.

2006

!!

:



fuzzy


translation
translating translatology translatum


Linguistics
syntax morphology
phonology semantics
pragmatics
semiotics text linguistics
cohesion and coherence



comparative linguistics
computational linguistics
sociolinguistics psycholinguistics
historical linguistics
applied linguistics


communication
message sender receiver
medium objective feedback
implicatures presupposed meanings
politeness
( language level
)


psychology
perception cognitive processes
mental processing recall
long and short- term
memory writing short hand
- reconstruction simultaneous
translation


philosophy logic
sociology pedagogy anthropology
terminology criticism
literature

domain
translation Studies

.
automatisation

( )Formatis

 -
semiotic theory

:
)1 .
)2 .
)3 .
)4 () .

.
.
(Alexandre Ljudskanov - Traduction humaine et traduction

)mcanique cit par Delisle

)http://saidbengrad.free.fr/inv/fouhi/tradiscours.htm :

 - linguistic
theory
Catford
:

.
/
. .

 -
Nida .

.
.

.

. anthropological
.
.
) Toward a Science of Translation (1969


semantic theory

semantic equivalent

/ arbitrary
:

Ali

Pickthall

Ghali

Let them .. Have

the same fear in
their minds as
they would have
for their own if
they had left a
helpless family
behind: Let them
fear God, and
speak words of
appropriate
comfort.

And let those fear

who if they left
them weak
offspring would be
afraid for them.
So let them mind
their duty to Allah
and speak justly.

And let the ones

be apprehensive
(of Allah); who, if
ever they left
behind them weak
offspring, would
fear (poverty) for
them; so let them
be pious to Allah,
and let them
speak befitting
words.


semantic theory

equivalence :
.1 ( denotative E = )air
.2 ( connotative E )
.3 text-normative E
.4 Pragmatic E
.5 ( formal E )
gloss translation


/ Relevance/functional
theory


:


Relevance theory

:
Arberry

A Ali

Y Ali

Pickthall

And it is He
who sends
down the rain,
after they have
despaired, and
He unfolds His
mercy

It is He who
sends down
rain when they
had despaired
of it, and
showers His
benevolence

He is the One
that sends
down rain
(even) after
(men) have
given up all
hope, and
scatters His
Mercy

And He it is
Who sendeth
down the
saving rain
after they have
despaired, and
spreadeth out
His mercy

machine translation

machine aided translation

corpora
E-Dictionaries



- composing

.
-


.
The house is building (instead of: the house is
)built
Something is missing.
Somebody is always being murdered.

- .
( . . )2003


Is this a dagger which I see before me,
The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch
thee.
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
To feeling as to sight? or art thou but
A dagger of the mind, a false creation,
Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?
I see thee yet, in form as palpable
As this which now I draw.

. . . 1969 .

 Muhammad, leader of the two worlds

and of Man and the jinn,
Leader also of the Arabs and
non Arabs and their kin.
Our Prophet, Commander of right,
prohibits evil's way,
Yet no one's speech more gentle could be
than his nay or yea.
Beloved by Allah is he upon
whose pleading we depend
From terrors of the Day of Judgment,
which on us descend.

 He summoned people unto Allah,

they to him did adhere,
And clung fast to the rope that none
could ever rent or tear.
In morals and features
He, all prophets did exceed,
None could approach his knowledge,
or his bounty e'er precede.
And thus from Allah's Apostle
they acquired and did gain,
A handful of the vast sea
or a sip of gen'rous rain.

 So other prophets in their rightful place

before him stand,
Regarding knowledge and the wisdom
that they understand.
He perfect is in traits concealed,
and features bright and clear,
And Man's Creator chose him
as His most beloved and dear.

Too far above all men is he

to have a partner who
Has equal qualities, because
the essence of virtue
That in him lies is indivisible,
and wholly true
( 1987 . :


Majestical she steppeth, and with her pure quill on every
flower writeth Wisdoms nameNow lowly bending,
whispers in mine ear, O man, how great, how little thou!
O man, slave of each moment, Lord of eternity!....those
who want happiness must stoop to find it; it is a flower
that grows in every vale.
Vain foolish man, that roams on lofty rocks, where,
cause his garments are swoln with wind, he fancies he
is grown into a giant, Lo then, Humility take it, and wear
it in thine heart; lord of thyself, thou then art lord of all.
William Blake 1757





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( )2002 . .








...

digitization
Minimization
fragmentation
Transliteration
Virtual reality
Knowbot
Inter-textuality
Under-info
Over-info


Corpus linguistics
Computopia
Compudistopia
Firmware
Edutainment
Stereotypes
Systematize

.
deskilling competence
subskills .
.
physiology
Psycholinguistics

.
.

.

.
Protext Intertext
metatext

-1

Reading Comprehension

.

(
....)

...
:
.

...
.

-2 Researching

-3 Analysis

" "
( )

composing

:

( (
( (

.

.

.
.2005 . .


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2006