 0 !
> J 9 $ J S c reen in g % 1 R 0 ) D 7
<= - < = ! & K A # - - " ) F # = % @ 0
! & 6 % A T ran sfo rmat io n % 1 #
C C H $ - 1 $
. ; ! 7
1 % = ) 1 > (
J % 1 " ) 1 . ? 4
( 0
:1 #
# ! 0 (1S4) 1 " ? 1 #
> 0 ) T all ( 0
: %
. ? 1 7 C " 3 E xp lo re H $ - 1 .
(? 1
An aly z e D esc rip t ive S t at ist ic s E xp lo re
. $
: " D 1 1
+ E xp lo re

! , 6
: 7
. , " 3 ! & # " / ;G 9 ) (% )
:d epen d en t L ist
9 ) ! & # " / D .
1 B reak d o w n variable 4
:F ac to r L ist

. (< - D @
+ ) " 9
! 1
) % - ?

1
) 4 .

) , 4
)
4 # ) # 6 - . # # " 4 . #
< 3

. ! ? C , 4
1 T all 2 # "
. < 4

; % - ( ) 7 ) .
1 % - " H ) / . 3 A :L abel C ases by
"
3 / . 3 A
H ) (

( 2 ) % 1 H " , " "
. B o x p lo t . . 9 $
.
8 6
:

! , 6 F 3 :S tatistic s
: % 0 +

… % 9 9
% 9 5 1 G ; 9
: C o n f id en c e I n terv al f o r Mean
J S k ew n ess J S t an d ard D eviat io n J Mean 0 !
/ ! & % $ ' , 6 & :D esc riptiv es
.… K u rt o sis
R o bu st maximu m L ik elih o o d 4 3 4 " ! %
: M-estim ato rs
K
. D 1 # 2 4
4 3 9 ) 1 / . 3 A 7 E st imat o rs
. T u k ey , H amp le, An d rew , H u ber
% N
) 1
E xt reme 1 , $
) 2 # 2
2 1 % - , 6 & :O utliers
. S P S S 5 1 B V alu es
<= > 5، 10 ، 25، 50 ، 7 5، 9 0 ، 9 5 ( ) 1
: P erc en tiles
% - % 9 5 , "
% - % 5 , 1 ) 2
5t h P erc en t ile
. < 3 ! 2 ; ) 1
. C h ec k B o xD
? 1 $ E 1
% $ ' F B 1 G 3
:

! , 6 F 3 : P lo ts
: % 0 +

B o x plo ts .1
:
/ 4 = . .
bo x –an d -w h isk er p lo t < @ D " 3 " .
: %
# $
: B o x
! .
. < 3 ! , 1 3 ) % $ % 25 , 1
: Q1 #
? 1
8 7
3 % $ % 50 , 1 +
2 C % 1
: Q2 ? 1
. Med ian .
F
< 3 ! , 1
. < 3 ! , 1 3 ) % $ % 7 5 , 1
: Q3 7 ? 1
Q3-Q1
,
! #
. . h in g es , " 3 " .

! = Q3
Q1
.
. . I n t er Qu art ile R an g e ) 1 M 1 H )
h sp read D " 3 " .
Med ian .

,
! #
. 9 $ G 2 # 2
C " 3 C
!
: W h isk ers
! B % - . .;
: E xt remes .
o u t liers 9 $ .B
.
! #
. 1. 5
! 3 ) 1 9 $ 7
: # $

! #
. 3
! 3 ) 1
E x tre m e s
∗
o u tlie rs
L a rg e s t V a lu e (n o t o u tlie r)
Q 3 (h in g e )
hspread
w h is k e rs M e d ia n
Q 1 (h in g e )
s m a lle s t v a lu e (n o t o u tlie r)
o u tlie rs
E x tre m e s
.
(S k ew n ess/
- ) % $ ? 4
3 9 . ) . .
C
" ? 4
E #
? 1 C ;2 .
A
" ? 4
E
! H !
(/
- ; ) C
" ? 4
E 7 ? 1 C ;2 .
A
(/
- ;
)
. ? 4
# #
. 3 9 . ) W h isk ers # $
8 8

" ?4
/
# ) ?4

" ?4

: % B o xp o lt s . . @
. ) # 4 ? " . . ( 3 : F ac to r L ev els to g eth er

. 4 3
# # 9 ) % " . . ( 3 :D epen d en t to g eth er
. B o xp lo t . . ( 3 3 :N o n e
F ac t o r 4

) K

#
+ $ E #
. V ariable
D esc riptiv e .2
: % . . ( 3

(N ) S t em #
4 C 2 + 2 . . : S t em-an d -leaf . . S
% . / 4 leaf
/ 4 S t em #
( 2
) L eaf

% $ ) # + S t em #
4 C , E 5، 7 ، 12، 15، 16 ، 20 ، 21، 23، 30
. . 6 =
% 10 , # #
. % C 2 E
V # + L eaf
1 # 9 3 E 1 # H ist o g ram % , 1 0
h ist o g ram . . D 1 $
. 9

) 1 . 3 %
" ) > ) D E K
S t em-an d -L eaf
VAR1 Stem-a n d -L ea f P l o t
F r eq u en c y Stem & L ea f
2 . 0 0 0 . 5 7
3 . 0 0 1 . 2 5 6
3 . 0 0 2 . 0 13
1. 0 0 3 . 0
Stem w i d th : 10 . 0 0
E a c h l ea f : 1 c a s e( s )
8 9
. + B ( ) : H i s to g r a m + B S;
. % 1 " )1 . ?4
1 - % . . #3 : Normality Plots with Tests.3
<"3 . ; ! 1 > 1 - : sp read v s. L ev el with L ev en e Test .4
L @
). F a c to r V a r i a bl e 4 K
3 - (<. $ ) <- )
- -
. ( 3 # #! 0 1
: 5 , 6 E x pl o r e

! OK 4 3
E x p lo r e
Case Processing Summary
C a s e s
V a lid M is s in g T o ta l
N P e rc e n t N P e rc e n t N P e rc e n t
T A L L 56 1 00. 0% 0 . 0% 56 1 00. 0%
Descriptives
S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

T A L L M e a n 68.1607 2 .2 9 4 8
9 5 % C o n fid e n c e L o w e r B o u n d 63 .5 618
In te rv a l fo r M e a n U p p e r B o u n d
72 .75 9 6
5 % T r im m e d M e a n 68.5 63 5
M e d ia n 70.0000
V a r ia n c e 2 9 4 .9 01
S td .D e v ia tio n 17.172 7
M in im u m 3 2 .00
M a x im u m 9 9 .00
R a n g e 67.00
In te r q u a r tile R a n g e 2 6.2 5 00
S k e w n e s s - .3 14 .3 19
K u r to s is - .63 9 .62 8
S ta nd a r d E r r o r .
I + ) E .
Me a n = 6 8 .16 07 , S td .De v i a ti o n = 17 .17 27 , S td . E r r o r = SD / n = 17.1727/ 56 = 2.2948
. ( ) 1
1 .
I + ) H - ) + ) E .
S td . E r r o r 7
: " B : µ " # $ % 9 5
X m t.0.025,55 * Std .Error

( t 2 C ) 0.025 #- t ?4
#
B t 7
#= #
C N

S PS S 5 1 9 $ 1 ,
n-1=5 5
Co m pu te V a r i a bl e

! I DF .T(p,d f ) Tr a ns f o r m Co m pu te
I DF .T(0.9 7 5 ,5 5 ) = E D "3
d f = 5 5
p = 1-0.025 = 0.9 7 5 ) # # p 7
: " .
" % 95 9

D "3
= t.0.025,55 2
90
U ppe r Bo u nd = 6 8 .16 07 +2*2.29 4 8 =7 2.7 5
L o w e r Bo u nd = 6 8 .16 07 -2*2.29 4 8 =6 3.5 7
: 9
! C "3 9 ;
Pr ( 63.57 < µ < 72.57 ) = 9 5 %

% 95 +
7 2. 57
6 3. 57 1 ? .
N
2
# + #- # Pr 7
:
7 F = 3 De s c r i pti v e s #
<= S PS S 5 1 % C "3 % )0 ) 4 A
J 1

D
F o nt . N
J De c i m a l s $ ) ; 3 J #

S PS S V i e w e r ;
". #
1 K
..… 9 3 ( 3 J Al i g nm e nt ?2

C "3 % ) / F o r m a t Ta bl e Pr o pe r ti e s (% ( 3 $ $ )
) " C "3 H
2
)1 #
) " % 0 !

# #

. F o r m a t Ce l l Pr o pe r ti e s
Trimmed Mean % & ' ( ) $ $
#0 % 5
C "3 % 5 H < 3 ! ; )1 B
. 9 $ 1 + 1 " .
;
; D + 2. 8 +
% 5
2 56
ta l l 2 3 #
2 5 6 *0.9 0= 5 0.4 , H )1 1 #0 2 2. 8
C "3 2 2. 8 H
: " ; $ .
2 B 7
68.1607* 56 − 99 − 95 − 32 − 33 − 0.8 * 93 − 0.8 * 35 3455.5992
TrimmedMean = = = 68.5635
50.4 50.4
C = 33
32
2 C "3 = 95
99
2 56 N
# 6 8 .16 07 *5 6 7
C "3 "! 2
. ; C "3
") "
") = 35
93
2
: #
E x tr e m e s . " S PS S 5 1 % F
Extreme Values
C a s e N u m b e r V a lu e
T A L L H ig h e s t 1 28 9 9 .0 0
2 38 9 5. 0 0
3 6 9 3. 0 0
4 16 9 2. 0 0
5 23 9 2. 0 0
L o w e s t 1 43 32. 0 0
2 41 33. 0 0
3 5 35. 0 0
4 42 37 . 0 0
5 44 41. 0 0
91
*+ , )

2 )1 C 3

Q1,Q2,Q3 2 = Qu a r ti l e s % )1

2 C 3
Pe r c e nti l e s % ( % )1 H ) #
Bo x pl o t . . ? )

% 1 % 95 D "
< 3 ! , 3 % 1 % 5 D 1 > +

.
… % 1 % 90 D "
< 3 ! , 1 3 % 1 % 10 D 1 $ )
(25 th Pe r c e nti l e ) 25 #1 Q1 #
?1 <"3
(5 0th Pe r c e nti l e ) 50 #1 Q2 (.
) ?1
(7 5 th Pe r c e nti l e ) 7 5 #1 Q3 7 ?1
: % " 5 1 % # #

Percentiles
P e r c e n tile s
5 1 0 2 5 75 50 9 0 9 5
W e ig h te d T A L L
A v e r a g e ( D e fin itio n 1 ) 34.7000 43.1 000 55.2 500 70.0000 8 1 .5000 9 1 .3000 9 3.3000
T u k e y 's H in g e s T A L L 55.5000 70.0000 8 1 .0000
Q1= 5 5 . 2 , Q2= M e d i a n = 7 0 , Q3= 8 1. 5

I n t e r q u a r t i l e R a n g e = 8 1. 5 - 5 5 . 2 = 26 . 25
W e i g h te d Av e r a g e
4
.
. % ; )1 .
+ (n+1)*P = 5 7 *0.05 = 2.8 5 ! #) <= > ; ;" Me th o d
1 ? > 2 E D "3
. < 3 ! ; 3 2. 8 5
> ;
# ! D "3
( E x tr e m e V a l u e s #
) 35
3 , 1
33
2 , 1
: "
1 I nte r po l a ti o n . # / E 1 2 C "3
5 th Pe r c e nti l e = 33 * 0.15 + 35 * 0.8 5 = 34 .7

D + ) E . C S k e w ne s s /
- #) 1 6 = )1 . ?4
1
F 1
–0.314 / 0.319 = - 0.9 8 " 1 % #
( De s c r i pti v e s #
)
. )1 . ?4
?1 Ta l l E 1 " ) @ #1 E (-2,2) M @ ? 1
–2 #2 1 %
( C ) <1
</

" ?4
) , 2 1 1 %
. ( C ) <1 W /

" ?4
) ,
. )1 E 1 1

M-E s ti m a to r s 1 .
" ! % 1 B
. 1 ; .

. F ;
1 ; .
1 >

3 6 =
.ta l l " 3
92
M-Estimators
H u b e r 's T u k e y 's H a m p e l's A n d re w s '

M - E s tim a to ra B iw e ig h tb M - E s tim a to rc W a v e d
T A L L 69.1469 69.3 8 5 9 68 .97 5 4 69.3 7 49
a .T h e w e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 1.3 3 9.
b .T h e w e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 4.68 5 .
c .T h e w e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t s a r e 1.7 0 0 , 3 .40 0 , a n d 8 .5 0 0
d .T h e w e i g h t i n g c o n s t a n t i s 1.3 40 * p i .
S t em-and-L eaf
? 4
? 1 # D
#
. S te m -a nd -L e a f . . # B
. .
#
<1 <=
1
, )1 .
TALL Stem-a n d -Lea f P l o t
F r eq u en c y Stem & Lea f
4 . 0 0 3 . 2 3 5 7
5 . 0 0 4 . 1 4 7 8 9
7 . 0 0 5 . 0 1 2 3 5 6 9
9 . 0 0 6 . 0 0 1 3 3 4 5 6 8
1 4 . 0 0 7 . 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 6 6 9
9 . 0 0 8 . 0 0 0 2 3 3 4 5 8
8 . 0 0 9 . 0 0 1 2 2 3 5 9
Stem w i d th : 1 0 . 0 0
E a c h l ea f : 1 c a s e( s )
H is t o g ram - . /
+ )1 . ?4
C D H @ 2
#
. + B # . .
. ( + B #
#! 0 4 % . . #! ? ) .
#
<=
1
Histogram
16
14
12
10
4
Frequency
Std. Dev = 17.17

2 Mean = 68.2
0 N = 56.00
27
37
47
57
67
77
87
97
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-1
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
07
5
.5
TALL
93
B o x p lo ts
9 $
. 2

3 6 = D
Ta l l " Bo x pl o ts . . # B
. ( /

3 ) <)1 . N 4
C $ <1
! .
.
?2

120
100
80
60
40
20
N= 56
TALL
1 % 1 " )1 . ?4

1 A L : N o rmal it y P l o t s w it h Tes t
3
1 % 1 " )1 . ?4
1 C @ & 1 Ko l m o g r o v -S e m i r no v 1
: % . .
N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t -
De tr e nd e d N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t -
)1 . ? 4
" ")= % 1 - )
: ( , ) " 0 K o mo g ro v -S mirno v ) .1
) % $ E 1 " ) @ 1 7 N o n-Pa r a m e tr i c G o o d ne s s o f F i t Te s t
B C "3 #
! 2
. <)1 . N 4
- % 1 E 1 " " 1 @ 0 @ )1 . ?4
?1
. ta l l % $ )1 . ?4
1 -
Tests of Normality
K o lm o g o r o v - S m ir n o v a
S ta tis tic d f S ig .
T A L L .096 5 6 .2 00*
*. T h i s i s a l o w e r b o u n d o f t h e t r u e s i g n i f i c a n c e .
a . L illie fo r s S ig n ific a n c e C o r r e c tio n
?4
# Fs (x) 7 D = sup FS ( x ) − FT ( x ) 1 - D ! & 7
x
?
(# )1 . ?4
) + 6 ?4
# FT (x)
)" )
6 = . ( ) ) n %
) - M
1 Ko l m o g r o v #
D 6
M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-V a l u e = 0.20>0.05
D= .09 6 #
. )1 . ?4
?1 #
. ?4
+ % 5 -
N o rmal Q -Q P lo t .2
94
?4
2 #1
C "3 "! % 1 9 $ # . .
; . #
R a nk Ca s e s ? ) E x pe c te d Z S c o r e , )2
)1 .
. ta l l " . . ( )2

Normal Q-Q Plot of TALL

3
0
Expected Normal
-1
-2
-3
20 40 60 80 100 120
Observed Value
? 4
% )2
.
1 # F = 3 . . . C "3 . #
C "3

C "3 % 1 " )1 . ?4
" ) % #1 +
)
C "3 )1 .
<)1 . N 4
? 1
) % .
… (1.5 ,1.5 ),(0,0),(-1.5 ,-1.5 ) # $
, . 3 9 )1 ? % . 9 1 <1 ? $ - # $ . E
C $ . 9 1 F = 3 # $ . $ . )1 . ?4
?1 - % 1 )
. )1 . ?4
?1 ta l l % $
D et rended N o rmal Q -Q P lo t .3
E . 9 1 % $ $ 3 D 1 . . " 1 1
. 3 % -
M + C Q . + #'
)1 . ?4
?1 - % 1 5
. . ( ) S PS S 5 1 . < )1 . N 4
- % $

C "3 "! % $ # 7 ( , De tr e nd e d N o r m a l Q-Q Pl o t
., )2
)1 . ?4
2 3 % $ " ) % # 1 +
)

(-2,2) M @ ? ( % 90
% 95 1 ) $ - # $ . 6 ) % P
. L ! > )
% 1 " )1 . ?4

. 3 (-2,2) M @ ? Ta l l " % - 6 ) 6 = F . .
< )4
N 4
#
. D "3
( % - % 90 ; + ) <1
. <)1 .
95
Detrended Normal Q-Q Plot of TALL
.2
.1
0.0
-.1
Dev from Normal
-.2
-.3
-.4
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Observed Value
! "3 . 1 Ch a r t E d i to r L i ne a r I nte r po l a ti o n #= . . . . 1

. >
41 . . 1 D #
+
% -
% 1 " % =
# 3 D E <)1 . N 4
- % $ E 1 B - :
tall factor . (3 # )1 . > 0 ) )1 . ?4
#) ( Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n
2
8 0 A
8 4 A
0 #
. # C
22 1 3
Ta l l " 1 #
7 1 A
7 2 A
3 5 A
;G
% 1 0 #
. # 34
% 1 C

9 3 A
9 1 A
# A ;
F 9 C "3 3
# ! A #" /
7 4 A
60 A
63 A
+ E x pl o r e

! F a c to r L i s t 2 (F a c to r D ) 4
7 9 A
8 0 A
: # $ 1 D 1
7 0 A
68 A
9 0 A
9 2 A
8 0 A
7 0 A
63 A
: "
Da ta E d i to r % 1 ;
7 6 A
48
9 0
A
A
% 1
D at a E dit o r ( * )
9 2 B
8 5 B
9
! 1 B
A 0 # ( ) % E E x pl o r e 0 3
8 3 B
7 6 B
61 B
: " ( ) . <= "

9 9 B
8 3 B
8 8 B
7 4 B
7 0 B
65 B
51 B
7 3 B
7 1 B
7 2 B
9 5 B
8 2 B
7 0 B
3 3 B
3 7 B
3 2 B
41 B
44 B
49 B
47 B
50 B
59 B
55 B
53 B
96 56
52
B
B
64 B
60 B
66 B
Extreme Values
F AC T O R C a s e N u m b e r V a lu e
T AL L A H ig h e s t 1 6 93
2 16 92
3 7 91
4 15 90
5 22 90
L o w e s t 1 5 35
2 21 48
3 9 60
4 19 63
5 10 63
B H ig h e s t 1 28 99
2 38 95
3 23 92
4 30 8 8
5 24 8 5
L o w e s t 1 43 32
2 41 33
3 42 37
4 44 41
5 45 44
: Bo x pl o ts

120
100
80
60
40
5
TALL
20
N= 22 34
A B
FACTOR
?1 3 )1 , 7 35 , 2
5 2
A 0 Ou tl i e r 9 $ 2

6 =
4 1 , 4
18 . 7 5
! #
. 3 3 #
1. 5 3 4 1 Q1=6 6 .7 5 C
L a be l

3 @ -

5 2 ( ) 4 ; 1
Bo x pl o ts . .
. ( E x pl o r e

! L a be l Ca s e s by 2 D A ) "
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
( 2 – 6 )
1 +

>
AN OV A 1 #" / 3
1 % @ 0
. % 2 C #!
" + ' H
K E . $ 3 0 (% = ) ) % )
. ( % ) .
+

) % = ) E +
1 ! @ 0 1 3
" ) @ 1 7 L e v e ne Te s t
1 > 1 S PS S 5 1

G % 1
3 <1 G
. 1 > )1 " " 1 @ 0 @ % ) 1 > 1
1 - +
@ . $
% ) # )1 . ?4
. $ 3 C + ' K E

;
F
. ε ~ N (0, σ 2 ) )1 . ?4
D
$ ) E . ( 0 7 % @ 0
# ) % =
F , 1
1 > @ Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n % 1 C "3 % =
/
. <@ ) # # )1 . ; ?4

97
> % =
3 2 C #
!
" ! $ 9 Bo x & Co x Q 2

; ) ) ,
% ) .
1 2 = 3

C "3 9 ) . % 1
G
# ; 7 . ( 1 > @ + ) H - 3 " .

; % 1 " Po w e r Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n
% ) .
G
C "3 .
3 % -
% =
( )1 F
Po w e r > # 1-b
"! % 1 # y 7 y1-b !
: #)- ) $
Trans f o rmat io n P o w er S lo p b
S q u a re 2 -1
N o ne 1 0
S q u a re R o o t 1\2 1\2
L o g a r i th m 0 1
R e c i pr o c a l o f S q u a r e R o o t -1\2 3\2
R e c i pr o c a l -1 2
.
) , 1 +
# 2 % 2 C 1– Q
> 6 =
+ 1 > <6 #
C % 1 B - 1
) , 3 " % )
E 0. 329
1-b > E 0. 6 7 1 C
# ") %
0 +
>
E 1 +
> V 1/2 1 2 0. 329 "! % 1 " )1 "

. 10 > I G
"
)1 . G
" #) 1
- D <"3 G
" "

S p read v s . L ev el w it h L ev en Tes t
1 > 1 A (< 1
Pl o ts

! , 6 + ) L
. . .
1 1 > 1 C @ A L e v e ne S ta ti s ti c s 1 (% ) ) % = )
# 7 (. 1 1
? Bo x & Co x ;
" > 0 # ) S pr e a d –V e r s u s L e v e l Pl o t
M G
#
. . ,
C "3 (L e v e l M
) % )" .
G

1 2 = 3

3 0 (S pr e a d 3 1 ) +
)
C "3 I nte r Qu a r ti l e R a ng e )1
1 > C $ + (S l o p=0) . ? . . . E 3 1
M

> 3 1
2 = 3

) Tr e nd 3 F . #
. ? E K > 3
% )
D < "3 . < 0
% =
#
; % 1 C "3 #
/ 4" % ) 1
3 % 2 #
"3 ( #
)1 . . 1
5 1 #) & 1
. (0 ! ;2
# + ) 1 >
12 ? A,B,C,D % ) )1 , % D "3 1 5 # #
:3
: ) #
Tr e a tm e nts
A B C D
O bs .
1 8 9 5 1520 43300 11000
2 540 1610 32800 8600
3 1020 1900 28800 8260
4 470 1350 34600 9830
5 428 980 27800 7600
6 620 1710 32800 9650
7 760 1930 28100 8900
98
8 537 1960 18900 6060
9 845 1840 31400 10200
10 1050 2410 39500 15500
11 387 1520 29000 9250
12 497 1685 22300 7900
Me a n 670. 75 1701. 25 30775 9395. 83
S td . De v i a ti o n 233.9 2 35 6 .5 4 6 6 8 8 .6 8 2326 .04
. 4 9R J 1 ) J ; #"
! J , $
"3 #
, $
. : !
.> 3 % 1 " ; #
? % ) 1 > 1 ;
".
7 ( 0 ! )
S PS S 5 1 Da ta E d i to r 9 C % 1 # A
#
) " 4
tr e a t
( ) ) % $ # d e pe nd
: %
. ?1 % 1 > 1 - . A,B,C,D % )

. $
E x pl o r e

! , 6 7 Ana l yz e De s c r i pti v e S ta ti s ti c s E x pl o r e
: # $ C "3 D 1 1
+
s pr e a d v s . L e v e l w i th l e v e ne te s t
E x pl o r e

! Pl o ts 4
.
. ?1 ( Tr e a t 4

<6 <- )
+ )
: " D 1 )1 Pl o ts

! , 6 7 Po w e r E s ti m a ti o n : 2 3
:
9
. F H ,
99
3 # " Da ta E d i to r % 1 ;
Treat D ep en d
. L e v e ne ! A .
1 1 > ! & 1 - .1
A 8 9 5
A 5 4 0
? 1 #= $ -
M
1 2 = ) 1 .2
A 1 0 2 0
A 4 7 0
A 4 2 8 Po w e r Tr a ns f o r m a ti o n % 1 " = #
N

A 6 2 0
A 7 6 0 . (> G 1 + ) 2 = 3

: 5 C "3 #! OK 4. Co nti nu e 4
A 5 3 7
A 8 4 5
A 1 0 5 0
A 3 8 7
A 4 9 7
B 1 5 2 0
B 1 6 1 0
B 1 9 0 0 L ev ene + 4 $ ) 5 * # ( + 3 ) 3 .1
( 1 > ) ) @ 1 1 F B
B 1 3 5 0
B 9 8 0
L e v e ne ! A 1 ( 1 > 3 ) " 1 @ 0 @
B 1 7 1 0
B 1 9 3 0
B 1 9 6 0
Me a n .
C "3 1
! & F 2 7
B 1 8 4 0
B 2 4 1 0 C "3 1 ! O 1 1 ; $ .

Me d i a n .

.000<0.05 ) ≈ (p-v a l u e 3
)1
10. 7 8 3 % "1 .

B 1 5 2 0
B 1 6 8 5
C
C
4 3 3 0 0
3 2 8 0 0
" 1 @ 0 '
% 5 - M
1 ) @ ( D "3
C 2 8 8 0 0 3 , A #!
> 0
% 1 > )1 "
. ; $ .

.
C "3 1 ! & 2 3
C 3 4 6 0 0
C 2 7 8 0 0
C 3 2 8 0 0
C 2 8 1 0 0 Test of Homogeneity of Variance
C 1 8 9 0 0
C 3 1 4 0 0 L e v e n e
C 3 9 5 0 0 S ta tis tic d f1 d f2 S ig .
C 2 9 0 0D 0 E P E N D B a s e d o n M e a n 10.783 3 4 4 .000
C 2 2 3 0 0 B a s e d o n M e d ia n 10.6 2 1 3 4 4 .000
D 4 0 0 0 B a s e d o n M e d ia n a n d
D 8 6 0 0 w ith a d ju s te d d f 10.6 2 1 3 15 .85 3 .000
D 8 2 6 0 B a s e d o n tr im m e d m e a n 10.779 3 4 4 .000
D 9 8 3 0
S p read v s . L ev el P l o t ) 5 * # ) 4 .2
D 7 6 0 0
D 9 6 5 0
D 8 9 0 0 1 > 3 " $ R $ . . #=
" $

# % 1 #
; > C @ & 1
D 6 0 6 0
D 1 0 2 0 0
: . . (Po w e r e s ti m a ti o n )
D 1 5 5 0 0
D 9 2 5 0
D 7 9 0 0
1 00
Spread vs. Level Plot of DEPEND By TREAT
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
Spread
6.0
5.5
6 7 8 9 10 11
Level
* Plot of LN of Spread vs LN of Level

Slope = .744 Power for transformation = .256
% )" .
G
1 2 = 3

$ - # $ ) F - #= L @ 7
% 1 #
4= >
b=0.7 4 4 #
, )1 M G

A,B,C,D
#
) 0 > 1 ? 0. 256 > 2 ) $ % =
#
C N
1
1-b = 0.25 6
#
3
= 1 F
( )1 "
)1/2 > 1
( G

K 0 (
+
>
0 ! ;2 #) #@ 5 . ) + #
3
. ( 9
. ) Pl o ts

! Tr a ns f o r m e d .
1 9 $ 1
Trans f o rmed $ ) * ) : *
1 #) % 1 #
1
"3
> G % ) 1 C
9
. 5
L 1 ! Tr a ns f o r m e d E x pl o r e :Pl o t

! C 9
) 1 K

: # $
N a tu r a l L o g "
) Po w e r #

: ( " % G

" )
% 1 . . , 6 OK 4 Co nti nu e 4 3
1 01
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
Spread
.1
6 7 8 9 10 11
Level
* Data transformed using P =

Slope = -.087
. 4

% 1 " $ -
.
1 2 = )" 3 F

3 L @ 7
2
% 1 " 1 > 3 " $ /0 C $
. #

#
?. +
;2

1-b = 1.08 7
> E D "3
b=-0.08 7 #
. 1 > 3 " $ )-
% 1
: . . C "3 #! )1 "


18
16
14
12
10
8
Spread
6
4
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Level

Slope = .078
)

;2 D + 0. 922
> E D "3
0. 07 8 +
# 7
D "3
% =
3
= 1 5 % 2
. )1 1
% 1 " 1 >
. , + 3
1 02
C "3 3 - 1 . . 0 D E Pl o ts

! U ntr a ns f o r m e d " 1 1
% G

1 ( I QR ) )1 M
.
1 2 = ) 1 K
( % 1 #

1 ) "!
: # $
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
Spread
1000
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Level

Slope = .201
#) - . . <"3 )1 M

.
1 2 = )" 3 F

6 =
.% )" )1 M G

.
G
1 2 = ) # - D #
N

( 3– 6 )

! Opti o ns 4 1 9
0 <2 +
% - )1 0
: O p t i o n s

! , 6 E x p l o r e
: 7
C "3 +
% (% ) , " 1 )1 - #): E x c l u d e C a s e s L is tw is e

F a c t o r 4
D e p e n d e n t ) + 9
0 2
. @ -
% =
+ 9
0 2 , % - )1 : E x c l u d e C a s e s P a i r w i s e
. ) ! ; #)
@ & 0 F , 5 ( 3
" 0 4 9
0 #) : R e p o r t V a l u e s
.
: D a t a E d i to r $ $ % " % 1 ( 0 1 L @

1 03
d e p 1 d e p 2 fa c
1 10 1
2 11 1
. . 1
4 13 2
5 14 .
6 . 2
7 8 2
A n a ly z e D e s c r ip tiv e S ta tis tic s E x p lo r e 0 1 5
: " ?1 E x p l o r e

! 5
. D e p e n d e n t L i s t C , "
d e p 2
d e p 1 •
. F a c t o r L i s t C D "
f a c 0 •
. E x c l u d e C a s e s l i s t W i s e
O p t i o n s 4 •
: , 6 O K 4 5
C a s e s
F A C N P e rc e n t N P e rc e n t N P e rc e n t
D E P 1 1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 10 0 .0 %
2 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 10 0 .0 %
D E P 2 1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 10 0 .0 %
2 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 10 0 .0 %
Descriptives
F A C S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

D E P 1 1 M e a n 1.50 .50
.
.
2 M e a n 5.50 1.50
.
.
D E P 2 1 M e a n 10.50 .50
.
.
2 M e a n 10.50 2.50
.
.
7 E x cl u d e Cases Listwise (# # 1 C " 3 ) %.

; 0 6-
Facto r List
D epend ent List 2 % + 9
0 2 C " 3 +
+ ) 1
C " 3
2
1 C " 3 3 -1 fac 4 1 " d ep1 " .
; <= .
; 4 1 " d ep2 .
1 1 4 2 " 7
4 %-
.
... 2
1 C " 3 3 -1
: " ; %.
E E x cl u d e Cases Pairwise
1 04
C a s e s
D E P 1 1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
2 3 100. 0% 0 . 0% 3 100. 0%
D E P 2 1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
2 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
Descriptives

D E P 1 1 M e a n 1.50 .50
.
.
2 M e a n 5.6 7 .8 8
.
D E P 2 1 M e a n 10.50 .50
.
.
2 M e a n 10.50 2.50
.
.
1 1 2
1 %- ; 2 fac 4 d ep1 .
6-
. d ep2 " / $ > 0
7
6
4 %- ; 4 2 " d ep1 .

? E x pl o re

! Facto r List 2 fac
# ! V
Y E x cl u d e Cases Pairwise C " 3 / 1 &
# ! 7 " 9
! 1
# 9
0 2 C " 3
%- ) 1 1 F
. 1 %.
" C " 3
Descriptives
S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

D E P 1 M e a n 4.17 .9 5
D E P 2 M e a n 11.2 0 1.0 7
11. 0 2
d e p 1 " 7
6
5
4
2
1 %- .
4. 17
. d e p 2 " 7
5
4
2
1 %- .

C fac ? . Repo rt V al u es 9
0 " 9 1 #

! Repo rt V al u es $ E ? E x pl o re

! Facto r List
: 5 C " 3 # ! E x pl o re

! O K 4 3 . O ptio ns
105
C a s e s
D E P 1 . ( M is s in g ) 1 100. 0% 0 . 0% 1 100. 0%
1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
2 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
D E P 2 . ( M is s in g ) 1 100. 0% 0 . 0% 1 100. 0%
1 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
2 2 6 6 .7 % 1 33. 3% 3 100. 0%
Repo rt V al u es
2
1 <= ! D Fac 4 6-
Repo rt " ( # # 1 C " 3 ) %.
; . 9
0 " M issing E 1 %0@
: " V al u es
Descriptives

D E P 1 M e a n 1.50 .50
1 .
.
2 M e a n 5.50 1.50
.
.
D E P 1 M e a n 10.50 .50
2 .
.
2 M e a n 10.50 2.50
.
.
7 E x cl u d e Listwise . > 0 1 2 .
;
9
0 ) 1 6=
. < 5 > 0 C " 3 " !
106

Crosstabs
(
3
0!
) 2 × 2 Tabl es 2 - #
# 3 Cro sstabs # )
% $ ' ; ? (
3
0!
) M u l tiway Tabl es 9 ) #

<= 1 . 7
1 9 1 9 , . ! & % 1 -
#
F , .1 -
. ! & % 1 - " 9 ) #

2 - #
3 A " 3 # ,

) @
a B = )
) @ C @ " 9 $ 22 , 3 # #
: 1
3
a1 / 0$ " 4 ( / 0$ # reco v er treat K 3 1 )
b B = )
$ $ % 1 %" 2
7 O f

" m ( > # g end er b2 / 0$
: " D ata E d ito r
treat reco v er g end er
a a1 m
b a1 m
b b1 m
b b1 m
a a1 m
a a1 m
b b1 m
a b1 m
b b1 m
a a1 m
a a1 m
b a1 m
a a1 m
b b1 m
a a1 f
b b1 f
b b1 f
b b1 f
a a1 f
b a1 f
a b1 f
b b1 f
: " ;" .
1 = - 1 ? reco v er
treat 1 2 = ) " 2 #

.1
.( / 0$
B = ) .) 1
) 2 = 3

1 +

1 = - 1 ? reco v er
treat 1 2 = ) " 2 #

.2
. g end er > ;

: %
. ? 1 #
;
" . 0 .1
107
Anal y z e D escriptiv e Statistics Cro sstabs
. $
: " D 1 + Cro sstabs

! , 6
: 7
. #
<
0! D # ) ;G + @ : Row(s)
. #
9 3 D # ) ;G + @ : : C ol u m n (s)
. $ E 3 1 . $ ( ) : D i sp l a y C l u st e r e d b a r C h a r t s
. $ E 3 9 ) #

2 - #
/ 0 -: S u p r e ss t a b l e s
: " D 1 + Statistics

! , 6 Statistics 4 3
: 7
. 9 3 3 H
0! = 1 - , "
ch i-Sq u are ! A ; : C h i -S q a r e

; D <" 3 <) Pearso n
Spearman .1 - " ) ; : C or r e l a t i on
108
H
0! = 1 3 1 Spearman .1 # ) ; Nu meric 3 " % 2
$ $ M easu re
) O rd inal ) O rd ered V al u es 1 2 3 9 1 3 9 3
Pearso n . 1 # ) ; (… ;

J J ) " ) <= (V ariabl e v iew
Scal e 1 , 3 1 )
Q u antitativ e V ariabl es % 9 3
H
0! = 1 3 1
.I nterv al <@ , $
V ariabl e V iew $ $ M easu re
3
H
0 ! <=
(.1 ) 2 = %= ) ) 1 ; F L : N om i n a l

(7 A J
) > <= % 1 ; A 3 C @ & 1 G #
3 9 3
. (9 ! 1 J # !
J 1 ) 6
9 3
H
0 ! =
2 = %= ) ) 1 ; F L : O r d i n a l
. 1 %
9 @ > ) 1 2 = E ta ! A ; : N om i n a l b y I n t e r v a l
Categ o ries % 0
3 D #
I nco me # # I nterv al Scal e
. g end er > #
R " ) , 6- >
4 1 1
! % ! A 1 C " 3 H ) K
. , 1
No minal , ) No minal % # 9 3
H
0!
< 6
1 - Ch i- Sq u are ! A ; 1 0 ( V ariabl e V iew $ $ M easu re
3
.No minal V ariabl es - % " 2 = Ph i and G ramer’s v > ? = -
Cro sstabs

! o k Statistics

! Co ntinu e 4 3
: % C " 3 # !
Count
R E CO V E R
a1 b1 T otal
T R E A T a 8 2 1 0
b 3 9 1 2
T otal 1 1 1 1 22
Chi-Square Tests
A s y m p .S ig . E x a c t S ig . E x a c t S ig .
V a lu e d f ( 2 - s id e d ) ( 2 - s id e d ) ( 1- s i d e d )
P e a rs o n C h i- S q u a re 6.600b 1 .010
C o n tin u ity C o rre c tio n a 4 .5 8 3 1 .03 2
L ik e lih o o d R a tio 6.9 9 4 1 .008
F is h e r 's E x a c t T e s t .03 0 .015
N o f V a lid C a s e s 2 2
a . C o m p u te d o n ly fo r a 2 x 2 ta b le
b . 0 c e l l s ( .0% ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e m i n i m u m e x p e c te d c o u n t is
5 .00.
109
@ / 0$ 3 B = ) = + 9 3 3 H
0! = 1 " ) @ 1
, Ch i-Sq u are ! A 1 / 0$
B = ) 1 2 = 3

1 " " 1 @ 0
: ! ;
9 3 3 c
H
0! 3 # r 7 (r-1)(c-1)
2
χ 2 = (Oi − Ei )
∑
Ei

6. 6 ! & 2 % 2
? 2
# Ei
$ # Oi 7
1 2 = 3
+ %5 - M
1 ) @ ( C
3 p-v al u e= 0.010 < 0.05 2
.( / 0$
B = )
Symmetric Measures
V a lu e A p p r o x .S ig .
N o m in a l b y P h i .548 .0 1 0
N o m in a l C r a m e r 's V .548 .0 1 0
N o f V a lid C a s e s 2 2
a . N o t a s s u m in g th e n u ll h y p o th e s is .
b . U s in g th e a s y m p to tic s ta n d a r d e r r o r a s s u m in g th e n u ll
h y p o th e s is .
χ2
C A $ p-v al u e =0.010 2 E = 0.548 Ph i = 2 >
6 .6
=
n 22
1 = - 1 - χ 2 ! A # ) 7 J % 5 - M
1 2 -
)
. (r-1)(c-1)
Co ntinu ity Co rrectio n = Y ates L ! ; : 1

( Oi − Ei − 1 / 2) 2
. ! ; 2 × 2 #
+
+

2
χ =∑
Ei
> , )
2*2 2 - #
? # ) <1 G Ph i 2 > : 2

: 2 = ) r*c 9 ) #
; + Cramer Co efficient C 1 H )

χ2 6 .6
C= = = 0.548
N ( L − 1) 22

#
9 3
H
0! 1 ! ) L
) # N 7
> 2 6=
(r-1)(c-1) 1 = - 1 - χ 2 ! A # ) 7
. Ph i 2 - > <

) Co nting ency Co efficient
# ) 1 H ) ; > K : 3

r*c
#
+ ;
(<0
Cro sstsbs:Statistics

! No minal
: 2 = )
110
χ2 6.6
C= = = 0.480
2
χ +N 6.6 + 22
1 = - 1 - χ 2 ! A # )
) # N 7
F = 3 = %= ) " , 0 = - 1 P-V al u e 2 7 . (r-1)(c-1)
D ispl ay Cl u stered Bar Ch arts
Ch eck Bo x $ E 5 . 0. 010 +

: .. .) Cro sstabs

!
10
RECOVER
2
a1
Count
0 b1
a b
TREAT
: 4

! Cel l s 4 1 K
Cro sstab #
%
( ) 1 .1
: % +
+ Cel l D ispl ay

! , 6 7 Cro sstabs
: @ + Co u nts •
. Oi $ 1 #
= I 7 @ -

: O bserv ed
. Ei ? 2
1 #
= I ;
1 : E x pected
: % = @ + Percentag es •
. H ! N
' ; 1 #
= I : Ro ws
.
) N
' ; 1 #
= I : Co l u mns
. " N
' ; 1 #
= I : To tal
: % = @
: Resid u al s •
. Oi − Ei ? 2

$ 1 0 1 #
= I : U nstand ard ised
C " 3 <
? 2

$ 1 0 1 #
= I : Stand ard iz ed
. D + ) E .
. .
3 + ) H - %
1 D 3 < 1 ) 1 > 0 : Ad j .Stand ard ised

! Fo rmat 4 1 < 4
< 3 ! #
H
0! ; : 5

Cro sstabs

111
: %
. ? 1 ;
" . 0 .2
Anal y z e D escriptiv e Statistics Cro sstabs
. $
: " D 1 + Cro sstabs

! , 6
9 . 1 H )
( 1 .) Lay er 2 @ g end er # A D 6=
# 3 D ) categ o rical V ariabl e +

Co ntro l V ariabl e
treat 1 2 = ) " Cro sstabs #

7 ( f
m 2 g end er "
m
"

D + 9 . 2 2 # > ;
reco v er
. f 7 O
: 5 C " 3 # ! Cro sstabs

! O K 3
TREAT * RECOVER * GENDER Crosstabulation
Count
R E CO V E R
G E N D E R a1 b1 T otal
f T R E A T a 2 1 3
b 1 4 5
T otal 3 5 8
m T R E A T a 6 1 7
b 2 5 7
T otal 8 6 14
Chi-Square Tests
A s y mp . S i g . E x a c t S ig . E x a c t S ig .
G E N D E R V a lu e d f ( 2- s i d e d ) ( 2- s i d e d ) ( 1- s i d e d )
f P e a rs o n C h i- S q u a re 1.742b 1 .187
C o n tin u ity C o rre c tio na .3 20 1 .5 72
L ik e lih o o d R a tio 1.76 2 1 .184
F is h e r 's E x a c t T e s t .46 4 .286
N o fV a lid C a s e s 8
m P e a rs o n C h i- S q u a re 4.6 6 7c 1 .0 3 1
C o n tin u ity C o rre c tio na 2.6 25 1 .10 5
L ik e lih o o d R a tio 5 .0 0 4 1 .0 25
F is h e r 's E x a c t T e s t .10 3 .0 5 1
a . C o mp u t e d o n l y fo r a 2x 2 t a b l e
b . 4 c e l l s ( 10 0 .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e mi n i mu m e x p e c t e d c o u n t i s 1.13 .
c . 4 c e l l s ( 10 0 .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d c o u n t l e s s t h a n 5 . T h e mi n i mu m e x p e c t e d c o u n t i s 3 .0 0 .
112
. ) 1 2 = 3

3 Pearso n Ch i-Sq u are ! & p-v al u e 2 # = 6=
1 1 2 = 3

C " 3 ! & ' 7 & C @ " 1 1 ( / 0$
/

. %5 - M

C @ "
C " 3 R 2 × 2 N
#
Ch i-Sq u are 1 - %@ 0 M A
5 C
H
1 - E -
#
= + # + E 1 5 3 # - ; Ei ? 2

#
%100#
= 5 3 # ? 2
6= #
" " 6
. 1 - 5 3
;
7 &
Symmetric Measures
G E N D E R V a lu e A p p r o x .S ig .
f N o mi n a l b y P h i .467 .1 87
N o mi n a l C r a me r ' s V .467 .1 87
m N o mi n a l b y P h i .5 77 .0 3 1
N o mi n a l C r a me r ' s V .5 77 .0 3 1
N o fV a lid C a s e s 1 4
a . N o t a s s u mi n g t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .
b . U s i n g t h e a s y mp t o t i c s t a n d a r d e r r o r a s s u mi n g t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .
GENDER=f GENDER=m
4.5 7
4.0 6
3.5
5
3.0
4
2.5
3
2.0
2
1.5 RECOVER RECOVER
1.0 a1 1 a1
Count
Count
.5 b1 0 b1
a b a b
TREAT TREAT
113

Compare Means
Means
( 1– 8 )
C @ & 1 ) su bg ro u ps 4 ? " %.
; # " 0
H - J #
J .
J 4 3
" %- 3 J N
) # M % $ '
Test o f %= ) " . E 1

) 1 # " / <@
(Z … + )
. eta 2 - 1
Linearity
1
> ;
C J B J A 0" ? 3 C
; . 16 % ? 4
1 #

: : # $ C " 3 D ata E d ito r $ $ , A
G end er
d eg ree g ro u p g end er
70 A Femal e
90 B M al e
8 8 A M al e
8 6 B M al e
6 8 C M al e
6 4 C M al e
76 B M al e
8 3 A Femal e
79 B Femal e
5 5 C Femal e
97 B M al e
100 A M al e
6 4 C Femal e
5 9 C Femal e
90 A M al e
73 A Femal e
+ ) H -
%- 3
C J B J A 3 0 ? ; % .
;
S: %
. ? 1 3
#

! , 6 Anal y z e Co mpare means M eans
. $
S: # $ C " 3 D 1 1
+ M eans

114
S: 7
F E < 6 Respo nse V ariabl e 1 - 1 H )
) : D epend ent List
# ) . I nd epend ent V ariabl e # 1

. D eg ree 1 " . %
! Treatments %= ) #
'
#

: I nd epend ent List
?
# # . ANO V A 1 # "
;
. 1 " . % 4 # ) + g ro u p 4
Stand ard J No . o f Cases J M eans M eans

! O ptio ns 4
? ; , 1 ;
" . % $ '
M eans:O ptio ns

! D ev iatio n
S: " ; ) 1
! , 6 7 4
S: 5 , 6 O K Co ntinu e 4
115
Report
DEGREE
GRO U P M e a n N S t d . De v i a t i o n
A 8 4 .0 0 6 1 1 .1 9
B 8 5. 60 5 8 .4 4
C 62 . 0 0 5 5. 0 5
T o ta l 7 7 . 63 1 6 1 3 . 65
. 4 3
# ; D eg ree " 1
" . % $ ' ; D 6=
: 2 #
% + ) H -
%- 3
.
; ;" . 1 # % 1 > 0
9
%
. > 0 ? 1 K 0 . " 9
! 1 g end er > ;
g ro u p ? ;
: # $ C " 3 M eans

! ; 1
1 #
" ; 5 , 6

DEGREE * GROUP
DEGREE
GRO U P M e a n N S t d . De v i a t i o n
A 8 4 .0 0 6 1 1 .1 9
B 8 5. 60 5 8 .4 4
C 62 . 0 0 5 5. 0 5
T o ta l 7 7 . 63 1 6 1 3 . 65
DEGREE * GENDER
DEGREE
GENDER M e a n N S t d . De v i a tio n
F e m a le 6 9. 0 0 7 1 0 .2 8
M a le 8 4 .3 3 9 1 2 .4 3
T o ta l 77. 6 3 1 6 1 3 .6 5
116
3 #
; d eg ree " + ) H -
%- 3
.
; ;" . 1 # > 0
1 .
1
K 0 . C J B J A 3 0 ? # # (7 A J
) >
@ 1 .
g ro u p @ C
1 . M eans

! Lay ers
: # " ; M eans

!
, 6 3 % 1 . F # 3
g end er
. Lay er1 C
1 . I nd epend ent List C g ro u p # .1
. Lay er2 1 . C # = I nd epend ent List C " 3 Nex t 4 .2
.Lay er2 1 . I nd epend ent List C g end er # .3
: 1 ." M eans

! 1 # $
5 , 6. I nd epend ent List C " 3 Prev io u s 4 C

1 . C N
"
: " O K 4 3 ;
Report
DEGREE
GRO U P GENDER M e a n N S t d . De v i a t i o n
A F e m a le 75.33 3 6.8 1
M a le 92.67 3 6.43
T o ta l 8 4.0 0 6 11.19
B F e m a le 79.0 0 1 .
M a le 8 7.25 4 8 .77
T o ta l 8 5.60 5 8 .44
C F e m a le 59.33 3 4.51
M a le 66.0 0 2 2.8 3
T o ta l 62.0 0 5 5.0 5
T o ta l F e m a le 69.0 0 7 10 .28
M a le 8 4.33 9 12.43
T o ta l 77.63 16 13.65
117
( Test o f Linearity . E 1 ) : 4 #
% ) .
+
) Linear trend . 3 F

H $ 0 1 -
% 1 " %= ) " . E 1 A .O ne-W ay ANO V A
) 1 # "
: " M eans

! ; 1
(1S9) 1 1 # 9

! Test fo r Linearity
ANO V A and eta $ E 1

: " 5 , 6 7 <0
M eans : O ptio ns

ANOVA Table
S u m o f
S q u a re s d f M e a n S q u a re F S ig .
P R O D U C T * M E T H O B De tw e e n ( C o m b in e d ) 402.000 3 134.000 7 .05 3 .012
G ro u p s L in e a r ity 86 .400 1 86 .400 4.5 47 .06 6
D e v ia tio n fr o m L i n e a r 315
i t y .6 00 2 15 7 .800 8.305 .011
W ith in G r o u p s 15 2.000 8 19 .000
T o ta l 5 5 4.000 11
Measures of Association
R RS q u a re d E ta E ta S q u a re d
P RO D U C T * M E T H O D -.395 .1 56 .8 52 .7 2 6
. (F=7.05 3 ) % ) %.

1
)

C $ 1 # " #

: " . 3 % - %) 1 N
#
!
SS D ev iatio n Fro m Linearity = SS. (Co mbined ) – SS. Linearity =402-8 6 .4=3 15 .6
: " Test fo r Linearity 1 - F 2 ;
F=M S. D ev iatio n Fro m Linearity / with in G ro u ps M S.=15 7.8 /19=8 .3 1
118
% ) .
E 1 " ) @ ( C A
3 0. 011 +

" 1 P-v al u e 2
. 3 H .
+ %5 - M
1 1 - / . C " 3 ?
. ( P-V al u e H ) #
2S8 1 6 )
) 1 M easu re o f asso ciatio n (.1 -) 2 = > E ta 2
$ 1
.1 - ) C $ 0 7 1 C 0 M @ ?
#
0 (pro d u ct) ) " % 1 1 # E ta-Sq u are J .1 C
E ta-Sq u are = SS. between G ro u ps / SS. To tal = 7 (M eth o d ) #
402/5 5 4= 0.726 .

(pro d u ct) 1 Simpl e Co rrel atio n .1 .1 - # ) # R 2
#

4C 1 %
1 D 3 1 ) 1 3 1 (M eth o d )
B

9
>
, R-Sq u are M u l tipl e R ) .1 - # ) # R E
. Linear Reg ressio n C . -
O ne S am p l e T-Test
T ( 2 – 8 )
? .
Sig nificant D ifference +
) H =

H $ 1 - 0
? .
9 A C @ A . Co nstant 1 2 3 ) D %1 +
. (n< 3 0) 9 ! % ) " 1 - # )
Co nfid ence I nterv al
#
# A 2
<
52 ) 1 B 4
10 , 3 # W eig h t
. D ata ed ito r $ $
W E I G HT 1.10 .8 0 1.20 1.00 .90 1.20

1.10 .90 .8 0 1.20
" ;" .
@ 0 @ 1. 25
) D %1 + ? " 1 .
E 1 " ) @ 1 .1
. %1
%5 - M
1 1. 25 +
- ? .
E 1 " " 1
. ? " 1 .
" %99 9 .2
#
S: " H1 " 1
H0 ) @ 1
H 0 : µ = 1.25 or µ - 1.25 = 0
H 1 : µ ≠ 1.25
S: " 1 - t ! A

x−µ
t=
s/ n
n=10
) " + ) H - # S =.16 2
) " 1 .
# =1.020 x 7
? 1 ! & F
1. 25 +

) @ ;
1 ? " 1 .
µ
)
119
. (5 1 # 1 2 S
x ! A ; ) v = n-1 = 9 1 t ? 4

: %
. ? 1 1 - 0

. $
Anal y z e Co mpare M eans O ne sampl e T-Test
: " D 1 1
+ O ne sampl e t-Test

! , 6
: # $ D 1 + O ptio ns

! , 6 O ptio ns 4
1 1
7 ( # ;
" . ) 9 O ptio ns .
1
.Co nfid ence I nterv al # %99 9 0
T-Test / ) 9
0 ? # ) D 0 M issing V al u es #
@ O ne sampl e T-Test

! Test V ariabl es + % 3

: $ E F
(
" M issing Cases 9
0 %- ) 1 : E x cl u d e Cases Anal y sis by Anal y sis
9
0 2 +
-

9
0 2 C " 3 D
T 1 D " 3 M +
% " < 0" )
D + T ! A ;- 2 E
. # " @
% . (9
0 G )V al id ! %- @ : E x cl u d e Cases List W ise
%
) % 1 6 2 ) 1 D E % 9
0 = 6 % P
. # " @ % " <
)
F
( % F , 9
0 G
-
9
0 2

) # " " , 5 C " 3 + ' - #
. <
C " 3 Test V ariabl es /
-
: # " " 5 , 6 O ne sampl e T-Test

! O K 4 3
12 0
T-Te s t
One-Sample Statistics
S td . E rro r
N M e a n S td . D e v ia tio n M e a n
W E IG H T 10 1. 02 0 . 16 2 5 . 12 1E - 02
One-Sample Test
T e s t V a l u e = 1 .25
99% C o n f i d e n c e
I n te r v a l o f th e
M e a n D iffe r e n c e
t d f S i g . ( 2-ta i l e d ) D iffe r e n c e L o w e r U p p e r
W E IG H T -4.492 9 .0 0 1 5 -.23 0 -.3 96 -6 .3 6 E -0 2
F
t = ( 1.020-1.25 )/ 0.05 12 = -4.492 ! ;
1 t ! A ; 7
M

v = 9 1 ) t(tab
t 1 , +
t(cal .) 1
t 1 H )
B )
t 2 7 t (cal.) ≥ t (tab.), v, α / 2 H0 ( 7 α -
: ( Two Tail ed test . 1 -) α / 2 - M

(t ? 4
#

t, 9, 0.025 = 2.26 2 ( α = 5% )
t, 9, 0.005 = 3 .25 0 ( α = 1% )
E
) @ ( J
1 (4.492) 1
t " . 1
. %1
%5 -
1. 25 3 <
) H " ? " 1 .
+ " 1 @ 0
C
. C " 3 4
P-v al u e C " 3 ) 1 - .
Sig .
SPSS 5 1 # 1 2 9 $ 1 , 1
%) 4
#
- B - ,

7 . ) @ 3 ( α 2 # 2 , E 1 P-v al u e H )
. F = 3 #

. P-v al u e ; . L @
.. . α # 2 P-v al u e % ) @ (
T-d i s t r i b u t i o n
0.0007 0.0007
5 5
-4 . 4 9 2 0
4 .4 9 2
12 1
P-v al u e = Pr ( t ≥ 4.492 ) + Pr ( t ≤ −4.492 ) =0.0007 5 + 0.0007 5 =0.0015
Pr o babi l i ty # - # Pr
%1 %5 -
) @ ( P-v al u e <0.01
P-v al u e < 0.05 1
M e an Di f f e r e n c e ? .

) .
1 0 " %9 9 9 0 1 1
: " , 1
Pr ( − 0.396 < x − µ − 0.23 < −0.0636 ) = 9 9 %

K <- 1
! & # " # ) - # " 2 .
1
0 " 9
: " µ ? .
%9 9 9 1
Pr ( x - t9 , 0.005 * (S/ n )< µ < x + t9 , 0.005 * (S/ n) )=9 9 %
Pr ( 0.8 5 3 6 < µ < 1.18 6 4 ) = 9 9 %
( D " 3
%9 9 +
1.1864
0.8536 1 ? .
? # +
1 - . 1 ) F
9 B ? 1.25 %5 - M
1 ) @
. % @ 0
I n d e p e n d e n t s a m p l e s T-Te s t
T ( 3 8 )
/ T ! A # )
% - 3
.
1 " 1 - # )
. 1 -
#
H ! # < 1 12 1 B
A . 0 !
1 1 1
: 5 %
,
1 1 % 2
B A
9.4 12.5
8 .4 9.4
1 1 .6 1 1 .7
7 .2 1 1 .3
9.7 9.9
7 .0 8 .7
1 0 .4 9.6
8 .2 1 1 .5
6 .9 1 0 .3
1 2 .7 1 0 .6
7 .3 9.6
9.2 9.7
-
0 !
1 1 .
1 +
)

1 ;
" .
: @ 0 1 + . %1
%5
H 0 : µA = µB
H 1 : µA ≠ µ B
122
: %
. ? 1 K 0
Pr o te n 7
# $ , 6 Data E d i to r % 1 # P 1

. 4
G r o u p

1 1 #

. $
Proten G rou p An al y z e C o m p ar e M e an s I n d e p e n d e n t
12.50 A Sam p l e s T Te s t

+ I n d e p e n d e n t Sam p l e s T Te s t

! , 6
9 .4 0 A
11.7 0 A
11.3 0 A : " D 1
9 .9 0 A
8 .7 0 A
9 .6 0 A
11.50 A
10.3 0 A
10.6 0 A
9 .6 0 A
9 .7 0 A
9 .4 0 B
8 .4 0 B
11.6 0 B
7 .20 B
9 .7 0 B
7 .00 B
10.4 0 B
Te s t V ar i abl e s 2 Pr o te n # P 1 2
8 .20 B
6 .9 0 B G r o u p i n g V ar i abl e 2 ( 4 ) G r o u p
7 De f i n e G r o u p s 4 . 3 B
A ? H )
12.7 0 B
7 .3 0 B
C ) B
A 4 2 D G r o u p
9 .20 B
D < " 3 2
1 E
( d i c h o to m o u s V ar i abl e
. 4 % - 9 !
9 1 H
1 4 ;

! C u t Po i n t # ! . # = ? M . K

4 10 # 2 2 , % - # ( 10 <= ) De f i n e G r o u p s

E F ) 3

10 +

1 2 , % -
9
3

. (N u m e r i c < 3
; 4
0 6
> 0 D " I n d e p e n d e n t s am p l e T Te s t

! O p ti o n s 4
. O n e Sam p l e T Te s t

!
.
1 0 1 1
+ Te s t V ar i abl e s 2 # A : 6 =
. < ) % 9 ) 3

: 5 , 6 I n d e p e n d e n t s am p l e T Te s t

! O K 4 3
Group Statistics
S td . E rro r
G R O U P N M e a n S td . D e v ia tio n M e a n
P R O T E N A 12 10 . 4 0 0 0 1. 13 14 .3 26 6
B 12 9 .0 0 0 0 1. 8 7 4 2 .5 4 10
123
Independent Samples Test
L e v e n e 's T e s t
f o r E q u a l i ty o f
V a r ia n c e s t- te s t f o r E q u a l i ty o f M e a n s
S td . 9 5 % C o n fid e n c e
M e a n E rro r I n te r v a l o f th e
S ig . D iffe r D iffe r D iffe r e n c e
F S ig . t d f ( 2- ta i l e d ) e n c e e n c e L o w e r U p p e r
P R O T E N E q u a l v a r ia n c e s
a s s u m e d 2.776 .1 1 0 2.21 5 22 .0 3 7 1 .4 0 0 .63 20 8 .9 3 6E - 0 2 2.71 0 6
E q u a l v a r ia n c e s
n o ta s s u m e d 2.21 5 1 8 .0 8 .0 4 0 1 .4 0 0 .63 20 7.267E - 0 2 2.7273
) , 9
E ) 1 +
( 0 C
M 1 - 6 =
E C
0 . σ 2A ≠ σ B 2 % 1 +
3 ( 0 σ 2 = σ 2 +
B
A

+ %5 - M
1 ) @ ( C ) P-V al u e = 0.03 7 <0.05 2
E %1 - M
1 1 - . 0 !
1 1 .
1
)
. %1 - M
1 ) @ # 1 ,
P-V al u e > 0.01 2
) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e = 0.11>0.05 E 1 > L e v e n 1
. ) , 9
E ) 1 (+
) > 1 "
P a i r e d -S a m p l e s T-Te s t T
( 4 8 )
7 9
( 3 ) 3
.
1
0
) H $ - 1 - # )
. ) # 1 2 #

1 .
1 0
) 1 <= B
4 C " 3 ) % $

. < ! $ 12
3 F ) 1
) 3
:
% 3 4 . #
) . 2 %
. $ 3 / 0 ! 9 (B
A) 0 ! N 4
: ) . 2 # #
! # % 1
B H ! 1 M % 3 4
A H ! 1 A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A
127 195 162 170 143 205 168 175 197 136
B
135 200 160 182 147 200 172 186 194 141
. %5 - M
1
! " B & .
+
1 " @ 0 1 ;
" .
: %
. ? 1 1 - 0
An al y z e C o m p ar e M e an s Pai r e d Sam p l e s T Te s t
. $
: # $ C " 3 D 1 1
+ Pai r e d Sam p l e s T Te s t

! , 6
124
> 0 = # A ;
7 b
a 0 ! % $ = b
a
: %
. ;
4 % $ 1 3 1 Pai r e d v ar i abl e s 2 % 2

. F - >
4 1 a .1
. < ) - >
4 1 b ? Sh i f t Q 0 . @ .2
Pai r e d v ar i abl e s 2 C # 4 .3
: "
1 - 5 C " 3 #
! " O K 4
Paired Samples Statistics
S td .E rro r
M e a n N S td .D e v ia tio n M e a n
P a ir A 167.80 10 2 6.5 8 8.4 0
1 B 171.70 10 2 4 .60 7.78
Paired Samples Correlations
N C o r r e la tio n S ig .
P a ir 1 A & B 10 .9 7 8 . 000
Paired Samples Test
P a ir e d D iffe r e n c e s
9 5 % C o n fid e n c e
S td . I n te r v a l o f th e
S td . E rro r D iffe r e n c e S ig .
M e a n D e v i a ti o n M e a n L o w e r U p p e r t d f ( 2 -ta i l e d )
P a ir 1 A-B -3.90 5 .7 4 1 .8 2 -8 .01 .2 1 -2 .1 4 7 9 .06 0
. %1
%5 - M
1 +
)

0.9 7 8 1 . 1 - # ) ; 7
+ H 0 : µA = µB ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e =0.06 0>0.05 2 E T 1 - 1 1
. . 0 ! B & .
1
) % =

3
125

Analysis of Variance
% 1 3
" % ) 1 N
1 ! @ % " ) 1 # " 1 !
. AN O V A Tabl e 1 # " #
1 H ) #
# " 5 R "
0 " F ! C
% ) 1 H )
% ) 3
% .
+
@ 1
# " / H ,
@ 0 1 - # ) + t 1 - < )
1 )
, ,
9
) ( Tr e atm e n ts % = )
)
. . 3 .
+
1 !
One Way ANOVA
( 1 9 )
: 1#
%
. # % = 1
\ ) N
B - 3 ! . ) 1 %
: #
1
.
3 2 1
5 0 4 8 47 55 1
61 64 64 55 2
52 52 49 55 3
45 41 44 50 4
J 1 ) J ; # "
! J , $ #
, $
. : !
. 63R J 19 89
: " ;
" .
.%5 - M
3 ! . % .
1 0
) 1
1 # " / .1
: " ;" . F 1 1 3 ! . 1
0
)
, 6 .2
+
) 0 . 1 ( . ) ) # .
1
0
) 1 .
. %5 - M
L.S.D. !
. , @ 1 1 . .
1
4
3
2 . # .
1 0
) 1 .;
. Du n n e tt . 1 (9 . )
@ . % .
+
1 " ) @ 1
1 # " / H , .1
: @ 0 1 + # 2 C " 3 . .
+
3 C " 3 R " 1 @ 0
H 0 : µ1 = µ 2 = µ 3 = µ 4
H 1 : µ1 ≠ µ 2 ≠ µ 3 ≠ µ 4
) .
# F = 3 #

.
. " ? .
# µ 7
. . #
126
: %
. ? 1 1 # " /
: # $ C " 3 Data E d i to r 2
% 1 # A
m e th o d p ro d u c t

1 5 5
1 4 7
1 4 8 An al y z e C o m p ar e M e an s O n e -W ay N O V A
2 5 5
2 6 4
2 6 4
+ O n e -W ay AN O V A

! , 6
3 5 5 : " D 1 1
3 4 9
3 5 2
4 5 0
4 4 4
4 4 1
: 7
< 1
;
# 1 #
) # : De p e n d e n t Li s t
F
Fac to r % ) > 0 (% ) ) - 1 D < " 3 . < 3
. De p e n d e n t @ % 3 1 1 # " #
3 C " 3 # !
# 3 ! . N
#
% 0 H ) # ) + # # : Fac to r
.N u m e r i c < 3 <
;
: 1 # " #
5 1 ( ) O K 4 3
ANOVA
PRODUCT
S u m o f
B e tw e e n G ro u p s 4 0 2 .0 0 0 3 1 34 . 0 0 0 7 .0 5 3 .0 1 2
W ith in G r o u p s 1 5 2 .0 0 0 8 1 9 .0 0 0
To t a l 5 5 4 .0 0 0 1 1
) @ ( ? . ,
0.05 # 2 F ! & 1 ! P-V al u e =0.012 2
. ? 1 3 ! . % .
1
)

+ %5 - M

127
# 2 C " 3 . .
+
3 ) , . % .
1
)

< 6 .2
M u l ti p l e 9 ) % C E " % ) B
4 # 0
) 1 -
: %
. N 1 E 1 Du n n e tt
L.S.D. . 1 C o m p ar i s o n s
Po s t H o c

! , 6 O n e -W ay AN O V A

! Po s t H o c 4
: " D 1 + M u l ti p l e c o m p ar i s o n s
9 I 1 1
Du n n e tt
LSD $ E 1 2 7 9 ) % " 9 3 .

6 =
. Fi r s t 2
( Fi r s t , Las t ) C o n tr o l C ate g o r y 9 . 3
;

.

H . ) 1 - N
? , 1 ;" . 9 . . C

. Si g n i f i c an c e Le v e l %5 ;
" .
) M
<
. Te s t
: % C " 3 # ! O K 4 C o n ti n u e 4 3
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: PRODUCT
M ean
Dif f erenc e 9 5 % Co nf idenc e I nterv al
( I ) M E TH OD ( J ) M E TH OD (I-J ) S td. E rro r S ig . L o w er B o u nd Upper B o u nd
L S D 1 2 - 11. 0 0 * 3. 5 6 . 0 15 - 19 . 21 - 2. 7 9
3 - 2. 0 0 3. 5 6 .5 9 0 - 10 . 21 6 . 21
4 5 .0 0 3. 5 6 . 19 8 - 3. 21 13. 21
2 1 11. 0 0 * 3. 5 6 . 0 15 2. 7 9 19 . 21
3 9 .0 0 * 3. 5 6 . 0 35 .7 9 17 . 21
4 16 . 0 0 * 3. 5 6 .0 0 2 7 .7 9 24. 21
3 1 2. 0 0 3. 5 6 .5 9 0 - 6 . 21 10 . 21
2 -9 .0 0 * 3. 5 6 . 0 35 - 17 . 21 -.7 9
4 7 .0 0 3. 5 6 .0 8 5 - 1. 21 15 . 21
4 1 -5 .0 0 3. 5 6 . 19 8 - 13. 21 3. 21
2 - 16 . 0 0 * 3. 5 6 .0 0 2 - 24. 21 -7 .7 9
3 -7 .0 0 3. 5 6 .0 8 5 - 15 . 21 1. 21
Du nnett t ( 2- s ided) a 2 1 11. 0 0 * 3. 5 6 . 0 37 .7 5 21. 25
3 1 2. 0 0 3. 5 6 .8 9 6 - 8 . 25 12. 25
4 1 -5 .0 0 3. 5 6 . 40 9 - 15 . 25 5 . 25
*. Th e m ean dif f erenc e is s ig nif ic ant at th e . 0 5 lev el.
a. Du nnett t- tes ts treat o ne g ro u p as a c o ntro l, and c o m pare all o th er g ro u ps ag ains t it.
128
% .
1 %5 - M
1
)
% , 6 LSD . # ) 1 D 6 =
∗ = 3

? 0.05 # 2 Si g .
P-V al u e 2 % 7 (4
2)J(3
2)J (2
1) % )
. % .

C " 3

C
. .
1 %5 - M
1
)

C $ Du n n e tt 1
. 9 . 3
1 3 1 C
. 1 3 .
: ! "
:

! , 6 O n e W ay AN O V A

! O p ti o n s 4 3
: 7
.… + ) H - J 1 .
# 0 !
> ( )1 ( ) : De s c r i p ti v e
1 (# . ) % ) 1 > 1 - : H o m o g e n e i ty -o f -V ar i an c e
. 1 # " / , (
0 1 > 1 ) 7 . Le v e n e ! A
. % ) .
# . . ( ) : M e an s p l o t

$ % " 9
0 < 2 +
% - ) 1 : E x c l u d e C as e s An al y s i s by An al y s i s
. . # " 1
. %
+ 9
0 < 2 +
% - ) 1 : E x c l u d e C as e s Li s tw i s e
. 9
0 2 C " 3 % 1 /
) + $ E , - #
O n e -W ay

! O K 4 F = 3

! C o n ti n u e 4 3
: 5 ( 3 AN O V A
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
PRODUCT
L e v e n e
S ta tis tic d f1 d f2 S ig .
.6 6 7 3 8 .5 9 6
> 3 ) " 1 @ 0 @ ( 1 > ) ) @ 1 1 F = 3 B

@ #
1 2 C
3 P-V al u e =0.5 9 6 >0.05 2 7 Le v e n e ! A 1 ( 1
. ( Le v e n e ! A #
E x p l o r e ? ).% 1 > 1 " )
: ) # 1 .
# . .
M e a n s Pl o t s
129
70
60
Mean of PRODUCT
50
40
1 2 3 4
METHOD
Orthogonal Comparisons

( 11– 9 )
. G
% ) ( ) 1 1 / E 1 7 1 , ; 6 )
C o n tr as t 1 H )
" % t-1
D E t 3 ( % 3
) % )
: . 2 = ) E + (% = 1 )
]Q = ∑ Ci Yi. w i th ∑ Ci = 0
C o e f f i c i e n ts % = ) Ci
i ) N
# Yi. 7
O r th o g o n al ( ) ) "
, E Q2 = ∑ C 2i Yi.
Q1 = ∑ C1i Yi.
D + SSt% ) % ) 1 N

D " 3
∑ C1i C 2i = 0 A
#
) 1 & 1

9
, #
" % t-1 C t-1
: # E 1 L @
. 9 C " 3 % F
:2 #
) 1 E 1
4
3 % 1 % "
^ 0
C " 3 = ) N
E 1 %
#
% 6
N
# %
Yi.
W e i g h t

16 8 40 42 40 46 1
18 8 42 47 48 51 2
16 8 46 44 42 36 3
17 2 43 45 42 42 4
144 36 37 36 35 5
:
. :
. 56
: " ;" .
. % ) % .
1 0
) 1 - 1 # " / .1
: t-1 " ) 1 %
) 1 .2
Q1 = 4Y1. − Y2. − Y3. − Y4. − Y5. = 0
13 0
Q2 = Y2. + Y3. − Y4. − Y5. = 0
Q3 = Y2. − Y3. = 0
Q4 = Y4. − Y5. = 0
: " Data E d i to r 2
C % 1 # A 1
tr e at w e ig h t
1 4 6 :

1 4 0

1 4 2 ! " # A n a l y z e C o m p a r e M e a n s O n e -W a y A N O V A
1 4 0
: % & '
O n e -W a y A N O V A
$
2 5 1
2 4 8
2 4 7
2 4 2
3 3 6
3 4 2
3 4 4
3 4 6
4 4 2
4 4 2
4 4 5
4 4 3
5 3 5
5 3 6
5 3 7
5 3 6

! , 6 O n e -W ay AN O V A

! C o n tr as ts 4
# A C
" 1 1 M
" 9
% # P 1
7 C o n t r a s t s
: " , = )
4# ) @ A A d d 4 4 2 ; C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1 •
. # 0 # . C
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1 -1 2 ; •
. # 0 # . C 1
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n ts "
? 1 -1 2 ; •
. # 0 # . C 1
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n t s "
? 1 -1 2 ; •
. # 0 # . C 1
- # ) @ A A d d 4 C o e f f i c i e n t s "
? 1 -1 2 ; •
. # 0 # . C 1
131
N e x t 4 % = ) # & . C
% = ) " 2
, 1
, 6 . % 1
. C
% = ) # A . > 0 1 % = ) # P 1 1
: " C o n t r a s t s

! <= C
% = )
.P r e v i o u s 4 1 C 9
) "
N e x t 4 C # =
5 1
O n e -W a y A N O V A

! O K 4 C o n tin u e 4
: B ( )1
ANOVA
WEIGHT
S u m o f
B e t w e e n Gr o u p s 2 48 .0 0 0 4 6 2 .0 0 0 7 .1 5 4 .0 0 2
Wi t h i n Gr o u p s 1 3 0 .0 0 0 1 5 8 .6 6 7
To t a l 3 7 8 .0 0 0 1 9
. %1
%5 - M
1 ( = ) ) % ) % .
1
0
) C $ F 1
Contrast Coefficients
T R E A T
C o n tra s t 1 2 3 4 5
1 4 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 0 1 1 -1 -1
3 0 1 -1 0 0
4 0 0 0 1 -1
%
) t 1 1 #
. ) 1 % % = ) 1 F = 3 #

1 P-V al u e =1 > 0.05 %5 - M
1 (Q1=0)
) G C
L @ D
P-V al u e < 0.05 %5 - M

1 ( 0 ! 3 <
H " )
) , %
: " B V al u e o f C o n tr as t 2 " ) ? . % 1 +
(
V al u e o f C o n tr as t = ∑ Ci Yi. / r
. 4

: : r
132
Contrast Tests
V al u e of
Contrast Contrast S td . E rror t d f S i g . ( 2- tai l e d )
W E I G H T A ssu m e e q u al v ari anc e 1s .00 6 .5 8 .000 1 5 1 .000
2 1 0.00 2 .9 4 3 .3 9 7 1 5 .004
3 5 .00 2 .08 2 .4 02 1 5 .03 0
4 7 .00 2 .08 3 .3 6 3 1 5 .004
D oe s not assu m e e q u al1 .00 6 .3 9 .000 4 .7 2 7 1 .000
v ari anc e s 2 1 0.00 2 .9 7 3 .3 6 5 6 .8 2 3 .01 2
3 5 .00 2 .8 6 1 .7 5 0 5 .8 8 0 .1 3 2
4 7 .00 .8 2 8 .5 7 3 4 .8 00 .000
Trend Analysis

( 219)
7 … 1) J J . % 1 C % ) % ) 1 N
4
# " 0
% ) 3 # t 7 t-1 +
Polynomial
)
0 " % <= # ) %
3 9 1 3 , % )
;

0! 1 3 9
( 0" % 1
) 1
H ,

)
. >
# ) # M
1
) M

D + 5-1=4 +

) E 1 # " % ) % ) 1 N
# "

7 . ) 1 J 1) J J . 1 C "3 #
! & 1
: " Contrasts

!
1
6 - . Contrasts % % 0 ! > 0 ,
, @ ) 1 3 "
% 1 F < " 3

)
Polynomial ) 1 Coef f icients % = ) 1 C B -
C "3 # ! O ne-w ay AN O VA

! O K 4 Continu e 4 3 .4th
:
133
ANOVA
WEIGHT
S u m o f
B e tw e e n ( C o m b in e d ) 248 . 0 0 0 4 6 2. 0 0 0 7 . 15 4 .0 0 2
Gr o u p s L i n e a r Te r m C o n tra s t 10 2. 40 0 1 10 2. 40 0 11. 8 15 .0 0 4
D e v ia tio n
145 . 6 0 0 3 48 . 5 33 5 .6 0 0 .0 0 9
Q u a d r a tic C o n tr a s t 9 2. 5 7 1 1 9 2. 5 7 1 10 . 6 8 1 .0 0 5
Te r m D e v ia tio n 5 3. 0 29 2 26 . 5 14 3. 0 5 9 .0 7 7
C u b i c Te r m C o n tr a s t 1. 6 0 0 1 1. 6 0 0 . 18 5 .6 7 4
D e v ia tio n 5 1. 429 1 5 1. 429 5 . 9 34 . 0 28
4t h - o r d e r Te r m C o n tr a s t 5 1. 429 1 5 1. 429 5 . 9 34 . 0 28
Wi t h i n Gr o u p s 130 . 0 0 0 15 8 .6 6 7
To t a l 37 8 . 0 0 0 19
? ) 1 % 1 C " 3 Betw een Grou ps % ) 1 % ) 1 N

? 4
D 6 -
- M
1 1 3
) % , 6 % 1 ? 1 # 9
/ . 3
. Cu bic term 1 ) 1 3 % 5
Tw o W ay AN O V A

(29)
C @ A #
# ) % ) % .
+
1 ) 1 # " 0
R CB
$ ) " % 3 . ! ; B

# ) % .
+
1
. ; ! Desig n
: 3#
K 0 1 + #
C "3 #
!
$ 3 " % 3 . 2 1
(#
# ) ) % . & N
) 1 % 2
) ? . 2 ) 1 ( ) ) .
: !
(
)
( # ) 1)
% 3 . ) % ) 1 %
(
)
D C B A
" #
0 -1 1 4 1
-2 -1 1 1 2
-2 -3 0 0 3
-4 -4 -5 0 4

:
. 83 # 1984 ! "
N
% .
1 0
) 1 - ) 1 # " #

7 1 ; G
. % 5 - M
1
car% N
1 0
) K
Tyre % . &
: "
Data E ditor 2 % 1 # P 1
1
134
car tyre th in :

$ * %
A 1 4
:

+
A 2 1
Analyze G ener al L i near M o d el U ni v ar i at e
A 3 0
:
% + & # '
U ni v ar i at e
$ ! " # ,
A 4 0
B 1 1
B 2 1
B 3 0
B 4 -5
C 1 -1
C 2 -1
C 3 -3
C 4 -4
D 1 0
D 2 -2
D 3 -2
D 4 -4
1 % @ 2 # ) % ) 1 3 C " 3 Fixed Factors " ) "

% 1 # ) 6 - . R andom Factors # ) E # ) % ) 3
; 7 O ne-W ay AN O VA D > ) C " 3 < 4 <
Fixed Factor
. < 3 < Factor

K
Fu ll Factorial <- 1 Cu stom J M odel

! , 6 M odel 4

) (car*tyre) 1 # " #
I nteraction # 3 0
, 6 ; G -
: " D 1 ) 1 M odel

! , 6 7 1 E. " %
. B
% 1 @ C " 3 # ) I nclu de I ntercept in M odel $ E 7
. B
F 13 1 )
# " #
, 6 A E f f ects % E N
) # ) Bu ild Terms
1 M odel C Factors & Cov ariates car
tyre # 1 2 7 1
135
E ) 1 ) M ain E f f ects % E , 6 4 4 1 , #
.( M ain ef f ects @ Bu ild Terms
: B C "3 # ! U niv ariate

! O K Continu e 4 3
Between-Subjects Factors
N
T Y R E A 4
B 4
C 4
D 4
CAR 1 4
2 4
3 4
4 4
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: THIN

Ty pe III S u m
S o u rc e o f S q u ares df M ean S q u are F S ig .
C o rrec ted M o del 69. 37 5 a 6 11. 5 63 9. 0 0 0 .0 0 2
Interc ept 14 . 0 63 1 14 . 0 63 10 . 94 6 .0 0 9
TY R E 30 . 68 8 3 10 . 2 2 9 7 . 962 .0 0 7
C A R 38 . 68 8 3 12 . 8 96 10 . 0 38 .0 0 3
E rro r 11. 5 63 9 1. 2 8 5
To tal 95 . 0 0 0 16
C o rrec ted To tal 8 0 . 938 15
a. R S q u ared = . 8 5 7 ( A dj u s ted R S q u ared = . 7 62 )
: 6 -
S S . Corrected M odel = S S . TYR E + S S . CAR
S S . Corrected Total = S S . Total –S S . I ntercept
#
. 1
B

+ GL M ) . B
R #

: " Tw o-W ay AN O VA ) 1 1 # " #

(
#
# ! ? )
Dependent Variable: THIN

Ty pe III S u m
TY R E 30 . 6 8 8 3 1 0 .2 2 9 7 . 96 2 .0 0 7
C A R 38 . 6 8 8 3 1 2 . 8 96 1 0 . 0 38 .0 0 3
E rro r 1 1 .5 6 3 9 1 .2 8 5
C o rrec ted To tal 8 0 . 938 1 5
. % 5 . /
car # % , - tyer # $ % & # ' (
) * +

:
0 ) # , F 2 C "3 # ! D < " 3 ) car

tyre 1 # 3 0 , 6 & .1
: %
. ? 1 ( %
136

! I nteraction
Bu ild Terms # 0
D , •
.M odel
tyre 1 ) % 2
> 0 Factors & Cov ariates car
tyre •
. (car ? S h if t Q 0 . @
. M odel C
# 4 •
. M odel

! Fu ll Factorial 1 4 1 / $ > 0 < " 3
.
) 1 # " / GL M ) . B
# ) .2
( 1 9
# 9 $ # ? ) 1 # " ) : 4 #
S h elf L ocation H ? 2
; " " 3
1 % ) 1 # #

# $ % 2
( # ) ) S tore S iz e
( #
# ) )
:
S h elf L ocation H ? 2

D C B A_ S iz e
48 65 56 45
S mall
53 7 1 63 50
60 7 3 69 57
M ediu m
57 8 0 7 8 65
7 1 8 2 7 5 7 0
L arg e
7 5 8 9 8 2 7 8
# 3 % ) % .
1
0
) 1 ? ) 1 # " #

; ".
- M
1 S iz e*L ocation # 3 0
) 1
L ocation ? 2
% ) 1
S iz e
. < 1 K L @
? % 5
: "
Data E ditor % 1 # P 1
1
location size sales
A S m all 4 5 :

- . $ -

A S m all 5 0
A M ed iu m 5 7 :

+
A M ed iu m 6 5
A L ar g e 7 0 Analyze G ener al L i near M o d el U ni v ar i at e
A L ar g e 7 8 :
% + & # '
U ni v ar i at e
$ ! " # ,
B S m all 5 6
B S m all 6 3
B M ed iu m 6 9
B M ed iu m 7 8
B L ar g e 7 5
B L ar g e 8 2
C S m all 6 5
C S m all 7 1
C M ed iu m 7 3
C M ed iu m 8 0
C L ar g e 8 2
C L ar g e 8 9
D S m all 4 8
D S m all 5 3
D M ed iu m 6 0
D M ed iu m 5 7
D L ar g e 7 1
D L ar g e 7 5
137
I nteraction # 3 0 C " 3 #
! ; G Fu ll Factorial
M odel 4
.
$ ) E. " % 3

< " 3 ( 1
" . % E
Cu stom % E / 4 ; G % A )
. Def au lt @ -
Fu ll Factorial
# = D " 1
C " 3 siz e % D # . . 3 Plots 4
Prof ile Plots

! , 6 L ocation " ? 1 % .

6
B
) " % .
D 0 + I nteraction Plot
: "
: " F = 3
! % # A
.H oriz ontal Axis C Factors siz e # •
. S eparate L ines C L ocation # •
Plot C siz e*location # 3 0 H @ F <- ) L 1 ! Add 4 6 = •
.# 0
. 7 # 3 %
M
# 3 . . # 3 , 0 S eparate Plots 2
. U niv ariate

! C N
" Continu e 4
# 3 0 " E stimated M arg inal M eans % .
( ) O ptions 4
: # $ 1 O ptions

! 6 7 location*siz e
138
. 5 C "3 # ! U niv ariate

! O K Continu e 4 3
Dependent Variable: SALES

T y pe I I I Su m
So u rc e o f Sq u ares df M ean Sq u are F Sig .
C o rrec ted M o del 30 19 . 333a 11 27 4 . 4 8 5 12. 7 67 .0 0 0
I nterc ept 10 8 27 2. 667 1 10 8 27 2. 667 5 0 35 . 9 38 .0 0 0
LO C AT I O N 110 2. 333 3 367 . 4 4 4 17 . 0 9 0 .0 0 0
SI Z E 18 28 . 0 8 3 2 9 14 . 0 4 2 4 2. 5 14 .0 0 0
LO C AT I O N * SI Z E 8 8 . 9 17 6 14 . 8 19 . 68 9 . 663
Erro r 25 8 . 0 0 0 12 21. 5 0 0
T o tal 1115 5 0 . 0 0 0 24
C o rrec ted T o tal 327 7 . 333 23
a. R Sq u ared = . 9 21 ( Adj u s ted R Sq u ared = . 8 4 9 )
B
? < =
D . 1 & 1
) . B
" - 5 # #

: "
1 # "

T y pe I I I Su m
So u rc e o f Sq u ares df M ean Sq u are F Sig .
LO C AT I O N 1 1 0 2. 333 3 367 .4 4 4 1 7 .0 9 0 .0 0 0
SI Z E 1 8 28 . 0 8 3 2 9 1 4 .0 4 2 4 2. 5 1 4 .0 0 0
LO C AT I O N * SI Z E 8 8 .9 1 7 6 1 4 .8 1 9 . 68 9 . 663
Erro r 25 8 . 0 0 0 1 2 21 .5 0 0
C o rrec ted T o tal 327 7 . 333 23
% ) 1 K
L ocation # ) % ) 1
) % 2

C A $ F 1
. p-Valu e = 0. 663> 0. 05 % 5 - M
1 # 3 0
) , 6 1 siz e # )
Esti m a te d M a r g i n a l M e a n s
LOCATION * SIZE

9 5 % Co nf idenc e I nterv al
LO CAT I O N SI Z E M ean Std. Erro r Lo w er Bo u nd U pper Bo u nd
A Larg e 7 4 .0 0 0 3 .2 7 9 6 6 .8 5 6 8 1 .1 4 4
M ediu m 6 1 .0 0 0 3 .2 7 9 5 3 .8 5 6 6 8 .1 4 4
Sm all 4 7 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 4 0 .3 5 6 5 4 .6 4 4
B Larg e 7 8 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 7 1 .3 5 6 8 5 .6 4 4
M ediu m 7 3 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 6 6 .3 5 6 8 0 .6 4 4
Sm all 5 9 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 5 2 .3 5 6 6 6 .6 4 4
C Larg e 8 5 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 7 8 .3 5 6 9 2 .6 4 4
M ediu m 7 6 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 6 9 .3 5 6 8 3 .6 4 4
Sm all 6 8 .0 0 0 3 .2 7 9 6 0 .8 5 6 7 5 .1 4 4
D Larg e 7 3 .0 0 0 3 .2 7 9 6 5 .8 5 6 8 0 .1 4 4
M ediu m 5 8 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 5 1 .3 5 6 6 5 .6 4 4
Sm all 5 0 .5 0 0 3 .2 7 9 4 3 .3 5 6 5 7 .6 4 4
139
.
. 6 = 7 S iz e
L ocation " ) 1 # 3 0 1 . .
4
.
. 1 - ? 2

0 C $ < 1 4

. F 1 1 . 1 D " !
3
location
siz e " ) 1 # 3 0

3 $ '
P r o f i l e P l o ts
Estimated Marginal Means of SALES
90
80
70
Estimated Marginal Means
LOCATION
60
A
B
50
C
40 D
Large Medium Small
SIZE
Covariance Analysis

( 3– 9)
( 1 ! ) " #
3 K ; !
1 # " D
# $
, 4
, "3 % ) E > 2 9 6 C "3 ' X 4 1 , 4 Cov ariates
(% ) ) G 3 E > 2 3 <= Dependent Variable )

Y 4 1
1
/ " D 1 M C "3 ' 1 1 X
4
E Y
4
9 4 C "3
)
" , 4
1 % = - % A ) ? . - 1 , 7 1 E
R " ( . 1 1 4
3 / 3 ( 1 ,
. -
1 # " 1 ? ;
"

K $ 1 # " X ; !
: 5 #
4
9 4 C " 3 0 " (% ) ) = 3 ) 1 E ^ C " 3 1 %
, Y ^ 4
9 4 1 #
. ) # % $ %
^
. 1 1 3 X ^ 4
1 1
140
O bserv ations
(

# 1

treat
2 9 33 2 1 2 0 2 7 30 X
T1
1 5 1 1 6 7 1 5 6 1 30 1 7 0 1 6 5Y
2 5 2 0 2 6 2 0 31 2 4 X
T2
1 7 0 1 8 0 1 6 1 1 7 1 1 6 9 1 8 0 Y
29 30 35 35 32 34 X
T3
172 160 190 138 189 1 5 6 Y
36 2 8 35 30 32 4 1 X
T4
1 8 9 1 4 2 1 9 3 2 00 1 7 3 2 01 Y
X 1 1 4
4 A ) 1 % ) % .
1
0
) 1 ; ".
. (K $ 1 # " ;
" )
: # $ 1 Data E ditor 2
#
% 1 ; 1
:

/ +

$ - .
treat X Y

T1 30 165 Analyze G ener al L i near M o d el U ni v ar i at e
T1 27 170
: % & '
U ni v ar i at e
$ ! " # ,
T1 20 130
T1 21 156
T1 33 167
T1 29 151
T2 24 180
T2 31 169
T2 20 171
T2 26 161
T2 20 180
T2 25 170
T3 34 156
T3 32 189
T3 35 138
T3 35 190
T3 30 160
T3 29 172
T4 41 201
T4 32 173
T4 30 200 :
*
2 1 ! $ O K 0 1
T4 35 193
T4 28 142
T4 36 189
141
Dependent Variable: Y
T y pe I I I S u m
C o rrec ted M o del 2 8 45 . 9 5 6 a 4 7 11. 48 9 2 .5 7 2 .0 7 1
I nterc ept 6 9 38 . 6 0 2 1 6 9 38 . 6 0 2 2 5 .0 8 7 .0 0 0
X 6 8 2 .8 31 1 6 8 2 . 8 31 2 . 46 9 . 133
T R E A T 16 0 9 . 5 9 5 3 5 36 . 5 32 1. 9 40 . 15 7
E rro r 5 2 5 5 .0 0 2 19 2 7 6 .5 7 9
T o tal 6 9 9 32 3. 0 0 0 2 4
C o rrec ted T o tal 8 10 0 . 9 5 8 2 3
a. R S q u ared = . 35 1 ( A dj u s ted R S q u ared = . 2 15 )
: "
K $ 1 # " 9
!
F = 3 #
. 1 2
T y pe I I I S u m
a
T R E A T 1 6 0 9 .5 9 5 3 5 36 . 5 32 1 .9 4 0 .1 5 7
E rro r 5 2 5 5 .0 0 2 1 9 2 7 6 .5 7 9
T o tal+ E rro r 6 8 6 4 .5 9 7 2 2
a. R S q u ared = . 35 1 ( A dj u s ted R S q u ared = . 2 1 5 )
% 5 - M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-Valu e= 0 . 157 > 0. 05 2 6 =
. X ; ! 4 A ) 1 = ) ) 1 N
% .
+
C "3 R
142

Correlation & Regression Analysis
Correlat ion ( 1 10 )
, 1 K = , -
# 1 2 = ) <= Correlation . 1 - 1 6 1 2 = ) C
) " ) N 0 ( . 2 = 3 ) %
? " D = , 9 4 C + ' 0 # 9 4
. G
L inear < .
2 . 1 - < " 3 ( 3 2 = 3 ) , " 3 ; " . C + '
Correlation . 1 - # ) 1 H ) . 1 - > + > . N on L inear
. (−1 ≤ r ≤ 1) 1 C 1– 1 D 2 Q

r D 4
Coef f icients
S im p le L inear Correlat ion

( 2 10 )
? . % 1 . 2= 3

( 1 . 1 . . 1 - # ) ;
1 2 = 3

3 ) - # ) , ( 0 ! 1 2 ) 9 ! 2 C "3 #
! ")
. ( . G . 1 ) 2= 3

:1 #
% @ 1
L ang " 1 ; = . 10 , % # % 1
: " S PS S 5 1 Data E ditor 2
, 6
M ath
L ang M ath
6 0 5 6
6 8 6 0
6 0 6 4
7 4 8 2
8 0 7 6
8 4 7 2
8 0 7 4
7 2 6 6
6 2 6 4
8 2 8 6
: " ;
".
. S pearman ; . 1 # ) J Pearson . 1 . . 1 - # )
.1
. % 5 - M
1 . 1 - # )
) 1 .2
: %
. ? 1 F = 3 ; . 0

! , 6 Analyz e Correlate Biv ariate
. $
: " D 1 + Biv ariate Correlation
143
: % Correlation Coef f icients # @
. % " . 1 . . 1 - # ) B - : Pearson
R anks ; # ) 1
" ) = . 1 . 1 - # ) B - :K endall’s Tau

# ) +
@ D . 1 9
! 1 . 1 - # ) 1G
4
3 ! < 1 , . 3 A
( % % ) G =
6 M A
. " ! <- 1 6 " 9 6 ; # A F
. K endall # ) 1 1 #
; " . 1 # )
: S pearman
. S pearman
Pearson $ 2
1 - . . @ 0 1 - Tw o Tailed $ Test sig nif icance #

. O ne Tailed $ '
H . @ 0
. ( S tar = 3 , 6 A )
) % . 1 - " ) : Flag S ig nif icance Correlation
: 5 , 6 O K 4 3
Correlations
L A NG M A T H
L A NG P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n 1.000 .7 7 6 * *
S ig .( 2 - ta ile d ) . .008
N 10 10
M A T H P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n .7 7 6 * * 1.000
S ig .( 2 - ta ile d ) .008 .
N 10 10
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 0.01 l e v e l
( 2 - ta ile d ) .
@ 0 1 - r = 0. 776 M ATH
L AN G 1
1 . . 1 - # ) 2
: ( . 1 )
H 0: ρ = 0
H1 : ρ ≠ 0
144
3 k
? # n 7 n-k 1 T ? 4
? 1 T ! A
. %
n−k 10 − 2
T =r = 0.776 = 3.48
1− r2 1 − 0.776 2
P- C " 3 #
! K
"
T ? 4
) # ) Transf orm Compu te # = Valu e
1 . 1 - C $ P-Valu e=0. 008<0. 05 1 2 . (1 − CDF .T (3.48,8)) * 2 = 0.008
+
) H = - ) % 5 - M
1 0 ! 3 <
) H " % @
"
. (< @ % 1 - M
1
: 1 ; . 1 # ) # B
Nonparametric Correlations
Correlations
L A NG M A T H
S p e a r m a n 's r h o L A NG C o r r e la tio n C o e ffic ie n t 1.000 .7 8 6 * *
S ig .( 2 - ta ile d ) . .007
N 10 10
M A T H C o r r e la tio n C o e ffic ie n t .7 8 6 * * 1.000
S ig .( 2 - ta ile d ) .007 .
N 10 10
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .01 l e v e l ( 2 - t a i l e d ) .
S pearman # ) H1 : ρ ≠ 0 " 1 @ 0 @ H 0 : ρ = 0 ) @ 1 -
S pearman . 1 # ) P-Valu e 1 2 . F = 3 Pearson 1 T ! A > 0
. % 1 K
% 5 - M
1 # )
) C $
:

! O ne Tailed $ '
H . . 1 - # ) @ 1 -
: 1 I

Biv ariate Correlations
: @ 0 1 1 5 1
1
9 . 1 - # ) 2 % .1
H 0: ρ = 0
H1 : ρ f 0
:

! " 0.766

145
Correlations
L A NG M A T H
L A NG P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n 1.000 .7 7 6 * *
S i g . ( 1- t a ile d ) . .004
N 10 10
M A T H P e a rs o n C o r r e la tio n .7 7 6 * * 1.000
S i g . ( 1- t a ile d ) .004 .
N 10 10
* * . C o r r e l a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 0.01 l e v e l
( 1- t a i l e d ) .
#
!
3. 48 +

. 1 - , 0 T ! A ; 7
? 4
) # ) Transf orm Compu te # = P-Valu e C " 3
H . 1 - 2 ; @ - 6 - (1 − CDF .T (3.48,8)) = 0.004 "
T
% @
" 1 . 1 - C $ P-Valu e=0. 004<0. 05 1 2 .
. (< @ % 1 - M
1 +
) H = - ) % 5 - M
1 0 ! 1
: @ 0 1 1 5 1
1 9 . 1 - # ) 2 % .2
H 0: ρ = 0
H1 : ρ p 0
Partial Correlation
( 3 10 )
2 C "3 # ! 2 <= . 7 %
1 1 1 2 = ) 9
2 4 . 1 - # ) >
1 ") 2= 3
- /
"
/ @ 1
" ) 1 2= ) " . 1 . 1 - # ) 3
) M
) 1 ) I ) M

7 # ) 1 E =

# 2 2 C " 3 #
! /
/ @ 1
" ) 1 2 = ) > 2 3 (D 1
) ) I
> 2 3 % 3 + ) 1 D < " 3 . 4 . 1 - 1 H )
. 1 - # )
. 6 1 2= )
:2 #
: " ; " . 13 ) ` " 1
( 3 – 4 S 10 ) 1 6 # 9
% 1 "
. X3 % 1 1 X2
Y 1 4 . 1 - # ) ; .1
. X4 X3 % 1 1 X2
Y 1 4 . 1 - # ) ; .2
.% 5 - M
1 ( . ) . 1 - % = )
) 1 .3
:#

! , 6 Analyz e Correlate Partial
. $
: #
;
". " " D 1 + Partial Correlation
146

J , 4 . 1 - # ) ; % # A Variables
. F ) 1 + (% ) # A Controlling f or
. C "3 # ! O k 4 3
--- PAR TI AL CO R R E L ATI O N CO E FFI CI E N TS ---
Controlling f or. . X 3
Y X 2
Y 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 2 8 5 1
( 0 ) ( 1 0 )
P = . P = . 3 6 9
X 2 . 2 8 5 1 1 . 0 0 0 0
( 1 0 ) ( 0 )
P = . 3 6 9 P = .
( C o e f f i c i e n t / ( D . F . ) / 2 -t a i l e d S i g n i f i c a n c e )
" . " i s p r i n t e d i f a c o e f f i c i e n t c a n n o t b e c o m p u t e d
> 0 # ) ( .
) 4 . 1 - # )
) 1 - r yx 2.x3 = 0.285 7
F = 3 #
, 6 +

2 # 10 2 6 - . . 1 . 1 - # ) 1 - T ! A
2 T
df = n – k = 13-3 = 10 7 T 1 - 4 = %
) # -
: " % 1
n−k 13 − 3
T =r = (0.2851) = 0.941
1− r2 1 − 0.28512
147
0 ! 3 <
) H " - ρ ? " ) E ,
P-Valu e=0. 369 > 0. 05 2
. % 5 - M
1
> 0 ( ;
" . ) X 4 X 3 % 1 1 X 2
Y 1 4 . 1 - # ) ;
: # $ C " 3 Partial Correlations

! ;
1 %
.
: " 5 , 6
--- PAR TI AL CO R R E L ATI O N CO E FF I C I E N T S - -

-
Controlling f or. . X 3 X 4
Y X 2
Y 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 2 3 3 8
( 0 ) ( 9 )
P = . P = . 4 8 9
X 2 . 2 3 3 8 1 . 0 0 0 0
( 9 ) ( 0 )
P = . 4 8 9 P = .
( C o e f f i c i e n t / ( D . F . ) / 2 -t a i l e d S i g n i f i c a n c e )
" . " i s p r i n t e d i f a c o e f f i c i e n t c a n n o t b e c o m p u t e d
. % 5 - M
1 0 ! 3 <
) H " - r yx 2.x3 x 4 , 6 D
:

! O ptions 4 1 Pearson . 1 . 1 - # ) B
. Z ero O rder Correlations $ E Partial Correlations
148
R eg res s ion A naly s is ( 4 10 )

1
Dependent Variable ) 1 2 = 3 3 1 ) - B

# C " 3 B
M
R eg ressors
I ndependent Variables " %
# M

S imple R eg ression model . 1 - B
1 H )
L inear M odel

$ % & M u ltiple reg ression M odel ) - B

,
. N on L inear M odel . G

( 1 4 10)
Y = B0 + B1 X + e : ) ! E
: 7
) : Y
# : X
. I ntersection Parameter + !
? - . ? . " )
% 1 : B0
S lop Parameter # " ) : B1

∆Y
B1 =
∆X
7 residu al 1 1 H )
Ŷ
Y 1 0

$ ) E . :e
. e = Y − Yˆ
M ! % ) 1 . B1
B0 - ) < 1 G ) 1 .
% @ 0 ; . 1 . - B
< " 3 (O L S ) L east S q u ares M eth od
:
. X
Y 1 . 2 = 3

.1
. 0! " +
.
1 N 4

$ ) / . .2
E . 1 > @ ) σ 2 +
% 1 1 ,
$ ) / . .3
. ( H omoscedasticity
$ )
+
@ D
O L S . 1 ) <
@ > . $
< ) 1 . N 4
/ . .4
. B1
B0 - % = ) 1 ") % @ 0 1 -
.
$ ) / . 1 Au tocorrelation . 1

3 .5
ŷ # 1 S catter plots . . # = . 1 . B
% @
1
S tandardiz ed R esidu als ) / .
e
$ ) E . D " 1 ( x
)
C " 3
. # $ L @

C " 3 es , 4
149

R es id u als
e o r es
e o r es
ŷ
ŷ (a (b
e o r es
e o r es
ŷ (c ŷ
(d)
. ( " $

3 ) # " % @
(a )
. y 9 4 1
$ ) E . 1 9 4 (b )
. (
$ ) E . 1 > 3 " $ )
$ ) E. 1 R 2
9 4 (c )
. ( B
<= M B # ) ;
) . 2 = ) = 3 (d)
: 3 #
2
R $ 10
) ( 1 4 " ) Y . @
X ) # % 1
: "
Data E ditor 2
% 1 # A
O bs. X Y
1 35 112
2 40 128
3 38 130
4 44 138
5 67 158
6 64 162
7 59 140
8 69 175
9 25 125
10 50 142
: " ; ".
. B
)
) 1
. 2 = ) < @ 0 Y/X ) B .1
. B1
B0 - " ) # % 9 5 9 B .2
15 0
. ANOVA 1 # " #
B .3

$ ) / . # " ? ( R2 # ) # ) 1 ) . B

9
1 .4
. 1 1
. < 1
$ ) / . I ) 1 . ? 4
1 .5
: #
: %
. ? 1 F = 3 ; . 0
L i n ea r An a l yz e Reg res s i o n L i n ea r
5
:
Reg res s i o n
: 7
. ) # :D ep en d en t
# " % 3
# A . ( " %
) : I n d ep en d en t
Next 4 1 C Bl o ck # -
" " 2 D Bl o ck @ # 3

? Z # D B

X #
. Prev i o u s
Z
Bl o ck 1 X # A F
= Y

)
. Bl o ck 2
. ( E n ter 3 - . ) - . N
: M eth o d
) 2 , % - ) 3
# " # ) : S el ecti o n Va ri a b l e
(5 1 Ob s erv a t 2 ,
% - C " 3 - B
! 2 <= ) -
. Ru l e 4 .
1
. S ca tterp l o ts $ # $ .
) D 2 : Ca s e L eb el s
: " D 1 + S ta ti s ti cs

! , 6 S ta ti s ti cs 4 5
151
: % $ E 2
. t % 1
- B
) : E s ti m a te
. - " ) # % 9 5 9 : Co n f i d en ce I n terv a l
. ANOVA
R2 ( ) : M o d el Fi t
1 - No rm a l Pro b a b i l i ty Pl o t $ Pl o ts

! , 6 Pl o ts 4 5
. (> ;
" . ) )
$ ) / . I ) 1 . ? 4

: " D 1 + S a v e

! , 6 S a v e 4 5
152
S ta n d a rd i z ed K
ŷ + U n s ta n d a rd i z ed Pred i cted Va l u es 6 -
? 1 ;
" . . $ " S ca tterp l o ts # ) es + Res i d u a l s
X % ; C D a ta E d i to r 2
C (5 1 $ 3 ) @ A D < " 3 J
H @
Pre_ 1 E 1 U n s ta n d a rd i z ed Pred i cted Va l u es H @ 7 Ob s erv a t
Y
. Zre_ 1 E 1 S ta n d a rd i z ed Res i d u a l s
Op ti o n s "
# $ % &
# '

( )
.L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
: ,

-
. + $ L i n ea r Reg res s i o n OK " + 5
Coefficientsa
S ta n d a
r d iz e d
U n s ta n d a r d i z e C o e ffic 9 5% C o n f i d e n c e I n te r v a l
d C o e f f i c i e n ts ie n ts fo r B
S td . L o w e r U p p e r
M o d e l B E rro r Be ta t S ig . Bo u n d Bo u n d
1 ( C o n s ta n t) 85.044 9 .9 7 0 8.53 0 .00002 7 6 2 .052 108.03 6
X 1.140 .19 5 .9 00 5.846 .0003 8 .6 9 0 1.589
a . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : Y
: " B
1 F = 3 #
# =
yˆ = 85.044 + 1.140 x
(9. 97) (0. 195)
1.140 1 . @ 9 4 C + ' 9
) 9 4 C $ # ")
. " 1 " ) " + ) E . # >
2 # 2 . 1 4 "
: B1 # " ) @ 0 1 - T 1 # )
H 0 : B1 = 0 ) @
H1 : B1 ≠ 0 " 1 @ 0
: B 0 (% 1 ) ? . " ) @ 0 1 - T 1 # )
H 0 : B0 = 0 ) @
H1 : B0 ≠ 0 " 1 @ 0
: " 1 - " ) " T ! & P-Va l u e 2
. % 5 - M
1 ) @ ( P-Va l u e < 0. 05 %
. % 1 - M
1 ) @ ( P-Va l u e < 0. 01 %
. ) @ # 1 > 3
" ) P-v a l u e
0 . 0 1 # 2
0 . 0 0 0 38 +
# " ) P-v a l u e
= + ") # ) @ ( ,
0 . 0 1 # 2
0 . 0 0 0 0 2 7 +
% 1
. B
) > )
) # " )
, 6 0 ! 3 <
H " " )
153
B
" # " ) , Beta 1 , $
S ta n d a rd i z ed Co ef f i ci en t " )
+
-
" ! # 1 )
# # ( X − X ) / S ) # ) 1
. ) % x *
ŷ * 7 yˆ * = β x * "
B0 ? . " ) C " 3 B

: " % 1 " % 9 5 9 1
Pr(62.052 ≤ B0 ≤ 108.036) = 95%
: " # " ) % 9 5 9 1 # - # 1 Pr 7
Pr(.690 ≤ B0 ≤ 1.589) = 95%
> 0 1 - F ! A C " 3 # $
ANOVA 1 # " #
1 H ) #

6 - ) # " ) T 1 - < a 1 -
B1 # " ) 1 ! @ 0
.F=T2 < " 3 ( 1 =
P-Va l u e 2
ANOVAb
S u m o f
M o d e l S q u a re s d f M e a n S q u a re F S ig .
1 R e g r e s s io n 2661.050 1 2661.050 3 4 .17 4 .0003 8a
R e s id u a l 622.950 8 7 7 .869
T o ta l 3 284 .000 9
a . P r e d ic to r s : ( C o n s ta n t) , X
b . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
Co ef f i ci en t Of # )

- B
$ ' @ #

1 # " #
;
. B

9
< 1 )
R2 D 4
D eterm i n a ti o n
: "
ExplainedVariations SSR 2661.05
R2 = = = = 0.81 0 ≤ R2 ≤ 1
Total Variations SST 3284
+ . 2= ) 0 ( Y 2 " % - ) % 1 % 8 1 K 0
@ , % K
E
$ 3 #
3 C ? % 1 % 19
- B

. B

9
C " 3 K # % 10 0 R2 2 % 1 2 "
) C " 3
. B

. # ") 9 $ A > 0 r 9 $ A

1 . 1 . . 1 - # ) r 7 r = R2
Model Summary
A d ju s te d S td .E rro r o f
M o d e l R RS q u a re RS q u a re th e E s tim a te
1 .900a .8 10 .7 8 7 8 .8 2
K
C ? 0 D 2 E B
" # H @
D E 1 # ) H !
R2 9 4 C + ' - B
C # @ A 7 B
# "
154
,
S S T " % ) 1 N
% 1 ? S S R = 9 ) % ) 1 N
9 4 ; 1 1
% # ! ! 1 3 - 1 E + Ad j u s ted R S q u a re L ! # ) ;
#
,
% 7 9 # (L ! G ) # ) 2 # 2 < D 2

.
B

. 3 9 $ % $ > S ta n d a rd E rro r o f E s ti m a te " + ) E .
# 9
1

$ ) / . ! ) $ ' , 9 ! 2 C " 3 #
!
-
. $ - # $ . - .
C "3 ŷ # 1 S ca tterp l o ts $ - # $
< 1
$ ) / . # "
: ( 1 % . . # ! ? ) "
+
)
C " 3 e s ) / .

! , 6 G ra p h s S ca tter S i m p l e
. $ 5
. S ca tterp l o ts
. S ca tter

! Y C D & Zre_ 1 5
. X C D & Pre_ 1 5
. S PS S Vi ewer $ $ . . , 6 OK 4 5
. S PS S Ch a rt E d i to r $ $ C # = . . 5

C Ref eren ce L i n e @ & Ch a rt Ref eren ce L i n e
. $ 5
: " . . , 6 . 0 ! #

1.5
1.0
.5
0.0
Standardized Residual
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Unstandardized Predicted Value
# " % @
C " 3 # 0 ! #
+
. $ # $ 1 N 4
. 6 =
-
-

$ ) E . 1 > 3 " $ B
) - 7 3 9
! 1
. C "3 % 2= 3
155
:
C "3 y ) " # 1 , 1 $ . 1 < 1
$ ) / . # "
. . " ; . . C # !
7 +
)
C " 3 e s ) / .

: "
1
D 1 + Pl o ts

! , 6 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n

! Pl o ts 4 5
: "
) , % 2 ) + D E PE ND E NT # 1 2
) ( 2
1 ) / . " X & C (< " ; % F

! O K 4

! Co n ti n u e 4 3
Y & C Z R E S I D
" !
+ B - > 0 C
+
$ - # $ . . ( 3 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
: 1 . . # = D
Scatterplot
1.5
Regression Standardized Residual
1.0
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
156
C
: . 1 (> ;
" . )
$ ) / . I ) 1 . ? 4
1
N 4
/ . E (-2, 2) M @ / . % 95 % ) 2
) / . ! # =
C "3 # D
(-1. 5, 1. 5) M M ) - ) / . 6 = . . J < ) 1 .
+ No rm a l p ro b a b i l i ty Pl o t . . ( 3 # . . ) 1 . N 4
/ .
: 5 1 0 3 . . ( ) 7 P l o t

! F $
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual
1.00
.75
.50
Expected Cum Prob
.25
0.00
0.00 .25 .50 .75 1.00
Observed Cum Prob
/ . I ) 1 . ? 4
C " 3 #
. ; 2 ? < 1 . 6 ) 6 =
.
$ )
Weighted Least Squares Method

( 2 4 10 )
H o m o s ced a s ti ci ty
$ ) E . 1 > @ 3 . F
% 1 , 6 <
Cro s s -S ecti o n D a ta @ ) ? . % 1 " $ F , 6 < 1 G
. 4 # =
Y Q # 4 ? 4 C K = , - 1 9 4 7
1 <= 6

1 !
7 Y # ? 1 ? < 1
;
< 1
- E . 1 E D " 3
Wei g h t 4
# W = 1 / y 2 1 3 var e = σ 2Y 2 "
$ ) E .
: ! E - B

C = β 0 + β1Y + e
W = 1 / Y 1 ) . L 1
$ ) E . 1 % 1 & 1

: B
1
7
C B0 e
= + B1 +
Y Y Y
" ; B
"
$ ) E . 1
;
.
$ ) E . " % 1 1 C " 3 " ! + var =
e 1 1 2 2
var e = σ Y =σ2
Y Y2 Y2
157
" ) ? . # " ) % 1 ! 2 B0
B
< 1 < % 1 ! 2 B1 6 =
B - " ! B
) F B
) ; 1
S PS S 5 1
H ) . F . % G
S E E , R 2 ;
1 # " #

2
1
. G L S ) M ! % ) 1 . 1 < @
(
4
M ! % ) 1 . C " 3 ) : 4 #
# 2
.2 9 30 3 ) y Q #
c K = , - # #

: ( ) 1 ; w ) " S PS S 5 1 D a ta ed i to r $ $ C

c y w
10600 12 000 6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
108 00 12 000 6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
11100 12 000 6. 9 4 4 4 E-09
114 00 13 000 5 . 9 17 2 E-09
117 00 13 000 5 . 9 17 2 E-09
12 100 13 000 5 . 9 17 2 E-09
12 3 00 14 000 5 . 102 0E-09
12 600 14 000 5 . 102 0E-09
13 2 00 14 000 5 . 102 0E-09
13 000 15 000 4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
13 3 00 15 000 4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
13 600 15 000 4 . 4 4 4 4 E-09
13 8 00 16000 3 . 9 063 E-09
14 000 16000 3 . 9 063 E-09
14 2 00 16000 3 . 9 063 E-09
14 4 00 17 000 3 . 4 602 E-09
14 9 00 17 000 3 . 4 602 E-09
15 3 00 17 000 3 . 4 602 E-09
15 000 18 000 3 . 08 64 E-09
15 7 00 18 000 3 . 08 64 E-09
164 00 18 000 3 . 08 64 E-09
15 9 00 19 000 2 . 7 7 01E-09
165 00 19 000 2 . 7 7 01E-09
169 00 19 000 2 . 7 7 01E-09
169 00 2 0000 2 . 5 000E-09
17 5 00 2 0000 2 . 5 000E-09
18 100 2 0000 2 . 5 000E-09
17 2 00 2 1000 2 . 2 67 6E-09
17 8 00 2 1000 2 . 2 67 6E-09
18 5 00 2 1000 2 . 2 67 6E-09
: " ; ".
1 > 1 OL S 3 - M ! % ) 1 . 1 Y C " 3 C ) B .1
. 1
$ ) E .
var e = σ 2Y 2 2 = ) 1 Y ? . 1
> G
$ ) E . 1 ( 1 .2
. - B

4
M ! % ) 1 .
. 217 . 1982

2
158
: #
2
1 # ) 1 %
. > 0 1 OL S . 1 . 1 . - B
.1
: B
C # !

R 2 = 0.97 Cˆ = 1408.0 + 0.788Yd
(4 4 9. 6) (0. 27)
E . 1 > 3 " $

1 - . ) " + ) E . # >
2 # 2
/ .
$ - # $
C " 3 Ĉ ) " ' 1 # 1
< 1
$ )
: %
. ? 1 K 0 J S ta n d a rd i z ed Res i d u a l s +
)
C " 3 )
L i n ea r
! L 0
. $ An a l yz e Reg res s i o n L i n ea r 5
$
! S a v e
! L 0
! S a v e 4 Reg res s i o n
" 5 1 ( ) Pred i cted Va l u es # U n s ta n d a rd i z ed
S ta n d a rd i z ed $ ( Pre-1 E 1 $ $ , 6 ) D a ta ed i to r $ $ Ĉ )
. ( Zre-1 E 1 , 6 ) ) / . 5 1 ( ) Res i d u a l s #

! , 6 G ra p h s S ca tter S i m p l e
. $ 5
: "
! ; S ca tterPl o ts
. Y-a xi s # C Zre-1 # •
. X-Axi s # C Pre-1 # •
. OK 4 •
: "
D A Ref eren ce L i n e @ A ) 1 . . , 6
0
Standardized Residual
-1
-2
-3
10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
Unstandardized Predicted Value
E . 1 9 4 < 3 K
0 ! #
6 1 N 4
- $ - # $ . 6 =
. , ) ;

E . 1 > 3 " $

C $ Ŷ % 4 "
$ )
159
1. " var e = σ 2Y 2 2 = ) 1 Y # ? . 1 E . 1 ( 1 .2
; 1

W = 1 / y 2 1 ;
"

4

4
M ! % ) 1 .
F = 3 #
D a ta E d i to r $ $ C D @ A
Tra n s f o rm Co m p u te 1
) 1 L i n ea r Reg res s i o n

! , 6 7 . - / %
. > 0 1 .
: " D 1
. WL S 4 ) 1 WL S Wei g h t W 4
# P 1 2 6 -
: B , 6 OK 4 3 5
Coefficientsa,b
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
U n s ta n d a r d iz e d C o e ffic ie n
C o e ffic ie n ts ts
M o d e l B S td . E r r o r Be ta t S ig .
1 ( C o n s ta n t) 1421.278 3 9 5 .49 6 3 .5 9 4 .0 0 1
Y D .79 2 .0 25 .9 86 3 1.5 11 .0 0 0
a . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : C
b . W e i g h te d L e a s t S q u a r e s R e g r e s s i o n - W e i g h te d b y W
: "
4
M ! % ) 1 . 1 9 ) 1
Cˆ = 1421.278 + 0.792Yd R 2 = 0.97

(3 95. 4 96) (0. 25)
N 4
% 1 E " ) / . 1 2 = ) $ - # $ #

.
$ ) E . 1 % 1 1
0 ! #
. $ # $ 1

( 3– 4 10 )
: ! ) . B
E
y = β 0 + β1X 1 + β 2 X 2 + ... + β k X k + e
7
16 0
. % 1 # : β0
. 4 #

Pa rti a l reg res s i o n Co ef f i ci en ts 4 - % = ) : β1, β 2 ,..., β k
.
$ ) E . : e
" % 3 # K) P = K+1
) . B
) 3
7
. (B

3 @ K C H @ . 1 B
% @ , 0 ) . B
% @
. (M u l ti co l l i n ea ri ty) " % 1 ) . . 1

: 5
1 ) x1 3 4 " ) 9
1 ? ( -
H ) y 0 # @ #

D a ta $ $ % 1 % " 2
.19 8 13
15 x2 " " ) %
.

(

: #
E d i to r
y x1 x2
6 9 8
8 10 13
8 8 11
7 7 10
7 10 12
12 4 16
9 5 10
8 5 10
9 6 12
10 8 14
10 7 12
11 4 16
9 9 14
10 5 10
11 8 12
: ;
" .
. 5 0
x2
x1 C " 3 y ) ; .1
. % = )
) 1
ANOVA 1 # " #

.2
. D W ! A 1 # " . 1 - " $ 1 .3
: %
. ? 1 9
; . 0

! , 6 An a l yz e Reg res s i o n L i n ea r
. $ 5
: ; + L i n ea r Reg res s i o n
. D ep en d en t C D "
Y •
. I n d ep en d en t C , "
X1, X2 $ •
. E n ter 3 - . - . N
E M eth o d •
. 17 2 1982

3
16 1
7 Statistics

! , 6 L ine ar Re g r e ssio n

! Statistics
: " # $ E 1

. % / ! &
B
) : E stim ate
.A N O V A
R2 : M o d e l Fit
.D W ! A ; : D u r b in - W atso n
: 5 ( 3 L ine ar r e g r e ssio n

! O K 4 3
Model Summaryb
A d ju s te d S td .E rro r o f D u r b in - W
M o d e l R RS q u a re RS q u a re th e E s tim a te a ts o n
1 .833a .6 9 3 .6 4 2 1.0 1 .9 4 6
a . P r e d ic to r s : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 2 , X 1
Coefficientsa
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
U n s ta n d a r d i z e d C o e ffic ie n
C o e f f i c i e n ts ts
1 ( C o n s ta n t) 6.203 1.8 62 3.331 .006
X 1 - .37 6 .133 - .4 61 - 2.8 34 .015
X 2 .4 5 3 .120 .615 3.7 8 6 .003
: " ) - B
1 )
yˆ = 6.203 − 0.376 X 1 + 0.453 X 2 R 2 = 0.64
(1.862) (0.133) (0.120)
%1 1 3 4 " ) M
1 9 4 C $ X1 " )
9 4 X2 % 1 ( 1 -
37 6 1 0 # ! C + ' " ) M

J X1 % 1 ( 1 -
453 1 0 # 9 4 C + ' 9
" ) %
.

. B
" .

9
C A $ R 2 2
SST " % - % ) 1 N
# "
1 # " #
; (
E . % ) 1 N

SSR = 9 ) % ) 1 N
C ∑ ( y − y ) 2 )
: @ 0 1 , 0 F ! A ; . SSE
H 0 : β1 = β 2 = 0
H1 : β1 ≠ β 2 ≠ 0
: 1 # " #
C " 3 #
! . B0 ? . " ) # $ - F 1 6 -
162
ANOVAb
Su m o f
M o d e l Sq u a r e s d f M e a n Sq u a r e F Si g .
1 Re g r e s s i o n (SSR)27.728 (p - 1) 2 (M SR) 13 .86 4 13 .5 5 7 .0 0 1a
Re s i d u a l (SSE )12.272 (n - p ) 12 (M SE ) 1.0 23 F = M SR/ M SE
T o ta l (SST )4 0 (n - 1) 14
a . P r e d i c t o r s : (C o n s t a n t ), X 2, X 1
P-V al u e = 0.001< 0.05 2 . ) # n

) 3 #
P = 3 7
"
+
) - + %5 - M
1 ) @ ( C
3
H " B2
B1 - " ) # 2 C " 3 9

- C " 3 +
) E , )
. 0 ! 3 <
)
#
) t 1 C E " 0 9
! 1 ) C " 3 # # E )
D " 3
%5 - M
1 X2
X1 # # " )
) L @ D
(C " 3 C o e f f icie nts
. - B
, 1 P 1 C !

' =
1
%5 - M
1
$ ) / . I . 1 -

1 3
.
$ ) / . ;
. 1

C $ 1
D W ! A p = 3
n =15
( B
# @ ? / . ) " $

1 ) :6 #
2
% "
X1, X2, X3 " %
Y ) @ 4 #

: " D ata E d ito r
Y X1 X2 X3 X4
43 5 3 18 12
63 9 5 27 9
71 10 7 34 11
61 8 4 24 10
81 11 6 33 6
44 12 5 22 8
58 9 4 28 9
71 7 7 32 7
72 8 5 23 8
67 13 8 20 5
64 4 5 21 4
69 10 9 36 10
68 11 10 30 11
. ) . - )
.1
. " % 1 M u l tico l l ine ar ity . ) " $

1 .2
. Ste pwise Re g r e ssio n ;
" E 1 ) # @
.3
: %
. ? 1 #
#
1
" . 0 .1
.2 7 7 " 1988
!

. 4
163

! , 6 A nal y ze Re g r e ssio n L ine ar
. $ 5
: ; + L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
. D e pe nd e nt C D "
Y $ •
. I nd e pe nd e nt C , "
X1, X2, X3 % $ •
. E nte r 3 - . - . N
E M e th o d •
Statistics


! Statistics 4 5
" # $ E 1
7
. % / ! &
B
) : E stim ate
.A N O V A
R2 : M o d e l Fit
. . 1 - % = ) : Par t & Par tial C o r r e l atio ns
. . ) " $ R $ : C o l l ine ar ity D iag no stics

! O K 4 3
Model Summary
A d ju s te d S td .E rro r o f
M o d e l R RS q u a re RS q u a re th e E s tim a te
1 .810a .6 5 6 .4 84 7 .7 2
a . P r e d i c t o r s : ( C o n s t a n t ) , X 4 , X 1, X 3 , X 2
Coefficientsa
S ta n
d a rd
iz e d
U n s ta n d a r d i z C o e f
e d fic ie C o lli n e a r i ty
C o e f f i c i e n ts n ts C o r r e la ti o n s S ta ti s ti c s
S td . Z e ro - P a r ti a
M o d e l B E rro r Be ta t S ig . o rd e r l P a rt Tolerance V IF
1 ( C o n s ta n t)
47.06 13 .0 3 .611 .007
X 1 - .43 0 1.010 - .104 - .42 5 .68 2 .2 10 - .149 - .08 8 .713 1.403
X 2 1.19 9 1.48 6 .2 3 2 .8 07 .443 .5 40 .2 74 .167 .5 2 0 1.9 2 5
X 3 1.15 3 .476 .63 1 2 .42 3 .042 .63 4 .65 1 .5 02 .63 3 1.5 8 0
X 4 - 2 .03 8 .9 5 0 - .462 - 2 .1 .064 - .3 3 1 - .604 - .445 .9 2 8 1.077
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r i a b le : Y
: " ) - B
) 1
yˆ = 47.06 − 0.43 X 1 + 1.199 X 2 + 1.153 X 3 − 2.038 X 4 R 2 = 0.48
(13) (1.01) (1.486) (0.476) (0.950)
! , 3 E $ 2 9
9
2 9 4 C $ X1 " )
1 0 . > 0 1
. X3
X2 % 1 ( 1 9
0.430 1 )
. B
)
164

) % , 6 2 . X3 " ) t ! & P-v al u e 2 # =
6 =
< 1 @ 0 L ! # ) 2 . (% 1 " ) C @ & 1 ) %5 - M
1
. 9 9
! 1 . 2 = ) 3 1 ) - B
C $
: "
% . 1 - N
= B
. )
# 1
1 . 1 . 1 - # ) : Z e r o -o r d e r C o r r e l atio n
% % 1 1 ) #
) 1 4 . 1 - # ) : Par tial C o r r e l atio n
. (M "
% ) 1 1 #
) 1 / 4 . 1 - # ) :Par t C o r r e l atio n
. . # 3 "
)
" % # 1 4 % . 1 - ) ) - B

D " t ! & 2 C " 3 D
D " 3
) ? 4 . 1 # ) C " 3 D X3 6 =
. )
# 1 . 1 . 1 - # ) . 1 - B
) X4
# To l e r ance # ) ; 1 ) . . 1 - " $ R $ (
# ) ? 1 # R 2 7 R2 To l e r ance = 1- 7 " %
X i .others X i .others
# # V I F # ) B . " % 1
i # 1 ) . 1 -
E < # ) 1 ) . VIF = 7 (V ar iance I nf l atio n Facto r )

1
Tolerance
N 0 1 . ) " $ 4 ) # " ) 1 9 4 C " 3 " % 1 . 1 -
G 1 t ! A 2 ( 0
) " )
, 6 3 1
B
) 1
5 3 4 " % V I F # ) 2 C " 3 #
! . (B
< ,
2
$ B
% V I F 2 , . ) " $ 1 E " ) C $ 10
, . ) " $ 1 , + E 3 C

0 ! X ) . ) " $ R $ X ′X
0 ! 9 4

) " $ C " 3 # , 0 ! 1 2 9 4
9 3

0 ( " %
C o nd itio n # 1 H ) # ) " % 1 . . 1

1 - . .
<= 9 4
# C " 3 4 1 2 # ! ) 1 3 9 1 3

I nd e x
: " % 1 " # ;
4.813
Condition Index = =1
4.813
: " ; X1 " 1 1
4.813
condition Index = = 7.020
0.09868
165
3 % 4 A . . ) " $

A C " 3 $ ' , 15 3 # 2 % 4

A + 16 # " 2 1 6 = #
. " $ 9
. C " 3 $ ' , 30
. " $
1 1 #

V ar iance Pr o po r tio n 1 H )
" $ " >
" $ 1 ) 7 4 # Pr incipl e C o m po ne nt
.
1 0
< 1 ? 0 C o nd itio n I nd e x #
A 9 ' . )
>
# . " %
1 9
! 1
C " 3 1 # $ 1 9 ' . ) " $ 1 ) - ,
. X3 1 9 1 9
! 1
: #
L @

% 1
Collinearity Diagnosticsa
C o n d itio n V a r ia n c e P r o p o r tio n s
M o d e l D im e n s io n E ig e n v a lu e In d e x (C o n s ta n t) X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4
1 1 4.813 1.0 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0
2 9 .7 6 8E - 0 2 7 .0 20 .0 1 .0 6 .17 .0 0 .35
3 4.345E - 0 2 10 .525 .0 1 .7 1 .29 .0 8 .0 1
4 2.9 0 7 E - 0 2 12.86 8 .30 .0 5 .26 .22 .6 3
5 1.6 6 9 E - 0 2 16 .9 83 .6 8 .18 .28 .7 0 .0 1
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
: "
) = 3 - %
. ? 1 # 7 ;
" . 0

! , 6 A nal y ze Re g r e ssio n L ine ar
. $ 5
: ; + L ine ar Re g r e ssio n
. D e pe nd e nt C D "
Y $ •
. I nd e pe nd e nt C , "
X1, X2, X3 % $ •
B
# @ - % , 6 # 0 I D , M e th o d •
:
. ( - 0 + 3 - ;
" ) - B
C " % # A : E nte r .1
) 1 ? B
C A " " %
. 1 ) 1 <
% # A : Ste pwise .2
. % 1

1 9 ' G L 1 ! %
. B
9
9
. 1 , G % ) 1 : Re m o v e .3
. " " %
. 1 ) 1 <
9 ' G % ) 1 : Back war d .4
L 1 ! % ) 1 -
B
C ) 1 <
% # A : Fo r war d .5
. B
) 1 9 ' G
. ( . # @ 1 ) ) Ste pwise - . N
•
166
Statistics


! Statistics 4
" # $ E 1
7
. % / ! &
B
) : E stim ate
. A N O V A
R2 : M o d e l Fit

O ptio ns


! O ptio ns 4
: "
) 1
# A , 1
1 F 2

) M
C Ste pwise . B
: ;
1 K
Ste pping M e th o d cr ite r ia # . B
%
# & 9
. # +
) M
: U se Pr o b ab il ity o f F •
) 1 - M
# 2
; % # & - M

% ) 1
1 3 ) 1 - . E ntr y 2 4 B
% @ . D

%
. Re m o v al 2 # " 2 B
%

% ) 1
# & 9
. # + F 2 : U se F V al u e •
% @ . % ) 1 - F 2 C " 3
; % # & F 2
2 4 B
% 1 3 ) 1 - . E ntr y 2 # " 2 B

. Re m o v al
+ Par tial F Te st 4 F 1
% ) 1
# 1 -
. 9
" )
) 1
B
) / 4
) 1
E $ 1 2 C # !
B
C # , 0 @ % ) 1 N

) 1 -
1 # ) t 1 - < <
F 1 - " 3 J B
D 1
F ) 1
. . 9
" )
) 1 - F
0.10
# O 0.05 + U se Pr o b ab il ity o f F #
" @ - 3
. ) 1 =
167

! O K 4 3
Variables Entered/Removeda
V a r ia b le s V a r ia b le s
M o d e l E n te re d R e m o v e d M e th o d
1 S te p w is e ( C r ite r ia :
P ro b a
b ility - o f-F -to -e n te r
X3 . < = .0 5 0 ,
P ro b a
b ility - o f-F -to -re m o v
e > = .10 0 ) .
2 S te p w is e ( C r ite r ia :
P ro b a
b ility - o f- F - to - e n te r
X4 . < = .0 5 0 ,
P ro b a
b ility - o f- F - to - r e m o v
e > = .10 0 ) .
a . D e p e n d e n t V a r ia b le : Y
< " 3 B
C ) 1 <
) 1 % # Ste pwise . ;
1
. M %

1 D
) 3 % 1 A = %
. ) 1 = @ 3 #
) ? . 1 . 1 # ) 1 D B
C " % #
X3
2 6 = C o e f f icie nts = #
. t ! & 2 1 1
,
( E ntr y # O - M
) 0.05 # 2
0.02 +
t ! & P-V al u e
D " 3
( 4 F 1 < a F " ) + t 1 6 - ) B
C X3 # P 1 L
: " C
9
. B
L 1 !
yˆ = 33.007 + 1.158 X 3
% 1 1 ) ? 4 . 1 # ) C " 3 D + # A 9
.
#
) D T ! A ; 1
) E <-
;
X4

X3
( E ntr y # O - M
)0.05 # 2
0.033 +
t ! & P-V al u e =
: # $ C " 3 L 1 ! B
C X4 # P 1 L ,
yˆ = 46.152 + 1.345 X 3 − 2.147 X 4

1 + X4
X3 " t ! & # 2 F = 3 B

- M
) 0.10 # 2
0.033 +

X4 " % 2
t ! & P-V al u e
. B
= C 1 ,
( Re m o v al ) 1 =
X2
X1 @ -
B
# @ #
, B

F = 3 B

. 0.05 - M
1 ) 1 . 1 C " 3 D +
) , 6 7
. , B
C #
!
1 B 1 #

168
Coefficientsa
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
1 ( C o n s ta n t) 33.007 11.6 4 8 2.8 34 .016
X 3 1.15 8 .4 26 .6 34 2.720 .020
2 ( C o n s ta n t) 4 6 .15 2 11.011 4 .19 1 .002
X 3 1.34 5 .36 0 .737 3.735 .004
X 4 - 2.14 7 .8 71 - .4 8 6 - 2.4 6 6 .033
( , ) B
(2) #
B
(1)
t2 1 E Ste pping M e th o d C r ite r ia U se F V al u e : 6 =

#
1 L t2 > F (E nte r ) % A # A ) ) 1 -
# O F ! & 9
. B
/ 1 1 L t2 > F(Re m o v e ) % A B A 3 . B
C
:
#

# ) 1 % 1 #

Excluded Variablesc
C o llin e a r it
y
P a r ti a l S ta ti s ti c s
M o d e l B e ta I n t S ig . C o r r e l a ti o n T o le r a n c e
1 X 1 .027a .108 .9 16 .03 4 .9 15
X 2 .26 7a .9 4 1 .3 6 9 .28 5 .6 8 2
X 4 - .4 8 6 a - 2.4 6 6 .03 3 - .6 15 .9 5 5
2 X 1 - .012b - .05 8 .9 5 5 - .019 .9 09
X 2 .175 b .721 .4 8 9 .23 4 .6 6 3
a . P r e d i c to r s i n th e M o d e l : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 3
b . P r e d i c to r s i n th e M o d e l : ( C o n s ta n t) , X 3 , X 4
c . D e p e n d e n tV a r ia b le : Y
. = 9
. B
C #
" ) " ) # Be ta in 7
169

Factor Analysis

( 1– 11)

3
'
Facto r s #
) 3
C " ) # " . H ,
Re spo nse V ar iab l e s 1 - % 1 3
3
V ar iatio ns % = -
3 1 ) < 1 G
Facto r s 9 #
) 3 9 $ % 3 1 ) 7
1 2 = )
7 . 9 #
) L ine ar C o m po u nd s . ; 1 - %
. M #
3 % ? 2 = ) M
2
# ) # %
# " 2 3 # = K $ 1
. 1 -
0 ! ; , C " 3 3 " ) # "
. #
)
Principal Components Method

( 211)
. E
" ) # " . 9
%
.
. , . 1
Re spo nse 1 - % . ; 3 9 1 3
(# )
)

: " D 3 1 ) #

E 1 - % p 1 3 1 . V ar iab l e s
Z1 = a11 X 1 + a 21 X 2 + ....... + a p1 X p

. #
# ) 1 1 - % L o ad ing s % ) 1 $ # aij 7
: " D 3 1 )
Z 2 = a12 X 1 + a 22 X 2 + ....... + a p 2 X p
( 1 - % % 1 # 1 1 0 ) V ar iance 1 6 3 D #

O r th o g o nal , 1 9 )
%
F
.
..…
D "
: . 1 %
;

1 - % V ar iance -C o v ar iance M atr ix K $ 1
0 ! # ) .1
. X − X 1 .
3 % - 1 D
% E F
# ) F
1 - % C o r r e l atio n M atr ix % . 1 -
0 ! # ) .2
> %
H = <
@ K

Stand ar d ize d V ar iab l e s ) %
. 1 - %
: 1 #
17 0
r e g io ns . ; $ ) M
3 - % ( ) 1 # % 1
5 1 D ata E d ito r $ $ , A ) 1 " , 6
19 7 7 ) (% 6 )
: SPSS
Re g io n g d p l ite r acy h ig h e d u c d o cto r s h o spb e d
D o h o k 17.2 30.1 1.09 17 139
N ine v e h 24.0 44.2 1.85 14 172
A r b il 22.2 35.2 1.18 13 163
Su l ay m an 16.2 33.5 1.01 10 115
Ta' m e e m 32.3 49.4 1.85 18 143
Sal ah A L -D e e n 98.4 37.9 1.32 15 80
D ial a 23.1 44.1 1.93 10 153
A nb ar 22.7 44.3 1.58 16 144
Bag h d ad 75.0 61.6 4.04 36 280
W asit 19.5 36.7 1.11 28 199
Bab y l o n 22.8 44.1 1.82 18 145
K e r b al a 21.5 47.7 1.53 24 173
N aj af 18.7 46.2 1.59 27 190
Q ad isia 21.0 35.2 .95 9 195
M u th ana 21.3 33.5 .84 18 178
Th i-Q ar 18.1 33.8 .73 12 144
M ay san 20.4 34.4 .90 11 301
Basr ah 19.0 53.6 2.24 25 219
# l ite r acy
3 - % 0 ; ! # ) # g d p 7
" 3 9 , $ C " 3 " ! "
1 # h ig h e d u c
1 " ) "
1
9 3 # h o spb e d
100000 # / 1 . 3 # d o cto r s
. 100000 # % 0 $
. %
. 1 9
% " % . 1 - # # " ; " .
: %
. ? 1 K 0

! , 6 A nal y ze D ata Re d u ctio n Facto r
. $
: " D 1 + Facto r A nal y sis

. Re g io n

17 1
:

! , 6 D e scr iptiv e s 4 3 5
: 2 @ +
: " @
Statistics .1
Stand ar d J M e an # % " . 1 % ! & ( )1 ( )
: u niv ar iate d e scr iptiv e s
… D e v iatio n
(
)
J C o m m u nal itie s % $ =
( )
: I nitial so l u tio n
. 0 1 "
1
E ig e n V al u e s
9 J
) M
J % . 1 - % = )
0 ! ( ) : C o r r e l atio n M atr ix .2
.I nv e r se % . 1 -
0 ! >
)

! , 6 Facto r A nal y sis

! E x tr actio n 4 3 5
: " D 1 +
: # ! 0
! @
@ ) %
. # # " 1
" . . - : M e th o d
. ( " ) # " . . ) 1 5 1
: " @
: A nal y se
<
@ K

% " % . 1 -
0 ! # " : C o r r e l atio n M atr ix
.
$ % " > %
H =
17 2
3

% " K $ 1
1
0 ! # " : : co v ar iance M atr ix
. > %
> 0 ,
% K
: "
(#
)
) %
R = - 1
" @
: E x tr actio n

1 ) < @ H )

, %
R = : E ig e nv al u e s O v e r
. (
+
; " G C " 3 ) 0 ) 2 3 4 ( 9 4
. 0 # 1 2 3 (#
) )%
) 3 R = : N u m b e r o f Facto r s
4 = 4
%
. ) C " 3 : M ax im u m I te r atio n f o r C o nv e r g e nce
. # C #
!
"
: " @ : D ispl ay

Facto r M atr ix 9
G #
) 1 % % ) 1 $ ( 3 U nr o tate d f acto r so l u tio n
. %
. # ) C o m po ne nt M atr ix #

# + !

2
# . . ( 3 : Scr e e Pl o t
. E ig e n V al u e s
Ro tatio n


! Ro tatio n 4 3 5
, ( .

7

. C " 3 +

.
# 1 2 D " 3 ! 9 ! % ) 1 $
1 9 1 (L o ad ing s)% ) 1 $ # )
. 0 K
- % - 0 ! % ) 1 $ 4
1 % ) 1 $ # "
J D ir e ct O b l im in J V ar im ax )

" . 5 1

. ? 1 $ " 1 9 $ O

3 + N o ne - $ # . ( Pr o m ax J E q u am ax J Q u ar tim ax
.

Facto r Sco r e s


! Sco r e s 4 3 5
: "
: % 0
! @
) Facto r Sco r e s#
) ; 1 5 1
$ E 3 : Sav e as V ar iab l e s
D ata E d ito r $ $ 9

% C %
F H @
( %
#
. ; 3 9 1 3
#

Facto r Sco r e # ) < " 3

" #
) 3 ) i 2 (
) # ) ;
Z Sco r e s ) %
: ) ;
1 ( p +

% 3 1
17 3
p
Fi = ∑ wij z j ( j = 1,2,... p )
j =1
: 7
Facto r Sco r e s C o e f f icie nts #
) % = )
4
# : w J ) % # : z
: $ E 3 , " 3 # !
. ! " #
) ( ) 5 1 < " 3 D ispl ay Facto r Sco r e C o e f f icie nt M atr ix
. , = )
1 1 (A nd e r so n-Ru b in J Bar tl e ttJ Re g r e ssio n) . = 1 #

) ; :

. % = ) "
D K 7 $ E 3 5 > 0 . ) = . E %
"

% - ) 1 6 Facto r A nal y sis

! O ptio n 4 .
1 5
) C o m po ne nts M atr ix %

0 ! % ) 1 $ ; K
9
0 2 C " 3
. 0 # 1 2 2 3 " . , 2 # % = ) , 6 A 3
; (< -
: 5 C "3 # ! Facto r A nal y sis

! O K 4 3 5
Communalities
In itia l E x tr a c tio n
G D P 1.000 .7 9 7
L IT IR A C Y 1.000 .8 4 3
H IG H E D U C 1.000 .8 9 6
D O C T O R S 1.000 .7 04
H O S P B E D 1.000 .7 7 2
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : P r in c ip a l C o m p o n e n t A n a ly s is .

7 C o m m u nal itie s % $ = ! "

# F = 3 #

% . 1 -
0 ! 3 %
.
C
' % $ =
R 2 # ) . 1 % 1
0 ! 3 # 1
% $ - '
. $ - ) C " 3 % 5
2 % 1 0.7 9 7 C $ <= G D P $ - ! "
1 )
1 C 0 Q
$ - 2 ( " 3 R = ) $ #
) 0 G D P
(#
) )%
? G D P " Sq u ar e M u l tipl e C o r r e l atio n ) . 1 - # ) ? 1 3
1 # 2 7 % 1 3 1 0 $ #
) 6 = 3 9
! 1
3 C $ , % $ - 9 ! 2 C " 3 #
! . D o cto r s 0.7 04
. # " F ) 1 1 C !

1 +
, 3

(%
1 ) % . 1 -
0 !
1 #

1
) 1 D #

7 % 3 1 5 +

0 !
: 7 3 - % " % 1 %58 0
2.9 00 +

(

17 4
. %58 = = 100 *
N
/ = #

" 0 1 1
2 .9
5
% 1 # %80.2 1
0
% 1 %22.2 0

.
3 # 0

< 6 %
1 5 1 # 2
J % "
Total Variance Explained
In itia l E ig e n v a lu e s E x tr a c tio n S u m s o f S q u a r e d L o a d in g s
C o m p o n e n t T o ta l % o f V a r ia n c e C u m u la tiv e % T o ta l % o f V a r ia n c e C u m u la tiv e %
1 2.900 58 .009 58 .009 2.900 58 .009 58 .009
2 1.110 22.207 8 0.216 1.110 22.207 8 0.216
3 .523 10.457 90.6 7 3
4 .393 7 .8 6 4 98 .537
5 7 .313E - 02 1.46 3 100.000
L o ad ing s % ) 1 $ @ C o m po ne nts M atr ix %

0 ! # B

1 . 1 . 1 - # ) 3 9 1 3
? 1 $ , ! =
#

H I G H E D U C ) " )
#
# ) 1 . 1 % M
2 .
(# )
)
3 L I TE RA C Y " ) D " 0.941
#

1 ? 1 $ 7
9 3
G D P + #
# ) 1 . 1 % H ) @
D O C TO RS / 1 .
G D P
,
1 . 1 % M
2 . H O SPBE D % 0$
. % 1 1 0 ) @ 2 = ) 1
. 1
, > ) F 1
H O SPBE D S
Component Matrix a
C o m p o n e n t
1 2
G D P .477 .75 4
L IT IR A C Y .9 18 1.8 9 9 E - 0 2
H IG H E D U C .9 41 .10 2
D O C T O R S .8 29 - .13 1
H O S P B E D .5 0 8 - .717
a . 2c o m p o n e n ts e x tra c te d .
:

$ ! " #
) 1 % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N
$ .1
. % 2 1
0.477 2 + 0.754 2 = 0.797 +
G D P
# ! <=
" +
(# ) )
1 % % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N
.2
: " #
(# ) )
" C " 3
0.477 2 + 0.918 2 + 0.9412 + 0.829 2 + 0.508 2 = 2.9
. ; % " 3 ; 1 5 . 1 H = # ! 2 D 6 -
17 5
;
C o m po ne nt Sco r e s C o e f f icie nts (#
) ) %
% = ) # B
#

" G D P # ) <= C o m po ne nts M ar tix 1 %

0 ! % = ) F
: " ;
0.477
= 0.165
2 2 2 2
0.477 + 0.918 + 0.941 + 0.829 + 0.508 2
Component Score Coefficient Matrix
C o m p o n e n t
1 2
G D P .165 .67 9
L IT IR A C Y .3 16 .0 17
H IG H E D U C .3 24 .0 9 2
D O C T O R S .28 6 - .118
H O S P B E D .17 5 - .64 5
C o m p o n e n t S c o re s .
: <= #

" . ;
1 ; (#
) ) %
2
f ac_ 1 =
0.165*G D P+ 0.316*L I TI RA C Y+ 0.324*H I G H E D U C + 0.286*D O C TO RS+ 0.175*H O S
PBE D
+ ) . ; Stand ar d ize d v ar iab l e s ) % # ) D < " 3
% C #
) H @
(... J L ite r acy J G D P % )
: "
D ata E d ito r $ $ 9

Re g io n g d p l ite r acy h ig h e d u c d o cto r s h o spb e d f ac_ 1 f ac_ 2
Dohok 1 7 .2 3 0 .1 1 .0 9 1 7 1 3 9 -. 8 4 8 7 3 .0 0 8 6 2
N in e v e h 24 . 0 4 4 .2 1 .8 5 1 4 1 7 2 . 0 5 26 5 -. 0 1 0 9 1
A rb il 22. 2 3 5 .2 1 .1 8 1 3 1 6 3 -. 6 5 4 5 8 -. 0 4 0 9 5
S u la y m a n 1 6 .2 3 3 .5 1 .0 1 1 0 1 1 5 -1 . 1 0 9 3 9 .3 7 6 5 7
T a 'm e e m 3 2. 3 4 9 .4 1 .8 5 1 8 1 4 3 .3 7 0 9 7 .5 4 5 0 1
S a l a h A L -De e n 9 8 . 4 3 7 .9 1 .3 2 1 5 8 0 -. 1 1 3 6 2 3 . 3 25 0 0
Di a l a 23 . 1 4 4 .1 1 .9 3 1 0 1 5 3 -. 1 4 0 1 4 . 26 3 9 1
A n b a r 22. 7 4 4 .3 1 .5 8 1 6 1 4 4 -. 0 8 3 0 3 . 223 1 4
B a g hd a d 7 5 .0 6 1 .6 4 .0 4 3 6 28 0 3 . 227 4 8 . 21 8 5 0
W a s it 1 9 .5 3 6 .7 1 .1 1 28 1 9 9 . 0 4 7 21 -. 8 0 4 5 7
B a b y l on 22. 8 4 4 .1 1 .8 2 1 8 1 4 5 . 0 9 229 . 21 0 6 6
K e rb a la 21 . 5 4 7 .7 1 .5 3 24 1 7 3 .4 1 8 3 9 -. 29 1 3 3
N a ja f 1 8 .7 4 6 .2 1 .5 9 27 1 9 0 .5 3 7 0 8 -. 6 27 7 1
Q a d is ia 21 . 0 3 5 .2 .9 5 9 1 9 5 -. 8 1 0 1 3 -. 4 29 0 6
M u t ha n a 21 . 3 3 3 .5 .8 4 1 8 1 7 8 -. 6 28 6 9 -. 3 7 4 23
T hi -Q a r 1 8 .1 3 3 .8 .7 3 1 2 1 4 4 -1 . 0 3 0 5 2 . 0 20 27
M a y sa n 20 . 4 3 4 .4 .9 0 1 1 3 0 1 -. 4 4 1 3 9 -1 . 7 6 8 8 6
B a sra h 1 9 .0 5 3 .6 2. 24 25 21 9 1 .1 1 4 1 5 -. 8 4 4 0 6
,
0 + , > ( 6 )
% %
< " 3
%
9 &
J - B . ) " $ ) <= ! % - )
17 6
0 ! "
.
1 ) % (#
) ) %
. 9 $ % - (#
) )
? # ) 2 1 ) D " ) ) 1 . ? 4
? 1 #
) F %
"
+ ) H
. 9 $ < 2 (-2, 2) M B
% - 3 # ! "
" Scatte r Pl o t $ - . .
: %
. ? 1 . . . 9 $
Scatte r

! , 6 G r aph s Scatte r (Sim pl e )
. $
. Pl o t
. Y A x is : f ac_ 2 H 3
. X A x is : f ac_ 1 H3
. L abe l C as e s by : R e g io n
. OK 4
C h ar t $ $
2 . $ C h ar t R e f e r e n ce L in e F
, 6 3)
: . . , 6 ( 0 ! 3 Y A x is X A x is # Ed it o r
4
Salah AL-Deen
2
1
REGR factor score 2 for analysis
1
Ta'meem
Sulayman Diala
Anbar
Babylon Baghdad
Thi-Qar
Dohok
Arbil Nineveh
0 Muthana
Qadisia Kerbala
Najaf
Wasit Basrah
-1
Maysan
-2
-3
-4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
REGR factor score 1 for analysis 1
$ - # $ . E ) 1 . ? 4
; (#
) ) %
" - ? 4

@ ?
. 6 = 9 $ ! . (0, 0) . #
+ # $ 1 N 4

(3 ; ) #
# ) " 9 $ 2 , 1 6 C
. 3 (-2, 2) M
% (
(< @ 3 ; ) # ) " 9 $ 2 , Q = ! 6
.
? 6 % 1 1

( ) 6 " 9 $ 3
'
% = K E 1 6 1 1 J # ) 9 1 % ) 1 $ % % " % 6
6 % 2 % 2
d o ct o r s
h ig h e d u
l it e r acy #
# ) 1 3 1 ? 1 $

#
K 1 . % 6
) % F .
1 C " 3 1
.(3. 227 )#
# ) " 1 6 9 1 2 C " 3 #
! ; 1
17 7
Case Summaries
Statistics: Mean
L IT IR A C Y H IG H E D U C D O C T O R S
B ag h d ad 6 1 .6 0 4 .0 4 3 6 .0 0
T o tal 4 1 .4 2 1 .5 3 1 7 .8 3
+ ) G D P ) C ? Q = ! 6 (3. 325) 9 $ ; 1
( 0 G C " 3
% 6 .
? 1 (
1 3 1 ? 1 $

1 3 1 ? 1 $ - . .
1 1 6 HOSB ED
: #
, @
. ( C o mpo n e n t s M at r ix %

0 ! 6 ) 1 9 $ 1
Case Summaries
Mean
G D P H O S P B E D
S al ah A L - D een 9 8 .4 0 8 0 .0 0
T o t al 2 8 .5 2 1 7 4 .0 6
: % 6 =
P 1 " Eig e n V e ct o r ( 4
) D C " 3 #
! .1

0 !
#
V = X 12 + X 22 + ... + X n2 ) ; NOR M D #
.
#
! " No r m
#
. C " 3 (? 1 $ )
2 2 # 1 K
C o mpo n e n t s M at r ix
Un iq u e
D

D
.
+ No r mal iz e d V e ct o r + ) D C " 3
: " #
# ) 1 G D P ? 1 $ #
D " C
; <= V e ct o r
0.477
= 0.280
2 2
0.447 + 0.918 + 0.941 + 0.829 + 0.508 2 2 2

(2.9) #
"
#
, # #

. % . 1 -
0 ! (1.11)
Eig e n V e ct o r 1 Eig e n V e ct o r 2
G D P 0.280278 0.715757
L I TER A C Y 0.538845 0.018025
HI G HED UC 0.552474 0.09 6 4 7 4
D OC TOR S 0.486656 -0.12474

HOSPB ED 0.29 83 7 8 -0.68007
; @ # ! + Or t h o g o n al , 1 9 )
%
.2
# ! N
+ fac _ 1, fac _ 2 = ∑ fac _ 1 * fac _ 2 = 0 0 ! +
, D o t Pr o d u ct
178
%
% = ) , # ; @ # ! E K .
" " 1 ; @
. 0 ! +
,
C o mpo n e n t s Sco r e C o e f f icie n t s
Factor Analysis Methods
( 3 – 11 )
/ 1 . 1 )
" ) # " . 9
%
.
. ; - @ < 1
" ) , E 1
. 1 1 4
M . E 1 " ) # "
F act o r A n al y s is " ) # " B
, 3 1 ) 3 9
! 1 " ) # " .
#
) 3
X1, X2….Xp 1 - % # 3 1 ) + M o d e l
. K 1 R
# 3
C o mmo n F act o r s ( 1 - % ) $
: " " ) # " B

1 - % ) 1 . ? 4
( 1
X 1 = a11Y1 + ............. + a1mYm + e1
.........................................................
X p = a p1Y1 + ........... + a pmYm + e p
7
. ( p 1 - %
3 # 2 m
#
) 3) j K $ # ) : Y j
. i 1 - ; j # ) > ) )
L o ad in g s % ) 1 $ : aij
. ( Spe cif ic F act o r ) Xi 1 R
# ) : e i
(M ax imu m L ike l ih o o d M e t h o d 6 3 & . C " 3) : 2#
, . 1 ) 6 3 & . 1 " ) # " / #
1 # % 1
. %
.
. F 1 H= - D
" ) # "
. N
3 #
#
, $ , 0 %
. 1 1
% , 6 7 F act o r A n al y s is : Ex t r act io n

! M ax imu m L ikl e h o o d
:
F a c to r A n a ly s is
Communalities
In itia l E x tr a c tio n
G D P .350 .9 9 9
L IT IR A C Y .8 52 .9 03
H IG H E D U C .8 7 0 .9 35
D O C T O R S .503 .4 8 7
H O S P B E D .2 8 6 .2 2 7
E x tr a c tio n M e th o d : M a x im u m L ik e lih o o d .
<
%
. 1 1 in it ial C o mmu n al it ie s
% ) 1 $
+ R 2
) . 1 - # ) ? 1
+
? 1 $ E " ) # " . 2 1
I n d e pe n d e n t ) % 1 C " 3 ( D e pe n d e n t V ar iabl e ) D " 3 # !
0
#
! " " ) 1 G D P 1 - 0.9 9 9 . (V ar iabl e s
. G D P " " % = - 0. 9 9 9
179
Total Variance Explained
In itia l E ig e n v a lu e s E x tr a c tio n S u m s o f S q u a r e d L o a d in g s
F a c to r T o ta l % o f V a r ia n c e C u m u la tiv e % T o ta l % o f V a r ia n c e C u m u la tiv e %
1 2.900 58 .009 58 .009 1.413 28 .254 28 .254
2 1.110 22.207 8 0.216 2.138 42.7 56 7 1.009
3 .523 10.457 90.6 7 3
4 .393 7 .8 6 4 98 .537
5 7 .313E - 02 1.46 3 100.000
, " 3 " ! , 0
I n it ial Eig e n v al u e s

1 F = 3 #

R " % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N
6 = %
.
%
.
1 1 M
K
I n it ial e ig e n v al u e s D 0
Ex t r act io n Su ms Sq u ar e d L o ad in g s
0 1 1
! "

1 H=
6 3 & . 0
#
R " # ) % ) 1 $ % ) 1 N
; <= F = 3 #
L @

: " F #
)
0 !
0.999 2 + 0.333 2 + 0.469 2 + 0.275 2 − 8.71E − 02 2 = 1.413
1.413 / 5*100 = 28.254% #
# ) F 0 1
Factor Matrixa
F a c to r
1 2
G D P .999 - 9.4 9E - 0 3
L IT IR A C Y .3 3 3 .8 90
H IG H E D U C .4 6 9 .8 4 6
D O C T O R S .27 5 .6 4 1
H O S P B E D - 8 .7 1E - 0 2 .4 6 8
a . 2 f a c t o r s e x t r a c t e d . 14 i t e r a t i o n s r e q u i r e d .
1 # %

0 ! R
> 0 ,
! " #
)
0 ! F = 3
0 !
Goodness-of-fit Test
C h i- S q u a r e d f S ig .
1.337 1 .2 4 7
% 1 # # ! " #
) 1 " ) @ 0 1 # F = 3 #

2
. % 1 # # ! " #
) 0 ) 1 " " 1 @ 0 @ (% . 1
)
) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e =0.247 2 7 χ 2 ! ( , %
180
% % 1 # # ! " " ) 0 1 " + % 5
% 1 - M
1
. %
.

G 1 - . 1 -
:6 =
% . %
" 1 1 #

F act o r Sco r e s #
) %
%
. 9
. 1 ; F act o r s co r e s C o e f f icie n t s % = )
) 1 -
. 3 K , 6 3 & . 1 1
(# 3
)
K , ,

3 . F , 6 ) " . F

# ) " # 1 = C " 3 # ! ,
#
) % = )
: ( F act o r A n al y s is

! Sco r e s 4
#
) 1 ) . 1 - # ) ? 1 +
1
0 ! .
, #
) : R e g r e s s io n
. # )
9
. # 2 ! #
) % ) 1 N

0 ! +
.
, #
) : B ar t l e t t
0 ! +
.
, #
) 7 1 B ar t l e t t .
: A n d e r s o n -R u bin s
. ( . 1 G ) " #
)

+
+ ) H
181

Non Parametric Tests
" ) ? ) C " 3 , 1 - ! A ) - % 1 " ) = % 1 -
@ H ) , ,
% 1 " ? 4
( 0 - , V ar ian ce 1
M e an .

C
) " ) = % 1 - # ) ; 1 . D is t r ibu t io n – F r e e t e s t s ? 4
% 1 1
? 4
< 1 2 ? % 1 N 4
;
<= " ) % 1 - 1 ! % @ 0
3
E " . $
3 3
# ) - ) $ " ) % 1 -

T 1 1 . 3 ) 1 .
.
$ 1 # , ,

; .
$ , 9 F < " 3 " ) = % 1 - C
,
, 1 ! .
$
" ) % 1 - # ) ; D " ) % 1 -
"
" ) = 1 - . < < 1 < 3 SPSS 5 1 . . " ) = % 1 - 2
. % 1 - F ( ) 1 0 0 L @

C h i -Square ( 1 12 )
Obs e r v e d f r e q u e n cie s % 0 " $ 1 " C h i-Sq u ar e 1 # )
% E . ) @ > C " 3 ; Ex pe ct e d F r e q u e n cie s , ? 2

: " C . ) 1 - " ) C h i-Sq u ar e ! E K 3
2 = k (Oi − Ei ) 2
χ ∑
i =1 Ei
+
1 -
? 2
# Ei
$ # Oi 7
. k-1
:1 #
: % 0 ! C " 3 #
! ) $ 0 ! , 1
Oi t y pe

439
1
16 8
2
133
3
6 0
4
8 0 0
. 3 75 1979

: % 5 - M
1 ) @ 1 ;
" .
9 3 3 1
H 0 : P1 = , P2 = , P3 = , P 4 =
16 16 16 16
182
0 ! 1 # P1 <= ) ; F 3 H" 5 C " 3 R H1 " 1 @ 0
.
( 0
1
C

: %
. ;
C h i-Sq u ar e 1 1 . 9
@ 0 1 -
: " D at a Ed it o r 2
% 1 ;
t y pe Obs e r v e d
1 439
2 168
3 133
4 60
4 % ? # ) A ) Ty pe + ) 1 % 0 ! 3 @ ) 6 -
C V al u e L abe l
3 @ A & 1 D " ) ? % 0 ! / A 3 +
Obs e r v e d . " " 2 <- 1 % #

3 ( ) Ty pe
. 3 K
% - " 4
E 2 # )
# $ #

! W e ig h t C as e s by $ ' ) 1
. $ D at a W e ig h t C as e s
. (W e ig h t C as e s by ) C Obs e r v e d # A W e ig h t C as e s

, 6 A n al y z e No n par ame t r ic Te s t s C h i-Sq u ar e
. $
: " D 1 + C h i-Sq u ar e Te s t

!
. t e s t V ar iabl e L is t C Ty pe " 6 -
:
Ex pe ct e d V al u e s
. 1 > 0 ,
? 2
> 0 , % 0 ? : A l l cat e g o r ie s e q u al .1
C ( ; H" 1
) ? 2
H" 3 $ E : V al u e s .2
: "
) @ 9 ; % " # #
M
; V al u e "
# . P1 = = 0.5625 C
#
9
16
. ( 2 1 / $ > 0 ) v al u e " # 0 H @ A d d 4 ) 1 0. 5625
: 5 C "3 # ! OK 4 3
183
TYPE
O b s e rv e d N E x p e c te d N R e s id u a l
1 439 n p 1 45 0 - 11. 0
2 16 8 n p 2 15 0 18 . 0
3 133 n p 3 15 0 - 17 . 0
4 6 0 n p 4 5 0 10 . 0
T o ta l 8 0 0
" #
N
" ) 2
; <= ) 2

9 $ # F = 3 #

D 0
) 2
" ) E D " 3
1 +
; N
6 - n P1=800*0.5625=450
. 9 $ "
Test Statistics
T Y P E
C h i- S q u a r e a 6.356
d f 3
A s y m p .S ig . .0 9 6
a . 0 c e l l s ( .0 % ) h a v e e x p e c t e d f r e q u e n c i e s l e s s t h a n
5. T h e m i n i m u m e x p e c t e d c e l l f r e q u e n c y i s 50 .0 .
P-v al u e 2
6. 356 +
C h i-Sq u ar e ! A 2 E F = 3 #

) @ 9
; #
1 2 + % 5 - M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 0.096
! < 1 1 3 1
? 4
# ) Tr an s f o r m C o mpu t e P-V al u e B K .
: + ? 1
1-C D F .C HI SQ (6.356, 3) =.096
: 2 #
5 %
He ad
! 3 % 1 9 #
9 1 0 0 0
? . 2 %
: ( D at a Ed it o r 2
, A ) 1 )
h e ad n o o bs e r v e d
0 38
1 144
2 342
3 287
4 164
5 25
? 4
? 1 9
!
, 6 % 3 E 1 " @ 0 1 C h i-Sq u ar e 1 1
. % 5 - M
1
B in o mial
# 1 . G o o d n e s s o f F it 1 . 1 1 H) C h i-Sq u ar e 1
: %
. ? 1 1 # ) 1 . > 0 1 Obs e r v e d 1 % - ( 4
)
A n al y z e No n par ame t r ic Te s t s C h i-Sq u ar e
. $
: " D 1 + ( 1 # " D 0 ) C h i-Sq u ar e Te s t

! , 6
184
. Te s t V ar iabl e L is t C h e ad n o # •
%
C 0 ! 9
!
, 6 # ; bin o mial ? 4
# ) •
: " 5
No . o f h e ad s Pr o babil it y
0 0.03125
1 0.15623
2 0.3125
3 0.3125
4 0.15623
5 0.03125
9
F = 3 (% - - ) ; # Ex pe ct e d v al u e s v al u e s •
. M ) 1
: 5 C "3 # ! OK 4 3 5
HEADNO
E x p e c te d N
O b s e rv e d N = 1000* P r R e s id u a l
0 38 31. 2 6 .8
1 144 156 . 2 - 12. 2
2 342 312. 6 29 . 4
3 287 312. 6 - 25. 6
4 16 4 156 . 2 7 .8
5 25 31. 2 -6 .2
T o ta l 1000 1000. 0
: " (0 ! +

! 3) <= C
0 " ? 2
B
Ex pe ct e d F r e q u e n cy .= 1000*0.03125=31.25
Test Statistics
H E A D N O
C h i- S q u a r e a 8.920
d f 5
A s y m p .S ig . .1 1 2
a . 0 c e l l s ( .0% ) h a v e e x p e c t e d f r e q u e n c i e s l e s s t h a n
5. T h e m i n i m u m e x p e c t e d c e l l f r e q u e n c y i s 3 1 .2.

! 3 + % 5 - M
1 ) @ #
1 2 C
3 P-v al u e =.112 2
. B in o mial ? 4
? 1 $
0 # , 1 # 0 % 0 <- 1 % 0 M :6 =
0 F
(5S1=
! 3) 1 > % 0 1 0
(0 =
! 3)C

C h i-s q u ar e

! Ex pe ct e d V al u e s (5S1) . % 0 F , % - -
4 1
# - H 1 -
1 # (6S0)
! ) " 1 % - - " 2 Te s t
185
4 Ex pe ct e d V al u e s 0. 03125 +

# - $ E 1 0=
! ) # 1
. R e mo v e
Ex pe ct e d % 0 M 1
(5S1) % 1 % 0 1
Uppe r 2
1 +

L o w e r 2 # A Us e Spe cif ie d R an g e $ E 1 R an g e
: C "3 # ! OK 4 3
J 5 +

Frequencies
H E A D N O
C a te g o ry O b s e rv e d N E x p e c te d N R e s id u a l
1 1 144 155. 1 - 11. 1
2 2 342 310 . 4 31. 6
3 3 28 7 310 . 4 - 23. 4
4 4 16 4 155. 1 8 .9
5 5 25 31. 0 -6 .0
T o ta l 9 6 2 9 6 2
Two Independent Samples tests

( 2 1 2 )
T 1 # ) 7 " 3 .
T 1 - 1 % 1 - F
? 4
. $
) 1 - # ) - K 3 T ? 4
? 1 1 - ! A
% 1 - SPSS 5 1
7 " ) = % 1 - C E " K
) ) ) 1 .
: ") =
M an n -W h it n e y U 1 .1
Ko l mo g o r o v -Smir n o v Z 1 .2
M o s e s Ex t r e me R e act io n s 1 .3
W al d -W o l f w it z R u n s 1 .4

(1 , 4 )/ ! R $ I 8 1 C
" 3 # % 1 : 3#
D < " 3 G r o u p , @ R $ 3

(24 )C @ R $ I 10 1
d s e as e
) , " 1 2
He al t h y
) , " 1 1 ) , V al u e L abe l @ A
, R % 2
> 2 2
( B & #
3 <- 1
) , 6
D at a Ed it o r $ $ " % 1 , 6
) R $ # ( Time )
t im e g ro u p : SPSS 5 1
10 14 1
6 8 4 1
8 10 1
9 9 0 1
8 4 0 1
9 7 8 1
10 0 2 1
1110 1
8 6 4 2
6 3 6 2
6 3 8 2
7 0 8 2
7 8 6 2
6 0 0 2
13 20 2
7 5 0 2
5 9 4 2
7 5 0 2
186
% 5 - M
1 ? > 0 1
) E 1 " ) @ 1 ; " .
" 1 @ µ1 = µ 2 ) @ 0 1 C ) 1 ) M an n -W h it n e y 1 1
. ( µ1 ≠ µ 2
: %
. ? 1 K 0
A n al y z e No n Par ame t r ic Te s t s 2 I n d e pe n d e n t s ampl e s
. $
: ! 2 I n d e pe n d e n t s ampl e s Te s t , 6
Te s t V ar iabl e L is t ( ) % $ # + ) Time " 6 -

3
H ) 4

G r o u pin g V ar iabl e G F " g r o u p
C @ 3

G r o u p1 : 1 / ! 3
H3 D e f in e G r o u p 4
. M an n -W h it n e y U 1 $ E < . G r o u p2 :2
: 5 , 6 OK 4 3
Ranks
G R O U P N M e a n R a n k S u m o f R a n k s
T IM E h e a lth y 8 1 2 .6 3 1 0 1 .0 0
d s e a s e 1 0 7 .0 0 7 0 .0 0
T o ta l 1 8
9
3 (C @
/ ! ) ) 5 7 R an ks ; C " 3 1 - )
; N
) 3 # ; N
2 # 1 / . 3
< 3 ! ) 2 ;
; F = 3 #
( 7 0 C @ ; N

101 / !
: ! 1 M an n -W h it n e y U ! A
N ( N 1)
U = N1 N 2 + 1 1+ − T1
2
187
M - ) # N2
( N1=8 C
, ) ) + # N1 7
#
.( T1=101) Su m o f R an ks C
) ; N
# T1
(N2=10 )
! A C @ & 1 C
) % . ) C " 3 3- 1 1 U ! A 2 +

U ) ? 4
) ; Z 2 B - .U ! &
W il co x o n W
: " ? 4
" + ) H -
.
B 7
N1 N 2 N1 N 2 ( N1+ N 2 + 1)
µ= = 40 σ = = 11.25
2 12
B D " 3
< 1 ) " ) 1 . ? 4
; U ) ? 4

" ) 1 . ? 4
" )
P-V al u e 2 B K
Z = (U − µ ) / σ = (15 − 40 ) / 11 . 25 = − 2 .222
# ) 1
Tr an s f o r m C o mpu t e 1 Z ! &
( . 1 - ) 2*C D F NOR M (-2.222)=0.0263 "
) 1 . ? 4

- M
1 ) @ ( C
3 1 ) 1 . ? 4
" P-v al u e =0.026 2 7
% 2
.

? > 0 1 ) + # 1 ( 0 1
% 5
. C @ R $ I % 2
.
3 <
H" / ! R $ I , R
Test Statisticsb
T IM E
M a n n -W h itn e y U 15.000
W ilc o x o n W 7 0.000
Z - 2 .2 2 2
A s y m p .S ig .( 2 - ta ile d ) .02 6
E x a c t S ig . [ 2 * ( 1- t a i l e d a
S i g .) ] .02 7
a . N o t c o r r e c te d fo r tie s .
b . G r o u p in g V a r ia b le : G R O U P
U # - 1 . # 2 / U # - . ( / 0 T2 # & # ' ( ) * * + , : # $ %
: "
N 2 ( N 2 + 1)
U = N1 N 2 + − T2
2
1 - /
U ! & ) B 1
9 1 ) # N2
. 1 > 0 C # !

K- Related Samples Tests
K ( 3 12 )
1
" ) T 1 - " ) -
M an n -W h it n e y 1
. On e - W ay A NOV A
) 1 # " " ) - 1
Kr u s kal l -W al l is

T 1 - 4 = .
$ 3
K T 1 # ) G 3 1
188

" ) = % 1 - / F R an ks ; 3 9 1 3 % 1
: SPSS 5 1
. F r ie d man 1 .1
. Ke n d al l ’s W 1 .2
. C o ch r an ’s Q 1 .3
: 4 #
1 ) c
b
a 1 , % 4 0 " B = ; R ! 1 Th e r apis t s ! ) 2
D at a Ed it o r $ $ , 6 5
5 %
( 3
2 1 , " C
# @ 0 C 1 $ 1
Th e r ap a b c : SPSS 5 1
1 2 3 1
2 2 3 1
3 2 3 1
4 1 3 2
5 3 2 1
6 1 2 3
7 2 3 1
8 1 3 2
9 1 3 2
= B " # @ 0
) % 2

) 1 " ) @ 1 ;
" .
. % 5 - M
1
F r ie d man 1 1
: %
. ? 1 K 0
A n al y z e No n par ame t r ic Te s t s K-R e l at e d s ampl e s
. $ 5
: " D 1 + Te s t s f o r s e v e r al R e l at e d Sampl e s

! , 6
: 5 C "3 # ! OK 4 3 5
5
D an ie l W .W .(1978) , B io s t at is t ics : A F o u n d at io n f o r an al y s is in Th e He al t h
Scie n ce s , 2nd Ed it io n , pp.398 .
189
N P a r T e s ts
F r ie d m a n T e s t
Ranks
M e a n R a n k
A 1.67
B 2 .78
C 1.5 6
# " D 1 $ F = 3 1 . = B # ; .
# M e an R an k 7
R an d o miz e d
$ ) % 3 . ! 1 H )
Tw o - w ay A NOV A ) 1
# H
0 !
Tr e at me n t s % ) (B
) 9 3 # 7 B l o cks Ex pe r ime n t
; ; ) 1 # " / < = F r ie d man 1 1 ) 7 B l o cks % 3 .
? 1 F r ie d man ! A
# 2 Or d in al 1 % 1
; " .
R an ks
: " ;
J-1 1 χ 2 ? 4

χ2 =
12 ∑ T 2  − 3K ( J + 1) = 8.2
KJ ( J + 1)  i 
# Ti
(9 3 ) % ) 3 # J
(%3. ) H
0 ! 3 # K 7
. J=3
K=9 + ) # ; N

( C
3 P-V al u e 2
F r iedm an ! A 2 1 F #

. = B " # @ 0
) <2
K + % 5 - M
1 ) @
Test Statisticsa
N 9
C h i- S q u a r e 8 . 222
d f 2
A s y m p . S ig . .0 1 6
a . F r ie d m a n T e s t
190

CHARTS
( 3 , .
1
0 !
/ ! & %
, 9 1 %.. 1 )
.
.
B ar s 1 9 3 , %.. . 9 1 )
. 1 .1 ! & % 1
%= ,
% & ( ) # ! 0 #
…dPies 1

Lin es 1
. 1
) # S PS S 5 1

Bar Charts
( 113)
: 1 #
: Y ear %
; % ' M & S al es %) 1 1 #

y ear s al es
1990 5 0
1991 5 2
1992 5 5
1993 6 0
1994 6 5
. B ar C har t 1 9 3 .. 3 ;" . .
: %
. ?1 K 0
2
B ar C har t

! , 6 .G r ap hs B ar
. $
: F 1
F # # 1
Data in C har t ar e 2 V al u es o f in div idu al cas es 2
. %- . 1

S im p l e 2
S tack edJ C l u s ter ed J S im p l e
% =
Defin e S im p l e B ar

! , 6 1

! Defin e 4 3
: D 1 +
191
: 7 .
. .. . $ 1 # D 2 2 # + 3 : B ar s R ep r es en t
: " @
(
) 1 .. " % 0
3

: C atego r y Label s
.
C " 3 "
) 2 ( ) : C as e n u m ber
)
C " 3
) F

2 ( ) : V ar iabl e
. ( Y ear s #
. F o o tn o te , s u btitl e,d Titl e ..
3 ( ) :Titl e
. M %.. 3 3 <9 $ 1 , 1 . ) %0 !
+
; 2 # ) :Tem p l ate
: " S PS S V iew er .. ( 3 O K 4 3
1 2 ..
T itle L in e 1
Line2
Subtitle
F o o tn o te
192
Establishment Sales
by Years
for Period 1990-1994
70
60
Value SALES
50
40
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR
Iraqi Dinars (Thousands)
. . ( ) 7 >
4 1 F 1 .. C " 3 %= ) /
: " S PS S C har t E dito r
S PS S C har t E dito r

C har t E dito r $ $ - M %= ) ) %= ) / 7
: ( >
4 1 .. ) 1 +
C har t E dito r $ $ + %= ) ) " K 0 : 9 3
.1
: (F = 3 # $
. >
4 1 9 3

F o r m at C o l o r C har t E dito r $ $
. $
193
: " C o l o r s

! , 6 %
. $
: 7
. . $ / = A
: F il l
. . $ "

: B o r der
>
4 1 F 1 4
" <= 4
" C . $ / = A

. 9 3
A p p l y 4 F il l $ E E ) 1
9 3
) 1 .. , 6
. C o l o r s

! " C l o s e 4
: "
2 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
60
Value SALES
50
40
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR
:
0 " 1
7 C
9
. 3) 1 %
. > 0 1 <= 0 "

. (9 3 <- 1 ..
: " ?1 K 0 : B ar S ty l e 9 3 . .2

F o r m at B ar S ty l e C har t E dito r $ $
. $
:

! , 6 %
. $

194
+ 3- ..
# 6 ? ..
) 1 = ..
) 1 = E
# 6 3
= 9 3 , 6 A p p l y A l l 4 >
4 1 F 1 3-D effect 3
: " ) 1
3
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
60
Value SALES
50
40
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR

:6 =
H @ ; 2 3
. $ C E @ A Dep th ;
2 3
. . $ C E
: %
. ?1 K 0 :B ar Label S ty l e 9 3
3 . .3

F o r m at B ar Label S ty l e %
. $

2
3
195
.A ?
3
:

. . C " 3 # ! A p p l y A l l 4 >
4 1 F 1 F r am ed
:
4 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
65
60
60
Value SALES
55
50 52
50
40
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR
" .& .&
: %6 =
C har t E dito r $ $
. $ C har t .. " .& 4 & .
. , = ) 4 & O u ter F r am e
C har t E dito r $ $
. $ C har t .. " " .& 4 & .;
. , = ) 4 & I n n er F r am e
S cal e A xis
1 ! % 3& .4
: " % 3& %
.

C har t E dito r $ $ .. " (…J40، 50، 60)

3 C " 3
: " S cal e A xis

! , 6
196
: 7
, " 1 2 ;

4 & )
. 4 A
( 3:Dis p l ay A xis Lin e .a
. (I n n er F r am e C har t 1 " .& 4 A
. ( V al u e S al es )

3 ?2
:Titl e Ju s tificatio n .b
. ( G
J . ) > N
:S cal e .c
. % :Maj o r div is io n s .d
.
% :Min o r div is io n s .e
≥ Maio r I n cr em en t Min o r I n cr em en t <" 3 1 :I n cr em en t .f
. 1 $ .
. ( 3:G r id .g
. Tick Mar k s ( ) :Tick s .h
. (…J40، 50، 60) %
3 4 A
( 3 :Dis p l ay Label s .i
: 4 2 .. C " 3 % ) 0 / A
. C en ter .
(V al u e S al es
+ )

3 ?@
•
% = 3 , 6 A ? 10 <- 1 5 Min o r I n cr em en t
% 1 # ) •
.Tick Mar k s

. % C G r id Lin es 1 $ .
. @ A •

3 1 D " 3 # ! ) ; S cal e A xis

! E
: ( 4 = %= ) 1

197
: O K 4 ) 1 " , 6 ..
5 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
65
Value SALES
60
60
55
50 52
50
40
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR
Axis Title Axis Label
: % ) 0 1 D =
Label s

! , 6 4 3 : Label s .J
; 3

) $ ) ; 3 : Decim al Pl aces -
. 70. 0J 60. 0J 50. 0J 40. 0: "
) ( )
+
$ )

3
3 # 1 C H @ 4

: Leadin g C har acter -
. D70 J D6 0 J D50 J D40 : "
) , 6 D 2 ) 4 @ A

3
3 # , C H @ 4

: Tr ail in g C har acter -
. % 70J6 0 % J 5 0 %J 4 0 %: "
) , 6 % = 3 @ A
9
C o m m a 9 4 ) # !
0 1 1000 3 4 ( ) :10 0 0 S S ep ar ato r -
. (Per io d
3 1 .. , 6 .

O r igin Lin e # ! . : B ar O r igin Lin e .K
.
H
# ! . 2 C " 3 < 2 # 9 3 7 1 9 2
B ar O r igin Lin e 2 A. D H
. 2 # 2 2 # 9 3
( ) 1 = E 4 A ) 1 ) 4 2 .. " S cal e A xis

! 57 +

: .. C " 3 # ! H

198
6 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
65
Value SALES
60
60
52
50
50
40
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR
. 57 . 3 O r igin Lin e .
. 7

" # 1 F - @ A
( ) : Dis p l ay Der iv ed A xis .L

! Dis p l ay Der iv ed A xis $ E 1 K
H " > D

" !
: " Der iv ed A xis

! , 6 Der iv ed A xis 4 S cal e A xis
Der iv ed A xis
# 1 S cal e A xis " !
9
# # )
: " ; F = 3

! Defin itio n 2 E 1 2 .. "
S cal e A xis Der iv ed A xis
R atio U n its E q u al U n its
1 2
Match 0 V al u e E q u al 0 V al u e
: .. C " 3 # ! O K 4 C o n tin u e 4 3
199
7 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70 140
130
65
60 120
60
110
Value SALES
55
50 52 100
50
90
40 80
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR

C " 3 2 # 6 = . L @
( 1 $ K
Label s
) 0 @ 2
. Der iv ed A xis $
C " 3 H ) @ , " 1 " !
" !
# C " 3 (

) 0 " 2 1 L Match
70 # 1 " !
C " 3 50 # ) . ?2
> 0 , 6 7 1 $
: " Der iv ed A xis

! Defin itio n 2 ; 1 .. " $
C " 3
S cal e A xis Der iv ed A xis

R atio U n its E q u al U n its
1 1
Match 50 V al u e E q u al 70 V al u e
: .. C " 3 # ! O K 4 C o n tin u e 4 3

8 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70 90
65
60 80
60
Value SALES
55
50 52 70
50
40 60
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR
. # $ % … 8 0
! 6 0
7 0
! 50

2 0 0
C atego r y A xis
1 ! % 3& .5
S PS S >
4 1 . . 1
1 ! % 3&

! , 6 C har t E dito r $ $

.. "

3 V iew er
: ( <= 1 2 .. " )

: % ) 0 1 7
4 A , " 1 2 ;

4 & ) Dis p l ay A xis Lin e
4 A
( 3 •
. (I n n er F r am e C har t 1 " .&

) 1 A xis Titl e
# .
) # " 6 1

3 •
.
Titl e j u s tificatio n
) ?2
•
. 1 $ .
.
% 4 A
, 6 A •

3 ( 3 D
Label s

! , 6 Label s 4 3 •

) ? 2

=
4 1 J 9

) J , / 4
, )
S tagger ed J Diago n al J V er tical J H o r iz o n tal : %
7 O r ien tatio n
: " .. , 6 1 .. "

3 ( ) Diago n al ) .
9 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
60
Value SALES
50
40
19
19
19
19
19
90
91
92
93
94
YEAR
, 1
) K 1 $ <1 . F , 1 "
.
) ( 3 +
@

. F V er tical
S tagger ed 9 0 -
2 0 1
> ) 1
.$ C 9 3 .. #
+
;" : S w ap A xis
;" 2 .6
; " 2 3 <= %
. $

F o r m at S w ap A xis
. $
: " , 6 D E 1 2 ..

10 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
YEAR
40 50 60 70
Value SALES
:
S PS S $ $
3) ..
3 + S iz e D
F o n t . N
.

. $ F o r m at Text
) 1 (C har t E dito r
.

S PS S C har t $ $ C #
" .. 1 ) " 1 1
, 6 3 .;
F o n t 2
>
4 1 ;
" . R ) 1
E dito r
. ....A r abic Tr an s p ar en t
A n dal u s
A r ial (A r abic) . N
S PS S C har t $ $
3) .. .$ 1 .$ I / = & . .%
.

. $ F o r m at F il l Patter n (E dito r
$ $
. $ C har t Legen d 1 Legen d Q @ A "
@ A .7
. Legen d

! Dis p l ay C har t Legen d $ E C har t E dito r
.. " " .& 1

#

) # 1
9 3 1 % 1 .B
. $ C har t B ar S p acin g 1 C l u s ter 2 ) 1 K
I n n er F r am e
: # $ %

. .
1 .$ ( ) 1 D 1
2 0 2
.. C " 3 0 " % " 3 0 L @
: Chart Template

(213)
" " C " 3
% " ) > 0 0 ;" . ( ) 1
, D " $ E C

F
% 1 3 K A !
. " 3 1 ) F
%
D 1 . 7 #
.. C " 3 % % " ) @ Tem p l ate ; 2 # 3 & 1
J .P 1 9 3
3 J ) 1 = ) 0 " % " 3 @ 4 2 .. <= . M % C " 3
E + ) x C " 3 % " ) F > 0 1 . ( " . (… 30
" !
)
: %
. ?1 (94S90 %
" 80، 88، 110، 90، 77
C har t $ $ F il e S av e C har t Tem p l ate 1 ; 2 ! 1 4 .. 4
. cht ;
s ct . - ; E 7 E dito r
V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es G r ap hs B ar
. $
. F V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es

! y ear
x % # (s im p l e)
; L 0 F il e 4 C har t S p ecificatio n fr o m $ E 1 2 tem p l ate
: " V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es

! ; 7 cht
: x " .. C " 3 # ! O k 4 3

11 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
120
110
110
100
90
90
88
Value X
80
80
77
70
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR
2 0 3
L i n e
B ar ( 3– 13)
: %
. ?1 Lin e .
. C B ar 9 3 1 2 ..
. C har t E dito r $ $
..
Lin e

! , 6 G al l er y Lin e S im p l e
. $
" "

S al es . 9
" @ .. - S im p l e ) C har ts
. ( Mu l tip l e , ) , @
(
)
: " Lin e C .. #
R ep l ace
12 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
60
Value SALES
50
40
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR
: %
. ?1 1 . C " 3 Mar k er s %= ) ( )
%
. $

F o r m at I n ter p o l atio n

: " I n ter p o l atio n

! , 6 ( C har t E dito r $ $ ..
3)
A p p l y 4 F $ E Dis p l ay Mar k er s
C heck B o x ! ?1
: # $ .. C %= ) H @ A l l
2 0 4
13 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
60
Value SALES
50
40
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR
: " ?1 = ) # $
. $ E %= ) C har t E dito r $ $
..

! , 6

F o r m at Mar k er s

: Mar k er s
. ,
= ) N

: " = ) A p p l y 4
14 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
70
60
Value SALES
50
40
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
YEAR
.A p p ly A ll ! " # ( )
:
2 0 5
P i e
B ar ( 4 – 13 )
: %
. ?1 Pie 1 9 C B ar 9 3 1 2 ..
. C har t E dito r $ $
..
Pie C har ts

! , 6 G al l er y Pie
. $
: " Pie C .. #
R ep l ace S im p l e
15 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
1990
1994
1991
1993
1992
: %
. ?1 <= 1994 R 9 ?. # ! 0
$ $ (
) . . E ) 1 F 1994 1 R ?. 5
. C har t E dito r
C "3 # !

F o r m at E xp l o de S l ice
. $ 5
: ..
16 2 ..
Establishment Sales
by Years
1994 1990
1991
1993
1992
>
4 1 ? . D " 3 C #
! 0 ?. 9 3
.

F o r m at E xp l o de s l ice
2 0 6
: %
. ?1 I n s ide S l ice ?. # # # "
1 ( )
, 6 ( C har t E dito r .. E ) 1 ) C har t O p tio n s
5
: " D 1 + Pie O p tio n s

!
. ?. # Text

1 ( ) Label s Per cen ts $ 6 -
: " ; + Label F o r m at

! , 6 F o r m at 4
: 7
in s ide O u ts ide Ju s tified) Text
V al u e 2

1 ( 3 ?2
# : Po s itio n
;G I n s ide 2
. ( n u m ber s in s ide Texts O u ts ide J B es t fitJ O u ts ideJ
. ?. #

1 ( 3
. .
)
?. 1 .1 .
. ( ) : C o n n ectin g Lin e fo r O u ts ide Label s
. > , .
. # ) : A r r o w head o n Lin e
.
"
) #
.A ( ) : Dis p l ay F r am e A r o u n d
.. " $ ) ; 3
1000 3 4 3I # !
@ & : V al u es
: .. C " 3 # ! O k 4 C o n tin u e 4 3 5
2 0 7
17 $ % & & '
Establishment Sales
by Years
1994 1990
23.0% 17.7%
1991
1993
18.4%
21.3% 1992
19.5%
: 2 #
. 2002S8199 %
" " 1 %
% ! # #

y ear E xp o r ts I m p o ts
1998 190 180
1999 2 2 0 2 0 0
2 0 0 0 2 19 2 15
2 0 0 1 2 4 5 2 30
2 0 0 2 2 5 0 2 4 4
: " ;" .
. C l u s ter ed B ar s 3. ( .$ - ) 9 3 .. 3 .1
. S tack ed B ar s 9 3 .. 3 .2
: %
. ?1 3. 9 3 3 .1
D
B ar C har t
! , 6 G r ap h B ar
. $ 5

! , 6 Defin e 4 V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es / C l u s ter ed
: " D 1 + C l u s ter ed B ar / V al u es o f I n div idu al C as es
2 0 8
: .. C " 3 # ! O k 4 3 5
18 2 ..
260
240
220
200
180
EXPORTS
Value
160 IMPORTS
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
YEAR
# 1 S tack ed 7 2 2 9
. 3 , 0 1 %
. ?1 S tack ed B ar .. 0 .2
: .. C " 3 # ! 7 B ar C har ts

! C l u s ter ed
2 0 9
19 $ % & & '
600
500
400
300
200
100
IMPORTS
Value
0 EXPORTS
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
YEAR
< ( ) E xp o r ts " "

( # 0 ) <-
( ) I m p o r ts " " # ) ( 0 1
.. K 0 .. 1998 4 A ;G K C @ & 1 (C " 3 )
+
S er ies Dis p l ay ed
. $ C har t E dito r $ $

:

! , 6 " "
2 10
( < 1 ) (C " 3 )Dis p l ay E xp o r ts " " 5
(. .
# = ) O m it C , " 4
( @
) # = ) Dis p l ay C O m it E xp o r ts " " N & 4
. Dis p l ay # = ; G 2
, 1
C D " 4 F (# 0 ) Dis p l ay 1998

) 5
. O m it H
: "
) 1

! , 6
: .. ( ) , 6 O K 4 3 5
20 2 ..
600
500
400
300
200
100
EXPORTS
Value
0 IMPORTS
1999 2000 2001 2002
YEAR
/ , - , . $ B ar + * " # ) * I m p o r ts Lin e & ' " # ) * E xp o r ts (

: B ar /Lin e/A r ea Dis p l ay ed Data
: & & ' ( O K * E xp o r ts Lin e I m p o r ts B ar ' 0
2 11
2 1$% & & '
260
250
240
230
220
210
200
EXPORTS
Value
190 IMPORTS
1999 2000 2001 2002
YEAR
:
C " 3 # ! # ) 1 . 1
B ar . . P ie
Line . . C " 3 " !
: "
B ar . . C " 3 " ! " 9
! 1 % . . F
Line . . C " 3 #
! " G r ap h Line
P ie . . C " 3 #
! " G r ap h P ie
Ar ea . . C " 3 #
! " G r ap h Ar ea
(Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es C " 3 ) 3 #

Dat a E d it o r $ $ % 1 % " 2
g
x2
x1 # #

: " SP SS 5 1
x1 x2 g
10 0 10 a
20 0 20 b
30 0 30 a
4 0 0 4 0 b
50 0 50 b
: " ; " .
. x2
x1 .
B ar . . 3 .1
. x2
x1 " ( b
a) % .
Cl u st er ed B ar 3 . 2 . . 3 .2
: %
. ? 1 x2
x1 .
B ar . . 0 .1
D
B ar Ch ar t s

! , 6 G r ap h B ar
. $ 5
. Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es / Simp l e

! , 6
! Def ine 4 3 5
2 12
: " D 1 + Def ine Simp l e B ar : Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es
-
.
7 x2
x1 # .
# 9 3 6 =
% $ ' L + Ch ange Su mmar y 4 1 .

N
@ -
. M ed ian, M o d e, No .o f Cases , M in. Val u e, M ax. Val u e … # M
: B C "3 # ! O K 4 3 5
400 22 2 . .
300
300
200
100
Mean
0
30
X1 X2
.

x2
) N 0
300 +

" 1 .

x1
) N 0
. 30 +

" 1
? 1 x2
x1 " ( b
a) % .
Cl u st er ed B ar 3 . . . 0 .2
: %
.
D
B ar Ch ar t s

! , 6 G r ap h B ar
. $
. Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es / Cl u st er ed

! , 6
! Def ine 4 3 5
: " D 1 + Def ine Cl u st er ed B ar : Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es
213
: . . C "3 # ! O k 4 3 5
23 2 . .
400
367
300
200
200
100
X1
Mean
37
0 20 X2
a b
( Su mmar ies o f G r o u p s o f Cases ' ) * ) : 4

. gend er 3 d eg 2 1
2
* sal ar y 1 " "
d eg gend er sal ar y
F ir st M al e 9 0
F ir st F emal e 70
T h ir d M al e 56
Seco nd M al e 65
F ir st M al e 8 5
Seco nd F emal e 60
Seco nd M al e 69
T h ir d M al e 57
T h ir d F emal e 50
F ir st F emal e 75
Seco nd F emal e 62
T h ir d F emal e 51
F ir st M al e 8 5
214
: " ;
" .
. 7 &

0 ; .
# B ar s 1 9 3 1 . . 3 .1
# ; 7 &

# ; .
# B ar s 1 9 3 1 . . 3 .2
. 0 6
: %
. ? 1 #
;
" . 0 .1
D
B ar Ch ar t s

! , 6 G r ap h s B ar
. $ 5
. Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases/Simp l e
Def ine Simp l e B ar :

! , 6 F = 3

! Def ine 4 3 5
: " ; + Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases
: & & ' ) * " - O K * 5

24 $ % & & '
74
72 72
70
68
66
64
Mean SALARY
62
61
60
Female Male
GENDER
215
: %
. ? 1 ;
" . 0 .2
D
B ar Ch ar t s

! , 6 G r ap h s B ar
. $ 5

C " 3 0 6
# 7 Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases/Cl u st er ed
. Cl u st er s 7 ;
.

;
.

3 0 6
# # 1

! , 6 F = 3

! Def ine 4 3 5
: " ; + Def ine Cl u st er ed B ar : Su mmar ies f o r G r o u p o f Cases
: & & ' ) * " - O K * 5
25 $ % & & '

90
87
80
70 73
67
60 61
57
GENDER
Mean SALARY
50
51
Female
40 Male
First Second Third
DEG
216
-
SP SS 5 1 % . . , 1 ? , 9 4 6 = # =
B 7 % 1 " ! & )
E XCE L # M % 1 . % . .

, " ! )
< 1 , "
) % 0 <= 1 % .
! & % $ '
% 1 - % < 1 % 1 A !
% 1 ; 4 = % 2

. ! &
Histogram
( 5 – 13 )
B Ro w Dat a % 1 ( ) # ) p ie
Line
B ar 1 % . .
% 1 # P 1
G C " 3 G r o u p ed Dat a 1
1 % 1 ( ) # ) +
? 4
#
C % 1 H ! 1 5 1
7 SP SS 5 1 C U ngr o u p ed , ! 1
% 3 A 7 #
, + B
< " F r eq u ency T abl e +
. # (… J 0 #
. J % 0 3 ) . .
5 #
> 0 ) Dat a E d it o r $ $ < 1 # +

t al l " + B ; " .
. (? 1 # ! 0 (1S4) 1 " ? 1 #

: %
. ? 1 + B
H ist o gr am

! , 6 G r ap h H ist o gr am
. $ 5
: " D 1 +
217
: 5 6 ( * $ O K * 5
26 $ % & & '
10
2
Std. Dev = 17.17
Mean = 68.2
0 N = 56.00
30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
35.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 75.0 85.0 95.0
TALL
) * Cl asses 7 8 2 " . 1 ; < ) * M id p o int s 7 8 2 " $ 9 :

: 7 & ' > . ? @ @ 2 . 1 0 , . I nt er v al Wid t h 8 2 " & = 7 8 2
* = * <
. Ch ar t E d it o r # # ) "
H ist o gr am & & '
: / - !
<
*
218

! , 6 F 3
Def ine 4 4 0 I nt er v al s Cu st o m 4
: " D 1 + Def ine Cu st o m I nt er v al s
2 1
30 @
) 2 # 2 " )
I nt er v al wid t h 10 1 0 #
.
: 2 = ) ; + 7 +
% 0 3 E D " 3
100 @
)
Range 70
No. of Classes = = =7
Class (Interval) Width 10
Label s 4 I nt er v al axis

! C N
" co nt inu e 4 •
: " D 1 + Label s

! , 6
!
: % " ) 1 2 7

C " 3 % 0 ( 3 ; G T yp e M id p o int <- 1 Range .1
. % 0 4 <- 1
. Decimal P l aces % 0 "
" )
" 0 ! 1 $ ) ; 3 .2
. , 1 % 0
K 1 $ - Diago nal O r ient at io n .3
. . ( ) O K 4 I nt er v al axis

! C N
" Co nt inu e 4
:
27 2 . .
219
16
14
12
10
4
Std. Dev = 17.17
2 Mean = 68
0 N = 56.00
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-1
> .& ) (
0
00
TALL
No r mal Ch ar t E d it o r $ $ . .
3 Ch ar t O p t io ns
H ist o gr am

! Disp l ay No r mal Cu r v e $ E K
Disp l ay cu r v e
. # ) 1
! ; 3
B ox P l ot
( 6 – 13)
? ) M ed ian .
#
% $ 3
? 4
H !
. . # )
. ( . . %
#
# ! 0 4 1– 6 1
Dat a E d it o r $ $ C % " % 3
@ #
: 6 #
: "
SP SS 5 1
x y cat z g gend er
30 4 7 a 20 a f
20 66 a 60 b f
31 77 a 50 a m
35 9 0 a 8 0 b m
10 0 55 a 10 0 b m
8 0 62 a 70 a m
79 8 0 b 8 9 b m
55 9 9 b 35 a f
50 4 3 b 65 b f
60 8 7 b 4 0 a f
9 5 9 2 b 55 b f
4 5 70 b 69 b m
39 4 0 b 4 0 a m
. x " B o x P l o t s . . ; " . .1
. y
x " B o x p l o t . . .2
. cat b
a 0 ; y
x " B o x P l o t . . .3
. g (b
a) z 0 B o x P l o t . . .4
220
0 # < " 3 g ( b
a ) z 0 B o x P l o t . . .5
. f 7 O M
m
" A
1 @
. . : " ? 1 #
;
" . 0 .1
: B o xp l o t / - ! G r ap h s B o x p l o t
. $
- 7 ) Simp l e ? su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es 6 -

. ( x " %

) Cl u st er ed
Def ine Simp l e bo xp l o t :

! , 6 F = 3

! Def ine 4 3
: " D 1 + Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es
Label Cases by 2 # A B o xes Rep r esent # A

3 (. .
) , 6 ) 9 $
. " Label
3 1 G 3
. ,
) 9 $
. , @ ? 2 # ) # A
: . . C "3 # ! O K 4 3
221
28 $ % & & '
120
100 M a x . = 1 0 0
80
Q 3 = 7 9
IQR=Q3-Q1 =4 4
60
40 M e d ia n = 5 0
Q 1 = 3 5
20
M in . = 2 0
0
N= 13
: " ? 1 ;
" . 0 .2
D 1 + B o xp l o t

! , 6 G r ap h s B o x p l o t
. $
: "
Def ine Simp l e B o x p l o t : Su mmar ies o f

! , 6 Def ine 4 3
: D 1 + Sep ar at e Var iabl es
: . . ( )O K 4 3
222
29 2 . .
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
N= 13 13
X Y
: 7 & ' > . : 1 & @ 2 .3

G r ap h s , ' $ 8 ,
,
Su mmar ies o f Sep ar at e Var iabl es D

B o x P l o t

! , 6 B o xp l o t

! , 6

! Def ined 4 3
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. H igh l igh t ed ( " " 6 ) 9
$ : Sel ect io n
. Cu r so r $ ' ? 2

$ : Cu r r ent
. H " , C
$ ' ? 2

$ : T o E nd
0 1

H "
; " . ( Y
X @ ) #
# % 1 > 0 : 4 #
: % ) 0
ANO VA 1 # " #
B
Y/X Co ef f icient s % = ) B .1
. Du r bin-Wat so n # ) B
24 9
. Y
X 1 2 = ) L @
+ Scat t er p l o t $ - # $
.2
. Y 2 N

X 2 N
B .3
$ $ , A 2 Y
X ( 1 ) F = 3 # "
H "

: %
. ;
1
! ! " . # ) ( SP SS 5 1 Dat a E d it o r
.F il e New Synt ax 1 Synt ax F il e
H " L 5
Linear

! P ast e 4 #
# " , 0 2
1
. 0 5
. < Q
0
H " -
! Regr essio n
Dat a E d it o r $ $
. $ Y
X " Scat t er p l o t . .

5
Simp l e

! L 0 Def ine 4 G r ap h s Scat t er Simp l e
. Scat t er p l o t
Y Axis : 2 D "
Y Simp l e Scat t er p l o t

! 5
. X Axis : 2 D "
X
.
H " C Scat t er p l o t @ A P ast e 4 5

. $ Y
X # 2 ? 5

! L 0 Anal yze Descr ip t iv e St at ist ics F r eq u encies
. F r eq u encies
$ E ` Var iabl e(s) 2 C Y
X # F r eq u encies

! 5
. St at ist ics

! L 0 St at ist ics 4 . Disp l ay F r eq u ency T abl es
.Su m $ St at ist ics

! 5
H " C F r eq u encies
@ A F r eq u encies

! P ast e 4 5
.

@ Synt ax1
@ E 1
H " C " 3 # ! Synt ax E d it o r 9 5
. 3 F il e Sav e As
. $ H " 4 J 1
" . =
: E @ I ! 7 J SP S . - 1 (t h r ee j o bs <= )H "
25 0
: , G 8, ) , * " , - < @ 2 $ A * + @ $ 8 & #
Ru n Al l ' * 5
R e g r e s s io n
Model Summaryb
A d ju s te d S td .E rro r o f D u r b in - W
M o d e l R RS q u a re RS q u a re th e E s tim a te a ts o n
1 .900a .8 10 .7 8 7 8 .8 2 1.8 8 5
ANOVAb
S u m o f
M o d e l S q u a re s d f M e a n S q u a re F S ig .
1 R e g r e s s io n 2661.050 1 2661.050 3 4 .17 4 .000a
R e s id u a l 622.950 8 7 7 .869
T o ta l 3 284 .000 9
Coefficientsa
S ta n d a r d i
z e d
1 ( C o n s ta n t) 85.044 9 .9 7 0 8.53 0 .000
X 1.140 .19 5 .9 00 5.846 .000
G ra p h
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
Y
20 30 40 50 60 70
Statistics
X Y
N V a lid 10 10
M is s in g 0 0
S u m 4 9 1 14 10
25 1
D 1 !
# " 6 1
Regr essio n 0 <=
/ 4 0 5
3 0
0 # 1 F G
3 0 - D < " 3 Ru n Sel ect io n
. I 9 )
Ru n Cu r r ent ) G r ap h C " 3 $ ' ? 2
5
1 . . ( 3 %
. $

. $
5
1 . . ( 3 Ru n T o E nd 3 . . Scat t er p l o t
. Su m N
" F r eq u ency
:
Y
X <- 1 Y1
X1 C " 3 < 0 9
=
1 . 1 1 G
: %
. ; K E
. Dat a E d it o r 9 Y1
X1 # A 5
. t h r ee j o bs E 1 < 1
4
7 = % ) 0 +
+
H " L 5
. Y1 1 Y #
X1 1 X # # 1 P 1 H " L 5
. Ru n 5 1 $ 5
25 2

Multiple Response Analysis
) % 0 3
4 0 " 5 1 <= D # # ' 3 ; 1 A
3 ; # A . 9
7 = % 0 . 9
D P 1 E (/ + J .

% E F
9
0 ! # K E D 9 H !
: # " 1
" K
9 ) % 1 - # " . 3 F r eq u encies
C " 3 # ! D
: M u l t ip l e r esp o nse F r eq u encies 1 - 9 ) % ;
" .1
. . 1 + #

C " 3 # ! D
: M u l t ip l e Resp o nse Cr o sst abs 1 - 9 ) ? . #
;
" .2
. ) 1 =
) 1 1 #

Multiple response Frequencies
( 1 – 16 )
1
J
, J # 1 1 ) " H !
9
.
# @ 0 ) 1
#
" @ 0 R $ - 3 ) 0 ! # % ) ( " ( 9
J J )
: 1
" 1 - D ( H ! 0 !
. F ;
1 : Multiple dichotomy method

! .1
(
0 ! <= ) . ( ) 2 E H ! 0 ! # R ! E
E K 3 0 !
. ) E ) 0 ! # @ 0 ;
. Dat a E d it o r $ $ % 1 ; . 1 . 1 # . 0 !
B abyl o n j amh o r ya al ir aq q ad issya t h o wr a
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
: %
. ? 1 0 ! # " 1 % &
Anal yze M u l t ip l e Resp o nse Def ine Dat a E d it o r $ $
. $
set s
: " D 1 + Def ine M u l t ip l e Resp o nse Set s

! , 6
25 3
: F = 3 , 6

! ; %
. 1 2 2
Var iabl es in set C , "

Set d ef init io n % •
.
. Dich o t o mies Co u nt ed v al u e ) 1 (
) ) 1 •
Name C " 3 4
) 1
9 ) 1 - 3
/ . 3 A •
. ( 3
" Label
3 / . 3 A
) p ap er
M u l t r esp o nse set s C 3

@ & Ad d 4 •
9 0 = p ap er E 1 9 ) 1 - 3
4

! Cl o se 4 3
. ) 1 ,

! , 6 Anal yze M u l t ip l e Resp o nse F r eq u encies

: D 1 + M u l t ip l e Resp o nse F r eq u encies

. T abl es f o r C $ p ap er 1 - 3
# 1 2 7
: . 1 + #
C " 3 # ! F = 3

! O K 4 3
M u ltip le R e s p o n s e
G r o u p $ P E P E R
25 4
( V a l u e t a b u l a t e d = 1 )
P c t o f P c t o f
D i c h o t o m y l a b e l
N a m e C o u n t R e s p o n s e s C a s e s
B A B Y L O N 5 3 1 . 3 7 1 . 4
J A M H O R Y A 2 1 2 . 5 2 8 . 6
A L I R A Q 4 2 5. 0 57 . 1
Q A D I S S Y A 3 1 8 . 8 42 . 9
T H O W R A 2 1 2 . 5 2 8 . 6
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
T o t a l r e s p o n s e s 1 6 1 0 0 . 0 2 2 8 . 6
0 m i s s i n g c a s e s ; 7 v a l i d c a s e s
:
H ) Z ... J amh o r ya
B abyl o n
Dat a E d it o r $ $ , 6 % .1
E 1 H ) $ p ap er E 1 ,
3
E l ement ar y Var iabl es
% 1
.
% 9 3 @
M u l t ip l e r esp o nse Set 9 ) % 1 - 3

, 6 Label s % F
3 E # " % "
3

.2
#
% , 6 % / E #
% / <- 1 + #

. % "
3 . )
;
D ;
" 1 . : Multiple C a teg or y Method
! .2
( ; M " @ 0 H ! 3 1 + ) # ' C " 3 % 1 & 3 1 ) -

, % ) > 0
# 1
C " 3 H ! =
) ( 0
: %
, # 2 7 X3
X2
X1
1 = B abyl o n , 2 = J amh o r ya , 3 = Al ir aq , 4 = Q ad issya , 5 = T h o wr a
E X1
)
# 1 1 H ! = # @ 0 ; A <=
# 1 1 0 ! # @ 0 ; 4
D X3
3
D X2
1

9
0 2 D
X3 X2 " 2

X1 " 1
R ! E .
,
Dat a E d it o r $ $ X3
X2
X1 % ; E 1 # " 1 1 . M issing Val u e
X1 X2 X3 : "
1 3 4
1 2.
3. .
1 4 5
2 3.
1 4 5
1 3.
< 1 , 1 $
%
. ? 1 (
# + ) 0 ! # " 1 % &
: 0 % 9 ) % ;
"
Analyze M u lt i p le R es p o ns e D ef i ne s et s Dat a E d it o r $ $
. $
25 5
: " D 1 + < 0
Def ine M u l t ip l e Resp o nse Set s

! , 6
C , "
Set d ef init io n X3
X2
X1 = % •
. Var iabl es in set
C 1 H ! % )
Var iabl es Ar e Co d ed As Cat ego r ies •
. ( Range 1 t h r o u gh 5 ) 5
Name C " 3 4
) 1
9 ) 1 - 3
/ . 3 A •
. ( 3
" Label
3 / . 3 A
) p ap er
M u l t r esp o nse set s C 3

@ & Ad d 4 •
9 0 = p ap er E 1 9 ) 1 - 3
4

! Cl o se 4 3
. ) 1 ,

! , 6 Anal yze M u l t ip l e Resp o nse F r eq u encies

C $ p ap er 1 - 3
# 1 2 7 M u l t ip l e Resp o nse F r eq u encies

. T abl es f o r
: . 1 + #
C " 3 # !

! O K 4 3
G r o u p $ P A P E R
P c t o f P c t o f
C a t e g o r y l a b e l
C o d e C o u n t R e s p o n s e s C a s e s
1 5 3 1 . 3 7 1 . 4
2 2 1 2 . 5 2 8 . 6
3 4 2 5. 0 57 . 1
4 3 1 8 . 8 42 . 9
5 2 1 2 . 5 2 8 . 6
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
T o t a l r e s p o n s e s 1 6 1 0 0 . 0 2 2 8 . 6
0 m i s s i n g c a s e s ; 7 v a l i d c a s e s
. 0 % 9 ) % ;
" E 1 D " !
< , 1 $ F

3 E Val u e Label "
3 X3
X2
X1 = % 2 / . 3 A : 6 =
. + #
, 0 <- 1 , 6
Multiple R esponse C rossta b s

( 2 – 16 )
? "
E l ement ar y Var iabl es
% " ? . #

L ;
"
. < ) , "
M u l t ip l e r esp o nse Set s )
: 2 #
25 6
0 !
; 1 G 1 " ) <- ' K ( 0 #
# % 1 > 0
1 ) 2 @ + Co l o r ed
H
F
( 1

1
# @ 0 # % C @ & 1 (
# @ 0 - A 0

# @ 0 ;
: " Dat a E d it o r $ $ % , 6 7 . H ! 0 ! # ;
B abyl o n j amh o r ya al ir aq q ad issya t h o wr a co l o r ed
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1
+ # ' 1
H ! # @ 0 1 (? . #
) B
4 + #

; G
.
# @ 0 @

# @ 0 # + co l o r ed " B #

# @ 0 # $ p ap er 9 ) % 1 - 3
C B E l ement ar y Var iabl e
% ;
" E 1 #
# 9
. > 0 1 3
F
<-
; J H !
9 ) % 0 ;
" 3 D < " 3 ) M u l t ip l e d ich o t o my met h o d 0 % 9 )
.( M u l t ip l e Cat ego r y M et h o d

# @ 0 %
H
0 ! H ! # @ 0 %
7 1 ? . #

: %
. ? 1 9 3

! , 6 Anal yze M u l t ip l e Resp o nse Cr o sst abs
. $
: " D 1 + M u l t ip l e Resp o nse Cr o sst abs

K
(0، 1)
co l o r ed
% 0 C
C " 3 ;
D < " 3
. F = 3

! Def ine Ranges 4 1
. #
C " 3 # ! O K 4 3
* * * C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N * * *
$ P A P E R ( t a b u l a t i n g 1 )
b y C O L O R E D
25 7
: % 6 =

1 A ? . #

3
H ! # % C " 3 #
! .1

( C a ses % -
) respond ent s 1
1
responses % 1 -
$ E M u l t i pl e R esponse C rosst a b s

! O pt i ons 4 1 K
:P erc ent a g es B a sed on
C a ses % -
1
)
H ! C " 3 #
! ( : C a ses •
. (7
# 3 ) R espond ent s 1
% 1 -
1
)
H ! C " 3 #
! ( : R esponses •
. ( 16
# % 1 - 3 )R esponses

! O pt i ons 4 1 ? . #
= " #
1 C " 3 #
! .2
:C el l P erc ent a g es % $ E M u l t i pl e R esponse C rosst a b s

. H ! % N

1 " ( ) : R ow •
.
) % N

1 " ( ) : C ol u m n •
. " % N

1 " ( ) : T ot a l •
25 8
3
9
! 1 7 &

1 # ? .

; " . 1 # > 0
D 7 1 # " D a ta E d i t or $ $ C g end er > @ A ;
F . " ! 0
1= M a l e 7 1 V a l u e L a b el
3 . 3 2
7 & # 2

# 1 )

: " $ $ , 6
( 2 = F em a l e
Babylon jamhorya aliraq qadissya thowra colored g end er

1 0 1 1 0 1 2
1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 2
1 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 2
J H ! # @ 0 # $ p ap er 9 ) % 1 - 3
C B #

% 9 ) % ;
" E 1 #
# 9
. > 0 1 3
F
<-
;
M u ltip le 9 ) % 0 ;
" 3 D < " 3 ) M u ltip le dichotomy method 0
.( C ateg ory M ethod

# @ 0 %
H
0 ! H ! # @ 0 %
7 1 ? . #

: %
. ? 1 > ;
9 3

! , 6 A nalyz e M u ltip le R esp onse C rosstabs
. $
: " D 1 + M u ltip le R esp onse C rosstabs

.
1 G ender % K
C olored % 0 C
C " 3 6 -
# ! F = 3

! O K 4 3
. ) ) 1 D ef ine R ang es 4
: B C "3
259
$ P A P E R (tabu lating 1)
by C O L O R E D
by G E N D E R
C ateg ory = 1 M ale
P e r c e n t s a n d t o t a l s b a s e d o n r e s p o n d e n t s
#
) 4

1 3
(% - ) 1 C " 3 1 ' ; 6 -
. ( #
) 3
7 & 1 3
( 1
26 0
26 1

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241 M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e F r e q u e n c i e s   6   * %     ?   &  116

V a ria b le N a m e C e ll E d ito r A c tiv e c e ll

V a ria b le s N a m e s & A ttrib u te s

B: "  1        >  ?      ; 

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2 K    K    ?  /   K  Data Editor  K ' ' 2 3  

M        %  - F !  Data Editor  ' ' 2 3  R e v e n u e  B   .    $ ( :   L > $  +         3    :  % 

s al ary      & . &   +  

     <  %  R Si z e @   ? 2  I    (  @   ?   " (   4  # h o u se C (  -

Spl i t F i l e s ("  (    & ) $

"  6  <    f ;  ? L  $       m  . L  $   $ ?  -& 9 * C (    & 

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B:    " 6  <    8 . .    R 2002B1997 "   $  E    " !    -  # L=  

     #   & ? $        ? K    &  5 '  - H  

B a se d o n    , J   N I - 2       (2002B1997 )"   $  E    " !    -  -

:    " 6  <    <   ? "   ' w e i g h t  1    F      6   L  .2

 , ,  #  1  4 - 3 '   8  - N (  ) w e i g h t  1    C (  " !  &  2   O K  &  E 

: . Deg rees of F reed om   "  $   : d f

K    &  /   , J     % C . R emove  &   %    1  $     C hang e  &  - N ( 

9 (     1               7  N (  )  % &       4 . sal ary   1       E

( $  % # 24)   ( $  E  &  $  val u e     $  6     E  N ew Val u e  %  # •

:  (   7     4 . R ecod e in to d ifferent variab l es  H  

N'    (&        )        1     -  6   2  Variab l e N ew N ame  %

H     @      C    - C   (     ? $  (   L  &  "   1   &    2  

name sal ary rname rsal ary

G end er     1   - Variab l es    # S al ary N    5 O 6  *    4 .   1   $  0   % E

9  * rsal ary 2   ( L    1   )   1  C I  O K  & 2  continu e  &  E   

   1   2   %    @     / N ormal S cores    L          - : N ormal S cores

P rop ortion      "   E  9 (    !  B l om 1 

36.5 + 43 + 44.5 + 38.9 + 38.1 201 212.9 − 50 + 38.1

"        @  E   6 E "      N    80 $ 6 - $   Tal l   1  

D   <  " / ,  "     L   # F req u encies  ? 2     

K    &  5  E  H   6   Variab l es  %  # Tal l   1   $  *

   , J    4     $  D    : Display frequency table

D at a C       )  %         @ & : S av e stan d ard iz ed v alues as v ariables

Pivot Table 

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Case Processing Summary

S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

Pr ( 63.57 < µ < 72.57 ) = 9 5 %

Q1= 5 5 . 2 , Q2= M e d i a n = 7 0 , Q3= 8 1. 5  

.ta l l  "  3 

H u b e r 's T u k e y 's H a m p e l's A n d re w s '

TALL Stem-a n d -Lea f P l o t

F r eq u en c y Stem & Lea f

Std. Dev = 17.17

   1 %  1 "  )1 .  ?4

Normal Q-Q Plot of TALL

 !  "3 . 1  Ch a r t E d i to r   L i ne a r I nte r po l a ti o n #=  . .   .  . 1   

:  "  ( )  .      <=  " 

* Plot of LN of Spread vs LN of Level

: (  "  % G

* Data transformed using P =

Spread vs. Level Plot of DEPEND By TREAT

* Data transformed using P =

* Data transformed using P =

  #) - . .       <"3  )1   M 

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F A C S ta tis tic S td .E rro r

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241 M u l t i p l e R e s p o n s e F r e q u e n c i e s 6 * % ? & 116

B: " 1 > ? ;

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.& 60 9 E $ 6 $

+ , ‫ " ! د ا ا ت ا ا ا ) و ه أ ر‬# $ ‫ ا

.C o py E - 7 * " I - % " ? 6 , 3 O K & E

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M % - F ! Data Editor ' ' 2 3 R e v e n u e B . $ ( : L > $ + 3 : %

s al ary & . & +

< % R Si z e @ ? 2 I ( @ ? " ( 4 # h o u se C ( -

Spl i t F i l e s (" ( & ) $

" 6 < f ; ? L $ m . L $ $ ? -& 9 * C ( &

: $ , # < - 9 C ( & 2 5 ' - H

B: " 6 < 8 . . R 2002B1997 " $ E " ! - # L=

# & ? $ ? K & 5 ' - H

B a se d o n , J N I - 2 (2002B1997 )" $ E " ! - -

: " 6 < < ? " ' w e i g h t 1 F 6 L .2

, , # 1 4 - 3 ' 8 - N ( ) w e i g h t 1 C ( " ! & 2 O K & E

: . Deg rees of F reed om " $ : d f

K & / , J % C . R emove & % 1 $ C hang e & - N (

9 ( 1 7 N ( ) % & 4 . sal ary 1 E

( $ % # 24) ( $ E & $ val u e $ 6 E N ew Val u e % # •

: ( 7 4 . R ecod e in to d ifferent variab l es H

N' (& ) 1 - 6 2 Variab l e N ew N ame %

H @ C - C ( ? $ ( L & " 1 & 2

G end er 1 - Variab l es # S al ary N 5 O 6 * 4 . 1 $ 0 % E

9 * rsal ary 2 ( L 1 ) 1 C I O K & 2 continu e & E

1 2 % @ / N ormal S cores L - : N ormal S cores

P rop ortion " E 9 ( ! B l om 1

" @ E 6 E " N 80 $ 6 - $ Tal l 1

D < " / , " L # F req u encies ? 2

K & 5 E H 6 Variab l es % # Tal l 1 $ *

, J 4 $ D : Display frequency table

D at a C ) % @ & : S av e stan d ard iz ed v alues as v ariables

Pivot Table

. ) # 4 ? " . . ( 3 : F ac to r L ev els to g eth er

Q1= 5 5 . 2 , Q2= M e d i a n = 7 0 , Q3= 8 1. 5

.ta l l " 3

1 % 1 " )1 . ?4

! "3 . 1 Ch a r t E d i to r L i ne a r I nte r po l a ti o n #= . . . . 1

: " ( ) . <= "

: ( " % G

#) - . . <"3 )1 M

.% )" )1 M G

7 E x cl u d e Cases Listwise (# # 1 C " 3 ) %.

: " D 1 + Statistics

Pearso n . 1 # ) ; (… ;

Co ntinu ity Co rrectio n = Y ates L ! ; : 1

: .. .) Cro sstabs

treat 1 2 = ) " Cro sstabs #

: 5 C " 3 # ! Cro sstabs

# ) . I nd epend ent V ariabl e # 1

" ; 5 , 6

5 , 6. I nd epend ent List C " 3 Prev io u s 4 C

. (F=7.05 3 ) % ) %.

: " Test fo r Linearity 1 - F 2 ;

: # " " 5 , 6 O ne sampl e T-Test

> 3 ) " 1 @ 0 @ ( 1 > ) ) @ 1 1 F = 3 B

Orthogonal Comparisons

P-V al u e < 0.05 %5 - M

Trend Analysis

? ) 1 % 1 C " 3 Betw een Grou ps % ) 1 % ) 1 N

1 % @ 2 # ) % ) 1 3 C " 3 Fixed Factors " ) "

0 ) # , F 2 C "3 # ! D < " 3 ) car

Prof ile Plots

Covariance Analysis

S im p le L inear Correlat ion

1 - . . @ 0 1 - Tw o Tailed $ Test sig nif icance #

S lop Parameter # " ) : B1

+ . 2= ) 0 ( Y 2 " % - ) % 1 % 8 1 K 0

. 217 . 1982

P-V al u e = 0.001< 0.05 2 . ) # n

E < # ) 1 ) . VIF = 7 (V ar iance I nf l atio n Facto r )

t2 1 E Ste pping M e th o d C r ite r ia U se F V al u e : 6 =

Principal Components Method

1 1 (A nd e r so n-Ru b in J Bar tl e ttJ Re g r e ssio n) . = 1 #

L o ad ing s % ) 1 $ @ C o m po ne nts M atr ix %

: " C . ) 1 - " ) C h i-Sq u ar e ! E K 3

Two Independent Samples tests