1

Heat transfer rate: A q q " = Newtons Law:

( )

= T T h q
s
"
Fouriers Law in Cartesian coordinates: k
z
T
k j
y
T
k i
x
T
k q
r r r
r

= "
Fouriers Law in cylindrical coordinates: k
z
T
j
T
r
k i
r
T
k q
r r r
r

1
"
Fouriers Law in spherical coordinates: k
T
r
k j
T
r
k i
r
T
k q
r r r
r

=
sin
1 1
"
Stefan-Boltzman Law:
( )
4 4
"

= T T q
s

where K m W 10 5.67
-8
=
2
/
Energy absorption due to irradiation: G G
abs
=
Energy generated due to electrical resistance heating:
L R I E
e g
=
2

Conservation of energy over a time interval (closed system):
stored gen out in
E E E E = +

Conservation of energy at an instant of time (closed system): st
st
gen out in
E
dt
dE
E E E
& & & &
= = +

Surface energy balance:
0 =
out in
E E
Thermal diffusivity
p
C
k

=
General Heat Diffusion Equation:
Cartesian coordinates:
t
T
C q
z
T
k
z y
T
k
y x
T
k
x
p

= + |

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+ |

\
|

&
Cylindrical coordinates:
t
T
C q
z
T
k
z
T
k
r r
T
kr
r r
p

= + |

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+ |

\
|

&
2
1 1

Spherical coordinates:
t
T
C q
T
k
r
T
k
r r
T
kr
r r
p

= + |

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+ |

\
|

& sin
sin
1
sin
1 1
2 2 2 2
2
2


Boundary conditions for the heat diffusion equation:

Constant Surface Temperature: 0 t x @ T T
s
> = = , 0 T t T or
s
= ) , 0 (
Constant Surface Heat Flux:
0 x @ ,
x
T
k q
s
=

=
"

"
s
x
q
x
T
k or =

=0

"
s
q
x
,t) T(
k or =

0

Insulated (Adiabatic) Surface: 0 0
"
= = x @ q 0
) , 0 (
=

x
t T
or 0
0
=

= x
x
T
or
Convection:
[ ] ) , 0 (
) , 0 (
t T T h
x
t T
k =

[ ] ) , 0 (
0
t T T h
x
T
k or
x
=

=


2

Thermal Resistance Concept:
R
T
q

=

kA
L
R
wall
=

Lk
r r
R
cly
2
) / ln(
1 2
=

k r r
r r
R
sph
2 1
1 2
4

=

hA
R
conv
1
=

A h
R
rad
rad
1
=

rad
sur s
sur s rad sur s rad
R
T T
) T A(T h ) T A(T q

= = =
4 4

Critical radius of insulation:
h
k
r
cylinder cr,
=

h
k
r
sphere cr,
2
=
Fin Equations: ( ) 0
2
2
=

T T
kA
hP
x
T
c
or 0
2
2
=

b
c
kA
hP
x

Fin Efficiency:
max , fin
fin
fin
q
q
=

) (
max ,
= T T hA q
b fin fin

Fin Effectiveness:
fin
b
fin
b b
b fin fin
b b fin no
fin
fin
A
A
T T hA
T T hA
T T hA
q
q
q

= =

) (
) (
) (

Fin Resistance:
fin
b
f t
q
T T
R

=
,

) )( ( ) ( ) (
,
+ = + = + = T T A A h T T hA T T hA q q q
b fin fin unfin b fin fin b unfin fin unfin fin total


nofin total
fin total
overall fin
q
q
,
,
,
=

b fin t
A NA A + =
2
sinh
x x
e e
x

=
2
cosh
x x
e e
x

+
=
x x
x x
e e
e e
x

= tanh
3




4

General Lumped Capacitance Analysis:

( ) ( ) [ ]
g r c s sur h s s p
E A T T T T h A q
dt
dT
VC
&
+ + =
) , (
4 4
,


Criteria for Lumped Capacitance Analysis:
c
c
c
A
V
L .
k
hL
Bi = = 1 0
For a plane wall of thickness 2L:
L L
c
=
For a cylinder:
2
o
c
r
L =
For a sphere:
3
o
c
r
L =


Special Case (Negligible Radiation and Source Terms): ( ) 0 , 0 , = = >>
s g r
q E h h
|

\
|
=
(
(

|
|

\
|
=

= =

t
t
VC
hA
T T
T T

dt
d
hA
VC
p
c s
i i
t



c s
p
i
exp exp
,
0
,


Transient 1-D Conduction:

Plane Wall: T

same on both sides; Thickness 2L;

=
T T
T T
i
*

Exact Solution: ( ) ( )

=
=
1
* 2 *
cos exp
n
n n n
x Fo C where
( )
n n
n
n
C

2 sin 2
sin 4
+
=

and the eigenvalues,
n
, are positive roots of Bi
n n
= tan

Approximate Solution: Valid for Fo > 0.2, just use n =1 (first term of the series)

Temperature profile: ( ) ( )
*
1
2
1 1
*
1
cos exp x Fo C =

Midline Temperature (x
*
= 0): ( ) Fo C
mid
2
1 1
*
exp =

Total Amount of Energy Transferred:
*
1
1
sin
1
o
o
Q
Q

= where ( )

= T T V C Q
i p o
(Maximum Energy)

Sphere:

Approximate Solution: Valid for Fo > 0.2
Temperature profile: ( )
( )
*
1
*
1 2
1 1
*
sin
exp
r
r
Fo C

=

Center Temperature (r = 0): ( ) Fo C
o
2
1 1
*
exp =

Total Amount of Energy Transferred: ( ) ( ) [ ]
1 1 1
3
1
*
0
0
cos sin
3
1

=
Q
Q


5

Infinite Cylinder: Valid for L/R > 10; Bi = hR/k; Fo = t/R
2


Approximate Solution: Valid for Fo > 0.2

Temperature profile: ( ) ( )
*
1
2
1 1
*
exp r J Fo C
o
= where r
*
= r/R

Centerline Temperature (r = 0): ( ) Fo C
o
2
1 1
*
exp =

Total Amount of Energy Transferred: ( )
1 1
1
*
2
1

J
Q
Q
o
o
=





6



7

Transient Heat Transfer in a Semi-Infinite Solid:

Case I: Constant Surface Temperature

|
|

\
|
=

t
y
erf
T T
T t y T
S i
S
2
) , (

t
T T k
y
T
k t q
i S
y
S

) (
) (
0
' '

=

=
=


Case II: Constant Surface Heat Flux

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
t
x
erfc
k
x q
t
x
k
t q
T t x T
s s
i

2
4
exp
) / ( 2
) , (
' ' 2 2 / 1 ' '


Case III: Surface Convection

)] , 0 ( [
0
t T T h
x
T
k
x
=

=

(
(

|
|

\
|
+
(

|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=

k
t h
t
x
erfc
k
t h
k
hx
t
x
erfc
T T
T t x T
i
i

2
exp
2
) , (
2
2





8

Forced Convection:
Heat transfer coefficient:
) (
) (
0

=

=
-T T
y T/ k
h
s
y fluid
x

=
s
A
s x
s
dA h
A
h
1

Friction coefficient and drag force:
2
2
, ,

=
u
C
x f x s

= =

x
x s x f x s
dx
x
u
C
0
,
2
, ,
1
2

s x s D
A F
,
=

( )
0 ,
/
=
=
y x s
y u

Nusselt number: (flow over flat plate)
k
hL
Nu =
(flow over flat plate)
k
hD
Nu =

Momentum and Heat Transfer (Reynolds) Analogy: 60 Pr 6 0 Pr
2
3 2
< < = = . j St
C
H
/ f

Stanton Number:
Pr Re
Nu
VC
h
St
p
= =

Prandtl Number:
k
C
p

= = Pr
Reynolds Number: (flow over flat plate)

VL
= Re
(flow over cylinder/sphere)

VD
= Re

(internal flow)

h
VD
= Re
where
P
A
D
c
h
4
=
Critical Reynolds number: Flow over flat plate Re
c
= 510
5

Flow over cylinder or sphere: Re
c
= 210
5
Tube flow: Re
c
= 2300

Internal Flow: Local Heat Flux:
( )
m s s
T T h q =

Mean Velocity:
c m
A u m = &
Mean Temperature:
m p t
T C m E &
&
=

( )
c
A
c
m
A
dA x r u
u
c

=
,

p
A
c p
m
C m
TdA uC
T
c
&

Hydrodynamic Entry Length: ( )
D h fd
D x : flow Laminar Re 05 . 0 /
,

( ) 60 10 < < /D x : flow Turbulent
fd,h
(x
fd,t, turbulent
= x
fd,h, turbulent
10D)
Thermal Entry Length: ( ) Pr Re 05 . 0 /
, D h fd
D x : flow Laminar
( ) 60 10 < < /D x : flow Turbulent
fd,h
(x
fd,t, turbulent
= x
fd,h, turbulent
10D)


Mean Fluid Temperature (const. surface temp.): where


lm s
T A h q =

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
i o
i o
o s
i s
o s i s
lm
T T
T T
T T
T T
T T T T
T


=
|
|

\
|

=
/ ln
ln

Mean Fluid Temperature (const. surface heat flux):
x
C m
P q
T x T
p
s
i m m
&

+ =
,
) (
( )
,
exp
s m
x
s m i
p
T T x
Px
h
T T
mc
| |

|
=
|
\
&
0
1
x x
x
h h dx
x
=
9

External Flow:



) Re 664 . 0 Re 037 . 0 871 (
3 / 1
,
5 / 4
, c x c x
A = =
10




11







12

Tube Banks: Reynolds number:

D V
max D,
max
Re =
Maximum velocity: (aligned) V
D S
S
V
T
T

=
max

(staggered)





Heat transfer rate:
lm s
T A h q =

( ) DL N A
s
=

L T
N N N =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
|
|

\
|

=
o s
i s
o s i s
lm
T T
T T
T T T T
T
ln

Fluid Outlet Temperature (T
o
) :
|
|

\
|
=

p T T i s
o s
C S VN
h DN
T T
T T

exp


Pressure Drop:

Power required (W
pump
) to move a fluid through a tube bank:

P m
P V W
pump

= =
&
& &

P W
pump
P cost Operating


( ) ( )
if 2
max
S
T
V V S D S D
D T
S D
T
=

( )
( ) ( )
if 2
max
2
S
T
V V S D S D
D T
S D
D
=

2
max
2
L
V
p N f

| |
=
|
\
, Figures 7.14 and 7.15 f
2 / 1
2
2
2
(
(

\
|
+ =
T
L D
S
S S