Professional Documents
Culture Documents
mu/chemistry
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Alkanes
education.mu/chemistry
Alkanes is a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general
formula, CnH2n+2. They are obtained from petroleum (crude oil).
Propane
Butane
education.mu/chemistry
Pentane
education.mu/chemistry
Isomerism
education.mu/chemistry
Isomers of C2H4Cl2
Isomers of C2H5OH
education.mu/chemistry
Isomers of C4H10
education.mu/chemistry
Isomers of C5H10
education.mu/chemistry
Isomers of C4H8
Alkanes burn in plentiful supply of air to form carbon dioxide and water. They
burn with a blue flame.
education.mu/chemistry
education.mu/chemistry
Alkenes
Ethene Propene
education.mu/chemistry
Butene Pentene
Isomers of Pentene
education.mu/chemistry
1. Burning or Combustion
education.mu/chemistry
3. Addition of hydrogen
education.mu/chemistry
4. Addition of steam/water
What is cracking?
Uses of cracking:
education.mu/chemistry
Manufacture of Margarine
If there are two or more carbon-carbon double bonds in each chain, then it is
said to be polyunsaturated.
http://education.mu/chemistry
Alcohols
Alcohols is a homologous series containing the –OH group. They have the
general formula CnH2n+1OH.
Methanol Ethanol
education.mu/chemistry
education.mu/chemistry
(a) Combustion
Condition: Either
(i) heat with acidified potassium manganate (VII) OR
(ii) heat with acidified potassium dichromate (VII) OR
(iii) atmospheric oxygen (the reaction is slower)
Education.mu - 10 - http://education.mu/chemistry
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
Education.mu http://education.mu/chemistry
education.mu/chemistry
Uses of Ethanol
education.mu/chemistry
http://education.mu/chemistry
Education.mu - 11 - http://education.mu/chemistry
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
Education.mu http://education.mu/chemistry
Carboxylic Acids
education.mu/chemistry
Education.mu - 12 - http://education.mu/chemistry
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
Education.mu http://education.mu/chemistry
(d) Esterification
+
education.mu/chemistry
Education.mu - 13 - http://education.mu/chemistry
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
Education.mu http://education.mu/chemistry
Macromolecules
Example 1:
Poly(ethene) or polyethene
education.mu/chemistry
Example 2:
Uses of PVC
1. Manufacture of plastic water pipes
2. For coating fabrics to make them waterproof
3. Used as electrical insulator
education.mu/chemistry
Education.mu - 14 - http://education.mu/chemistry
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
Education.mu http://education.mu/chemistry
Example 1
Nylon (Polyamide)
Polyamides such as nylon are condensation polymers. Both the amine and the
acid monomer units each have two functional groups - one on each end of the
molecule. In this polymer, every other repeating unit is identical.
education.mu/chemistry
Nylon is very similar to the protein polyamides in silk and wool, but is stronger.
more durable, more chemically inert, and cheaper to produce than the natural
fibers.
education.mu/chemistry
Uses of nylon
(a) To make hard-wearing fabrics
(b) To make strong ropes (Polyurethane)
Education.mu - 15 - http://education.mu/chemistry
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
Education.mu http://education.mu/chemistry
Example 2
Terylene (Polyester)
PET is made from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid by splitting out water
molecules (-H from alcohol and -OH from acid as shown in red on the graphic).
The units are joined to make the ester group shown in green.
education.mu/chemistry
Uses of terylene
(a) Used as substitutes for cotton (Dacron clothing) and wool in the textile
industry education.mu/chemistry
(b) Used as the bonding resin in glass fibre plastics
(c) Made as tape (Mylar) which is magnetically coated for use in tape recorders
and videotape machines
Education.mu - 16 - http://education.mu/chemistry
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
Education.mu http://education.mu/chemistry
Synthetic fibres are said to be non-biodegrable i.e. they cannot be broken into
simpler substances by bacteria. Thus, it is not easy to dispose (get rid of) them.
One method is by burning them but here they produce harmful combustion
products like CO, soot and HCl (PVC).
Proteins
o Proteins possess the same amide linkages as NYLON but with different
units.
education.mu/chemistry
o Proteins are formed by the condensation of amino acids.
o Proteins can be broken back into amino acids by refluxing the protein
with dilute hydrochloric acid.
education.mu/chemistry
Education.mu - 17 - http://education.mu/chemistry
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
Education.mu http://education.mu/chemistry
Fats
o Fats are ester molecules possessing the same linkages as Terylene but
with different units.
o Fats can be broken back into glycerol and fatty acids by boiling with
aqueous NaOH.
Structure of a soap
education.mu/chemistry
Structure of glycerol
Education.mu - 18 - http://education.mu/chemistry
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com
Education.mu http://education.mu/chemistry
Carbohydrates
o Starch can be broken down into sugars (glucose) by boiling with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
education.mu/chemistry
Starch is a macromolecule represented as:
education.mu/chemistry
Fuels
Petroleum, coal and natural gas are natural sources of fossil fuels.
Fractions Uses
Butane Bottled gas for cooking
Education.mu - 19 - http://education.mu/chemistry
PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com