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WATER INFLUX
Sebagai respon thd pressure drop in reservoir,
aquifer bereaksi untuk memperlambat
penurunan pressure dg water influx atau
encroachment melalui:
1. expansion of water
2. expansion of other known or unknown HC
accumulation in aquifer
3. Compressibility of aquifer rock
4. artesian flow, yaitu ketika aquifer naik
pada level above the reservoir
Havlena and Odeh menemukan cara u/
menentukan jumlah water influx melalui
material balance calculation
asumsi: water drive reservoir, no original gas
cap, and negligible compressibilities.
MBE menjadi sbb:
We NEo F + or
Eo
We
N
Eo
F
+
Eo:expansion of oil, F:net production
Plot: F/Eo vs We/Eo, dg intercept N
Model-model penentuan Water Influx:
1. steady State Model
2. Unsteady State Model
a. Edge Water Drive Model
b. Botom Water Drive Model
3. Pseudosteady State Model
STEADY STATE MODEL (oleh: Schilthuis):
rate of We: dWe/dt proporsional dengan
(Pi P), dimana P dihitung pada original
WOC
asumsi: P dari external boundary of
aquifer dijaga tetap = Pi, Flow mengikuti
Darcys Law, w, kavg dan aquifer geometry
konstant, shg scr matematik:
( )
t
0
dt P Pi C We <
1
( ) P Pi C
t
We
< 2
C:water influx constant(bbl/day-psi), diperoleh
dari history of the reservoir.
Jika pada long periode the rate of
production and reservoir pressure remain
constant, maka volumetric withrawal rate,
or reservoir voidage rate, must equal the
water influx rate:
1
1
1
]
1
+
1
1
1
]
1
+
1
1
1
]
1
voidage
volumetric
water of rate
voidage
volumetric gas
free of Rate
voidage
volumetric oil
active of Rate
dt
dWe
dalam sigle phase
oil volume factor:
Bw
dt
dWp
Bg
dt
dNp
) Rso R (
dt
dNp
Bo
dt
dWe
+ +
dNp/dt(STB/day): dayly oil rate;
(R-Rso)dNp/dt(SCF/day): dayly gas rate.
dalam two fase oil volume factor:
Bw
dt
dWp
Bg
dt
dNp
) Rsoi R (
dt
dNp
Bt
dt
dWe
+ +
dg Bt = [Bo + (Rsoi Rso) Bg] <
6
dWe/dt bisa dicari dari pers (4) or (5), shg
C bisa didapat dari pers.(2)
Jika Pressure stabil dan withrawal rate are
not reasonably constant, maka:
p w g p soi p p t
W B B ) N R G ( N B We + +
Gp, Np, Wp: produksi gas, oil, dan water
dalam satuan surface.
( ) Ps Pi t
We
C
<
8 ; Ps: Pstabilized
Bt, Bg dihitung pada kondisi Ps.
Contoh kasus:
Data: Pi (psig); Ps(Psig); Bt, Bg @ Ps
(cuft/STB); Rsoi(scf/stb); R(scf/STB);
dNp/dt(STB/day); dWp/dt (STB/day)
Tentukan: water influx constant at
stabilized pressure
Dayly Voidage at Ps:
1 dari 6
WATER INFLUX-TEKRES
Bw
dt
dWp
Bg
dt
dNp
) Rsoi R (
dt
dNp
Bt
dt
dV
+ +
pada stabilized condision dV/dt = water
influx rate
( ) Ps Pi C
dt
dV
dt
dWe
< 10
) Ps Pi (
dt / dWe
C
cuft/day/psi <
11
misal C = 1000 cuft/day/psi, artinya:
jika reservoir pressure tiba-tiba drop dari
Pi(misalnya 2000) menjadi P(misalnya
1990) atau P=10 psi selama t(misalnya
10 days) shg selama periode ini:
We1 = C P t = 1000 * 10 * 10
=1000000 cuft
jika 10 hari lagi P drop menjadi 2255 psi
(P=20 psi), maka We2 = 1000 * 20 * 20
= 400000 cuft
maka: selama 20 hari kumulative water
influx:
We = We1 + We2
scr matematis:
t
0
t
0
t ) P Pi ( dt ) P Pi ( C We
< 12
Kelemahan metode ini adalah
bertambahnya jarak perjalanan yang
harus ditempuh water ke reservoir karena
naiknya reservoir. shg dimodifikasi oleh
Hurst menjadi:
( )
( )
t
0
at log
dt P Pi
C We
<
13
( )
) at log(
P Pi C
t
We
< 14
a:time conversion constant yg merupakan
fungsi time
Namun, metode Hurst ini jarang dipakai.
EDGE WATER DRIVE MODEL (Van
Evardingen & Hurst):
Edge water drive artinya water influx
melalui samping reservoir (WOC at rR) dan
mengabaikan influx water secara vertical.
asumsi: ketebalan uniform, k, , crock, cwater
konstant. shg persamaan diffisivity:
t
P
k 0002637 . 0
c
r
P
r
1
r
P
T
2
2
< 15
Van Evardingen & Hurst solved pers.
diffusivitas tsb dan memberikan:
Initial Condition:
P = Pi for all value of r
Outer Boundary condition
For infinite aquifer:
P = Pi at r =
For finite aquifer:
0
r
P
at r = re
shg diffusivity eq dalam dimensionless
variable:
2
R T
D
r c
t k
0002637 . 0 t
< 16
R D
r / r r <
17
Pwf Pi
P Pi
P
D
< 18
shg pers (15) menjadi:
D
D
D
D
D
2
D
D
2
t
P
r
P
r
1
r
P
< 19
Tabel 8.1 hal: 284, Craft H, menyajikan
harga WeD tiap tD
D
We P ' B We
< 20
360
h r c 119 . 1 ' B
2
R T
< 21
B(bbl/Psi): water influx constant
: sudut circular dari reservoir, untuk full
circle = 360
0
untuk semicircular = 180
0
Contoh Kasus 1
Data : re (ft); rR(ft); k(md); ; ct (psi
-1
) ; (cp);
h (ft); (
0
)
Prosedur :
1.
360
. h . r . c . * 119 . 1 ' B
2
R t
B/psi
2.
t
r . c . .
k
0002637 . 0 t
2
R t
D
t : in hour
3.
R
D
r
re
' r
4. menentukan P
a. jika diketahui data P initial dan lowered P
maka P konstan :
P = Pinitial P
2 dari 6
WATER INFLUX-TEKRES
b. jika diketahui harga P untuk tiap t maka
P tidak konstan :
P0 = 0
P1 = (P0 P1)
P2 = (P0 P2)
P3 = (P1 P3)
Pn = (Pn-2 Pn)
5. t . A t
D
6. Wed = f(tD ) table 8.1 craft hal 284
Wed = f(re/rR) table 12-1 smith tracy hal 12-
25
7.
n
D n
n
We . P '. B We
8. We kumulatif sampai Pn =
N
1 n
n
We
NB : B = Cv
R = rD = re/rR
re = ra = aquifer and reservoir area
rR = reservoir oil area
WeD = Q(tD)
Contoh kasus 2
Data: = 0.209; k = 275 md (merupakan
kavg dan asumsi sama dg kaquifer); = 0.25
cp; cT = 6.10
-6
; h = 19.2 ft; Area reservoir =
1216 acre; perkiraan Area aquifer =
250000 acre; = 180
0
. see gambar.
Tentukan Water influx pada 3 dan 4
periode setelah produksi. diket: 1 periode
= 4 bulan
Solusi:
1. Jari-jari reservoir
A = rR
2
rR
2
= 2A/
rR = (2 x 1216 x 43560 / 3.14)
0.5
= 5807
ft
2. Menentukan dimensionless time
u/ t = 1periode (=4 bulan = (360/4) =
91.3 days
t
r . c . .
k
0002637 . 0 t
2
R t
D
2 6
D
5807 x 10 x 6 x 25 . 0 x 209 . 0
3 . 91 x 275
0002637 . 0 t
tD = 15.0
harga tD pada periode lainnya lihat di
tabel 1.
3. menentukan koefisien water influx
360
. h . r . c . * 119 . 1 ' B
2
R t
360
180
. x 2 . 19 x 5807 x 10 x 6 x 209 . 0 x 119 . 1 ' B
2 6
B = 455 bbl/psi
4. menentukan dimensionles kumulative
water influx
karena Aaquifer dibanding Areservoir =
250000/1216 = 206 kali (sangat besar)
shg dianggap infinite aquifer. shg bisa
dipakai tabel 8.1 craft H.
WeD = f (tD) tabel 8.1
u/ t = 91.3 days, WeD = 10.0
harga WeD yg lain lihat tabel 1
5. menentukan step pressure
data Pavg reservoir tiap period disajikan
di tabel 1
P0 = (PBi PB0) = (3793 3793)
= 0
P1 = (PBi PB1) = (3793 3788)
= 2.5
P2 = (PB1 PB2) = (3793
3774) = 9.5
P3 = (PB1 PB3) = (3788
3748) = 20.0
P4 = (PB2 PB4) = (3774
3709) = 32.5
Pn = (PBn-2 PBn) u/ n3
6. Tabel 1
period t tD WeD Pavg, Preservoir PB, Pboundary P
0 0.0 0 0.0 3793 3793 0.0
1 91.3 15 10.0 3786 3788 2.5
2 182.5 30 16.7 3768 3774 9.5
3 273.8 45 22.9 3739 3748 20.0
4 365.0 60 28.7 3699 3709 32.5
5 456.3 75 34.3 3657 3680 34.0
6 547.5 90 39.6 3613 3643 33.0
7. menentukan We pada 3 bulan
pertama
D
We P ' B We
superposisi
saat periode 1, 2, 3
We = 455(2.5x22.9+9.5x16.7+20x10)
We = 189234.5 bbl
8. menentukan We pada 4 bulan
pertama
saat periode 1, 2, 3, 4
We =
455(2.5x28.7+9.5x22.9+20x16.7+32.5
x10)
We = 431476.5 bbl
Contoh kasus 3
Suatu reservoir memiliki edge water drive,
diproduksi melalui 6 sumur. Dari keenam
sumur hanya dua sumur (# 1 dan # 6) yang
menembus zona air. Pada keadaan awal
WOC pada 6250 ft Dibawah Permukaan Laut
3 dari 6
WATER INFLUX-TEKRES
(DPL). Sumur 2, 3, 4, 5 diperforasi setebal
zona minyak, sedangkan sumur 1 dan 6 yang
menembus WOC diperforasi setebal kali
tebal zona minyakyang ditembus. Berikut data
puncak dan dasar dari lapisan reservoirnya :
puncak lapiasan Dasar lapisan
(ft.DPL) (ft.DPL)
1 6220 6300
2 6170 6220
3 6100 6160
4 6000 6060
5 6120 6200
6 6200 6288
Sumur No
DPL : Dibawah Permukaan Laut
Setelah produksi beberapa saat WOC yang
baru berada 90 ft diatas WOC awal.
Tentukan
+ + + + +
6 5 4 3 2 1
t t t t t t perforasi tebal
+ + + + +
6 5 4 3 2 1 baru
H H H H H H WOC dibawah perforasi tebal
< 22
Fk:ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability
dalam dimensionless variable pers(22)
jadi:
D
D
2
D
D
2
D
D
D
2
D
D
2
t
P
z
P
r
P
r
1
r
P
< 23
2 / 1
k R
D
F r
z
z
< 24
h v k
k / k F
< 25
h r c 119 . 1 ' B
2
R T
< 26
D
We P ' B We
6 . 8 tabel ) ' z , ' r ( f We
D D D
-8.10 craft, hal 302
Contoh Kasus:
Data : rR (ft); re (ft); h (ft ); Fk ; w(cp); k
(md); ; ct (psi
-1
); (
0
)
Prosedure :
1.
R
D
r
re
' r
2.
2
1
k R
D
F . r
h
' z
3.
t
r . c . .
k
0002637 . 0 t
2
R t
D
t : in hour
4.
360
. h . r . c . * 119 . 1 ' B
2
R t
B/psi
5. t . A t
D
4 dari 6
WATER INFLUX-TEKRES
6. Wed = f ( zD , tD ) table 8.6 craft H.
interpolasi
7. P0 = 0
P1 = (P0 - P1)
P2 = (P0 P2)
P3 = (P1 P3)
Pn = (Pn 2 Pn)
8.
) t ( We * P ' B We
D D
superposisi
9. Tabelkan : tD , WeD; P; We
LIBP and SIBP Methode
Data : rr (ft) ; R (ra/rr); (
0
); ; ct (psi
-1
); k (md);
h (ft); w (cp); t (year)
Prosedure :
1. aquifer capacity
[ ]
6146 . 5
. c . h
rr ra
360
U
t 2 2
(RB/psi) ra = R.rr
2.
1 R
4
2
3. Dimensionless time
2
r t
D
r . c . .
t . k
309 . 2 t
4. Tabel B-1
Input : R , m
Output : am
2
; Hm
5.
m
t . a
X e
D
2
m
[ ] [ ]
m
D
2
m
m m
D
2
m
t . am
m
Y
t a
X 1 H
t . a
e 1 H
D
2
*
1
t . a
X e
D
2
1
[ ] [ ]
1
D
2
1
1 1
D
2
1
t . 1 a
1
Y
t a
X 1 H
t . a
e 1 H
D
2
*
2
t . a
X e
D
2
2
[ ] [ ]
2
2
2
1 2
2
2
. 2
2
1
.
1
2
Y
t a
X H
t a
e H
D D
t a
D
* dst untuk m selanjutnya
LIBP
6. PLI untuk n ttt
@ n = 0 PLI = --
@ n = n PLI = Ps
n
Ps
n-1
@ n = 1 PLI = Ps
1
Ps
0
@ n = 2 PLI = Ps
2
Ps
1
7. Cm
n+1
untuk m, n ttt
C1
0
= 0
C2
0
= 0
2
m
t . am
D
LI
m
t . am n
m
1 n
m
a
e 1
t
P
H e . C C
D
2
D
2
+
+
m LI m
n
m
1 n
m
Y . P X . C C +
+
*
1 LI 1
0
1
1
1
Y . P X . C C +
*
1 LI 1
0
2
1
2
Y . P X . C C +
8.
) C C (
1 R
4
) t ( Ps ) t ( Pa
n
2
n
1
2
+
Untuk m = 1. 2
) C C (
1 R
4
) t ( Ps ) t ( Pa
n
2
n
1
2
+
@ n = 0 ) t ( Ps ) t ( Pa
@ n = 1
) C C (
1 R
4
Ps ) t ( Pa
1
2
1
1
2
1
+
SIBP
6. PSI untuk n ttt
@ n = 0 PSI = --
@ n = n PSI = (Ps
n
Ps
n-1
)
@ n = 1 PSI = (Ps
1
Ps
0
)
@ n = 2 PSI = (Ps
2
Ps
1
)
7. Cm
n+1
untuk m, n ttt
C1
0
= 0
C2
0
= 0
[ ]
D
2
t . am
SI m
n
m
1 n
m
e . P . H C C
+
+
*
[ ]
1 SI 1
0
1
1
1
X . P . H C C +
*
[ ]
2 SI 2
0
2
1
21
X . P . H C C +
8. ( ) t Pa untuk n ttt
M
1 m
m
2
) t ( C
1 R
4
2
) 1 t ( Ps ) t ( Ps
) t ( Pa
untuk m = 1, 2
) C C (
1 R
4
2
) 1 t ( Ps ) t ( Ps
) t ( Pa
n
2
n
1
2
+
@ n = 0 ) t ( Ps ) t ( Pa
@ n = 1
) C C (
1 R
4
2
Ps Ps
) t ( Pa
1
2
1
1
2
0 1
+
) t ( Pa Pa U We
0
n
@ n = 0 0 We
0
5 dari 6
WATER INFLUX-TEKRES
@ n = 1
1
]
1
1 0
1
Pa Pa U We
10
1 n n
1 n n
n
We We ) Pa Pa ( U We
@ n = 0 0 We
0
@ n = 1
1 n
We We
@ n = 2
1 2 n
We We We
11 Tabelkan (Ps; PLI; C1
m
, C2
m
,
n
Ps
,
We
n
, We
Least Square Methode
Water Influx = We = Withrawals
Expansion < 1
[ ] Bw . Wp ) Rs Rp ( Bg Bo Np Withrawals + +
< 2
1
]
1
+ ) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg N Expansion
Boi
Bgi
N
G
m
Substitusi pers <2 dan <3 ke <1
We
[ ] Bw . Wp ) Rs Rp ( Bg Bo Np + +
1
]
1
+ ) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg N
[ ]
) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg
We Bw . Wp ) Rs Rp ( Bg Bo Np
N
+
+ +
< 4
[ ]
) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg
Bw . Wp ) Rs Rp ( Bg Bo Np
Na
+
+ +
<5
UNTUK 2 VARIABLE ( X Y )
dipakai Untuk model Steady State
Na N =
[ ]
) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg
Bw . Wp ) Rs Rp ( Bg Bo Np
+
+ +
[ ]
) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg
We Bw . Wp ) Rs Rp ( Bg Bo Np
+
+ +
=
) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg
We
+
D
We
N Na
dengan :
) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg D +
dt ) p pi ( ' B We
t ) P P ( 5 . 0 Pi ' B We
n
1 j
j 1 j +
t . P ' B We
D
t . P
' B N Na
Dalam sumbu X-Y
1.
D
t . P
' B N Na
2. Xk ' B N Yk
3. Nak Yk
4.
D
t . P
Xk
5.
) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg D +
6.
Boi
Bgi
N
G
m
m = 0 untuk no initial gas cap
7.
( )
2
2
Xi n Xi Xi
Yi Xi Xi Xi . Yi
N
8.
( )
2
Xi n Xi Xi
Yi . Xi n Yi Xi
' B
n = jumlah data tidak termasuk 0
UNTUK 3 VARIABLE ( X Y Z )
dipakai untuk model unsteady state
We = Withrawals Expansion
Withrawals = Expansion + We
6 dari 6
WATER INFLUX-TEKRES
[ ] + + Bw . Wp ) Rs Rp ( Bg Bo Np
We ) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg N +
1
]
1
+
[ ] + + Bw . Wp ) Rs Rp ( Bg Bo Np
( )
+
1
]
1
+
D D
t We P B Bgi Bg
Bgi
Boi
m Bo Boi Rs Rsi Bg N . ' ) ( ) ( ) (
Yk ' B Xk . N Zk +
1.
[ ] Bw . Wp ) Rs Rp ( Bg Bo Np Zk + +
2.
) Bgi Bg (
Bgi
Boi
m ) Bo Boi ( ) Rs Rsi ( Bg Yk +
3.
Boi
Bgi
N
G
m ; m=0 untuk no initial
gas cap
4. Xk = ( )
D D
t We . P ' B
superposisi
5.
( )
( )
XY XY Y X
YZ XY Y XY
N
2 2
2
6.
( )
( )
XY XY Y X
XZ XY YZ X
' B
2 2
2
7.
[ ]
n
1 k
2
Yj ' B Xk . N Zk
n
1
Dev
n : jumlah data mulai n=1
PSEUDO STEADY STATE MODEL (oleh
Fetkovich)
MBE on aquifer u/ cw dan crock konstan:
Pi We
Wei
Pi
P +
,
_
<
1
P
: avg. pressure di aquifer setelah removal
of We bbl of water, Pi: initial pressure at
aquifer, Wei: initial water encrhoachable at Pi.
Rate equation by Fetkovich
( )
m
R
P P J Bw qw <
2
qw.Bw: flow rate water dari aquifer, J:
Produktivity index of aquifer, PR:pressure at the
reservoir-aquifer boundary, m = 1 u/ darcy flow
selama PSS flow.
Kombinasi pers(1) dan (2):
( )
,
_
Wei
t Pi J
R
e 1 P Pi
Pi
Wei
We
< 3
perhitungan u/ tiap periode
( )
,
_
Wei
tn Pi J
R
1 n e 1 n P P
Pi
Wei
Wen
< 4
,
_
Wei
We
1 Pi P 1 n
2
P P
P
Rn 1 Rn
Rn
+
Wen We
Produktivity Index beberapa type aliran:
Type of Outer Aquifer Boundary
1. Finite no Flow
Radial Flow
[ ] 75 . 0 ) r / re ln(
) 360 / ( kh 00708 . 0
J
R
Linear Flow
L
kwh 003381 . 0
J
Linear Flow
L
kwh 001127 . 0
J
( )
615 . 5
3793 209 . 0 2 . 19 ) 5807 83263 ( ) 360 / 180 ( 10 . 6
Wei
2 2 6
= 176.3 x 10
6
bbl
4. Produktivity index
[ ] 75 . 0 ) r / re ln(
) 360 / ( kh 00708 . 0
J
R
= 39.08
7 dari 6
WATER INFLUX-TEKRES
5. Water influx tiap periode
( )
,
_
Wei
tn Pi J
R
1 n e 1 n P P
Pi
Wei
Wen
( ) n P P 3435 Wen
R
1 n
,
_
Wei
n We
1 Pi P 1 n
,
_
6
1 n
10 x 3 . 176
n We
1 3793 P
6. Water Influx
Wen We
7. Tabel Hasil Perhitungan
8 dari 6