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444

(1) Thomas S. Kuhn, The History of Science, in: International Encyclopdia of Social Sciences, ed. by
D.L. Sills, Macmillan. New York, 1968-Vol. 14.Pp74:83.P.74.
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( )
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(5) Marx W. Wartofsky, The Relation Between Philosophy of Science And History of Science, in:
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Heffer & Sons, Cambridge, 1962. Pp62:66.p.63.
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(9) R.L. Beals & H. Hoijer & A.R. Beals, An Introduction to Anthropology, 5th edition, Macmillan,
New York, 1977.Pp. 174:176

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:( )
L. Levy Bruhl, La Philosophie dAuguste Comte, Felix Alcan, Paris,1921
(14) Karl Pearson, The Grammar of Science, London, 1900 Revised Reprint in Everyman Library,
Dalton & Co.New York, 1937.
^ .
. :

445


) . : .
.( :
) (@ .
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: k
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(17) E. Evans-Richard, Social Anthropology, P.33.35
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@ . . :
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(22) L.W.H. Hull, History And Philosophy of Science, P. 7 et Seq
(23) Toby E. Huff, The Rise 0f Early Modern Science. lslam, China and the West, (1993),
Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. 288- 289.

@ .
) ( : . @
@ .
(25) Joseph Needham. Science And Civilization in China, Cambridge University Press, 1954.
) ( F @ @
: . @ . .
) ( @ : .
o . .
(28) Bertrand Russell, The Scientific Outlook. George Allen & Unwin, London, 1934,Pp21-22.
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(30) L.W. Hull, History And Philosophy of Scince, P.114
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: / : .
(32) T.E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science, p.237
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@ . :
@
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.:
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446


.
(36) G. Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Vol. I, Baltimore, 1927. p.5.
) ( .@ ? : .
.
) ( @ .
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) ( . . .
(2) Francis Bacon Novum Organon, in: The Philosophers of Science, ed By S. Commins & R. N.
Linscott, The Pocket Library, New York, 1954. Pp 73.158. P119
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) ( . . -
) (@ .
) ( . @ ) .( .
) (@ .
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) (9) Ibid, P. 80 (
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(12) Oskar Seyffert, the Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art, Gramercy
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(14) Ibid. P. 85.
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(16) Francis Bacon, New Atlantis, ed. by A.B. Gough, Oxford, 1915.
) (17) F. Bacon, Novum Organum, P. 151 -152. (
(18) L.W. Hull, History And Philosophy of Science, P. 127-128
(19) E.A. Burtt. The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science, Routledge & Kegan Paul,
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) ( . . .
. -
) ( . . . . .
( 22) Bertrand Russell, The Scientific Outlook, P.23.
(23) R.G. Collingwood. The Idea of Nature, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1945. P. 101-102.

447


(24) C.D. Broad, Ethics And The History of Philosophy, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1952.Pp
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(28) Morris R. Cohen. Reason And Nature : An Essay on the Scientific Method, Dover Publishing,
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(32) Isiah Berlin, Four Essays On Liberty., Oxford.,1976. P. 56-57.
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(40) Penguin Dictionary of Science, P. 133-134. And: Raymond A.Serway, Physics, Saunders College
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(41) James Jeans, the Mysterious Universe, Cambridge University Press, 1933. P.61.
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. -
) (@ .
) ( @ @ . -
(45) L. Ponomarev, In Quest of Quantum, Mir Publisher, Moscow, 1973. P. 17-18..
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: .
@ @
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448


(47) Louis De Broglie, The Revolution in Physics, Trans by Ralph W. Niemeyer, Routledge & Kegan
Panl, London, 1954, p. 71.
(48) V. Rydnik, A.B.Cs. of Quantum Mechanism, Trans, by George Yankovsky, Peace Publishers,
Moscow, 1971. P. 15.

@ @( )
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(2) R.G. Collingwood, The Idea of Nature, P. 11 - 112.
(3)Ibid, P. 99.
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(6) William Whewell, History of Scientific Ideas, Vol. I, John W. Parker & Son, London, 1858. P. v-vi.
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pp. 249-302
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(10) J.S. Mill. System of Logic, P. 390
(11) Ibid, P. 398.
(12) Ibid, P. 402.
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449


Revaluation. Fordham University Press, New York, 1976.
(24) Ibid. p. 69-70.
(25) Hume, An Enqyuiry Concerning Human Understanding, P. 42-43.
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(27) Bertrand Russell. Problems of philosophy (1912), Oxford, 1973. P. 34-35.
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(32) J. Katz, The Problem of Induction And its Solutions, p. 17.
(33) A.N. Whitehead, Science And Modern World, Fontana Books, Glasgow, 1973. P.17.
(34) John Polkinghorne, Beyond Science: The Wider Human Context, Cambridge University Press,
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(37) Paul Feyerabend. Philosophical Papers, Vol. I : Realism. Rationalism and Scientific Method,
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(38) Karl Popper, Conjectures And Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledg. P.47.
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(1) Ernest Hutten, The Ideas Of Physics, Oliver & Boyd., London, 1976.P.71.
(2) V.Rydnik,ABC of Quantum Mechanics, op cit.,28-29.
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(4) Ibid, p.33-34. And: Louis De Broglie, Revolution in Physics, p. 103-108.
(5) J. Jeans,The Mysterious Universe, p.95.
. . ( )

450


(7) L. Ponomarev. In Quest of Quantum, op cit., p. 34.
(8) L. Broglie, The Revolution in Physics, op cit, p. 121.
(9) Ibid,p.119.
(10) Ibid,p, 119-120.
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(12) R. Serway, Physics, Florida, 1996.P. 1203
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(16) Penguin Dictionary of Science, P. 84.
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1938.P.225. A. Einstein & L.INFELD, The Evolution Of Physics, Cambridge
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(38) Cliford M. Will, Was Einstein Right?, Oxford University Press, 1989.Pp. 75-78.
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(48)Hans Reichenbach, Relativity Theory And Apriori Knowledge, p. 3-4.
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(51) H. Reichenbach, Relativity Theory And Apriori Knowledhe, Pp. 34-36.
(52) H. Cohen, Reason and Nature, p. 194-195.
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(54) L.De Broglie,The Revolution in Physics, P.129-130
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452


: ( )
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( @ )
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.(2) George Henrik fon Wright, Logic And Philosophy in The Twentieth Century
F @
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(4) Irving M. Copi. Introduction To Logic, Macmillan, New York, 5th. ed., 1978. P. 264.
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(9) Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigation, trasn by G. Ans-comb, Basil Blackwell, Oxford,
1958, Preface P.ix.
(10) Ibid, Passage 244. p. 89.
(11) Anthony Kenny, Wittgenstein, Harvard University Press, 1973, p. 104.
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214-216.
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London, 1967.
(18) Bertrand Russell, My Philosophical Development (1959), George Allen & Unwin, London, 3rd
ed,. 1969, p. 254.
. .( )

453


(20) B. Russell, My Philosophical Development, p. 44.
(21) B. Russell. My Mental Development, in: P.A. Sohilpp (ed), The Philosophy of Bertrand
Russell, Vol. V of: The Library of Living philosophers, Evanston, Illonois, (1944), 2nd. ed,. 1046,
pp. 1-20, p.11.
(22) B. Russell, the Autobiography, Unwin Books, London, 1975, P.147.
(23) B. Russell, Nightmares of Eminent Persons and Othet Stories, The Bodley Head, London,
1954.Pp. 40-44
. @ :( )
(25) B. Russell, The Analysis of Matter (1927), George Allen & Unwin, London, 1954. p314
(26) B. Russell, The Analysis of Mind, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1921, p. 387.
(27) B. Russell, The Analysis of Matter, p. 389.
( )
.
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(30) C.A. Fritz, Bertrand Russells Construction of External World Routledge & Kegan Paul,
London, 1952. p. 191-194
(31) Donald Gillies, Philosophy of Science in Twentieth Century, m Blackwell, Oxford, 1993, p. 145
.(32) Passmore, A Hundred Years of Philosophy, Penguin Books, London, 1975. p. 367.
.(33) Ayer, Language, Truth And Logic (1936), Penguin Books, London, 1974. p. 8-11
(34) Norton White, The Age of AnaLysis: 20th, Century Philosophers, Mentor Books, New York,
1957, p. 210.
(35) James GriffeN, Wittgensteins Logical Atomism, Oxford University Press, 1965, p. 102-103.
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.
(37) R. Carnap, The Logical Syntax of Language, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1951, p. 318.
(38) Ibid., p. 375.
. .( )
. .( )
@ . ( )
. @
. @ ( )
(43) P. Duhem, The Aim And Structure of Physical Theory, Trans by P.P. Wiener, Princeton, New
Jersy, 1954. p. 281.
(44) H. Poincare, Science And Method, Trans, by F. Maitland, London. p. 178.
(45) M. Cohen, Reason And Nature, p. 202
( @)

454


.
(47) R. Harre, The Philosophies of Science, Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 88.
(48) D. Gillies, Philosophy of Science in The Twentieth Century, p. 66.
(49) Ibid, p. 107
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(51) K. Popper, Realism And The aim of Science (1983), Routledge, London, 1994. p. 112 ets - eq

(1) J. Polkinghorne, Beyond Science, op. cit., p. 14.
(2) Bryan Magee, Karl Popper, Viking Press, New York, 1973, p. 1-2.
(3) K. Popper. Natural Selection And The Emergence of Mind in G. Radnitzky & W. Bartley (eds),
Evolutionary Epistemology, Rationality And The Sociology of Science, Open Court, La Salle, Illinois,
1993. pp. 139: 153.
(4) K. popper, Open Society And Its Enemies, Vol. II: The High Tide opprophecy, George Routledge
& Sons, London, 1945., 7 th impression 1992. p. 79.
(5) K. Popper. Unneeded Quest, William Collins Sons, Glasgow, 1976. p. 105.
(6) Bryan Magee, Modern British Philosophy, Secker & Warburg, London 1971. pp. 63: 74.
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(7) K. popper, Unended Quest, p. 87.
(8) K. Popper. Logic of Scientific Discovery, Hutchin on, London, 1959, 8th impression 1976, p. 51.
(9) K. Popper, Unended Quest, P. 17.
(10) K. Popper, Conjectures And Refutations, Pp. 66:96.
(11) K. Popper, Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford, 1972, 7th impression
1992, p. 109
(12) K. Popper, Conjectures And Rebutations, P.8.
(13) Ibid, p. 27.
(14) K. Popper. Objective Knowledge, p. 260.
(15) K. Popper, Logic of Scientific Discovery, p. 32.

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(16) K. Popper. Objective Knowledge, p. 265.
(17) Lewis Wolpert. The Annature nature of Science, Feber And Faber, London, 1993, p. 61-63.
(18) K. Popper. Logic of Scientific Discovery. p. 59.
(19) Bryan Magee, Karl Popper, p. 25.
(20) K. Popper, Conjectures And Refutations, p. 33.
(21) K. Popper, Logic of Scientific Discovery, P. 80.
(22) Ibid, P. 113.
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(24) G.C. Homans, The Nature of Social Sciences, Harcourt New York, 1967, p.7.
(25) Q. Gibson, the Logic of Social Inquiry, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1963, p.23.
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& (3) Larry Laudan, Progress And Its Problems: Toward a Theory of Scientific Progress, Routledge
Kegan Paul. London, 1997. p. 125.
(4) - A. Polikarov, Science And Philosophy, Pulishing House of The Bulgarian Academy of Science,
Sofia. 1973. pp. 29 - 30.
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(6) Bernard Cohen, William Whewell And The Concept of Scientific Revolution, in: Essays in Memory
of Imre Lakatos, op. cit. p.55.
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(13) Louis Althusser. Politics And History, Trans by Ben Brewser, NIB, Bristol, 1972, P.p 13 et. Seq.
(14) K. Popper, Logic of Scientific Discovery, p. 52.
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(16) Karl Popper. The Open Society And Its Enemies, Vol. I: The Spell of Plato, (1943), Routledge &
Kegan Paul. London. 1992 P. Vll.
(17) Thomas S. Kuhm. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The University of Chicago Press, 2 nd
enlarged ed. 1970, pp. V: VII
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(20) Thomas S. Kuhn. The Copernican Revolution, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1957. P.4 .
(21) Thomas S. Kuhm. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, P.36- 37.
(22) T. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. p. 138.
(23) John Watkins, Against Normal Science, In: I. Lakatos & Allan Musgrvge (eds). Criticism And
Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge University press, 1979. pp. 25: 37, p.27.
(24)T. Kuhn. Reflections on My Critics, in: Criticism And Growth of Knowledge, pp. 231: 277.p. 236.
(25) W.H. Newton Smith. The Rationality of Science, Rontledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1981. P. 102.
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(27) -T. Kuhn, Logic of Discovery of Psychology of Research, in Criticism And Growth of Knowledge,
pp.1: 23.p. 21.
(28) T. Kuhn. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, p.208.
(29) - Thomas Kuhn. Comment on The Relation of Science And Arts, in: Comparative Studies in
Philosophy And History, N.XI. 1969.pp.403 - 412.
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(32) W.V. Quine, On Poppers Negative Methodology, In: P.A Schipp (ed). The Philosophy of Karl
Popper, Open Court Publishing IIIinois, 1971. Vol. 14 I.P. 218.
(33) Robert Audi (ed), The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995, p. 211 - 212.
(34) Alan Musgrave, Method or Madness, in: Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos, pp. 457-491.
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(36) I. Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes, Cambridge University Press,
1978, P.48-49.
(37) Ibid, p. 103.
(38) I. Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research programmes, p.114.
(39) Larry Laudan, Progress And Its Problems, P. 168.
(40) I. Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes, p. 102.
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(42) Karl Popper. Three Views Concerning Human Knowledge: in his: Conjectures And Refutations:
Growth of Scientific Knowledge. pp. 97: 119.

Learned at last to think historically
(43) I. Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes, p. 138.
(44) J. Polkinghorne. Beyond Science, p. 5.
(45) Paul Feyerabend, Against Method, Revised Edition, Verso, London, 1992.P.9.
: Notes on Relativism ( )
Paul K. Feyerabend. Farewell to Reason, Verson, London, 1987, pp. 19 - 89.
(47) Paul K. Feyerabend. Three Dialogues On Knowledge, Blackwell, Oxford, 1992, p. 156.
(48) Paul K. Feyerabend. Philosophical Papers. Vol. I: Realism, Rationalism And Scientific Method.
Cambridge University Press, 1981.P. 15.
(49) P.K. Feyerabend. Against Method. P.VII.
(50) Bryan Magee, Karl Popper, P. 61.
(51) S. Toulmin, Foresight and: Understanding: An Enquiry Into The Aim of Science, 1982. p.110
(52) B.L. Silver, The Ascent of Science, P. 50 n.
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. . . ( )
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(56) J. Margolis, Science Without Unity, P. xix.
(57) M.W. Wartofsky. The Relation Between Philosophy of Science And History of Science, 718.P
(58) Ibid, P. 737.
(59) Larry Laudan, Progress And Its Problems. p. 156.
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(63) Robert K. Merton, Sociology of Science: The Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. University
of Chicago Press, 1973. P. 260.
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(65) L. Laudan, Progress and its Problems, P. 221
(66) Thomas Kuhn, The History of Science, p. 76.
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(68) Joseph Margolis, Science Without Unity: Reconciling The Human And Natural Sciences P.23.
(69) Ibid. p.17.
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(71) D. Gillies, Philosophy of Science in Twentieth Century, P.68.
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