Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Types of Reasoning
This year you will be introduced to
__________________________
different types of reasoning.
What is reasoning? How to make an
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Types of Reasoning
____________ Reasoning: why things happen
____________ Reasoning: are things alike or different?
_____________ Reasoning: statements about groups and parts of groups
Comparison Reasoning: Drawing conclusions based on how alike or different 2 things are
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Like, Unlike, Similar, Different, Same, Contrast, Better, Worse, More, Less
Elements:
__________what is being compared
__________point of comparison
___________how the subject is described regarding a given issue
Key words: ____________ Subjects: ________________________ Issues: __________________________________ Descriptors: (see next few slides)
Comparison Diagramming
Comparison Statement:
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_______
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ISSUE A
DESCRIPTOR 1A
DESCRIPTOR 2A
ISSUE B
DESCRIPTOR 1B
DESCRIPTOR 2B
ISSUE C
DESCRIPTOR 1C
DESCRIPTOR 2C
Juniors
Seniors
Work Ethic
Responsibility
Example: __________________________
Dogs are very similar to cats. Both make great pets and are friendly. They become like a member of the household. But dogs slobber all over you, and smell more, while cats dont. Cats are also less work overall, and you dont have to take them out in the middle of the night.
Differences:
CE Reasoning: Diagramming
Boxes & Arrows
EVENT
CAUSAL CONNECTION
Ex. Ms. Kornfeld only got ice cream for herself at Bedford Farms which caused her to endure seemingly endless persecution. Ms. Kornfeld only got ice cream for herself at Bedford Farms.
Production
Economic Contraction
Generalization Reasoning
Purpose:
What is reasoning by generalization?
Making a statement about a group based on a section of that group.
Generalization Example
Example: By reading the diaries of some women in Colonial times, historians argue that most Colonial women worked long, hard hours cooking, cleaning, growing food, and caring for children.
Do you remember how to diagram a cause and effect argument? Comparison argument?
Whole: the group the statement is about Generalization: the statement about that group Parts: the BIG types of evidence used Sample: the specific examples of evidence used
Example of Generalization
1. After the Civil War, all freed slaves faced questions about their lives. These questions included economic, political, and legal issues. For example, what jobs would freed slaves get to hold? Would freed slaves be allowed to vote? Would they get public education? Would they get all the rights of free citizens? Whole:
Generalization:
Parts:
Sample:
Example 2
2. All students at BHS feel the rules on technology use in the school need to be changed. The students feel this way because of issues of fairness, the need to know information, and helping with learning. For example, teachers get to use their cell phones, so why shouldnt students? Plus, students need to stay in touch with family members and friends, to know whats going on that afternoon. Also, many students find it easier to focus when listening to their ipod. Whole:
Generalization:
Parts:
Sample:
Example:
By looking at the letters of two Confederate soldiers from Mississippi, historian Eric Foner concluded that all Confederate soldiers were glad when the Civil War ended.
Is the sample large?
Is the sample representative?
Is it a good generalization?
Example 2
Historian Joanna McPherson concluded that most factories in Massachusetts had prospered due to the Civil War. Her research included examining the records of 85% of all the factories in Massachusetts.
She looked at factories in all the counties, including those of different sizes.
Is the sample large?
Is the sample representative?
Is this a good generalization?