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' !&!  % "!       ' !+,    Thomas
Kuhn2 "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" !-+ 01" 
8 6 %!4 5 5< Kuhn  ;1"   9 6 -2-41
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2 @ 01 "  :5
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-S -3 9  Anomalies D4H OP 5 NH !H6.
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1 Kuhn 8< %]< \ 01 5 @ -2 " 
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 !j4 < 5 Ob b @  6 > d -'  "
 .= c XH ` d c6 kQ4  Kuhn %"  ' !j
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 P! b1! ;H6, Kuhn2 @ Q4  E" ;1c ,> < 5
1970 ;2 d>6! @i f , Postscript  ! D; "9Q ) Gordon,
(1983 <; ' E,  5 f-;  b9 <;  Qj < %-
6 % - = 5!  D Ob6 % ' 0E< kQ4i  Q4 Q1
!j   %@ < 5  )b .(Kuhn, 1970 <]  Ob
6 % Q4 1 5< d 4j   5   ' .-H6,
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 % ;     !Q %-Q=  rm<c %  s %.%-N
<  5! " t  6 % 5  Kuhn"
.
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< 5 5< E Fischer !+, 1981     5> <5
  @ ` !i1 c " "Social Work Revolution! <;  
 5<  = f! "1  . Fischer E,>  % w@Q!P Q E
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= &! .kN
i 6 Fischer  Kuhn %"   E >  % kHi!6
" ' "Single System Designs -," d OP 5 P w9 . >  %kHi
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1  i!P Q\ z6, 5< 41= .f %  !m k@> ' = =5Q
Baseline>Q"1 g  c+ 5QHi dQ= d 9  dQ=  5i- d`>5N
 5!  9 .   %Q 1 =  c+) d !j (D1E
`> 5N ]1 5 ) 5i- d H( c+ %N d!., 9
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>  % kHi!6  ; 6 ;6S  Kuhn %"  f,
\ ' 9 .!Q E> )8 (Gordon, 1983y1 @2 Fischer % Fischer
=  ; f4  "! <!& 5 ;=H, g>  % kHi!6 . % c@2
9  1 >E OP 5 . NH Kuhn @  !?i Fischer i1
 @  i !?i !t  P-i!6 -i1 .|2 Fischer
' 8>  % kHi!6   -," dP  !?, =b1 N; i1 = D -,"d
< 54 ! "@1 N!t  P-i "@Q" dP  b1; .%
E O E, Gordon ;E1 Fischer H,  g!t  P-i" d
  9 <] ;, !Q@ kE~  i-   .2 Gordon
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< 5 = 1991 `   !1 % w9  > "@1 x!4 <5
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 Qj?'   >> < 5  d 1 1c  5 Ei - '

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< 5 .
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 5<  H  %  D4H !c6  5 E !H6  @2
H 5,H,t . E  '    iH ' -i
!EiQ Inductive approach 5N !<  ' b 6H6 2E4i
w9 .Logical Positivism !< fi1 5< 'iQ  '  c
;?9   ;= c @  H9 ;i kE?!  . b1 5 d6jx,P
! 5< 59H,t ! ' O `<! .  c  x,P! 59c
;?9 =;  k4i   E!-+  5 b ` '
  Hy1  D4H ! O D4H ;HE  D4H ;HE
D4H  ;P <]  D4H ! ; z O.
 :,b   1      5% ' iH
 z6i %  y !?, 8P -  E %  <  .-N ix
'  P E  k !- E " Is Casework Effective? A
.(Review" (Fischer, 1973
1 = !9 x y d 5 t   5i 1 P
 +P '  %  5 t
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 -ib ! !9 ;Q y d 5 t  < ;"@1 5" 5,i
"  dy d 5 t  )  D  -1 H "(,H,t
=  H - -i  Deductive Approach 5mQi D1,   z6,!c6
 51!jb " d OP 5 NH< z6, 5= -i dc f !E 5Nb O E,
.
!9 y d 5 t    !?, -!9 w9Q N
!'  -!  E -< w9 ?   5 c DP   .-
' !&  % <] E ' - -," d OP 5 P ` k1 !Q;,
% w9 Premature1 % ;< 1 -6c  = dQ >> < 5 
 -< |2!Pb .Q <]  6 x % Kuhn % c   6S "d
d1 1"1 !Q4!H= D  Ob-6s %  %.;N
P t ' 2 01"    % H kQ4i 5< -"
 .E1H  Fischer % x@ H 6  Kuhn %" .
<`  ; f4  "!  % 1 Kuhn >=  %-6 OP 5 .  %< x
4

E  !Q  OP 5 P % w9 D4H E 1 %  dN @1 ;6 +


< 5   m OP 5. NH
' !&  % <] b !\1 5i  ,c 6  6 %5
=  Kuhn -"  < 5  .!i <  5P  <5
dE9  @c  !?i !) 2 OP 5 ( NH!?, @!+1 %c
) OP 5 P ( . Ei !  2  4 b P  <dE9 5
 @c dmt !c6 b = ;  Kuhn" .
: :
8 Qm -P @c' = i!  i    !?i
 fP 5 5<  Eb y+ . Ob!?i 6 < 5= - - > = -
 5< b dQE   >>  - !- Ob!?i "! 1 QE
`  5!?i ! 2 5! D 5< d\64! '  xQ4` !5c
).Jellinek (1960
! 0Q !?i ! f=1 2b y+, <;    "  5i
 ! 5-P  5< AA) Alcoholics Anonymous) "%  @ ` !c
 < 5 !m  1935 i  k d1H H Bill Wilson `%-
!1  Robert Smith w .xQ4 " 5i ! 5-P  "%!Q
!?,  ,  P 5 E  4 !t N 5! !Q fiH
b < 5- ' gE 2Lawson, Peterson & Lawson, 1983; ) Q
.(Nowinski, 1992E < 5i  "  6H !-P  ' "%  5i
@c  H ,  !m w9 E %-QE@c %-m 1> %-, H@1
< 5@c %- H  i< . Q    'm@c <]  ! d '  %HP
 5>8 +4 |Q  @c .! b <@4> 5 " 5i !5-P
 1 "%  .Hunger Cell +4 E  6H6\ '  5i@c =
< E !4H ' !+b <]  ! @  1 %-1 %c @c .;1> 
" 5i ! 5-P  "% ' @c! -, !  !&  Disease< ;,
 ' !X %HP dE! ,  @c  Chronic %N ;,4 '
` ! D = .Progressive f " 5i ! 5-P  "% 5 1 5
E1 E   4Ei i@c  !m?, k  ,H  @ D
%-\1 ~Q!m  b k E 1 "= " -s E1 % = g
 5m@c ).(Alcoholics Anonymous, 1939
< Q+, Ob P+, < %? 5@,  5< = !  9P, fEE9 %
y 5i  d@c  H ' %- 4E,  !+  !m -P ,!1 ky5
" 4 ."!+ 5it< 5= D b Pi  % f6?,  >> <5
 iH   . c  Ob P81 fH   0 5Q4f = -,
'  P E  % 5" fQ@ - > = %   -@? QE1 1
 >> < dE9 5  @c  `Qm .  != i  xQ4` !5c
Jellinek ObP  !m k\! -N  " x!414H1  E
  H Q < 5 1952!+, < z6, 5 < E 5\ fi, @c
! .(Jellinek, 1952) -9   % z6,  '  iP ` dE1 6
\  "  5i ! 5-P  "% 5< -PN, !+, ;1" !-+-6

! "The Disease Concept of Alcoholism " "@c 52b ! <;
!?,; !2!< d c1 2 - 6.-
b  E  Jellinek d ; ' P, HN:
`' : i  H,  t  !9y1 -i dc 8 &! E 5  6
 1  =     H1 ).(Jellinik, 1960
.1  :(Alpha Alcoholism) 6
b i  t   !Q  i < 0E< 5H6, 6!2  !
i 1@H,t=  %-6 5m@c.
.2  :(Beta Alcoholism) 1
b i  t  4, 5< d t   5H6i  5HP !>Eb i 
t  ' ! ! Q9> H 2"   5m@c .  1 5i
\ !2 ! 9 5< 1@H,t=  %-6 5m@c.
.3  =  ):(Gamma Alcoholism
 !Qb i "! , t    5i  !"cb i < 5  @
` ! .c d+b i  t  \   i 5< -P 
@ ` ! c&! .  = 5i8  1  ' 5H6@c 
8 E61!4H %-, '  @c  5  = 5i < .-,m!H <5
 5m@c '9 b6i c 5  %- E6  %- !QP ' = .g'
!&  % <] %-41  = 5i@ 5< %c= fb m <; @c .
%-41  = 5i 4E,  @c ` !- i '9  c Q
yc ` '9 E6 !4H ' %-H6, Q i1 y 1`!.
.4   ):(Delta Alcoholism
!+i   < 5 1 ;1+' D 1 9  =  .   5i  8
   = 5i  5i %-41@ c1 %c 5 5< -,1!+! d
m < -@c . 5i '   = 5i  zc4H @5< %c
Qi!+ %-41 z< 4E,t   5m@c   . 9 x4
b i  t    i QH,@c < %H 5  < D 5`=
 f>=i Ob  QHi@ ` ', Q ! @H,t -?1  dP
   ,  \ 5m !4@c 6 Ob`!.
.5  H1 ):(Epsilon Alcoholism
b = d, t  +,  Jellinek E  H1   ;, 9
c  =  . 5iH1 1!+ ' <!  4E  i %-ic,c @ f!y
@c <] %-,>@Q <& 5  gi&  Q!< 5-i !+  c+1 %- !+1.

" :, 5i@c ! y1! D1 d9 %  @2 E  %-  xiOb
! d9 5:5
dQ=  9! ot :
 8 Ob! 1 9 @c @ 5 kE! x>  i
@  5 --`<! <9 5 %- d .X !  Ob- 5m`Q ' 
dQE@c %HP  X 1 O'   cm  b' {E 5
!< 1 d>6 !+   d ' z6,6 4.
9! ob,t t1 :
 8 Ob! H 1 9! @ !< (1) 5 < E b! Blackouts
=>! ` d 5@ <! !+ 1 Q! (2) !+ (3) 6!P
@c (4) @ @c ' !c6  <> |Q d! O!c69 8 @c(5)
+ x,b1i   H  kN !jb @ = P, @ f !y@c.
< 5 Ob! 9 5iQ  9  ?, ;H6,<  Q  !mc,]1 ;E t  '
@c.
o! 9@!:
< 5 Ob! 9c   ' 5HP@c  @2 '   
  !4 E6; ' !+ w@1>= !& |Q ' @ c1 %c 5m <5
<! !+ . c4 > <\  d Ob! 9 ,!?, ' -9! -,
 E6 E<  d` = >@ `! ).(Wallace, 1986
o! 9:i 8
 Ob! 9 5! 9`!  5! -1  = dQ< . i b
  ! !Q d9t  '9! 9  Q& i 8! %-1, +d
> x  6 5! 0Q .@c1&  Q,c = E   <  5
>@   t  @c .  `! ! Ob- HN! E< 9 b! < E
 E %HP ' dQE@c !+ < D 5`=  b @,   
).(Lawson, Peterson & Lawson, 1983
:
 !Q   2! @c !?, ->, !?i ! .2 E!9 -6
! @c 52 QE 1  i >> ' 9H  
Q 5 -6 ! 52  d- %-6 @2` ;, !?i  PQH
 5i@c ! ` c ;,  i@> '  ! 2%-  d
2 d  y>@ .5b9 E   Jellinek  b -6 w9!Q ;,
 -6 ! @c 52 xP !?i;  !41 ; d!P E  %-6
"!" -6< . ! ;1 >= 52 !?i  P 5i  QH@c 
8r E9 '  g4 9y d .%-


 :    Total Abstinence
iH= g  !+    !?i ! 2E ' 2!< 9-
 5!6 5i@c  % E  %-  xi! y1! D11 d9
  ) ! dQ=  9t  ! 9b,t t1  ! 9@! !9
  .(i 8b  k4iX !?i !!2 ' 2 = g  !+ !y1
  {E c`!2 =  t  ' @c E1 4H  9,=g
   ! !Q d9t  9 '< .]< Ohlms !Q  @c < E!4H
'  @c  = 5m )! 9@!(   %=  g 5m@c <] ;, Q
 w9=) g! 9@!( ).(Ohlms, 1983
!  
  :
9iQ d y !?i  -,c   E!E 5N .5mQi Q
8P !E 5Nb d+, t  ! d9t  "!   c=. Ei 2! d
 8P  E< 5mQi ' %N= ;,c E,Qi <!2  <!2  rQiH
 !m k -i !E 5N   &! QE   ).(Denzin, 1989
< 5= D "! E,  5!?i f-  !41 =  -Q E! &!
Q! !41 E -1 f = 5!?i!4< . E! 5 !?, Kellinek -1;  %c
 @2 '   !"c < zQ61 k %  6 59 .- ;,!
~16 E % & \ ' %<  9 5< D! ~16 %@ !?i.
<'  dQ" 1  , t    H 5< f = 5!?i !  i 5,
=   < 0E" ! EE9 2  E1`, < - kQ4i-6 !<2t1 .52
'  <!"c  iP xHi  @c4 < 5 OP 0E< 9   ' 
b -, jt ! 5< i1 Irreversible D= % i D!4 b-
2 ' mt E< . %! !H6 d9t   D i - = 5 -  5
)= g  !+( ' -,! y1 i  5i2 ! 4 !1
' `.
 E! -6 ! 52b , ;1!?i !  Ei 2 =; ;1E
  !H6- < .6 !?, -6 ! @c 52 N8 ;1 >E
!?i  dQ=  QH 5i @, DP@c .' !&  %  @c !?i -
= dQ   >> ' ! -, \ D4H  @.;1 %c
 !  -  !?i 5 ! Ei 24E, < b   !+
' !&  % ;,!1 5< NH 6+H   @c  Q& ;, ' %E;,
"  z 5 d-H ; .  b  k4i! b  -   Ei 5
 ;,c D %N" <E 1!j 5 ' DP+ 5m@cb . <] Q+ ! = E
QE = g  !+  P, = %-ib 5i %-,y1@.
 E6+H Todd & Selekman E, >@   @c 5'iQ
!?i ! 2y !?,  5< -P - { +` 9 b m @c
' i %-,  H  b z6, -!4    5i D  H@c
Q  Ob-< .H6+H >@   H 1!   { +'
 -` 9  !m k - i-  !m k = ` 9 !<

.i %-,y1< 9 5<~ ` 9 ! b1 % !?i %- ' %- d%-,
rP ' c, =!- D  .(Todd & Selekman) ;-
 y ' b 6+H 5< i-   t  =m %--
iP   t   0E< ;H6, %-PP  rQ?!  @4
i 1  Q& 5c  5< xQH  X ' t  ! ! ) Shapiro,
.(19808  P d i-  !?, -  ;H6,`  5!
 @ (Todd & Silikman, 1991) -EE Q X   i-b  
b-1 ?i   52!6 9 ;,= g d    5m@c <] +;
`! !  !m .56 E !c6 Ob8, DP+ + d) d (  m
= -  5b .(Thorely, 1985) ;< f 9
' !&  %      5X  ib E  %-
<6+H 5 >@   @c 5 'iQ= g  !+ -  - 5
X  Qj?'  %-iHci   5m@c 8  Ob6+H
>@  H z6, -  Emrick & Hansen, 1983; Helzer et al, ) 5
.(1985; Porich, Armor & Braiker, 1981
: :
bi = Jellinek!?i ! 2 5@?' QE1  >>  5i
@c '  9 .' !&  % `Q  5 %-PQE !?i !2
 g  DP! -,`<\ 5i < .d@c ! !?i !fEE9 = 2
 %-  !"c dQ '< xc"  % )< 5!j(  !?i'  ' @c-,
" d!@,<   E  @c  H, !P 0@i   %E` E< .!j
Ob!?i ' !?,  g4 1 1@> i  9 '   %-<! < dQH
6+ %-   <2t1 .@c'  <] !?i ! fic 2  i c
  %- 2  y>@ 5 b1  f9 %-`Q  !' Q
  9, ' %-P; ' >@   xm  9,!
) Pattison, Sobell & Sobell, 1977; Heather & Robertson, 1983; Lawson,
.(Peterson & Lawson, 1983
 ;, H
<2t1'  <] !?i !b %- f = 2 QE
'  <!m < 5!+b . <] !?i  @c!  f,@  !"c1 d- P
!H6 ,` 6 H t .5,
 ]< >>  QHi1 !?i ! 2" 4E, d@ dE9 5< HN 
@c!?i< . ! 2 5 xQH! 5HN g ?i 5iQ>@  -6
! @c 52 -, xQHQ!   5iQ`Qm ` ! AMA c-6
! @c 52 ! @c1! b <] -, !Q E ,= - 5i1 5
5< 1970  @ ` ! c+,]1 52E >@     c9  i
 H  >@   4E   b@ = QHi1  .@c
b P, s  >>  d' 5iQ !?, -!?i ! 5< 2'< .@c
 dQ"  ) (Bailey, 1970  %85 QH,`> N  )>5N
 !6( b s D4 %-NX E "y1 ! @c".
 X dQE >> !?i ! 2  Qj?'  !Q
  6+H   ]1  @c  'iQ= g  !+ -  .- 5

< bi = f!?i ! 2 '9 = g  !+  dE9 ' !4H 
@c d\<y xH,    5 9i` =  9i . 'iQb  -
    9 5E   %90!Q    >>    @c
).(Todd & Selekman
: :
< 5 !-S 1962 @ +  % 5 D4H!?i ! 2 E %!H6
= E< .-  %!]1 L.D. Davies 86   Q  93E  < 5 9
6+H <!1 5  ,4,  =  % ' %-> + i  %-,@c  ,
=  .4 L.D Davies > %-i QH1  %m @c !41E
 .Qm 5i = %-, @ c1 %-c 5 .-,mb !?i ~=i DQ41
! 2 5!6 y1 ! @c   !1   %= g   5m
@c E ;   . 1   = 5i>6 E61 %-,!4H '  c5
!?i QHi1 !.2
b -,m <] !4H %- '  c !Q ! @
w9 < E !4H '  @c m  5  5   = 5i!Q
w@1 i 8 9 D4H   @ ' ;c @c m @b .
< E!Q  9 L.D. Davies  QHi1 d61 OP 5) NH!?i
! (Heather & Robertson, 1983) (2  9 i !"c  < dE9 5 
@c  >, !?i ! 2  dEy     9, -< 4
9,! E< . x!"c ' <!  ib  %-1% L.D. Davies %-
,c  ,  i =  d1, @c m  < .0E s x! '
%P9 i  !j  ; z  =  ' mt ) Esser, 1963; Selzer,
.(1963; Smith, 1963; Tiebout, 1963
: :
1 L.D. Davies %!"c  Ni1;= E< ) Linda and
1 (Mark Sobell 1973; 1976   !Q=     9iQt P-i
= E< .+ 1 Sobell & Sobell  i
  d; !41 86 E P
 400@  , =  xH9 !H6b = ; !?i ! H= % .2 Obi
' Pc P  200  -i d H  -= g  !+
-   5 P H  -@!+1 %c -   5 1 = Hd
P' 412 P!P Q`:5
o P`' : 5 P!P Q@   100 -   5
= g  !+  1  4 !+ 5it H  "  5i
 ! 5-P ."%
o P" :, 5 P\ P 41!P 5< Q P`'
@   100 -   5 = g  !+ 1 E %
H .5i- d

10

o P"" : 5 P!P Q" ,@   100 -  5


 @!+1 %c  !m k cic  dH.
o P! :1 5 P\ P 41!P Q" ,@  100
 -   5 @!+1 %c 1 E % H .5i- d
b  E f, Ni 5 d Sobell & Sobell - !+' P
!P Q ,<\  d P\   6>1 41 % ;, <! < 5Ni
1 P!P Q QH,Pi < 5 -i d . f, fQ Ob 
EE9 :- = g  !+ !\1 z  -   55i  9
@c ) -,  5< %-b  :(w@Q 5i  41@c  , = 
H !4 ' %-@c 1 < E   >@Q ! !  m
@c ).(Sobell & Sobell, 1978
  sobell & sobell      = 5 Sanchez -1
Wolker ( 1987); Caddy, Addington & Perkins (1978); Craig, Wilkinson
.(& Vaillant (1983); Maisto, Sobell & Sobell (1980); Alden (1988
 5 -PN, fX - c ]1  5i@c  H !4' %-
@c . y    @!+1 %c Q -PN, 5QHib ~=i!?i
! 2?! ?-  5 OP .
: :
DP!"c < dE9 5  @c   = 5 L.D. Davies -1dc+
!P9` !?i @!+1 %c  !?i Q    .
<' !&  % %P9 !j i 5<  H   dE9 5< -
 @c 6 !& E< .-P9 !"c1    !m E !c6 N f, 
  H 9 > = !?i ! 2 -, fQ   < 5= f
`=  @H !Q 5< |Q=Dinzin, 1987; Heather & Robertson, )  ic D
.(1983
-S 1      5 fQc ]1 ;,   @c b < E!4H
' ! ;1@c  % g H Ob!4H !?, fc+ @!+1 %c @1
< % 5 ' .z6i ;, m !?,  % 5< 9 z6i H  !H6d1 @c
i    !?i  H6i 5 !H6 f6S E< .@c !?, f
Q  !H6 5m!+  @c .Craving !?i !< Cognitive
Theory !H6 Qi !Q c,t  Q& 5c >t Q9  @c 
 ?9 !H !?i  H6i 5 !H6 f6S  @c c> -6id
mt  !?i .%
<!?i @!+1 %c 5>   6 ' 5iQ %<!2 !?, %
1 !<1 H   5@c  Qj?'  `<! b 5i  %- k4
@  %=  d1 .db  5i H  5@c c ;  !mk
 1 cic  dH . i   "! !+'  ;,c
@  b < 5 5i@c <!m 5 E!+ ) " d= g 

11

!+  !+ !41 QE Qm E ( 1  H Heather & ) i-
.(Robertson, 1983
' !&  % i  5i@c  @ @> '  H i-
  d;  5@c 5< d+6@ kE]< !?, @!+1 %c !H6 z ;,y1
i ' mt   "  fQ 9 ,c  .d61!?, @!+1 %c
! ;, < 1 d 5m@c  = dQb 5i  %- k4@ 1
 5m@c     i.
0   .-' + ,- * )  '& %  :
.1 ;,   d 5i  dP@c QPH @c !41 E  g
   i b 1!+ @c .< 5= !&  ;,]< D= D+ " dOb
 d  '  5i@c < 5  !P Q 5 \DQ41 D
@ %c  dQ=  5 "9Q?! !P Q !Q % ? %- !-!
< E !4H ' !+ t @c    !QX! ' 
 d  .
' .2!&  % H t  5,! ' 9 @1 !Q'  5m@c
 {  `! 1@H,t' !&  % `!  1@H,t c
!X xPH    X ' 8 8 5m@c  ;,]< 1P
&! = D !j  H N! Pi < 5 5m@c c
 rH ' !+ !< 1  = g  !+  i Qj?' 
5i@c ) .(c,
.3 E y1 5i@c b =6  !+     r!1 5< m! i
  4H @   %-1!+1 %c  ' !+    5
\! = N, ;\=,   .

 :' + ,- Controlled Drinking
k4ib  -   5  !?, @!+1 %c  56 ' iH%
<!2 !?,  %E @!+1 %c -   ' 5<!  @c
 %=  d1 .dE !Q    5 DQb  -   1 5 ic d
H   %  b < E!4H '  c 5m  @c  g H
Ob!4H ! !   c!+ !41 E ) Anderson, 1987; Pattison,
(Sobell & Sobell, 1977; Sobell & Sobell, 1987
b1 c !+ \ 01 5 @ Kuhn -2 "  = 5< f
dE9  @c  !6 >!?, |Q @!+1 %c OP 5 P .
= D  g   % ;,@ @  OP 5 NH' OP
 5 P . !?, @!+1 %c  %@ QE1  >> < dE9 5  @c
  P1 -mQ d x,P1 E!?i 5EQ4 Ob d 5
:5
o : !?, @!+1 %c < 5< f+@   @c  5 c i-
  ?!?i< .;1!+1  c@ d N= -H6, ' <!c @.;1 %c
<   5> 5< gi!N !?, @!+1 %c   f! 6
! g@ !+ @ 9 -\Q< .;1 %c !+ 11  !Q < 5
12

 ~Q! 9  < 5  ~Q! 9 @!+1 %c  yc1
 5< 5cH bc .b  < 5 @!+1 %c  d!?i !2
E,  + c< . x; ) !&  ;,]< (Fingarette, 1988 c>
    c  f 'mX  !Q < 9 > ' gi;,
@.;1!+1 %c
:, o+ d N\E>  Q9 kQ4!?i < -  .5 =!f,
!?, @!+1 %c -S bi !?i  < dE9 5  @c +1d
 5< N\EP  @1 1!j w9 |H?i  5< 5N\E P
 5i@c <! 9 5@> 9` %- t     5 'iQ@%c
!+1 -   - 5 %-Qb  -  !6 5   . 8   %<5
9 9 6 = dQ=  ,,  ;H6,]@1 ;1  ' dQ
"  E c+1 ' >@   ' -, 5< xQH@ 
Q1 !+1 %c@1 ;@>, -,    % D4HE b ;1 < = %-y4 <5
;9 { +   %-< %rH  @ .b-1 |Q x,P 5,,E
D\ ~E >> < dE9 5 .@c   d %-i !"c  Q
!?, kQ4 @!+1 %c   @> 5< i-   
@c '9  .-1 iE
 d>, i' 2 01"    c 5< kQ4i 
 c Pi   g  5 5< kuhn -6 < .Q4  g
   -Qm w9  Q4= ' - !j< .  Q4
 c @ < -@ !  D 5 OP' s! '  P, fQ " 5,<;
= ; ' ! !H6?! !41 -i 8P E` .  < 5  <]
@  5 OP' s! y D1m b ' !H mt d1 0Q1 %H c
@ 1  c  !j  5< 5 DPb @ <;.
b <] "  @ < 5  '9 2 fEQ4, -41 H
 .kuhn -2 8 @  - @?' OP 5 P QE1  >> w@1
>2 |Q 01"  < 5  :5
.1 Paradigm N 5 OP
?9 .2 OP 5QE1 NH  >>.
-S .3 9  Anomalies D4H OP 5 NH !H6.
.4"! -S @ + X-!6 ?-  5 OP .
-S .5 OP 5 P  New ParadigmX ' 9 @  OP
 5 NH' OP 5 P .Paradigm Shift
?9 .6 OP 5 P QE1  >>.
:k
 E 5< %b E ! ! \ 01 5 @ kuhn -2 "
 . g "  -6  ~1 f1b < 5   9
%-1'  -6S 6S!4  rm ~1`<c   %<c ! = N` ! b
< %-' P ~1 d! \ 01 5.kuhn -2

13

<2t1'  <]  6  kuhn %"  < 5 
xP ! D %  ~Q Q  5 ]< f  gS 6 %c
.  ;,\! c1 ! 6 1  
  6S@@ QE
 -Qm w9  Q4  - 8 dQ= -6 gS %" !"c< . 
%@E  <E 5, 26 &!  r<c   Q4X
!\1 '   dE .-,y  DH1c DQ  51 %8  < 5
 9 ' N= -, E 1 ,   Q4
1 ! 6 .-i1 1  <]  Q4 %-6  ! 0QmQ
 1  E %P9=    . !&  ;, Q4 5E4i 
 %  ' - %8@ .;EE; <] "  = 9 D 5< - 
c t1 , = 9 D !j ,4 Qm %N Ob .b Q41@
 5i @  OP 5 NH' OP 5 P Paradigm shift@
< 5  d1  5i 9; ]1 %E Qm D %PHi !j .5
< D 5`9 <] @  OP 5 NH' OP 5 P
@ <!  OP 5 P QE  DP >> .b 1 Ox4
N OP 5 P " <E NH < 5 DPb !m <;  9,=kQ4 ;1
1 ' !NH DP  >>  9,!.

14


 x!1%
" 1991 -i  w@Q 5 -  <4, 5   - H
E w@1 ",H,t ' , y d   5 t  .E! : -
 !c6 5.5 t
 x!1%
" 1991 dy d 5 t  ) D  -1 H
E w@1 ",H,t ' , y d   5 t  .E! : -
 !c6 5.5 t

15


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