1

64
2013

()2009 -1996

:

:. 117
E mail: info@cihrs.org

64

.

1993


.



.

.




.

.

().

64

- :

13

- :

63

- :

51

- : ( )

121
153
173

:

( )

175

177

( )

( )

183

189

( )
( )

195

64

64

. *

.
.
.




.


* .

64

.



.
.

. .
.

:

.
:


. :
:
.
: : .
:

:

. :
64

.


: .

.

.
( ) 15 1920
.



.
1981

. 1997

.

.
.
:
.


64

: .

.
.



.
:
1 .
2
.
3

.
4


.
5


.

.
6
64

.
7


.
8

.

.
9
.
10
.
11
.
12


.

. 1945
. :



64

10

.



.


.

.

.



21



.
,



.

64

11

.

.

.



.
:

.

.


:

.


...
:

()

64

12

.

:
.
.
.

64

13

*
**

. 1969

.

* ( ) .

*
.2012
.
.
64

14

.


.


.
.2008
( )IPHRC 2011
.
(
1990
)2005
.


.

2005

.


.

.



.

.
64

15

.

.

.

.
.



.


.

.
. .

.
.

.

.

. -
- .
64

16

.
:
1 .1 .

.
2 .2



.
3 .3
.
.
.
4 .4
.


.
.


.

.
.
64

17

.
:
( )OIC 1969
.
. 57 -
- :

()
)1(.
160 ( )2 2008
22 ( .)3
- - .



.

. 2008
( .)4
( )IPHRC
.
( 1990 )
.2005 2011
.2012
.
:
64

18

. :
.

.

.

.

.


.

.

.


.

.


.

64

19

.
2012 10

.

.2012

.
-
.

.
.

- -
.
.
( )5
)6(.

.
)7(.
...

( )8
.

.
64

20

.


.
.


( .)9
( .)UDHR
1998

()10
.
.
.

.

)11(.
.

()12

.

)13( .
()14
.
:

)15(.
64

21

. :
.
( )
. ()1

.

. 2012

.

.
.

()16
.

.



.

.
()17
.


.
.

64

22

)18(
.
( )
( ) (
()19
).
.

.
.

.

()1990
1990

(.)1990
1993
)20(.
)21( .
()22
.

( )10
:

( .)14
( .)10
64

23

:

.
[]
.
. 22

12 .
24 25
.

( .)23

.


.
)24(.

)25(.

.


( )26
()27

.
.



.

64

24

)28(.

.
( )29

)30(.

.
()31
.
.


)32(. 2003

)33(.

.

()2005
.


( )34
)35(.
2005

64

25

. :

.
.

( .)24

.


.

.
.
(

) .

(
()36
).
) (
:

.
.
.

. 4

64

26

.
.

()37

.

.
.

()2011
2011
( .)IPHRC
.
2011
2012 .
.

.
:
.
1990
.
2005
. )38(

.

64

27

)39(.

()40
.2011
.

)41(.
( )
.
)42(.
(- )43
()44

11


.
[]
)45(.
()46
.

.

.


()47
[ ] .


()48
.

64

28

)49(.

.


.
.

.
.



.
:
.

.
18

()50
( .)3

.
( 6 .)7
)51(.


.
.

64

29

.
)

)52(.
.

()53
.
2011
18

)54(.
.

()55
.

.
)56(.
( )

()57
.


.

)58(.

)59(.

.

.
64

30

.
.
.
:

.
.


)60(.
-
.

. .

.
:

( )61(.)9

()62
.
.
.
( 15 )16
)63(.

64

31

.


)64(.
:
.

.
.
( )65



()66
.



.

()67
.

. 17
)68(.
[ ].
-

.


.
.
64

32

- .

IPHRC

)69(.

( )70
( . )15
.
[
] .
)71(.

)72(.


()73
... ... .

.

.

.
.
()74
.
64

33

.
.

()75
.

.
- - .
-
- )76(.

.

.

.
:

2012 .

.

.

.
.

.
()77
.

64

34

:

( )
.1967

: .
2011
()78
.2012
.
.
.

(
)
.
:
.
.

.

.

.
.

.
( )26
64

35

. 2007

)79(.
.


( )15

.
( )80(.)21
.


.

.
MAZLUMDER
230 24

.

...
()81
.


.

( )OAS ( )EC
.

64

36

.


.

)82(.
.

.


MAZLUMDER
.

.
.
(
.)10 .


.

)83(.
.

.
:

.

64

37

.
.

.

.

.

.
.

.


.
)84(.

.


.
.



64

38

)85(.


)86(.
()87
1990 .

.
( )ECTHR
.

)88(.

)89( .
.

)90(.
()91


. ( )92
.
( )

.
64

39

.
)93(.

)94(.


.

.

.
17

.


.

.
.

.1990

.
.

.
20

.
.


.


64

40

()95

.
.


.
[ ...]
)96(
.
:

( .)15

()97
.
:

.
.



.

.

.
.

1990
64

41

.
2011

( )2005 ( )2011
.
.

.

.


.

.


.

.
.

.
.

.
.

64

42

.


.


.




. -
-

.

.

.
.

.
.

.

.


.

64

43

1 .1 :
( 2009-1969 :
.)2010
2 .2
22 .2012
3 .3 :
( 10 ) ( 9 )
( 7 ) ( 6 ) (5.5
) ( 5 ) .
. :
( :
.47-46 )2012
4 .4
142008
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9

http://www.oic-oci.org/is11/english/Charter-en.pdf.

5 . ( ) (
: .77 )2007
6 .97
7 ( :
.10 )1976
8 .
( : .6 )2002
9



.

64

44

http://www.oic-oci.org/is11/english/Charter-en.pdf.

1010 25-P/56

1998

http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/25/resolutions25-p-3.htm#56.

1111 .
( : )2007
.708-669
1212
:
. ( :
.212 )2011
1313 -925
.1062
1414 :
40 ( 3 .602 :)1986
1515 (
)( : .27 )2003
.
( : .)1983
1616 ( )(
: .103-95 )2013
1717 : .633
1818 .
( : .113 )2000
1919 96-95 .107-106
2020
4 2
(.48-36 :)2012
2121 .
2222
10 .2007

2008 10

http://www.iheu.org/node/2949

2323

64

45

3 .www.iheu.org / node/2874 2008
2424
.
2525
:

( : .149-104 )2010
2626 :
.
( : .21 )2011
2727 ( :
.56-153 )2010 .
:
:
..93-55
2828 :
( :
.)1990
.
2929 :
( : )2005
203-180
( : .)2008
3030
( :
.)2008

.
3131 .
99( 1 .
.305 :)2005
3232 (
)( : )2007
(:
)2011
..188-181
3333 .228

64

46

3434 .187
3535
Save the Children Sweden
2011
http://mena.savethechildren.se/PageFiles/2867/
Regional20MENA20CRSA.pdf.

3636
:

2012

abstract_id=2106671.http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm

3737

8 .21-1 :)2011( 1
3838
2005

http://www.oic-oci.org/ex-summit/english/10-years-plan. HTM.

3939 .
4040 .17
4141 .
4242 14
2008

http://www.oic-oci.org/is11/english/Charter-en.pdf.

:
23 .47-129 :2 .

.
4343

22 .2012
4444 : 1/38-Leg

38
2011 30-28

http://www.oic-oci.org/38cfm/en/documents/res/LEG-RES-38-CFMFINAL-2.pdf.

64

47

45.
( 13
.19 :)2010
4646 .13
4747
29 2010
http://www.cfr.org/religion/organization-islamic-conference/p22563

4848 .10
4949 .
5050 :

38 2011 30-28

http://www.oic-oci. org/38cfm/en/documents/res/LEG-RES-38-CFMFINAL-2.pdf.

5151

5( 6 . .1160-1148 :)2011
5252 .
5353

.1062
5454

.
21 .2012
5555 .35
5656 .30
5757 :

http://www.oic-oci.org/38cfm/en/documents/res/LEG-RES-38-CFMFINAL-2.pdf

5858
24 .2012
5959
22 .2012

:
( :.)2011

64

48

6060
. 29 2011

http://www.arabnews.com/node/382329

6161 :

IPHRC http://www.oic-oci.org/38cfm/en/documents/res/LEG-RES38-CFM-FINAL-2.pdf.

6262 .18
6363 :

IPHRC http://www.oic-oci.org/38cfm/en/documents/res/LEG-RES38-CFM-FINAL-2.pdf.

6464 .
: (:
.)1999
6565 .
IPHRC21
.2012
6666 .797
6767

.
.22
6868
.1150
6969 :



.
7070 .26
7171
1
2010

http://www.cfr.org/religion/oic-democracy-human-rights/p23062

7272 .
14
.2012

64

49

7373 .30
7474
22 .2012
7575
23 .2012
7676
21 .2012
7777

2012 20

t_id=6449&x_keyhttp://www.oic-oci.org/topic_detail.asp

7878

( 20 :)2012
.30-28
7979
.2011
8080 :

http://www.oic-oci.org/38cfm/en/documents/res/LEG-RES-38-CFMFINAL-2.pdf.

8181
:

http://eski.mazlumder.org/dosyalar/Letter_to_ihsanoglu_English.
pdf.

8282
23 .2012
8383

22 .2012
8484
.



.

21 .2012

64

50
85.
( 17
.15 :)2011
8686
22 .2012
87.
13 Todays Zaman2009

http://http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.
newsId=172301.action

8888
13 2003
http://www.iilj.org/courses/documents/RefahPartisivTurkey.pdf.

8989
( : .54-46 )2007
9090
.1149
9191 .11
9292
.1149
9393
31 -843 :)1999( 4
854
: .
15( 2 . :)2001
.466-391

.
9494
2005 10

h t t p : / / w w w. s t r a s b o u r g c o n s o r t i u m . o r g / d o c u m e n t .
DocumentID=3814.php

9595

.79-1076
9696
22 .2012
9797 .

64

51

..

*

.
)1(.


( .)2


.

. :
*

64

52

.


( .)3

.


.

.
:

.


( .)4

.

.
.

.
64

53

.
.

.

.

.

.

.

)5(.

.

.

.

.


( .)6

64

54

.


.



.

.
Doctrine of
Margin of Appreciation

.
.

.





.


.

.



64

55

.


.


.

.

.
:

.
.
.



.

.


.


64

56

.
1990

.

.



.
.


.
.

.

.

.
.

.


.

64

57

.
.
.

.

.

()7
.
:



. .

.
.


.
.

64

58

()8

.
)9(.

.

.

. .


.


()10
.

. .


.




.
64

59

.
()11
.


)12(.
()13
.



.

.


.

.

64

60

1- Baderin, A. M. (2003) International Human Rights and Islamic

Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

: -2

Baderin, A. M. (2005) Human Rights and Islamic Law: the Myth

of Discord, European Human Rights Law Review, pp.165-185;
Baderin, A. M. (2001) Establishing Areas of Common Grounds
Between Islamic Law and International Human Rights, The
International Journal of Human Rights, 5(2), pp. 72-113; Baderin,
A. M. (2004) Identifying Possible Mechanisms within Islamic
Law for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Muslim
States, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, 22(3), pp. 329-346;
Baderin, A. M. (2007a) Islam and the Realization of Human Rights
in Muslim World: A Reflection on Two Essential Approaches and Two
Divergent Perspectives, Muslim World Journal of Human Rights,.

: -3

Mayer, E. A. (2012) Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics.

5th edn. Boulder: West view Press, Fourth edition; An-Naim, A.
A. (1990c) Towards an Islamic Reformation. New York: Syracuse
University Press. ; Tibi, B. (1994) Islamic Law/Sharia, Human
Rights, Universal Morality and International Relations, Human
Rights Quarterly, 16(2) pp. 277-299.

: -4

Masud, M. K. (2009) Ikhtilaf al-Fuqaha: Diversity in Fiqh as a Social

Construction, in Anwar, Z. Wanted: Equality and Justice in the
Muslim Family. Selangor: Musawah, pp. 65-94.
5-Hallaq, W. (1997) Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni
Usul al-fiqh. New Yourk: Cambridge University Press, pp. 210.211.
See also Hallaq B. W. (2004) Can the Sharia Be Restored?, in
Haddad, Y. Y., Stowasser F. B. (eds.) Islamic Law and the Challenge

64

61

of Modernity. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, pp. 21-54.

) ( -6
. :

7- See An-Naiim, A. A. (2010) Islam and the Secular State:

Negotiating the Future of Sharia. Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press.
8- See Tibi, B.(2012) Islam and Islamism. New York: Yale University
Press.
9- ibid.
10- Hallaq B. W. (2009) An Introduction to Islamic Law. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
11- ibid.
12- Tibi, B. (2012) Islam and Islamism.
13- An-Naim, A. (2008) Islam and the Secular State. Harvard
University Press, p.3.

64

62

64

63

2012
. 60


35.





-

* .

64

64

- .
30 2012



.


12 2012 -
- (.)1

17


17
.


.

17( )2

.

.
2011
-
64

65

(.)3

.
.



.
- -


.

.2012


.





(.)4


.

64

66

.

(.)5
31 2012


.

2011


.


.


17 . %90
120
.
2012
.


64

67

74
.


.
.



.




.
.


.


.





64

68

.

2013
.

- -

.
,










.
:


64

69

63
2011
(.)6





(.)7



.2013
16
.
20 %63

%36 ( )8





.
64

70

.
(.)9





.
.
2012



.
(.)10





.



.

64

71

79 .)11(2012
23 2012
79
2012 (.)12



( )13
21
(.)14

.




.



.

*(.)15


( )16
64

72

.




.

30
15

(.)17



8

(.)18



-
.
.
64

73

219
.


( )10
( )33

...
.

.
( )43

.

.

( )81



.






64

74

.


.

.

.



.
( )48
.



.


%50



64

75

.

( )195
. ( )197


(.)19
:

.
3
.


48
.




()20
.
-


64

76

2011
.


()21
.



13

.

.



()22
.


.
15.



.

.

64

77

.



.
()23
.

21

()24
.


. 4

700 25 2011


30 2012
()25

4
25 2011
30 2012
()26
.

64

78

:

. 2012

.
74



. 16
(.)27
28 4

.
- -

12 4
370 300

(.)28

9 2011 17
. 2


.

64

79

.
(.)29



.

12

.
160 (.)30

-


5
6 .
21

. 11
.
.


.
.
.
64

80

139 20 .
6


.
135 .



.
(.)31

. 28 19


.
.
28

(.)32

.
17
20 .
16
64

81

. 17

(.)33
:


.


.




25 .

.

(.)34


11



64

82

.

(.)35
21



(.)36


13
(.)37
24


.
12
(.)38


(.)39

.

(.)40
64

83

.

(.)41





.
(.)42




.

.)43(2011


.
(.)44




. 13
64

84

(.)45
15

.

(.)46


- -

(.)47
16

.


( .)48
2013
(.)49


.




64

85

(.)50

26
.
.
.
18

(.)51


6

.
. 18 .
(.)52

23

10
.


(.)53
.

64

86

11 .

(.)54
22
.

(.)55
23


(.)56


-

.

.

.


.



64

87

.
.
100
(.)57


17



.


(.)58

.
18


(.)59

.

.

.
64

88

(.)60


.

27

(.)61
:


.
.



.
.

.



. 21
12
2011
64

89

.

2011 13
. 2012
48 (.)62

2011
24
14 .

(.)63



.


(.)64
27


.
. 30
(.)65
26
5
.
64

90

(.)66


.



! .
(.)67
28





(.!)68
5
.
.

(.)69

.
64

91

( .)70

(.)71
:


84 2002 .
.
2011


.



.



.


64

92

.

.



()72
.


.



.


.

.

)73(.

.

64

93

.
.

2011
14


()74
.





.




()75
.

43 2012


. 19

64

94

.

-

17 2011


.

.
.


.
- -


.



()76
.
64

95

.

11 . 13



.

7



()77

:

35 76
2011
.

.


.
24

64

96

.


(.)78
35 1976

.


.
23 5
.
.

(.)79
39
32

(.)80
21 12 7
7
3 12
3

8 5
4 (.)81

64

97

26 6



2 .2011
25 2012
(.)82
:


2011 12 ( )83

2012 .
16

74
.2012
(.)84
9 5
. 23
40(.)85
9
4

.
64

98

(.)86
25 7 3
5 .
12

(.)87
25




(.)88
8

25 2011 30 2012


.
8 2011
.
1100
.
.


(.)89

64

99

:



.

2011
.
74
2012




.2011 73 9

( .)90

( .)91


(.)92
2012 17

12 (.)93


64

100

300
4

(.)94

.
2012 10
4
. 8
(.)95

.

2
4 . 24
.
(.)96
:

17

. %90 18



(.)97
64

101

2012



.
(.)98
24


2 2011 .

(.)99



120
17
.
14
(.)100





.
64

102

2011 30 2012
2013


.

(.)101

-

.


.


21


(.)102





.
64

103

.


.
96 2012
.





.





.


(.)103

64

104

-1 :
12 2012 .

http://shorouknews.com/news/view.
aspx?cdate=12082012&id=fe0b08a0-60ca-47d5-b6f1a91a33542b41

-2
17 2012 24
17 .2012
:
18 .2012
http://www.ahram.org.eg/-/News/155958.aspx

-3 ..
..

4 .2011

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=188

-4
:
21 .2011

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=272

25 .2011

http://www.mosharka.org/index.php?newsid=387

15 .2012

64

105

http://www.mosharka.org/index.php?newsid=478

2011 17 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=769

18
.2011

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=1731

2011
1 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=345

-5
:
:
25 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3009

21 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=2214

17 .2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2529#more-2529

-6 :
- .

http://www.sis.gov.eg/ar/LastPage.aspx?CategoryID=1638

- .

http://www.sis.gov.eg/ar/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=1685

-7 :
2011 6 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=2536

-8
26 .2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=3137

64

106

-9 :

12
.2012
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5273

..
16 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5308

16 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5324

.. 22 .2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=3130

-10
:
28 .2012
-11 79 2012
28 12 .2012

https://referendum2012.elections.eg/images/pdfs/laws/
ElectAssemblyMembers2012-79.pdf

-12
:
.. :
23 .2012

http://al-mashhad.com/Articles/129070.aspx

-13 :
8 .2012
http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/228902.aspx

-14 21 2012
.

http://www.sis.gov.eg/ar/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=2427

- .

64

107

-15 21 :
24
.2012
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5081

-16 :
.
-17

14 .2013
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5807

-18 8 .2012
.

http://www.sis.gov.eg/ar/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=2268

-19 :
- .

_http://egelections-2011.appspot.com/Referendum2012/dostor
masr_final.pdf#page=3&zoom=auto,0,448

:

10 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5246

18
.2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5040

3 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4421

24 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3574

-20 20
2012

http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al%20Mashhad%20Al%20Syiassy/

64

108

News/133826.aspx

-21 :
24 .2012 -

http://hccourt.gov.eg/Rules/getRule.
=asp?ruleId=3751&searchWords

-22
16 2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=3032

-23 :
20 2012
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4562

20 2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4562

-24
.
-25

15 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4523

-26 :
10
.2012

http://www.amnesty.org/ar/news/egypt-president-2012-10-09

-27 ..
5
.2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=1133

:
: 2 .2012

http://www.amnesty.org/ar/library/info/MDE12/029/2012/ar

-28 : :

2 .2012

64

109

http://www.amnesty.org/ar/library/info/MDE12/017/2012/ar

:

7 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=2073

-29 :
11 .2012

http://www.amnesty.org/ar/for-media/press-releases/egyptinvestigate-attacks-women-protesters-2012-06-11

-30
14
.2012
http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2904

:
.
-31 :
.2012

http://www.cihrs.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/%D8%A7%D8%B
4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%
A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9
%8A%D8%A9.pdf

-32 .
:
26 .2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=3017

20 .2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2998

-33
.
-34

- 18

64

110

/ 7 .2012

http://ifex.org/egypt/2012/05/07/journalists_assaulted/ar/

/ 7 .2012

/http://ifex.org/egypt/2012/05/08/journalists_brutalised/ar

15 .2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2696

.
-35

/ 14 .2012
/http://ifex.org/egypt/2012/02/14/anhri_egypt_dina_abdel/ar

-36

22 .2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2199

-37 :
21 .2012

http://www.afteegypt.org/pressrelease/2012/02/21/518-afteegypt.
html

-38

26 .2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2377

:
12 .2012

http://www.ahram.org.eg/Incidents/News/170679.aspx

-39

14 .2012

http://www.anhri.net/?p=50579

-40 :
18 .2012

64

111

http://today.almasryalyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=346805

-41

6 .2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2666

-42
3 .2013

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=3187

26 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5352

-43 .
-44

8 .2012
http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2673

-45 .
-46
16
.2012

http://ta3beer.com/?p=659

:
16 .2012

http://www.acijlp.org/main/art.php?id=9&art=254

.. .
-47 45
10
.2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2681

:
. -48 .
-49
20 .2013

64

112

http://www.afteegypt.org/issues/provisions/2013/01/20/809afteegypt.html

-50 .
-51
.
-52 .
-53 .
-54
.
:
11 .2012
http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2684

-55

22 .2012

http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2709

-56 .

-57
.
:
. -58
18 .2012
http://ar.eohr.org/?p=2933

:
6 .2012

http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/72264

-59 6
- :

18 .2012

http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/09/18/1490

-60
15 .2012

http://www.afteegypt.org/pressrelease/2012/09/15/710-afteegypt.

64

113

html

:
8
18 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4047

:
13 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5290

-61 .

-62 :
16
.2012
http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2012/07/16

:

9 .2012

http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/10/09/1519

-63
.
-64 ..
:

5 .2012

http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/01/05/1339

-65 :

12 .2012

http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/02/12/1366

-66 :

31 .2012

http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/07/31/1457

:
-

64

114

.
-67 :


30 .2012
http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/09/30/1505

:
.
-68

31 .2012

http://eipr.org/en/node/1524

-69 -
:

8 .2012

http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/11/08/1528

-70

27 .2012

http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/09/27/1500

:
.
-71
20 .2012

h t t p : / / w w w. d a r. a k h b a r e l y o m . o r g . e g / i s s u s e / d e t a i l z e .
asp?field=news&id=71801

-72 :
11 2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=1970

-73 :

28 2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=2280

-74

64

115

.
-75 :

:
19 .2011
-76
:
11 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=1783

: 7 2012

http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2012/03/07

: 6.2012

http://www.hrw.org/ar/news/2012/02/05-2

: 4 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=1755

: 15
.2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=1230

: 7 .2012

http://www.amnesty.org/ar/news/egypt-stop-holding-ngoshostage-2012-02-07

1 .2012

http://www.amnesty.org/ar/news/egypt-must-end-attacks-civilsociety-2012-03-01

-77

13 2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4815

-78 :
-

64

116

http://www.ctuws.com/default.aspx?item=1250

-79
.

http://www.ctuws.com/default.aspx?item=1242

:
29 .2012

http://www.anhri.net/?p=59764

-80
.
-81
:
.
-82
25 .2012

http://ctuws.com/?item=1254

-83
.
-84 2012
.

http://www.nomiltrials.com/2012/06/2012.html

-85 .
-86 :
18 .2012

http://www.nomiltrials.com/2012/07/blog-post_18.html

-87
.
-88 :
21
.2012

http://www.hrw.org/fr/node/111627

: :
25
20
.2012

64

117

http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2012/11/20/1544

-89
.
:
: 10
.2012

http://www.amnesty.org/ar/news/egypt-president-2012-10-09

= 29 .2012

http://www.nomiltrials.com/2012/11/blog-post_29.html

-90
26 .2012

http://www.dostor.org/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D
8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8
3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA/49875-%D9%86%D8%B5-%D9
%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%
A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF

-91
12 .2012

http://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?id=ddfc3761-37f44a35-a907-aa1a98d01c31

-92 ..
5 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=1133

-93 25
22 .2013

http://ar.eohr.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/+-.1.pdf

-94
.
25 -95 :2013 .. ..
:
25 .2013
-96 .

http://eipr.org/report/2013/01/22/1601

64

118

:
- 100 13 .2012

https://alnadeem.org/en/node/421

.
. :
22 .2013

http://eipr.org/report/2013/01/22/1603

-97
26 .2012

http://nchrl.blogspot.com/2012/11/blog-post.html

:
25 24
.2013

http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE12/004/2013/ar

-98 13
. :
3 .2013

http://eipr.org/pressrelease/2013/01/13/1580

-99 10
.2012

http://www.ahram.org.eg/Incidents/News/188094.aspx

-100
:
2011 .
.
.
-101 :
21 .2013

64

119

http://nchrl.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post_21.html

6 .2013

http://nchrl.blogspot.com/2013/01/blog-post.html

: 24 .2013

http://www.hrw.org/es/node/113012

-102 21
2012:
24
.2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5081

24
.2012
http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5087

21 2012 .

-103
22 .2012

http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/275617.aspx

:
- .

64

120

64

121

..

*

:



( .)1 (-1947
)1990
- -


global democracy
*

- - .
64

122

( )2 - -




.

:

. 2000

.


(.)3

.





Right to Democracy
.

64

123

:

: Demos Kratos

:( ) ( )( .)4


( )5

( )Majority Democracy ()6

.

- -



( )7


.
:

.


( )8 1991
64

124

.

25 1996

.


( )9



104 4
(.)10


.
- -

.



(.)11
64

125

. - -



( .)12
1999
:
)1
)2

)3

)4

)5
)6
)7
)8 (.)13



.



64

126

( )14 .



Legitimizing Function of Democracy

( )15

.


.

:
1992 Thomas Franck


( )16

( )17

.

- -

64

127

.





(.)18



-


.
1948
( )21








.

)19(1966
64

128

(:)20
- ( )18
- ( )19
- ( )21
- ( )22
-
( )25
-

( (.25
- ( .)29



( )21
15-11/ 1997

.



.



.
64

129

:



( )22

.




.
( )1


.

64

130

( .)23 1988
.


.





(:)24


.


.


.

.


64

131

(.)25
-
1.5
.



/ .2005


330 115 500


.






.
15/


(.)26
64

132

( )2

1963

.


.

29/ 1999
.

-B7
70

.
( )11 ( - )EU
2003 -2004 :
( .)27



100
(.)28


()CSCE
64

133

1990

(.)29




.


1999

.
( )3




( )30
( )31

(.)32
-
- 14 1992

( .)33
64

134

1080


1991 1992 1993
.


Inter-American Democratic Charter 2001





(.)34


10


()35



.
1998



64

135

(.)36

( )37


.

.

2005
.
( )4

1975
1995


.



()38
.

(
)
.
64

136

(.)39

- .

1997



.
( )5
2002 53
28 .



( .)40 ()4



(.)41
64

137

.


( )42

.
2002



( .)43

30 -)44(2007

.



.
- -


.


64

138

.


.
( )6




. 1967

( )45
Bangkok Declaration on Human Rights 1993



.


(.)46
15 1997

2020

2020

64

139

( .)47


.

2020 .


2006
.
2005

:
( .)48 20
2007

( )7

.



(.)49
( )7

1945
64

140

(.)50


15 1997

( )51
.
2004






(.)52




.
2004





64

141

.
( )8

1991
Asuncin
( .)53

1992
.


1998




(.)54








2002
64

142

2004
( )Mercosur

14 2007
.

:
-
-
.





(.)55
Democratic Conditionality



.


( )56


.
- Good Governance
64

143

-
.


.
1989


.

:
( )57



.


- -

(:)58
1 .1 :
.
.
2 .2 :

.
64

144

3 .3 :

.
4 .4 :

.
5 .5 :

.
6 .6 :

.
7 .7 :


.
8 .8 :

.

Cross Conditionality

( )59
. 1996



64

145

.


1991


Cotonou
79
2000 ( )9 ( )3 :


.

.


:

2010-2001




(.)60


.
(- )USAID -
64

146

( .)61





(.)62
:

.

.
-

.









.
64

147

- -



.

64

148

1-1
:

4 2007 .1

2- James N. Rosenau, Linkge Politics: Essays on the Convergence

of National and International System, (New York: Free Press),
1969.

3-3 ( 8 )A/RES/55/2/
.2000

4- Josiah Ober, The Original Meaning of Democracy: Capacity

to Do Things, not Majority Rule, Constellations, Volume 15,
No 1, 2008, pp.3-4.

5-5 :
:

4 2007 .2-1

6- Dag Anckar, A Definition of Democracy, Scandinavian Political

Studies, Volume 5, Issue 3, September 1982, pp. 217235.
7- Tatu Vanhanen, Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172
Countries, (London: Routledge), 1997, pp.28-31.

8-8 .2
9-9

64

149

.
1010

14 150/62
.2009
11- Michael Ignatieff T, The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of
Terror, Edinburgh University Press, 2004, p.5.
12- Gregory H. Fox, Democracy, Right to, International Protection,
Wayne State University Law School Research Paper, No. -22,
30 July 2007, p.6.
13- Ibid, p. 6.

.6 1414

15- Thomas M. Franck, Democracy, Legitimacy and the Rule

of Law: Linkages, NYU Law School, Public Law and Legal
Theory Working Paper, No.2, 1999.
16- Thomas M. Franck, The Emerging Right to Democratic
Governance, The American Journal of International Law, Vol.
86, No. 1, Jan. 1992, pp.46-91.

1717
.1945 / 26

18- Thomas M. Franck, Op.cit, p.50.

2008 / 1919
80 161
.
16 2020
.)29-25-22-21-19-18( 1966 /
2121
:
<http://dralshuiby.blogspot.com/2010/05/blog-post_4740.html>
22- Amartya Sen, Democracy as a Universal Value, Journal
of Democracy, Vol.10, No.3, 1999, pp. 3-17;Larry Diamond,
Universal Democracy ?, Policy Review, June/July
2003,Issue.119,pp.1-17
23- Boutros Boutros Ghali, An Agenda for Democratization, (New
York: United Nation), 1996.

2424
:

<http://www.un.org/arabic/events/democracyday/2008/demoun.
shtml >
25- Thomas M. Franck, Democracy, Legitimacy and the Rule

64

150

of Law: Linkages, NYU Law School, Public Law and Legal

Theory Working Paper, No.2, 1999.

2626

28 2009 .2

27- European Union, Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on

European Union and of the Treaty Establishing the European
; Community, available at the following link
><http://www.lexnet.dk/law/download/treaties/Ath-2003.pdf

2828
:
: (
) :
( :
) 2011 .423
29- The Copenhagen Document, 10 July 1990, at; http://www.osce.
org/odihr/elections/14304

3030 426
3131

.

. 23
.1947
1085
3232 .427
3333 9 .1992
34- OAS Inter-American Democratic Charter, 2001, Article 3.

3535 (XXI-O/91) 1080

.
3636 :

www.upd.oas.organization/Introduction/history.htm
OAS Inter-American Democratic Charter, 2001, Articles 17-22.3 37-

3838
:
- 29 1 -
2006 .13
39- Jos Boonstra, OSCE Democracy Promotion: Grinding to a
Halt?, FRIDE Working Papers, No.4, October 2007, p.6.

64

151

4040 2000
() ().
4141 2000
() () () ().
4242 2000 .30
43- AU Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and
Corporate Goveranace, AHG/235(XXXVIII), Annex 1.

4444 15 2012 ( )30

16 2012
48 .
45- ASEAN Declaration, Bangkok, 8 August 1967.

4646
:
( ) :
( :
).376 2011
4747 .385

48- Kuala Lumpur Declaration in the Establishment of the ASEAN

Charter, 12 December 2005.
49- ASEAN Charter, December 2007, Chapter I, Articles 1-2.

5050 ( :
) 2002 .195-194
5151
5427 15
1997 .9
5252 :
23 -/
2004 .24
5353 1996
2003
.2004

2005.

54- Ushuaia Protocol on Democratic Commitment in the

MERCOSUR, 24 July 1998, at the following link;< http://
us.macmillan.com/uploadedFiles/PalgraveTrade/Chapter%20
> 3%20tables.pdf

5555

64

152

:
)2008-1999(
.72-69 -

56- Stephen Brown, Foreign Aid and Democracy Promotion:

Lessons from Africa, The European Journal of Development
Research, Vol.17, No.2, June 2005, pp.179198
57- Carlos Santiso, Good Governance and Aid Effectiveness: The
World Bank and Conditionality, The Georgetown Public Policy
Review, Vol.7, No.1, Fall 2001, p.5.
58- Edith Brown Weiss and Ahila Sornarajah, Good Governance,
in: Rdiger Wolfrum (Editor), Max Planck Encyclopedia
of Public International Law, 2011; Daniel Kaufmann, Aart
Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi, The Worldwide Governance
Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues, World Bank
Policy Research Working Paper, September 2010, available at
the following link; <http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/
pdf/WGI.pdf>
59- Ennio Rodriguez and Stephany Griffith-Jones(Eds.), Crossconditionality, Banking Regulation and Third World Debt,
(United Kingdom: Palgrave MacMillan), 1992.
60- Gita Welch and Zahra Nuru(Eds.), Governance for the
Future: Democracy and Development in the Least Developed
Countries, (New York: UNDP Publications), 2006, pp. 32-42.
61- USAID Website; <http://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are>
62- Edith Brown Weiss and Ahila Sornarajah, Good Governance,
in: Rdiger Wolfrum (Editor), Max Planck Encyclopedia of
Public International Law, 2011

64

153

*
**

:

( ).

.

-

- .*

* * .

64

154

( ).


.

-
-
.



.

:


.
( ) 2006

.
-
()1
.
)2(251/60
64

155

2006
)3(.

.

.
.
- -
2002
.

)4(.


. ()

()5
1999 .
:


()6
.

:

. 3 4


.
64

156

...
)7(.
- -
.


.
2 1987
(
()8
) .1986


.

)9(. 47

.
71
.



64

157

)10(.

( ).

1996/31


()11
.


19 .

.
17
.


. 57
1996/31
:
()



()


()
64

158

()12

139 2010
2218 )13(
()14
76 .
1/5
.


.



)15(.

()16
.
: :
/
.
11

( )17
.
.


64

159

.
.
:
:
.

.

.


.

.

.

.
.
( )1( 45)

.



64

160

)18(.
()19
.

:


.
.

...

()20
.
:


.
)21( 78
2010 .
:
)1

)2
)3 :

)22(.
64

161

()23
.


447 .
()24
.



()25
.


)26(.


.


( )
. .
72

()27
.
:

.
64

162

.

()28
.
98 27
24 17
419
7 .

()29
.
:
62
( )
(
). 2007
15 (.)30
)31(
.

.

.


.
64

163

.

.

()32
.
:
( )1( 45)

.

(
).
:
( )1( 45)
.

( )

.

( ).

.

64

164

.
:
.


.
)33(2002

2005
)34(.
- -

()35
.
: :


.

.

()36
.
41

.
2006
64

165

6 .

)37(.
( )38
.


.


()39
. .


.
.

10-9 2006

:


)40(.



()41
.

64

166

:

.


(.(NGO Forum
2000 (
)( )42
.


)43(.
.



. - -

.

)44(.

.
()45
.



64

167

.


)46(.
25
()47
.


.


.

64

168

1 .1
: 7
)2008( 734-721
:

http://chinesejil.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/3/721. short?rss=1

()
2 .2 .251/60 :
.3
.4

.5
.6

http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4537814814.html

3 .2
4 .
:
.)2008( 49-20 2006-1986
5 6
6
:

/http://www.achpr.org/ar/about/history

7 .7 :
.)2008( 91-86
8 .8
:

/http://www.achpr.org/ar/about/history

9 .9
:
)2009( 223-203 :
( http://hrlr.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/2/203.abstract)
1010 :
()2008

64

169

http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ABOUTUS/Pages/CivilSocietyAR.aspx

1111

. :

http://esango.un.org/paperless/Web?page=static&content=intro

()
1212 :
()2008
:

http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ABOUTUS/Pages/CivilSocietyAR.aspx

1313


.

.
E/2010/INF/41414

2010 ( 1 )2010
:
(http://esango.un.org/paperless/reports/E2010INF4.pdf)
1515
: ( )2008
:
( http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/genf/05479.pdf)
1616

( )2009 :

_http://www.uprinfo.org/IMG/pdf/Of_ Shaming_and Bargaining

( African_States_and_the_UPR-Allehone_Abebe.pdf)
1717 ( 31)


.
.

64

170

1818
. :

/http://www.achpr.org/ar/network

1919

: 2006-1986 -289
.)2008( 315
2020
( 2 .)2007 :

http://www.amnesty.org/ar/library/asset/IOR63/005/2007/
ar/2534092d-7656-4bef-ac1e-b62534f6e5e3/ior630052007ara.html

2121
( 2 .)2007 :

http://www.amnesty.org/ar/library/asset/IOR63/005/2007/
ar/2534092d-7656-4bef-ac1e-b62534f6e5e3/ior630052007ara.html

2222

( 5 .)1999 :
( http://www.achpr.org/sessions/25th/resolutions/33/)
2323

: 2006-1986 -289
.)2008( 315
2424

9 22 2012
.
2525 .23
2626 2012

.
2727

: 2006-1986 -289
.)2008( 315
2828 :
!

64

171

()2006
2929

9 22 2012
.
3030 .29
3131

.
3232



.
3333
.2004-2003
3434
.)2008( 1094-1013
3535 . 2011





.


.
3636
)2008( 580-491
3737
)2008( 580-491
3838 :2
.
3939

64

172

: 2006-1986 -289
.)2008( 315
4040
)2008( 1094-1013
4141
:

http://www.ohchr.org/AR/HRBodies/HRC/AdvisoryCommittee/
Pages/HRCACIndex.aspx

4242
.
4343

http://www.acdhrs.org/ngo-forum/

4444 .
:

http://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/comments/1169/

4545

2012 .
4646

9 22 2012
.
4747
8( All Africa .)2012
:

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/201210240558.html

64

173

..

( )
11 / 2013

.

.
( )1
/

.
( )1


.

64

174

:
.
.
() () .

.

.

.
:
.
.

.
-

.

64

175

..

( )
/ 2013

.


13/ .2013


6 8/ 2013
.

64

176

.
.
-

.


.


.


.

.

64

177

( )

/

- (
) - .


:
1 .1

64

178

.



.


. ( )3 ()18
1973 - -





.

2 .2

.



- . .

.
64

179

.
( )4( )9 ( )14 1923


.
3 .3

.
( )6







.
( )57 2011
.


.

.


.
64

180

4 .4

. ( )9 ( )89-28
- -
. ( )15
2013



(

).
5 .5
.

.
( )9 ( )29 2003
:


.

.

6 .6

.
64

181

( )24 ( )69-4

( )7
( 7 ).
( )27

. ( )10 2012/65

.

/

.

:


.

.

64

182

64

183

..

( )

.


11
2011 30 .2012





.2011
64

184

.

.
8 2012

2 .2012

.

.
30 2012
.
5 2012
25 2005
.

()1

.
( )1
12 .2012

.http://www.nazra.org/en/node/177

64

185

4 2012
.

.

()2
.
25 2013
19
.

.

.

.

.

.
( )2 6-5 .2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=5352

64

186

11 2013

.



.



.


.





.

2012
.

.


64

187

.

.

(Operation Anti-
.)Sexual Harassment

.



.

.


2012
2011:



3
.
( )3
2011

AL G/SO 214 (67-17) Assembly & Association (2010-1) G/SO 214 (107-9) G/SO 214 (89-15) EGY 2/2012, 19
January 2012.

64

188

64

189

..


( )

.



.


64

190

.


A/HRC/18/19

)2(12 .

.
- :

2012 .
17 2012

)1(.





.
UAE 5
( )1 2011

. 2011
8
.

64

191

17
.
- :



.


- -

.



64

192

.


.

. 17

.



.
.
17
.
18


.

-:

31 2012
.



.
64

193

. 2012

. 2013



.


- -
.

.
- :

.
.
18 2012


64

194

()2
.


.



.

( )2 .

64

195

( )

( )A/HRC/19/L.39/Rev.1


.

/





64

196

)1
:
2012/65

()1

.

10
.





.
:

.

( )1 : ( )
14 2012

http://www.cihrs.org/?p=4004

64

197
)2
( -)2 / :2012


.

.

25,000 40,000


.
( )3/ :2012
/ 2012
35,000
.2011

)4(.
.
( )2 :
12 :2012

http://www.libyanjustice.org/arabic-news/arabic-news/post/45--160515811575160516081606-16051606157115801604-1575160415931583157516041577-16011610-16041610157616101575--15781583161016061575158715781582158315751605-15751604157815831575157616101585-159416101585157516041605157816031575160115741577-1575160415781

( )3 :
24 :2012

http://us2.campaign-archive1.com/?u=3b8835ce1b379ddbf1ffffdf8

( )4 2 2012 III E 4
( .)59

64

198


38

()5
.

. / 2012


()6
.

)3
:
/
)7(. 24 /
2012

.
25 / 2012



( )5 :
7 2012

http://www.libyanjustice.org/news/news/post/23-lfjl-strongly-condemns-new-laws-breaching-human-rights-andundermining-the-rule-of-law

( )6 2 2012 III E ( 6
.) 63
( )7 :

http://www.cihrs.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/LFJL.CIHRS_.Urgent-Appeal-Libya.pdf.

64

199


.

.
26 / 2012

. .
-
-

)8(.

)4

.

( )8 :
10 2012

http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B9C2E/(httpNewsByYear_en)/1B94DD981A4BF8DBC1257A75002FF03C?O
penDocument

64

200
.

)5

.

.


.
.
:

22 2013


.

64