:

.
. .
.
. .

:
.
.
.
.
.
.
..

 :
) (1 : .
) (2 : .
) ( 3 :
.
) ( 4 :
.
( (5 .
) (6
) ( 7 : ,
.
) ( 8 :
.

) (9 : . :
-1 -2 . .
-3 -4 . .
-5 -6 . .
) ( 10 :
.
) (11 : 4.5 4
0.548 7 5
4.5 0.53.5 .
) (12 .
) (13 .
) (14 .
) ( 15 :
.
) (16 : 3.20
. .

) (17 .
) ( 18 :
.
) (19 :
.

:
-:
: ( Ladder ):

.

) ( Cat Ladder

: ) : ( Step Ladder
.
: ) :( Interior Stairs

 .
:
:
: Parallel Tread Stairs
-1 Straight Flight Stairs:
) ( Intermediate Landing .
) ( Cottage Stairs .

-2 : Quarter Turn Stairs

90
: ) ( Right Angle Stairs
) ( Semi Detached Houses .
) ( Winders
-3 : Half Turn Stairs
180
:
Dog Leg Stairs


.
) ( Fire Escapes
.
: Open Well Stairs


.
270
.

-5 :
) ( Double Return Stairs
) ( Bifurcated Stairs

.
- : Geometrical Stairs
.

 ) ( Treads ) (Tapered
) ( Open Well :

Circular Stairs Semi Circular Stairs Elliptical Stairs Semi Elliptical Stairs Spiral Stairs .
.
.
.

) ( Timber
.
) ( Stone ) ( Reinforced Concrete ) ( Metal ) . ( Plastic
.

U






.

:
.
55 40 48 .
12 -6 9 12 .
16 -12 )
19 ( . .
:

=2+ 48 9 :
= 2 - = 29 = 18-47
29 : 9 .

..
..
.

) ( :
, ,

.
.

.
.
. .

 :
) ( , 30 35.

A
x1

x2

 L
A :
A = H * 1.732
30

A = H * 1.428
35
H

L = A + x1 + x2


2,3
.

 :
(step) : ,
, . )( .
, " " "".
(Tread) : . .
(Riser) : . .
(Going or run) : .
: Rise .
(Bull-nose step) :
.
. .

 (Nosing) : .
.
(Pitch or slope) : .
: .
(Hand rail) : .
.
(Balusters) : , .
(Newel or newel post) :
.
(Soffit) :
.
:
.
)( (Landing) : :
.

 :
90 .180
(Flight) :
12 .
: .


-1:
12. . -2:
. .
: -1 4 .
-2 2/1 .

14 -
.

: 14.5 20-15
.
.90
) + ( 62-58 .



1

 ) .8 (29-17
0 .5 (21-21
1 28-17

3:18
..

...

30 29: 17
= 29 : 17
=

)64 : 61(
:
+ = 63
,

) 30 * 16 (




3.5 ..
"
"2,3,4 ) 20 9 :
+ = 360......
.
:
.. : )120(
260 .

3.5
. ,. ....


1 12
.9
12 1.1 55 : 45
80

...



..


..


. - -
. .
2+= 63 . = 12 .

29 : 17 .
..
- 30 :16 .

.. 63
8 : 1 . .
45 75 .
:

* .

* 16-14
* 16
* 17-16
* 18-17
* 20
* 22
* .
25-20 30-25
75.
*
- - 30 .
65-60 ) 63 ( .
31 .
. )( )(
. ,
+= 46 -= 12 .

 32 .
.
.

:
- :

 .1 .
.2 .
.3 )( )).
.4 35 .25
.5 1.20 .
.6 12 10
.
.7 1 0.75.
.8 .
.9 .
.10 .
.12 6:7
+ 8:9 + 400:450.

 .13 .
.14 50 .

:
15 17 27 30. . 120 14 , 26 17 .
. 45 )
3 4 . .
: -1 1625 :
-2 ) : ( 1527 1430
-3 1925 :
.
:
2) -(+ = 55 60

 - = 400 410

- 30 14 . 2.5 1.2 1.3

: :
. 60 115 120 , .
152 3 170 185.

:
, .
. .

 . : 18 4.
10 .
7,5 .
15 4.
: 15 4.
10 2.
7,5 1.

-1 -:


""

""

""
-2 -:

 -:




-:

.

..

) ( )
(
-:
.

:
:

 .1 . .
.2
.
:
: ) ( .
.
: . .

:
:
. 1 . .
, .
. ) 10 12( 12,5
15 .
. 3 "" )

 ( .
) : ( :
.1 12 .
.2 .
.3 .
:
. 1 : .
.
.2:
(1 . .
.
( .
.
.3 :
( 1 ) (
"" . .
(2 .

 " " . .
.:
: -1 , .
-2 27 , 27
.
-3
.
. 5 : .
. .
. 6 : .
. .

:
-1 , .
.
-2 .
-3 .

 - 4
.
-5 .
-6 , . .
-7 ) ( .

 :
: . 1
. ) ( )( .
. 2
25 28:33 . .
20 )
( 28 100:90 .
. 3 .
.
.4 .

 -3 -:
- :

- :

-
:

1
-:
.1 -:
.2 -:

.3 -:
,
,

.4 " " -: ] fair
[ faced concret .

 :

.1 -: ""
.2 -: ""

...... " "

..
,
.

 :
.
.
.2 ) ( 10
.
.3 15 ) ( ,
:
-1 .
-2 10 11
-3 .

 :
110 : 80 90
60
.. 4.5
8
..

..
.

:

125 ... 250

:

)(
)(
) (

 -: .
- -:

)(


-2
- ""1
- ""2
-3
.............. , ,

20
" "1 ...

....

 :
:
-1 :
:
30 17.
0
0
20 30 ].[5

o.k

1.53
= 29.54 0
2.70

= tan 1

L = 1.53 2 + 2.7 2 =3.1 m =3100 mm

) ( e
ACI Code table 9.5 a :
L
24

=e

3100
= 129.2 mm 130 mm
24

=e

use e =150 mm

e
150
=
= 170 mm
cos t cos 29.54

:
-: :

e . = 0.15 25 = 3.75 kN / m 2

1
0.3 0.17 25 = 0.64 kN / m 2
2

0.44 kN / m 2

0.4 kN / m 2

0.4 kN / m 2

0.37 kN / m 2

2
2

D L =6 kN / m
L . L =5 kN / m

=e

Wu = 1.4 6 + 5 1.7 = 16.9 kN / m 2

-: :

e . C = 0.15 25 = 3.75 kN / m 2

0.44 kN / m
0.4 kN / m 2
0.4 kN / m 2
0.26 kN / m 2
2

D L =5.25 kN / m
L . L =5 kN / m
2

Wu = 1.4 5.25 + 5 1.7 = 15.85 kN / m 2

:
: :
use Cover 20 mm

use 12 mm

db
Cover
2
12
=150
20 = 124 mm
2

d =e

M u = 30.49 10 6 N / mm ,

ku =
w=

d = 124

f y = 400

Mu
30.49 10 6
=
= 0.088131575
2

f C . b . d 2 0.9 25 1000 124

1 1 2.36 k
1 1 2.36 0.088
=
= 0.0933
1.18
1.18

fC
=w
= 0.00583
fy

min = w

1.4
= 0.0035
fy

25 600

max = 0.750.85 0.85

400 600 + 400

max = 0.02
min < < max

AS = . b . d = 0.00583 1000 124 = 722.9 mm 2

use 7 12 mm / m \
S =

( AS ) of

one bar
3 hs
.d
450

f C = 25 MPa

113
= 156.3 150 mm
0.00583 124

150 mm

S 3hs = 3 150 = 450 mm

450 mm

use S = 150 mm
use 12 mm @ 150 mm c \ c
: :
use

min =

0.0018 400 0.0018 400

=
= 0.0018
fy
400

d = 150 20 12

10
= 113 mm
2

AS = b d
= 0.0018 1000 113 = 203.4 mm 2
S = 386 mm 3 hs = 450
450

o.k

10 mm

use 10 mm @ 375 mm c \ c
: :

:
723
= 362 mm 2
2
\ use 4 12 mm / m
= AS

: :

fC
bw d
6

VC =

25
1000 124 10 3 = 87.83 kN
6

= 0.85

Vu = 32.73 kN

o.k

Vu < VC

 :
:

) ACI code 318 83 9.5(a

L
6000
=
= 375 mm
16
16

= hmin

use h = 400 mm

use b = 200 mm

]:[3
:


- :

32.73 kN / m
0.15 25 1.2 = 4.5 kN / m
0.4 0.2 25 = 2 kN / m
7.5 kN / m

2h
h
) < b < . = (133.3 266.6
3
3

:b = 200 mm

d = 370 mm

f y = 400 MPa

= 0.0108

max = 0.02
= 0.0108

W = 0.173

min = 0.0035
use

M = 95.75 kN .m

f C = 25 MPa

k u = 0.155

AS = 0.0108 200 370 = 800 mm 2

use 4 16 mm

+3.5

12 @ 150 mm C/C
12 @ 250 mm C/C

16 mm

+1.97
6 mm

10 @ 375 mm

6@25mm

+0.44

 - 2 :
:

.
1.53
= 32.50
2.4

= tan 1

L = 2846 mm

L
2846
=
= 135.5 mm
21
21

=e

use e = 170 mm

e
150
=
= 200 mm
cos t cos 32.5

=e

::
-: :

e . = 0.17 25 = 4.25 kN / m 2

1
0.3 0.17 25 = 0.64 kN / m 2
2

1.24 kN / m 2

0.07 kN / m 2
2

D L =6.2 kN / m
L . L =5 kN / m
2

Wu = 1.4 6.2 + 5 1.7 = 17.18 kN / m 2

 -: :

= 0.17 25 = 4.25 kN / m 2

1.24 kN / m 2

0.01 kN / m 2
2

D L =5.50 kN / m
L . L =5 kN / m
2

Wu = 1.4 5.5 + 5 1.7 = 16.2 kN / m 2

:
-: :
use Cover 20 mm

use 16 mm

db
Cover
2
16
=170
20 = 142 mm
2

d =e

M +ve = 74.3

f y = 400 MPa

w = 0.1856

f C = 25 MPa

k u = 0.165

= 0.011

min = 0.035
max = 0.02
min < < max

AS = 1322 mm 2 / m

\ use 7 16 mm / m
-: :
.
1322
= 661 mm 2
2

\ use 4 16 mm / m

-: :
use 10 mm

= AS

= 0.018

10
= 129 mm
2

0.018 400
fy

d = 170 20 16

AS = 0.0018 1000 129 = 232.2 mm 2

\ use 3 10 mm \ m
-: :
25
1000 142 10 3 = 100.6 kN
6

VC = 0.85
Vu = 50 kN

Vu < VC o.k

:
- :

L
6000
=
= 375 mm
16
16

= hmin

use h = 400 mm

2h
h
< <b
) = (133.3 mm 266.6 mm
3
3
use b = 200 mm

]:[3

49.9 kN / m
0.2 0.4 25 = 2 kN / m

7.5 kN / m

- :

:d = 400 20 = 370 mm

M +ve = 66.83 kN / m

w = 0.1168

k u = 0.1087

 max = 0.02

min = 0.0035

= 0.0073

o.k

min < < max

AS = 540.23

4 14 mm

use
16 @ 250 mm C/C
+3.5

16 @ 150 mm C/C

16 @ 250 mm C/C

14 mm

6 mm

+1.97

6@25mm

10 @ 375 mm
+0.44

: :



) (

 :
-