Summary of Some Statistical Methods to Test Hypotheses Three or more ‘Type of experiment Twotreatment treatment groups Before and after a groups consisting consisting of |-__single treatment Multiple Association Scale of of different different in the same treatments in the between two measurement individuals individuals individuals same individuals variables. Interval (and drawn Unpaired test Analysis of variance Paired t test. Repeatad-measures Linear regression, from normally (Chapter 4) (Chapter 3) (Chapter 9) analysis of Pearson distributed variance (Chapter 9) product-moment populations*) correlation, or Bland-Altman analysis (Chapter 8) Nominal Chi-square Chi-square analysis McNemar's test Cochrane Qt Relative rank or odds analysis-of- of-contingency (Chapter 9) ratio (Chapter 5) contingency table (Chapter 6) table (Chapter 5) Ordinal Mann-Whitney KruskalWallis Wilcoxon signed- Friedman statistic Spearman rank rank-sum test statistic rank test (Chapter 10) correlation | (Chapter 10) (Chapter 10) (Chapter 10) (Chapter 8) ‘Survival time Log-rank test or Gehan's test (Chapter 11) *If the assumption of normally distributed populations is not met, rank the observations and use the methods for data measured on an ordinal scale. “TNot covered in this text. Or interval data that are not necessarily normally distributedprimer of biostatistics FIFTH EDITION oO Stanton oO Glantz, PhD Professor of Medicine ‘Member, Cardiovascular Research Institute ‘Member, Institute for Health Policy Studies ‘Member, Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco McGRAW-HILL, Medical Publishing Division NewYork Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi SanJuan Seoul Singapore Sydney TorontoMcGraw-Hill A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies PRIMER OF BIOSTATISTICS, FIFTH EDITION ‘Copyright © 2002, 1997, 1992, 1987, 1981 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All rights reserved, Printed inthe United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States copyright Act of 1976, no part ofthis publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior ‘written permission ofthe publisher. 1234567890 DOCDOC 0987654321 ISBN 0-07-137946.0 This book was set in Times Roman by Progressive Information Technologies, ‘The editors were Shelley Reinhardt and Karen Davis ‘The production supervisor was Lisa. Mendez. R.R. Donnelley & SonsiCrawfordsville was the printer and binder, ‘This book is printed on acid-free paper, NOTICE Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The a= thor and the publisher ofthis work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted atthe time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of ‘human error or changes in medical sciences, nelther the author nor the publisher nor ‘any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work ‘warrants thatthe information contained herein is in every respect accurate oF com plete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or forthe results ‘obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers ae encouraged ‘o confirm the information contained herein with other sourees. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain thatthe information con- {ained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recom ‘mended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation i of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Glantz, Stanton A. Primer of biost Pez om, Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-07-137946.0, 1, Medical statistics. 2. Biometry. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Biometry. WA 950 G545p 2001) RA409.G55 2001 610".7'27—ae2 1 Stanton A. Glantz, —Sth ed. 2001034232