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1RWHV 1. In a footnote added when the paper was republished he says: I no longer (1974) agree that the notion of set presupposes the notion of definability ... [Putnam 1975, p 19]. This is puzzling, because the paragraph of the original paper to which the footnote was attached argued that the totality of definable subsets is perfectly clear, it is the totality of
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undefinable subsets of an infinite set that is unclear. 2. Though I suspect that the time between the writing of the two articles was substantially longer than the publication dates would suggest. 3. Just as there is an issue as to whether second order quantification is determinate, there is an issue as to whether even first order quantification is completely determinate. (The most obvious possibility here is an indeterminacy as to whether the quantifier is restricted; this was alluded to above in connection with McGee.) There is even an issue as to whether truth functional operators are completely determinate. In taking the notion of model and the usual valuation procedure for models for granted, Putnams modeltheoretic arguments might be thought to understate the possibilities for indeterminacy. I will not pursue this worry here. 4. Parsons 1990 gives analogous arguments in the case of number theory. In my critique of Lavine, McGee, and Shapiro I asserted that the same critique applied in the number theory case, but I recently heard a lecture by Parsons in which he plausibly differentiates the cases. 5. Leeds is not explicit that the distinction between serious and non-serious is to be context-relative, but it seems to me that that is required if the proposal is to have a chance. 6. To say that the translations are incompatible may involve saying that w** is not synonymous with w*; but w* and w** are both in our language, so this would not require the inter-linguistic notion of synonymy here at issue. 7. There is a complication: to handle the applications of mathematics to nonmathematical domains like physics and psychology, we need that these set theories are not merely consistent but jointly consistent with our consistent nonmathematical theories. And we must also suppose that each theory T of physics or psychology or whatever formulated in our ordinary set theory could be reformulated using the alternative platonistic theory. One way to do so would be to replace it by a nominalistic theory. Another would be to replace it by the claim that all of the nominalistic consequences of T-plus-some-chosenset-theory are true. This second route may seem like a cheap trick. Note though that on the second route, the chosen set theory needn't be one that decides the size of the continuum, though it could if that turned out to be useful in the particular physical or psychological theory in question. Also, the set theory chosen for one physical or psychological theory needn't be compatible with the one chosen for another: this makes clear that the truth of the set theory is not being assumed in the superior conceptual framework, only its instrumental utility in a particular application.
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8. Given such a lattice, the rules of valuation for Y, Z, , ~ and } are completely obvious. My preferred notion of validity for a semantics based on such a lattice is: an inference is valid iff the degree of truth of the conclusion is at least as great as the degree of truth of each premise. (Degrees neednt be linearly ordered.) If we assume that the conditional is material (i.e., AHB just means AZB), the resulting logic is sometimes called FDE (e.g. in Priest 2001). It invalidates the rule A Y A _ B as well as invalidating excluded middle. It turns out that the set of valid inferences of FDE is unaffected by restricting to the semantic values in the Dunn 4-lattice: DIAGRAM If a sentence has value u, so does its negation, and the same for v; whereas of course 0 and 1 flip. (This lattice invalidates the inference from AYA to BZB; no lattice with linearly ordered degrees will invalidate it.) Even so, more general deMorgan lattices are useful in connection with the pragmatics of assertion. They are also useful in connection with the logic of connectives not definable from Y, Z, , ~ and }: for instance, nonmaterial conditionals. (It may be noted that I am implicitly rejecting the usual interpretation of the 4-lattice, in terms of truth value gaps and truth value gluts. The reason is given in Field 2001, pp. 145-6.) 9. This threshold in degrees of belief is different from the threshold in degrees of truth mentioned earlier. (We have agreed to assume a fixed threshold of degrees of truth, high enough to exclude any sentences of form A Y A. The assignment of probabilities is presumably best construed as relative to that threshold: viz., as the probability of having a degree of truth over that threshold. The threshold for acceptance is a further threshold, in how high the probability has to be for the sentence to be accepted.) 10. Probabilities are to be real numbers in the interval [0,1]; if A implies B in the logic, P(A)P(B); P(AZB) + P(AYB) = P(A) + P(B); and P(AYA)=0. It follows that P(A)+P(A)1. 11. A simple way to extend a lattice-theoretic semantics of the sort considered in note to the language with D would be to take DA to have value 1 if A does, otherwise to have value 0. More generally, one could take DA to have value 1 if A was in some given filter on the lattice, otherwise to 0. Both of these proposals rule out any higher order indeterminacy, but there are subtler extensions that allow for that. 12. Admittedly, there is something unsettling about the solution, if one doesnt expand the logic to include a non-material conditional: for without it, sentences of form A@A are not
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in general assertable, and so the intersubstitutability of T(<B>) and B does not lead to the assertability of T(<B>) @ B. While it is tricky to find a suitable conditional that is arbitrarily embeddable, without introducing further paradoxes, it is not impossible: indeed, a conditional that corresponds to a derivability predicate in an arithmetical theory for the <-free logic works. (See Field forthcoming.) 13. To get the value RQ(A), first put A into a Kleene-equivalent disjunctive normal form (being careful not to use excluded middle to simplify); take RQ(A) to be the sum of the Qvalues of the disjuncts, minus the sum of Q-values of conjuncts of two distinct disjuncts, plus the sum of the Q-values of conjunctions of triples of distinct disjuncts, and so on. 14. How about simply adopting two existence concepts, without saying how they relate? That seems like taking a partisan stand for the broader ontology: unless one does something to make clear that one has in mind a fictionalist or non-face-value reading of the broader quantifier, it is hard to see why one isnt advocating the ontology of ones broadest quantifier (or the union of the ontologies of ones quantifiers, if there is no inclusion). 15. Thanks to Kit Fine and Stephen Schiffer for helpful comments on an earlier draft.

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5HIHUHQFHV 'HYLWW0LFKDHOv5HDOLVPDQGWKH5HQHJDGH3XWQDPw1RXV )LHOG+DUWU\Metalogic and Modality. Philosophical Studies 62, 1-22. Are Our Logical and Mathematical Concepts Highly Indeterminate? Midwest Studies in Philosophy 19: 391-429. Dv'LVTXRWDWLRQDO7UXWKDQG)DFWXDOO\'HIHFWLYH'LVFRXUVH. Philosophical Review 103: 405-452. 5HSULQWHGLQ)LHOG  Which Undecidable Sentences Have Determinate Truth Values?. In H. Garth Dales and Gianluigi Oliveri, ed., Truth in Mathematics, Oxford University Press, pp. 291-310. 5HSULQWHGZLWKQHZ3RVWVFULSWLQ)LHOG  7UXWKDQGWKH$EVHQFHRI)DFW IRUWKFRPLQJv6DYLQJWKH7UXWK6FKHPDIURP3DUDGR[w )LQH.LWv9DJXHQHVV7UXWKDQG/RJLFw6\QWKHVH *O\PRXU&ODUNv&RQFHSWXDO6FKHPLQJRU&RQIHVVLRQVRID0HWDSK\VLFDO5HDOLVWw 6\QWKHVH +RUZLFK3DXO0HDQLQJ2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV /DYLQH6KDXJKDQUnderstanding the Infinite. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. --------------------- (unpublished). Skolem Was Wrong. /HHGV6WHSKHQ Incommensurability and vagueness. Nous 31: 385-407. /HZLVDavid (1984). "Putnam's Paradox". Australasian Journal of Philosophy 62: 221-236. 0F*HH9DQQ How We Learn Mathematical Language. Philosophical Review 106: 35-68. v(YHU\WKLQJw,Q*6KHUDQG57LHV]HQHGV Between Logic and Intuition: Essays in Honor of Charles Parsons. Cambridge: Cambridge University. 3DUVRQV&KDUOHVThe Uniqueness of the Natural Numbers, Iyyun, A Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly 39: 13-44.
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3ULHVW*UDKDP$Q,QWURGXFWLRQWR1RQFODVVLFDO/RJLF&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 3XWQDP+LODU\Dv7KH7KHVLVWKDW0DWKHPDWLFVLV/RJLFw,Q56KRHQPDQHG %HUWUDQG5XVVHOO3KLORVRSKHURIWKH&HQWXU\/RQGRQ$OOHQ 8QZLQ5HSULQWHG LQ3XWQDP Ev0DWKHPDWLFV:LWKRXW)RXQGDWLRQVw-RXUQDORI3KLORVRSK\ 3DJHUHIHUHQFHVWRUHSULQWLQJLQ3XWQDP 0DWKHPDWLFV0DWWHUDQG0HWKRG3KLORVRSKLFDO3DSHUVYRO &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV v5HIHUHQFHDQG8QGHUVWDQGLQJw,Q3XWQDP0HDQLQJDQGWKH0RUDO 6FLHQFHV/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH v0RGHOVDQGUHDOLW\w-RXUQDORI6\PEROLF/RJLF3DJH UHIHUHQFHVWRUHSULQWLQJLQ3XWQDPD  Reason Truth and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University. v9DJXHQHVVDQG$OWHUQDWLYH/RJLFw,Q3XWQDPD D5HDOLVPDQG5HDVRQ3KLORVRSKLFDO3DSHUVYRO&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 7KH0DQ\)DFHVRI5HDOLVP/D6DOOH2SHQ&RXUW 6KDIHU*OHQ$PDWKHPDWLFDOWKHRU\RIHYLGHQFH3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\ 6KDSLUR6WHZDUWFoundations Without Foundationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Weston, Thomas 1976. Kreisel, the Continuum Hypothesis, and Second Order Set Theory, Journal of Philosophical Logic 5: 281-98. Williamson 1994.

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